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What Is HTML?

HTML is a markup language used to define the structure and layout of web pages. HTML uses tags like <h1> and <p> to mark up headings, paragraphs, and other elements. CSS is used to style HTML elements and control things like colors, fonts, and layout. Common HTML elements include headings, paragraphs, links, images, and forms. HTML documents are made up of nested HTML tags that describe the structure and semantics of the page.

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Manuja Anish
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27 views

What Is HTML?

HTML is a markup language used to define the structure and layout of web pages. HTML uses tags like <h1> and <p> to mark up headings, paragraphs, and other elements. CSS is used to style HTML elements and control things like colors, fonts, and layout. Common HTML elements include headings, paragraphs, links, images, and forms. HTML documents are made up of nested HTML tags that describe the structure and semantics of the page.

Uploaded by

Manuja Anish
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is HTML?

HTML is a language for describing web pages.


HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup language A markup language is a set of markup tags HTML uses markup tags to describe web pages

HTML Tags
HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags

HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like <html> HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b> The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags

HTML Documents = Web Pages


HTML documents describe web pages HTML documents contain HTML tags and plain text HTML documents are also called web pages

The purpose of a web browser (like Internet Explorer or Firefox) is to read HTML documents and display them as web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page:

.HTM or .HTML File Extension?


When you save an HTML file, you can use either the .htm or the .html file extension. There is no difference, it is entirely up to you.

HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.

Example
<h1>This is a heading</h1> <h2>This is a heading</h2> <h3>This is a heading</h3>

HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.

Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p> <p>This is another paragraph.</p>

HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag.

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>

HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.

Example
<img src="w3schools.jpg" width="104" height="142" />

HTML Elements

HTML Elements
An HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

Start tag * <p> <a href="default.htm" > <br />

Element content This is a paragraph This is a link

End tag * </p> </a>

The start tag is often called the opening tag. The end tag is often called the closing tag.

HTML Element Syntax


An HTML element starts with a start tag / opening tag An HTML element ends with an end tag / closing tag The element content is everything between the start and the end tag Some HTML elements have empty content Empty elements are closed in the start tag Most HTML elements can have attributes

Nested HTML Elements


Most HTML elements can be nested (can contain other HTML elements). HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.

HTML Document Example


<html> <body> <p>This is my first paragraph.</p> </body> </html>

HTML Example Explained

The <p> element: <p>This is my first paragraph.</p> The <p> element defines a paragraph in the HTML document. The element has a start tag <p> and an end tag </p>. The element content is: This is my first paragraph. The <body> element: <body> <p>This is my first paragraph.</p> </body> The <body> element defines the body of the HTML document. The element has a start tag <body> and an end tag </body>. The element content is another HTML element (a p element). The <html> element: <html> <body> <p>This is my first paragraph.</p> </body> </html>

HTML Attributes

HTML Attributes

HTML elements can have attributes Attributes provide additional information about an element Attributes are always specified in the start tag Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

Attribute Example
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag. The link address is specified in the href attribute:

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>

Always Quote Attribute Values


Attribute values should always be enclosed in quotes. Double style quotes are the most common, but single style quotes are also allowed.

Core Attributes
Not valid in base, head, html, meta, param, script, style, and title elements. Attribute class id style title Value classname id style_definition text Description Specifies a classname for an element Specifies a unique id for an element Specifies an inline style for an element Specifies extra information about an element

Language Attributes
Not valid in base, br, frame, frameset, hr, iframe, param, and script elements. Attribute dir lang xml:lang Value ltr rtl language_code language_code Description Specifies the text direction for the content in an element Specifies a language code for the content in an element. Language code reference Specifies a language code for the content in an element, in XHTML documents. Language code reference

Keyboard Attributes
Attribute accesskey tabindex Value character number Description Specifies a keyboard shortcut to access an element Specifies the tab order of an element

HTML Headings

HTML Headings
Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags. <h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading.

Example
<h1>This is a heading</h1> <h2>This is a heading</h2> <h3>This is a heading</h3>

HTML Lines
The <hr /> tag creates a horizontal line in an HTML page. The hr element can be used to separate content:

Example
<p>This is a paragraph</p> <hr /> <p>This is a paragraph</p> <hr /> <p>This is a paragraph</p>

HTML Comments
Comments can be inserted into the HTML code to make it more readable and understandable. Comments are ignored by the browser and are not displayed. Comments are written like this:

Example
<!-- This is a comment -->

HTML Tag Reference


Tag <html> <body> <h1> to <h6> <hr /> <!--> Description Defines an HTML document Defines the document's body Defines HTML headings Defines a horizontal line Defines a comment

HTML Paragraphs

HTML Paragraphs
Paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.

Example
<p>This is a paragraph</p> <p>This is another paragraph</p>

Don't Forget the End Tag


Most browsers will display HTML correctly even if you forget the end tag:

Example
<p>This is a paragraph <p>This is another paragraph

HTML Line Breaks


Use the <br /> tag if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new paragraph:

Example
<p>This is<br />a para<br />graph with line breaks</p>

HTML Text Formatting

HTML Text Formatting


This text is bold

This text is big


This text is italic
This is computer output

This is subscript and

superscript

HTML Text Formatting Tags


Tag <b> <big> <em> Description Defines bold text Defines big text Defines emphasized text

<i> <small> <strong> <sub> <sup> <ins> <del>

Defines italic text Defines small text Defines strong text Defines subscripted text Defines superscripted text Defines inserted text Defines deleted text

HTML "Computer Output" Tags


Tag <code> <kbd> <samp> <tt> <var> <pre> Description Defines computer code text Defines keyboard text Defines sample computer code Defines teletype text Defines a variable Defines preformatted text

HTML Citations, Quotations, and Definition Tags


Tag <abbr> <acronym> <address> <bdo> <blockquote> <q> <cite> <dfn> Description Defines an abbreviation Defines an acronym Defines contact information for the author/owner of a document Defines the text direction Defines a long quotation Defines a short quotation Defines a citation Defines a definition term

HTML Fonts

The HTML <font> Tag Should NOT be Used


The <font> tag is deprecated in HTML 4, and removed from HTML5. In HTML 4, style sheets (CSS) should be used to define the layout and display properties for many HTML elements. The example below shows how the HTML could look by using the <font> tag:

Example
<p> <font size="5" face="arial" color="red"> This paragraph is in Arial, size 5, and in red text color. </font> </p> <p> <font size="3" face="verdana" color="blue"> This paragraph is in Arial, size 5, and in red text color. </font> </p>

HTML Styles - CSS

CSS is used to style HTML elements.

Styling HTML with CSS


CSS was introduced together with HTML 4, to provide a better way to style HTML elements. CSS can be added to HTML in the following ways:

in separate style sheet files (CSS files) in the style element in the HTML head section in the style attribute in single HTML elements

HTML Style Example - Background Color


The background-color property defines the background color for an element:

Example
<html> <body style="background-color:yellow;"> <h2 style="background-color:red;">This is a heading</h2> <p style="background-color:green;">This is a paragraph.</p> </body> </html>

HTML Style Example - Font, Color and Size


The font-family, color, and font-size properties defines the font, color, and size of the text in an element:

Example
<html> <body> <h1 style="font-family:verdana;">A heading</h1> <p style="font-family:arial;color:red;font-size:20px;">A paragraph.</p> </body> </html>

HTML Style Example - Text Alignment


The text-align property specifies the horizontal alignment of text in an element:

Example
<html> <body> <h1 style="text-align:center;">Center-aligned heading</h1> <p>This is a paragraph.</p> </body>

</html>

Deprecated Tags and Attributes


In HTML 4, several tags and attributes were deprecated. Deprecated means that they will not be supported in future versions of HTML. The message is clear: Avoid using deprecated tags and attributes! These tags and attributes should be avoided: Tags <center> <font> and <basefont> <s> and <strike> <u> Attributes align bgcolor color Description Deprecated. Defines centered content Deprecated. Defines HTML fonts Deprecated. Defines strikethrough text Deprecated. Defines underlined text Description Deprecated. Defines the alignment of text Deprecated. Defines the background color Deprecated. Defines the text color

For all of the above: Use styles instead!

HTML Links

HTML Hyperlinks (Links)


A hyperlink (or link) is a word, group of words, or image that you can click on to jump to a new document or a new section within the current document. When you move the cursor over a link in a Web page, the arrow will turn into a little hand. Links are specified in HTML using the <a> tag. The <a> tag can be used in two ways: 1. To create a link to another document, by using the href attribute 2. To create a bookmark inside a document, by using the name attribute

HTML Link Syntax


The HTML code for a link is simple. It looks like this: <a href="url">Link text</a> The href attribute specifies the destination of a link.

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/">Visit W3Schools</a>

HTML Links - The target Attribute


The target attribute specifies where to open the linked document. The example below will open the linked document in a new browser window or a new tab:

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/" target="_blank">Visit W3Schools!</a>

HTML Links - The name Attribute


The name attribute specifies the name of an anchor. The name attribute is used to create a bookmark inside an HTML document. Note: The upcoming HTML5 standard suggest using the id attribute instead of the name attribute for specifying the name of an anchor. Using the id attribute actually works also for HTML4 in all modern browsers. Bookmarks are not displayed in any special way. They are invisible to the reader.

Example
A named anchor inside an HTML document: <a name="tips">Useful Tips Section</a>

Create a link to the "Useful Tips Section" inside the same document: <a href="#tips">Visit the Useful Tips Section</a> Or, create a link to the "Useful Tips Section" from another page: <a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html_links.htm#tips"> Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>

HTML Images

HTML Images - The <img> Tag and the Src Attribute


In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag. The <img> tag is empty, which means that it contains attributes only, and has no closing tag. To display an image on a page, you need to use the src attribute. Src stands for "source". The value of the src attribute is the URL of the image you want to display. Syntax for defining an image: <img src="url" alt="some_text"/>

HTML Images - The Alt Attribute


The required alt attribute specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image cannot be displayed. The value of the alt attribute is an author-defined text: <img src="boat.gif" alt="Big Boat" />

HTML Images - Set Height and Width of an Image


The height and width attributes are used to specify the height and width of an image. The attribute values are specified in pixels by default: <img src="pulpit.jpg" alt="Pulpit rock" width="304" height="228" />

HTML Image Tags


Tag <img /> <map> <area /> Description Defines an image Defines an image-map Defines a clickable area inside an image-map

HTML Tables

HTML Tables
Tables are defined with the <table> tag. A table is divided into rows (with the <tr> tag), and each row is divided into data cells (with the <td> tag). td stands for "table data," and holds the content of a data cell. A <td> tag can contain text, links, images, lists, forms, other tables, etc.

Table Example
<table border="1"> <tr> <td>row 1, cell 1</td> <td>row 1, cell 2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>row 2, cell 1</td> <td>row 2, cell 2</td> </tr> </table>

HTML Tables and the Border Attribute


If you do not specify a border attribute, the table will be displayed without borders. Sometimes this can be useful, but most of the time, we want the borders to show. To display a table with borders, specify the border attribute: <table border="1"> <tr> <td>Row 1, cell 1</td> <td>Row 1, cell 2</td> </tr>

</table>

HTML Table Headers


Header information in a table are defined with the <th> tag. All major browsers will display the text in the <th> element as bold and centered. <table border="1"> <tr> <th>Header 1</th> <th>Header 2</th> </tr> <tr> <td>row 1, cell 1</td> <td>row 1, cell 2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>row 2, cell 1</td> <td>row 2, cell 2</td> </tr> </table>

HTML Table Tags


Tag <table> <th> <tr> <td> <caption> <colgroup> <col /> <thead> <tbody> <tfoot> Description Defines a table Defines a table header Defines a table row Defines a table cell Defines a table caption Defines a group of columns in a table, for formatting Defines attribute values for one or more columns in a table Groups the header content in a table Groups the body content in a table Groups the footer content in a table

HTML Lists
The most common HTML lists are ordered and unordered lists:

HTML Unordered Lists


An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag. The list items are marked with bullets (typically small black circles). <ul> <li>Coffee</li> <li>Milk</li> </ul> How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

Coffee Milk

HTML Ordered Lists


An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag. The list items are marked with numbers. <ol> <li>Coffee</li> <li>Milk</li> </ol>

HTML Definition Lists


A definition list is a list of items, with a description of each item. The <dl> tag defines a definition list. The <dl> tag is used in conjunction with <dt> (defines the item in the list) and <dd> (describes the item in the list): <dl>

<dt>Coffee</dt> <dd>- black hot drink</dd> <dt>Milk</dt> <dd>- white cold drink</dd> </dl> How the HTML code above looks in a browser: Coffee - black hot drink Milk - white cold drink How the HTML code above looks in a browser: 1. Coffee 2. Milk

HTML List Tags


Tag <ol> <ul> <li> <dl> <dt> <dd> Description Defines an ordered list Defines an unordered list Defines a list item Defines a definition list Defines an item in a definition list Defines a description of an item in a definition list

HTML Forms and Input

HTML Forms
HTML forms are used to pass data to a server. A form can contain input elements like text fields, checkboxes, radio-buttons, submit buttons and more. A form can also contain select lists, textarea, fieldset, legend, and label elements. The <form> tag is used to create an HTML form:

<form> . input elements . </form>

HTML Forms - The Input Element


The most important form element is the input element. The input element is used to select user information. An input element can vary in many ways, depending on the type attribute. An input element can be of type text field, checkbox, password, radio button, submit button, and more. The most used input types are described below.

Text Fields
<input type="text" /> defines a one-line input field that a user can enter text into: <form> First name: <input type="text" name="firstname" /><br /> Last name: <input type="text" name="lastname" /> </form> How the HTML code above looks in a browser: First name: Last name:

Password Field
<input type="password" /> defines a password field: <form> Password: <input type="password" name="pwd" /> </form> How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

Password: Note: The characters in a password field are masked (shown as asterisks or circles).

Radio Buttons
<input type="radio" /> defines a radio button. Radio buttons let a user select ONLY ONE one of a limited number of choices: <form> <input type="radio" name="sex" value="male" /> Male<br /> <input type="radio" name="sex" value="female" /> Female </form> How the HTML code above looks in a browser: Male Female

Checkboxes
<input type="checkbox" /> defines a checkbox. Checkboxes let a user select ONE or MORE options of a limited number of choices. <form> <input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike" /> I have a bike<br /> <input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Car" /> I have a car </form> How the HTML code above looks in a browser: I have a bike I have a car

Submit Button
<input type="submit" /> defines a submit button.

A submit button is used to send form data to a server. The data is sent to the page specified in the form's action attribute. The file defined in the action attribute usually does something with the received input: <form name="input" action="html_form_action.asp" method="get"> Username: <input type="text" name="user" /> <input type="submit" value="Submit" /> </form> How the HTML code above looks in a browser: Username:

HTML Form Tags


Tag <form> <input /> <textarea> <label> <fieldset> <legend> <select> <optgroup> <option> <button> Description Defines an HTML form for user input Defines an input control Defines a multi-line text input control Defines a label for an input element Defines a border around elements in a form Defines a caption for a fieldset element Defines a select list (drop-down list) Defines a group of related options in a select list Defines an option in a select list Defines a push button

HTML Frames
With frames, several Web pages can be displayed in the same browser window.

HTML Frames
With frames, you can display more than one HTML document in the same browser window. Each HTML document is called a frame, and each frame is independent of the others. The disadvantages of using frames are:

Frames are not expected to be supported in future versions of HTML Frames are difficult to use. (Printing the entire page is difficult). The web developer must keep track of more HTML documents

The HTML frameset Element


The frameset element holds one or more frame elements. Each frame element can hold a separate document. The frameset element states HOW MANY columns or rows there will be in the frameset, and HOW MUCH percentage/pixels of space will occupy each of them.

The HTML frame Element


The <frame> tag defines one particular window (frame) within a frameset. In the example below we have a frameset with two columns. The first column is set to 25% of the width of the browser window. The second column is set to 75% of the width of the browser window. The document "frame_a.htm" is put into the first column, and the document "frame_b.htm" is put into the second column: <frameset cols="25%,75%"> <frame src="frame_a.htm" /> <frame src="frame_b.htm" /> </frameset>

HTML Frame Tags


Tag <frameset> <frame /> Description Defines a set of frames Defines a sub window (a frame)

<noframes>

Defines a noframe section for browsers that do not handle frames

HTML Iframes
An iframe is used to display a web page within a web page. Syntax for adding an iframe: <iframe src="URL"></iframe>

Iframe - Set Height and Width


The height and width attributes are used to specify the height and width of the iframe. The attribute values are specified in pixels by default, but they can also be in percent (like "80%").

Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" width="200" height="200"></iframe>

Iframe - Remove the Border


The frameborder attribute specifies whether or not to display a border around the iframe. Set the attribute value to "0" to remove the border:

Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" frameborder="0"></iframe>

Use iframe as a Target for a Link


An iframe can be used as the target frame for a link. The target attribute of a link must refer to the name attribute of the iframe:

Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" name="iframe_a"></iframe> <p><a href="http://www.w3schools.com" target="iframe_a">W3Schools.com</a></p>

HTML iframe Tag

Tag <iframe>

Description Defines an inline sub window (frame)

HTML Colors

Color Values
HTML colors are defined using a hexadecimal notation (HEX) for the combination of Red, Green, and Blue color values (RGB). The lowest value that can be given to one of the light sources is 0 (in HEX: 00). The highest value is 255 (in HEX: FF). HEX values are specified as 3 pairs of two-digit numbers, starting with a # sign.

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