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Computer Structure and Components

This document provides an overview of the structure and components of a modern computer system. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU), main memory, and input/output (I/O) components. The CPU contains arithmetic logic units, registers, and a control unit. A program is a sequence of steps where each step performs an arithmetic or logical operation controlled by different CPU signals. The CPU follows an instruction cycle of fetching instructions from memory and executing them. Interrupts allow other systems like I/O to pause normal program execution.

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6K views18 pages

Computer Structure and Components

This document provides an overview of the structure and components of a modern computer system. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU), main memory, and input/output (I/O) components. The CPU contains arithmetic logic units, registers, and a control unit. A program is a sequence of steps where each step performs an arithmetic or logical operation controlled by different CPU signals. The CPU follows an instruction cycle of fetching instructions from memory and executing them. Interrupts allow other systems like I/O to pause normal program execution.

Uploaded by

api-3801329
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Computer Organization

and Architecture

Lecture 2
Structure of modern computer -
Top Level

Peripherals Computer

Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit

Computer
Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
lines
Structure of modern computer -
Top Level

CPU

Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Login Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection

Control
Unit
What is a program?
„ A sequence of steps
„ For each step, an arithmetic or
logical operation is done
„ For each operation, a different set of
control signals is needed
Computer Components:
Top Level View
Instruction Cycle
„ Two steps:
• Fetch
• Execute
Fetch Cycle
„ Program Counter (PC) holds address of
next instruction to fetch
„ Processor fetches instruction from
memory location pointed to by PC
„ Increment PC
• Unless told otherwise
„ Instruction loaded into Instruction
Register (IR)
„ Processor interprets instruction and
performs required actions
Execute Cycle
„ Processor-memory
• data transfer between CPU and main memory
„ Processor I/O
• Data transfer between CPU and I/O module
„ Data processing
• Some arithmetic or logical operation on data
„ Control
• Alteration of sequence of operations
• e.g. jump
„ Combination of above
Example of Program Execution
Interrupts

„ Mechanism by which other modules (e.g.


I/O) may interrupt normal sequence of
processing
Program Flow Control
Interrupt Cycle

„ Added to instruction cycle


„ Processor checks for interrupt
• Indicated by an interrupt signal
„ If no interrupt, fetch next instruction
„ If interrupt pending:
• Suspend execution of current program
• Save status
• Set PC to start address of interrupt handler routine
• Process interrupt
• Restore status and continue interrupted program
Transfer of Control via
Interrupts
Program Timing
Short I/O Wait
Program Timing
Long I/O Wait
Multiple Interrupts
„ Disable interrupts
• Processor will ignore further interrupts while
processing one interrupt
• Interrupts remain pending and are checked
after first interrupt has been processed
• Interrupts handled in sequence as they occur
„ Define priorities
• Low priority interrupts can be interrupted by
higher priority interrupts
• When higher priority interrupt has been
processed, processor returns to previous
interrupt
Multiple Interrupts - Sequential
Time Sequence of Multiple
Interrupts

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