COLLINS CONVERSION CHART

VOLUME

FORCE, F = ma/gc

MASS
cm

From \ To

liter

in

ft

fl qt

gal

cm
liter
3
in
3
ft

1
0.001
0.061
35.3u 0.00106
264u
1000
1
61.02 35.32m
1.057 0.2642
16.39 0.0164
1
579u 0.01732 0.00433
28,300
28.32
1728
1
29.92
7.481
fl qt
946.4 0.9463
57.75 0.03342
1
0.25
gal
3,785
3.785
231.0 0.1337
4
1
1 fl qt = 2fl pt = 32 fl oz 1gal (Br) = 1.201 gal 1 cord = 128 ft3
3
3
1m = 1000 liters = 35.51 ft = 1057 fl qt = 264.2 gal
LENGTH
From \ To
cm
m
km
in
ft
mile
cm
1
0.01
10m 0.3937 0.03281
6.21u
m
100
1
0.001
39.37
3.281
621u
km
100k
1000
1
394u
3281 0.6214
in
2.54 0.0254
25.4u
1 0.08333
15.8u
ft
30.48 0.3048
305u
12
1
189u
mile
161k
1609
1.609
634u
5280
1
-8
-6
1 Angstrom = 10 cm 1micron = 1u m = 10 m 1 mil = 0.001in
1m = 1.094yd 1mile = 1760yd 1naut.mi. = 6076ft = 1.151mi
ENERGY
From \ To
Btu
cal
kgf m
ft lbf
joule
hp hr
Btu
1
252.0
107.6
778.0
1,055
3.93u
cal 3.97m
1 0.4268
3.087
4.186
1.56u
kgf m 9.30m
2.343
1
7.233
9.807
3.65u
ft lbf 0.0013 0.3239 0.1383
1
1.356 0.505u
948u 0.2389 0.1020 0.7376
joule
1 0.373u
hp hr
2,545
64.1u
27.4u
1.98u
2.68u
1
86.0u
36.7u
2.66u
3.60u
kw hr
3,413
1.341

From \ To

lb
lb
lb
lb

1 0.0001
100p
0.155
10k
1
1u
1550
10G
10k
1 1.55G
6.452
645u
645p
1
929 0.0929
92.9n
144
25.9G 2.59M
2.59 4.01G
2
2
2
1 cir mil = 0.7854mil = 785n in = 5.067u cm
2
2
1 acre = 4047m =43,560ft 1 mile = 641acres

0.7302 *n = number of moles in g or lbm

MATHMATICAL FORMULAS

gc

0.0011
10.76
10.8M
0.0069
1
27.9M

38.6p
386n
0.3861
249p
35.9n
1

POWER
kw hr
2.93u
1.16u
2.72u
0.377u
0.278u
0.7457
1

P
m
R
R

kappa
lambda
mu

lbm

cm2
2
m
2
km
2
in
2
ft
2
mile

o
mm Hg-ft3
R
lb
o
in Hg-ft3
R
lb
2 3
o
lbf/in -ft
R
lb
o
lbf/ft2-ft3
R
lb
UNIT CONVERSIONS
quantity
symbol
capacitance
C
charge
q
conductivity

current
I
current density
J
e dipole moment
p
m diploe moment
m
displacement
D
electric field
E
emf, potential
V
flux density
B
inductance
L
magnetic field
H
magnetic flux

magnetization
M
mmf, potential
F

permeability
permittivity
polarization
pole strength
reluctance
resistance
resistivity

oz

1.986
780.5u
581.9u

o
R
o

kg

1 kg m/newton sec
g
1
0.001 0.03527 0.0022
nt.
kg
2
1 g cm/dyne sec
kg
1000
1
35.27
2.205 dyne
g
2
1 slug ft/lbf sec
oz
28.35 0.0284
1 0.0625
lbf
slug
2
32.17 lbm ft/lbf sec
lbm
453.6 0.4536
16
1
lbf
lbm
2
980.7 g cm/gf sec
1 slug = 32.17 lbm = 14.59 kg
gf
g
2
1 dyne = 1 g mass cm/sec = 100kn
1 gram = 15.43 grains 1lbm = 7000 grains
1 newton = 1 kg mass m/sec2 = 0.2248 lbf
1 ton = 2000 lbm 1 metric ton = 1000 kg
2
1 lb force = 1 slug ft/sec
Density: 1g/ml = 62.43 lbm/gal
AREA
ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE
2
2
2
2
2
2
cm
m
km
in
ft
mile
From \ To
order
prefix
symbol

1 erg = 1dyne cm = 0.1u joule 1 electron volt = 1.602 x 10-19 joule

1 joule = 1 newton m = 1 kg mass m2/sec2
GAS CONSTANT VALUES, PV=nRT
GREEK ALPHABET
energy, PV
n*
T
R
alpha
nu
o
K
erg
g
831.4n
beta

xi
o
K
calorie
g
1.987
gamma
omicron
o
K
joule (abs)
g
8.314
delta
pi
o
K
atm-liter
g
82.05m
epsilon
rho
o
K
mm Hg-liter
g
62.36
zeta
sigma
o
K
kgf/cm2-liter
g
84.78m
eta

tau
o
mm Hg-ft3
K
lb
998.9 theta
upsilon
o
atm-ft3
K
lb
1.314

iota
phi
Btu
hp hr
kw hr
atm-ft3

1012
9
10
6
10
3
10
2
10
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
10-6

tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
deka
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
atto

T
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m

n
p
f
a

From \ To
watt
hp
Btu/min ft lbf/sec ft lbf/min
-9
watt
1
13.4m 56.88m 0.7376
44.25 10
-12
hp
745.7
1
42.42
550
330u 10
-15
Btu/min
17.58 23.58m
1
12.97
778.0 10
-18
ft lbf/sec
1.356
1.82m 77.12m
1
60 10
30.3u
ft lbf/min
22.6m
1.29m 16.67m
1
1 watt = 1 joule/sec 1 kw = 1000 watts
db = 10 log10 (P1/P2) 20 log10 (V1/V2) = 20 log10 (I1/I2)
P =EI cos cos = power factor
VELOCITY
From \ To cm/sec km/hr
in/sec
ft/sec
ft/min
mph
cm/sec
1 0.0360
0.3937 32.81m
1.968 0.0224
km/hr
27.78
1
10.94 0.9113
54.68 0.6214
in/sec
2.540 0.0914
1 0.08333
5 0.0568
ft/sec
30.48
1.097
12
1
60 0.6818
ft/min
0.508 0.0183
0.2000 0.01667
1 0.0114
mph
44.70
1.609
17.60
1.467
88
1
I knot = 1 nautical mile/hr = 1.852 km/hr = 1.151 mph
PRESSURE
lbf/in2 kgf/cm2
in H2O
ft H2O
From\To mm Hg
in Hg
atm

chi
psi
omega

mm Hg 1
in Hg 25.40
in H2O 1.868
ft H2O 22.42

0.03937 1.5353
1
13.60
0.07355 1

0.04460
1.133
0.08333

0.00132 0.01934 0.00136

0.03342 0.4912 0.03453
0.00246 0.03613 0.00254

0.8826

0.02950 0.4335

12

0.03048

o
o
o
o
555.0 K = C = 273.2 R = F + 459.7
o
21.85 S.T.P. = 0 C and 760 mm Hg
10.73 Molar Volumes: g mole = 22.414 liters
lbm mole = 359.05 ft3
1,545

dimen.
C = q/V
q
= 1/
I = q/t
J = I/A
p = ql
m = ml
D = E
E = F/q
V = El
B = H
L = /I
H = n I/l
= BA
M = ml /v
F = Hl

mks units
farad
couloumb
mho/m
ampere
amp/m2
coul-m
weber-m
coul/m2
volt/m
volt/m
weber/m2
henry
amp-t/m
weber
weber/m2
amp-turn

F = m 2/4 l 2
F = q2/4l 2
P = p/v
m
R = F /
R = V/I
= RA/l

henry/m
farad/m
coul/m2
weber
amp-t/w
ohm
ohm-m

atm 760
29.92
406.8
33.90
1
14.70
1.033
lbf/in2 51.71
2.036
27.67
2.307
0.06805 1
0.07031
2
kgf/cm 735.6
28.96
393.7
32.81
0.9678 14.22
1
Air Density 1.293 g/lit, 0.0808 lbm/ft3 1Bar = 106 dynes/cm2 = 0.98692 atm
COLOR CODE
STANDARD COMPONENT VALUES
cgs
color
figure
mult
1% tolerance
1
blk
0
1
100
147
215
316
464
681
1
brn
1
10
102
150
221
324
475
698
2
10
0.01 F = force
red
2
105
154
226
332
487
715
103
1
l = length
org
3
107
158
232
340
499
732
104
0.0001 t = time
yel
4
110
162
237
348
511
750
105
100
v = volume
grn
5
113
165
243
357
523
768
10
6
10 /4 n = turns
10
blu
6
115
169
249
365
536
787
4 x10-4
107
vio
7
118
174
255
374
549
806
108
0.01
gry
8
121
178
261
383
562
825
109
1
wht
9
124
182
267
392
576
845
4
-1
10
10
gold
0.1
127
187
274
402
590
866
10-2
1
silver
0.01
130
191
280
412
604
887
4 x10-3
COPPER WIRE TABLE
133
196
287
422
619
909
108
wire size
circular /1000' capacity
137
200
294
432
634
931
o
104/4
AWG
mil area @25 C
amps
140
205
301
442
649
853
-1
4 x10
8
16,510 0.6405
23.6
143
210
309
453
665
976
107/4
4 x10-9
10-4
108/4
4 x10-9
1
100

10
12
14
16
18
20
22

10,380
6,530
4,107
2,583
1,624
1,022
642.4

1.018
1.619
2.575
4.094
6.51
10.35
16.46

14.8
9.33
5.87
3.69
2.32
1.46
0.918

10
11
12
13

15
16
18
20

5% tolerance
22
24
27
30

USEFUL CONSTANTS AND DATA

33
36
39
43

47
51
56
62

68
75
82
91

m n

m+n

m n

mn

-m

a = 1; a a = a ; (a ) =a ; a = 1/a
i = -1; i2 = -1; i3 = -I; i4 = 1; i5 = i
y
LOGARITHIMS: when a = x, then y = logax;

log x/y = log x - log y; log xn = n log x

In x = loge x = (loge 10)(log10 x) = 2.3026 loge x

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION: Sn = a + (a+d) + (a+2d) + .+ (a+(n-1)d) = n/2 x [a + (a+ (n-1)d)]
2

n-2

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION: Sn = a + ar +ar + .+ ar

n-1

+ ar

= a(1-r ) / (1-r) when r 1

if r < 1, limn Sn = a / (1-r)

BINOMIAL FORMULA: (x+y)n = xn + nxn-1y +.+ [n(n-1)(n-r+2)] / (r-1)! X xn-r+1yr-1+....
n-1
n
th
....+ nxy + y where r indicates r term
COMPOUND INTEREST: P = principle, r = annual interest rate, An = accumulated amount
nq

for n years compounded q times/year, An = P (1+r/q)

2

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS: ax + bx + c = 0, x = (-b (b - 4ac)) / 2a

when (b2 - 4ac) > 0, roots are real and unequal
when (b2 - 4ac) = 0, roots are real and equal
when (b2 - 4ac) < 0, roots are conjugate comp. pairs
TRIGONOMETRY
tan = sin / cos
2
2
sin + cos =1
sin ( +/- ) = sin cos +/- cos sin
cos ( +/- ) = cos cos +/- sin sin
tan ( +/- ) = (tan tan ) / (1 +/- tan tan )
Sine Law: a/sin = b/sin = c/sin
2
2
2
Cosine Law:c = a + b - 2ab cos
GEOMETRY
Triangle:

area = bc (sin )/2

Parallelogram:

area = ah = ab sin

Trapezoid:
area = h(a + b)/2
area = ab
Ellipse:
Parabola:
area = 2ld/3
Circle:
= central angle in radians
circumference = 2 r = D
area = r2
sector area = rs/2 = r2/2
2
area = 4 r
volume = (4/3) r2
Sphere:

c = speed of light = 2.998 x10 m/sec = 186272 miles/sec

speed of sound, air 20oC, 344 m/sec = 1129 ft/sec = 769.5 mph
water: 1470 m/sec = 3288 mph steel: 5000 m/sec = 11,180 mph
e = base, natural logs = 2.718281828459045
ln x = logex = (loge10)(log10x) = 2.3026 log10x
-19

-31

1 electron = 1.602 x 10 coul; 9.109 x 10

18
1 coulomb = 6.242 x 10 elem. ch.

kg

F = Faraday constant = 96,500 coul/g equiv.

-11
3
2
G = gravitational constant = 6.670 x 10 m /kg sec
2
2
go = 9.807 m/sec = 32.17 ft/sec
-34
h = Plank's constant = 6.626 x 10 joule sec
-23

k = Boltzman's constant = 1.3805 x 10 joule/ K

23
NA = Avogadro's no. = 6.023 x 10 molecules/g mole
= pi = 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288
-8
2 o 4
= Stefan-Boltzman constant = 5.670 x 10 watt/m ( K)
= Euler's constant = 0.57721156649
-27
1 atomic mass unit = 1 amu = 1.66 x 10 kg
7
1 calendar year = 365 days = 3.154 x 10 sec
Earth: equatorial radius = 6378 km = 3963 mi
polar radius = 6357 km = 3950 mi
24
21
mass = 5.983 x 10 kg = 6.595 x 10 tons
22
Moon: radius = 1740 km; mass = 7.34 x 10 kg
Sun: radius = 695,000 km; mass = 1.98 x 1030 kg
11
electron charge-to-mass ratio = e/me = 1.759 x 10 coul/kg
Rest Masses:
elect. = 1 me = 9.109 x 10-31 kg = 5.486 x 10-4 amu
proton = 1 mp = 1.673 x 10-27 kg = 1.007 amu
neutron = 1mn = 1.675 x 10-27 kg = 1.009 amu
Water Data:
density (20oC): 1 gal = 8.331 lbm; 1 ft3 = 62.32 lbm
heat of fusion (0oC) = 79.67 cal/g = 143.4 Btu/lbm
heat of vap. (100oC) = 539.6 cal/g = 971.2 Btu/lbm
Temperature conversion: oC = 5/9 (oF - 32) oF = 9/5 oC + 32
o
K = oC + 273.2; oR = oF + 459.7
R = 1 radian = 57.3 deg.; 1 deg. = 0.01745 radian
Sphere: area = 42; volume = (4/3) r3