التشكيل

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٢٥ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ?  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ L ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
   ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٤١W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 KEF‫א‬ 9
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬9
 KE،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Metals and properties
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬E٪٢٥F‫א‬،E٪٥٠F‫א‬
، ‫א‬،‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬E٪٧٥F
E٪٢٤F    ،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٪٧{٤F ‫א‬،E٪٧K٦F‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬E٪١F ‫א‬
 E١J ١F‫א‬KKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E١J ١F‫א‬
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٪٩٠F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬



-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W( Ferrous materials ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W(Non - ferrous materials ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،EF‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
W( Non - metallic materials )E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،،،‫א‬

W‫א‬
EFE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (Reduction )‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢J ١F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 


 E٢J ١F‫א‬
-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Industrial Iron 
‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬
 WEFeF‫א‬‫א‬

  ،،W‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،E٧{٨٧٥F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K°٢٤٥٠‫א‬،°١٥٤٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K° ٧٦٩‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬E٧J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E٦–٥F‫א‬
 K ‫א‬( Forum ) ( Fe )‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  K   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،
 K K
 KE‫א‬F‫ א‬K
 K‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬ K
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬       K ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
W K
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬KE١٥٠٠–١٢٠٠F 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
 KE٣J ١F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣J ١F‫א‬
-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WE‫א‬F‫א‬ K

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬     ،‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬ E ‫א‬F ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬ K
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
WE‫א‬F‫א‬K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤J ١F‫א‬K،‫א‬


- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬











 E٤J ١F‫א‬
W‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ٪ ٤٠  
      ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬، E F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥J ١F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٥J ١F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٦J ١F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٦J ١F‫א‬

- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W( Cast Iron )‫א‬‫א‬

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( casting ) ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 KE٧J ١F‫א‬( Cupola )‫א‬

















 E٧J ١F‫א‬

- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ١F‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٨J ١F‫א‬
- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ K١
KE°١٢٠٠J °١١٥٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬E‫א‬F .٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٪٠{٠٣J ٪٠{٠٢F‫א‬‫א‬ E٪٩٩{٩F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٧{٨٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،E° ١٥٣٩J °١٥٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
  K٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
،E٪٢J ٪٠{٠٣٥F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 E°١٣٥٠J °١٣٠٠F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEJ F‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 EJ F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬K
،١٨٥٦،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬،E ‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬KEF ،‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٩J ١F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 EF
 EF
 
 E٩J ١F‫א‬

- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫א‬ K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،١٨٧٨
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨J ٥F‫א‬

 W‫א‬

E٢{٥J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٢٠
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
 W
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٠J ١F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 


 E١٠J ١F‫א‬




 W( Carbon steel)‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ﻳﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺼﻠﺐ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻲ ﺣﺴﺐ آﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻓﻴﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
W( Low carbon steel )‫א‬ K١

‫א‬E٪٠{٠٧J ٪٠{٠٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:( Medium carbon steel ) ‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٪٠{٨J ٪٠{٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W( High carbon steel )‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٪١{٥J ٪٠{٨F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،

- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W( Al )‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬FE‫א‬٧{٦F
‫א‬،Al2O3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K°٩٦٠°٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،2.7 kg/dm3‫א‬،°٦٥٨‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
150 - 230 F‫א‬‫א‬،E 90 - 120 N/mm2FE ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE20 % - 35%F‫א‬EN/mm2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
، ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEMgF‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE 1.74 kg/dm3F‫א‬،°٦٥٠‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE110 - 200 N/mm2 F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W( Cu ) ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
Cu2S‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KCuFeS2‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E 8.9 kg/dm3F‫א‬،°١٠٨٣‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Cu2O‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E250 N/mm2F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(30 % - 50% )

 W‫א‬‫א‬
EF،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W( Zn )‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE7,13 kg/dm3F‫א‬°٤١٩‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KZnO‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،° ١٢٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬

 W( Sn )‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬E70%J 60%F

- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE7,3 kg/dm3F‫א‬،°٢٣٢‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K40%‫א‬،E30 N/mm2F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ،‫א‬
KE°٢٠J F‫א‬،E°٢٠٠HF‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K( 0.01 mm )
 K

 W( Pb )‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE11.34 kg/dm3F‫א‬،K°٣٢٧‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E15 N/mm2F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE60 %F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،K‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
















- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W ‫א‬ K٢
‫؟‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٠
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥
‫؟‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٧
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٨
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٩
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٠
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢٣
- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬ K٢٤
‫؟‬‫א‬ K٢٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٦
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢٧
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٨
‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢٩
٥
٢
٨ ٤

- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬


 



 





 ‫א‬




 


 

- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF



 



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 




 




 

- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 





 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬










 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ 9
K‫א‬ 9
K‫א‬ 9
K‫ א‬9
K‫א‬ 9
60°‫א‬ 9
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬90°‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 K‫א‬ 9


 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬L 

 


 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬




- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٨W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 KEF‫א‬ 9
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬9

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫• א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫• א‬

 W‫א‬
 KE25.4 F‫א‬
 KE25.4F‫א‬‫א‬

 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١
 W‫א‬
3 m + 50 dm + 500 cm + 7000 mm = ? m
‫ﺍﻟﺤــل‬

50
50 dm =
10 = 5 m
500
500 cm =
100 = 5 m
7000
7000 mm =
1000 = 7 m

3 m + 5 m + 5 m + 7 m = 20 m

 W

 W‫א‬‫א‬

29.7 m + 30.5 dm + 628.4 cm – 4800 mm = ? m K١
2.17 m + 82 cm + 34 mm – 420 mm = ? dm K٢
38 mm + 42 cm – 0.6 dm + 0.9 m = ? cm K٣
0.428 m + 3.9 dm – 12.2 cm + 0.6 dm = ? mm K٤
 0.6 mm + 5.2 cm + 1.2 m – 0.32 dm = ? mm K٥


- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


























- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 W cm²EAF‫א‬‫א‬








 mm ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
،( mm2 )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( cm2 )‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K( cm )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
55 mm = 5.5 cm 40 mm = 4 cm
50 mm = 5 cm 25 mm = 2.5 cm
20 mm = 2 cm 

A = A1 + A2 - A3
A1 = 0.785 × d2 = 0.785 × 52 cm2 = 9.81 cm2

2 2
A2 = 5.5 cm + 4 cm × 5 cm = 4.75 cm × 5 cm = 23.75 cm2
2
A3 = 0.785 × d2 = 0.785 × ( 2 cm )2 = 3.14 cm2
A = 9.81 cm2 + 23.75 cm2 – 3.14 cm2 = 30.42 cm2
- ٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 Wcm²‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E١F





 
 E٢F
 E٣F





 E٤F



- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L4 
L2




L5


L1

L3


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
L = L1 - L2 + L3 + L4 + L5
- ٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،
WEF K١
،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬
WE‫א‬F K٢
،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬،،،
‫א‬،، ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٩W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬ 9
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬9
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 9


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬9
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9



- ٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
K‫ א‬K٢
K‫ א‬K٣
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
E١J ٢F‫א‬W‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫ א‬K١
KE‫א‬F‫ א‬K٢
- ٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 K‫א‬E١J ٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 
: ‫ب( ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﺷﺎم اﻟﻌﻤﻴﺎء‬

 W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ K١
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢J ٢F‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢J ٢F ‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫ א‬K٣
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE٢J ٢F‫א‬،،‫א‬





 ١٢١٢٣١٢٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٢J ٢F‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣J ٢F‫א‬





 E٣J ٢F‫א‬
W‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤J ٢F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬





 E٤J ٢F‫א‬
- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬





 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬








 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٢F‫א‬



- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 E٩J ٢F‫א‬E٨J ٢F‫א‬،
‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٢F‫א‬

 KE٩J ٢F‫א‬
- ٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
E١٢J ٢F‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬ K٤
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫ א‬K٥
W‫א‬‫א‬
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KE١٠J ٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 K‫א‬E١٠J ٢F‫א‬
KE١١J ٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣







- ٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 K‫א‬E١١J ٢F‫א‬
E١٢J ٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤






 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٢F‫א‬

KE١٣J ٢F‫א‬،‫א‬ K٥

 

 ‫א‬E١٣J ٢F‫א‬




E١٤J ٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
- ٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
EF d ‫א‬
 d ‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬
W‫א‬ K٢
EFE١٥J ٢F‫א‬،‫א‬ K
KEFE١٥J ٢F‫א‬، K
- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 






 E‫א‬FEE‫א‬F‫א‬E

 E١٥J ٢F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬K

 e = 1.5× d1 

 K‫א‬ = d1 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=e
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬ .١
KE١٦J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬W K٢
KE١٧J ٢F‫א‬E١٦J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬


 


 K‫א‬E١٦J ٢F‫א‬









 KE١٧J ٢F‫א‬

 E١٨J ٢F‫א‬W‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫ א‬K١
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫ א‬K٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬E١٨J ٢F‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٢
- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 

‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬ K٤
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 EFEFEFEF
‫؟‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢

- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

 K٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٩W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬ 9
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬9
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9

- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬،EFE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬ K٢
 K‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

 E١٩J ٢F‫ א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬ K٢
KEKKK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬ K٣








 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ٢F‫א‬
- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W K١
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٠J ٢F



 EFEFEF
 KE٢٠J ٢F‫א‬

،E١٨٠F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ٢F‫א‬K ‫א‬
EF‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EF‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 W K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬،EF‫א‬E٢١J ٢F‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬
 
 




 K‫א‬E٢١J ٢F‫א‬
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
W K٣

‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬E٢٢J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 EFEFEF
 K‫א‬E٢٢J ٢F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF،
 K‫א‬EF‫א‬،‫א‬EF‫א‬
 











- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٢٣J ٢F‫א‬
W K٤

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF‫א‬،EF‫א‬،EF‫א‬E٢٤J ٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 





 K‫א‬E٢٤J ٢F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٥J ٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬









 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥J ٢F‫א‬

- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬

 W‫ א‬K٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٦J ٢F‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬



 K‫א‬E٢٦J ٢F‫א‬

 W K٦

‫א‬E٢٧J ٢F‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬






 K‫א‬E٢٧J ٢F‫א‬

- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 KEF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EF‫א‬ K٥

 W‫א‬‫ א‬K٧

KE٢٨J ٢F‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
،EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 KEF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،






 K‫א‬E٢٨J ٢F‫א‬
- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬K٨

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٩J ٢F‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E








 EFEF
 KE٢٩J ٢F‫א‬
- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
W K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W K٣

،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٠J ٢F‫א‬،‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EF ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬،
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬
 


‫א‬E٣٠J ٢F‫א‬
.
- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K٩

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،( S )
 KE٣١J ٢F‫א‬،


 



 



 

 KE٣١J ٢F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫ א‬K١٠

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٢J ٢F‫א‬K
- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬



 KE٣٢J ٢F‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬









 


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣٣–٢F‫א‬

- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤J ٢F‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٥J ٢F‫א‬


- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬











 K‫א‬‫א‬E٣٦J ٢F‫א‬

‫א‬ 
 

‫ﻣﻘﺒﺾ هﻨﺪل ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻴﺪوي ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﻞ‬ 










- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٣٧J ٢F‫א‬
- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩

- ٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫؟‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K٦
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K٧
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K٨
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K٩
‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K١٠
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K١١
‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K١٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٤

- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 

 W١

  

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ( 0.4 mm )  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      W ‫א‬
 K( 75 × 300 mm )

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬ K١
 K K٢
 K K٣
 K K٤
 K K٥

 K 6mmW‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K( 6 mm ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
E٣٨J ٢F‫א‬،( 6 mm) ‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 KEF‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬( 1.5 mm ) ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٨











 E٣٨J ٢F‫א‬






 
- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 W٢
 

 K‫א‬W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( 0.4 mm)‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
K K١
K K٢
 K K٣
 K K٤
 K‫א‬ K٥
 K K٦
 K K٧
 K K٨

 ( 200 mm )( 150 X 75 mm)W‫א‬

 K( 9 mm )

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K٤
 KE٣٩J ٢F‫א‬EF‫א‬( 7 mm )‫א‬ K٥
 KEF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 EF‫א‬،( 90° )‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
KEF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K١٠











 K‫א‬E٣٩J ٢F‫א‬











- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
E،،F‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٩W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬ 9
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬9
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 9


 W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9

- ٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
EF‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 KE١J ٣F‫א‬
 E١J ٣F‫א‬
- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٣F‫א‬

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﺧﻠﻮص ﺻﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻮص آﺒﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺳﻜﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺤﺮك‬
‫ﺳﻜﻴﻦ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
 E٢J ٣F‫א‬
- ٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WEγF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEαF‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WEβF‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣J ٣F‫א‬
 E٣J ٣F‫א‬


- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E٤J ٣F‫א‬
 W‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬


 E٤–٣F‫א‬

- ٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KEBlanking)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٥J ٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F


E٥J ٣F‫א‬
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 E٦J ٣F‫א‬K 9
 E٧J ٣F‫א‬K 9


 E٦J ٣F‫א‬
- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٧J ٣F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( 14° - 9° )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬










 E٨J ٣F‫א‬
- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫ א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬





- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬












 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
















- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٩J ٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬













 E٩J ٣F‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٠J ٣F‫א‬KE٦F‫א‬‫א‬


 
 E١٠J ٣F‫א‬
- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١١J ٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬




 E١١J ٣F‫א‬




 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫ א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

K



W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 




- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


W‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 



 W‫א‬‫א‬W

 K‫א‬‫ א‬K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٢J ٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E١٢J ٣F‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K


 E١٣–٣F‫א‬
- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٣F‫א‬K‫א‬E١٤J ٣F‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٦J ٣F‫א‬
- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F








 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬







 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ٣F‫א‬
- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬E‫א‬F
 E٢١J ٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 E٢١J ٣F‫א‬
 





W‫א‬‫ א‬K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٢J ٣F‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F





 




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٢J ٣F
- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬











 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


- ٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬








 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٤J ٣F‫א‬















- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 E٢٥J ٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٣


 E٢٥J ٣F‫א‬








 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩

- ١٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 


‫؟‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬‫א‬ K٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩

- ١٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
E٢٦J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬E0.5mmF‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
KH K٥
 KE‫א‬–FH K٦
 KE٢٦J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J ٨  K J ١
 K J ٩  K J ٢
 K J ٣
 K J ٤
 K J ٥
 K‫א‬ J ٦
 K J ٧
- ١٠٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬   ‫ א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
 J W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W 


 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٦J ٣F
K‫א‬ J ٣
KE٢٧J ٣F
- ١٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬










 E٢٦J ٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
 K











 E٢٧J ٣F‫א‬
- ١٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬W 
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
 KE٢٧J ٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
 K









 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬









- ١٠٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٢
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ( 3 mm )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( 3mm )
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢

- ١٠٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٩W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬ 9
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬9
K‫א‬‫א‬ 9


 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9

- ١٠٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K١
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KE٢٨J ٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨J ٣F‫א‬
- ١١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
KE٢٩J ٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٩J ٣F‫א‬
- ١١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬ K١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٣٠J ٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٣٠J ٣F‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣١J ٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E8 mmF




 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣١J ٣F‫א‬
- ١١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬  
 KE٣٢J ٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬E٣٢J ٣F‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٣J ٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 E٣٣J ٣F‫א‬
- ١١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K20°‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٤J ٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣٤J ٣F‫א‬

- ١١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٥J ٣F‫א‬
 KE٣٥J ٣F‫א‬
- ١١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻴﺪوﻳﺔ‬.٧

،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W
،‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬،FW 
KE٣٦J ٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EFKEFKEF

 KE٣٦J ٣F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣٧J ٣F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F
 E٣٧J ٣F‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣٨J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
- ١١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 KEF
 K‫א‬WEF
 ‫א‬WEF
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٣٨J ٣F‫א‬






 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٤٠J ٣FE٣٩J ٣F‫א‬










 E٤٠J ٣F‫א‬E٣٩J ٣F‫א‬
       

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤١J ٣FK‫א‬،‫א‬



- ١١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 






 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤١–٣F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤٢J ٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬










 E٤٢J ٣F‫א‬

 E٤٣J ٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 E٤٣J ٣F‫א‬  




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤٤J ٣F‫א‬،‫א‬






 E٤٤J ٣F‫א‬






‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤٥J ٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



















 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٥J ٣F‫א‬

- ١٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤٦J ٣F‫א‬،





 E٤٦J ٣F‫א‬

EF
EF



 KE٤٧J ٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







 E٤٧J ٣F



- ١٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬










 E٢FE١F










 E٣F

E٢F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬E٤٨J ٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KE‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K‫א‬ K٦
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
KE‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨


 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
- ١٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦

- ١٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W١

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:‫اﻷدوات‬
 K‫א‬( 0.5mm )‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K،‫א‬‫א‬، K٤
 KE‫א‬،F، K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
- ١٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
- ١٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٥٢W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 KEF‫א‬ 9
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9


 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9
- ١٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬

‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 KE٤٨J ٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
 E٤٨J ٣F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE٤٩J ٣F،‫א‬
- ١٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٩J ٣F‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥٠J ٣F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٠J ٣F‫א‬
- ١٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
KE٥٢J ٣F‫א‬E٥١J ٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥١J ٣F‫א‬

 


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٢J ٣F‫א‬
- ١٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ K٣
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
KE٥٣J ٣F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٣J ٣F‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬

،
 ‫א‬E٠{٥٥F،‫א‬E٠{٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٤٢F،‫א‬E٠{٤٠{٣F،E٠{٢٥F

- ١٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KE٥١J ٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥٤J ٣F‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
EαfF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٤–٣F‫א‬
ERfF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EαiF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ERiF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬







‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٥٤J ٣F‫א‬
- ١٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E KsF‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
α (2 Ri / T ) + 1
 Ks = α =f
i
(2 R f / T ) + 1
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬WT  K‫א‬‫א‬WKs
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WRi  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wαi
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WRf  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wαf
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ER/TF‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥٥J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
( Ks ) ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻرﺗﺪاد اﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ‬
٢٠٢٤‫א‬Wa
 ٧٠٧٥
Wb
 K
J ٢٠٢٤‫א‬Wc
 T
Wd
 K
We
 K


 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E٥٥J ٣F‫א‬

- ١٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEVF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J  ‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬ErF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬ n  Kmm‫א‬‫א‬ Ls
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ V KmmE‫א‬F‫א‬ t
Kmm‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L1, L2, ….  Kmm‫א‬ r
 W‫א‬‫א‬

Ls = L1 + L2 + L3 + …..- V
V = v1 + v2 + ………

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 V=n×v

- ١٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

























- ١٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬r‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،st 37‫א‬
s = 1.5 mm , L1 = 45 mm , L2 = 50 mm , L3 = 35 mm








 W‫א‬
 r1 = 1.6 mmWE١F‫א‬
r2 = 1.6 mm
 WE٢F‫א‬EVF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،rs

v1 = 2.9 mm , v2 = 2.9 mm
V = v1 + v2
V = 2.9 mm + 2.9 mm = 5.8 mm
L2 = L1 + L2 + L3 – V
= 45 mm + 50 mm + 35 mm – 5.8 mm = 124.2 mm
 W‫א‬Ls‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Ls = 125 mm

- ١٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٢F
s = 4 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

L1 = 40 mm , L2 = 80 mm , L3 = 50 mm , L4 = 30 mm
r1 = 6 mm , r2 = 6 mm , r3 = 10 mm.







 W‫א‬
 WE٢F‫א‬،( t = 4 mm )‫א‬

r1 = 6 mm ⇒ v1 = 8.3 mm
r2 = 6 mm ⇒ v2 = 8.3 mm
r3 = 10 mm ⇒ v3 = 9.6 mm
V= v1 + v2 + v3 = 8.3 mm + 8.3 mm + 9.6 mm = 26.2 mm.
Ls = L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 – V
= 40 mm + 80 mm + 50 mm + 30 mm – 26.2 mm
= 173.8 mm
 W‫א‬Ls‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Ls = 174 mm

- ١٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬،E٥٦J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٦J ٣F‫א‬
W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KZ U 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
- ١٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KE٥٧J ٣F‫א‬،‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K°٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬°١٢J °٦ E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬°٦J °٢ E
K°٩٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K°٩٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٧J ٣F‫א‬

- ١٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬K٣
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T  U ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،E٥٨J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 














 KLT‫א‬E٥٨J ٣F‫א‬
- ١٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬K٤
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KE٥٩J ٣F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

 










 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٩J ٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦٠J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 







 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦٠J ٣F‫א‬









 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦١J ٣F‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦٢J ٣F‫א‬
- ١٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫ א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦٣J ٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٦٤J ٣F‫א‬
- ١٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ E٦٥J ٣F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦٦J ٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ١٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦٧J ٣F‫א‬
K‫א‬





 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦٨J ٣F‫א‬
E٦٩J ٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧٠J ٣F‫א‬
- ١٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫ א‬E

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧١J ٣F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E٧١J ٣F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧٢J ٣F‫א‬
EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٧٣J ٣F‫א‬
- ١٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧٤J ٣F‫א‬K


 

 
 E٧٤J ٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧٥J ٣F‫א‬
- ١٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧٦J ٣F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬E٧٧J ٣F‫א‬
- ١٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧٨J ٣F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W١
W٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧٩J ٣F‫א‬
- ١٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨٠J ٣F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
K‫א‬ K٩
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٤

- ١٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫؟‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫؟‬U, T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫؟‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٠
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١١
Kt = 2 mm،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٢










- ١٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬st 37‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Wt = 3 mm‫א‬
Kr‫א‬







t = 6 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٤

WK‫א‬‫א‬2 mm
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Ka
Kst 37‫א‬‫א‬ Kb











- ١٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ١٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٥٧W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬ 9
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬9
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
- ١٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ 

  ،‫א‬
KE٨١J ٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K١٢١
E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K( 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 )‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬( 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 )‫א‬ K٤
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬E٨١J ٣F‫א‬

- ١٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬

























 E٨٢J ٣F‫א‬
- ١٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K( 4  0 ) ‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬ K٣
K( 1 )‫א‬ ( 4 , 0 ) ‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬( 1 )‫א‬EF K٤
K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
. ( 2 )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

- ١٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W ( T )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 













 E٨٣J ٣F‫א‬
- ١٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KE٨٣J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ ( 1 )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ( 2 ) ‫א‬‫א‬،( 2 )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE١F‫א‬


- ١٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٢F‫א‬







‫رﺳـﻢ ﻣﺴــﺎﻗﻂ و اﻓﺮاد آﻮع ﻗــﺎﺋﻢ داﺋﺮي اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوي اﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﻦ‬




















- ١٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٣F‫א‬



- ١٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
،‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
1 1 × 432 × 428  1

2 1 × 209.7 × 428  2
3 1 × 211.4 × 428  2
4 1 × 129 × 218.6 ‫א‬ 2
5 1 × 67 × 118.6 ‫א‬، 2
6 1 × 67 × 118.6 ‫א‬، 2
7 1 × 67 × 118.6 ‫א‬، 4
8 5 × 24 × 400  4
9.1 2 × 20 × 54  1
9.2 2 × 20 × 56  1
10 1.5 × 122 × 430   1
11 1.5 × 122 × 430  1
12 1.5 × 25 × 60  4
13 1.5 × 25 × 60  4
14 2 × 20 × 97  4
15 2 × 20 × 140  4
16 2 × 20 × 174  4
17 2 × 90 × 105 ‫א‬ 2
18 2 × 90 × 105 ‫א‬ 2
19 620 × 0.5" E‫א‬F 1
20 3 × 63 EF 4
21 ∅ 4 × 14   2
22 ∅ 4 × 10   36
23 ∅ 4.3  EF 32
- ١٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
24 ∅2×6   24
25 ∅4×6   4
26 0.5 × 19.7 × 97  EF 4
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
K‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
K‫א‬‫א‬ E







- ١٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬
 KJ ١٠‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KJ ١٠‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KJ ١٠‫א‬‫א‬J 
 E٩F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 E١١،١٠FE٢٠،١٣،١٢F?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٢٥،٢٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬F
 KW١Z١W
 KW٢Z٤ 
 K٤Z٨

 ‫א‬W١‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬J ٣
- ١٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬J ٧
 K‫א‬J ٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٩

 W٤‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫ א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬ J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
،‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
 K‫א‬ J ٧
 K‫א‬ J ٨
 K‫א‬،‫א‬ J ٩
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٠


 EF‫א‬‫א‬
 KW٢Z٢‫א‬W
 KW٥Z٢‫א‬
 KW٦Z٢‫א‬
- ١٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٢‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

 EF٦،٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬ K٢
 K K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K  K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

 W٣‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬ K٥


- ١٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٧‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
K K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

 WEF١١،١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 W٩‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬ K٥

 W‫א‬٢٠،١٣،١٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
- ١٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٣،١٢ ‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬ ٢٠E‫א‬F‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
 K‫א‬W
 W ١٦،١٥،١٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R 10 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬ K٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٨،١٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬ K٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 W ١٩‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K،‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
Kd = 4.5 mm‫א‬R 18 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
- ١٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١F‫א‬
- ١٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢F‫א‬
- ١٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣F‫א‬
- ١٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٤F‫א‬
- ١٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٦J ٥F‫א‬
- ١٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٧F‫א‬

- ١٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٨F‫א‬
 E٩{١F‫א‬
- ١٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E٩{٢F‫א‬
- ١٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٠F‫א‬
- ١٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١١F‫א‬
- ١٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٠J ١٣J ١٢F‫א‬
- ١٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٥J ١٤F‫א‬
- ١٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٦F‫א‬
- ١٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٧F‫א‬
- ١٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٨F‫א‬
- ١٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٩F‫א‬
- ١٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢٦F‫א‬
- ١٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K K١
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K٢
K K٣
K K٤
K‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬ K٧
KEF K٨
K K٩
K K١٠
K K١١
K K١٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
E١J ٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
KE٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
E٢J ٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 K‫א‬ K٩
- ١٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١J ٤F‫א‬













 E٢J ٤F‫א‬
- ١٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ K١
KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K١٩٧٩E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FK١٤٢٣E‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
KE‫א‬KFKE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F١٤٢٣E‫א‬‫א‬FK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬FKE‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬F K٧
K١٩٨٦E‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FKE‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬F K٨
K١٩٨٦
K٩
‫א‬‫א‬FKE‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K١٠
K١٩٨٦E‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FKE‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬F  K١١
K١٩٨٦
KEKKFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬KFK‫א‬‫ א‬K١٣
KEFK‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٤
- ١٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬K‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥
‫א‬‫א‬FKE‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦
K١٩٨٦E‫א‬
KEKFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٧
WK‫א‬KWK ‫א‬ K١٨
K‫א‬
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٩

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Materials Science and Engineering. William D. Callister, Jr. K٢٠
Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials. Serope Kapakjian K٢١
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
www.stc2001.20m/laizer2.htm W‫ א‬K٢٢
www.rss.vov.jo/plandocs/mechanical.docW‫ א‬K٢٣
www.khayma.com/basareyat/efect5.htmW‫ א‬K٢٤
www.khayma.com/madina/m1.htmW‫ א‬K٢٥
www.teethtec.com/magazeen/sub6.htm-18k W‫ א‬K٢٦

- ١٩٥ -
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٤٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 ٦١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٨١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
  ١٠١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
  ١٠٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
  ١٢٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ١٢٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٥٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ١٩١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 ١٩٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

التشكيل

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

التشكيل

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

التشكيل

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W(Non - ferrous materials ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

W( Non - metallic materials )E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬

 W( Cast Iron )‫א‬‫א‬

W( Low carbon steel )‫א‬ K١

A1 = 0.785 × d2 = 0.785 × 52 cm2 = 9.81 cm2

A = 9.81 cm2 + 23.75 cm2 – 3.14 cm2 = 30.42 cm2

: ‫ب( ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﺷﺎم اﻟﻌﻤﻴﺎء‬

 E١٩J ٢F‫ א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( 0.4 mm)‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 ( 200 mm )( 150 X 75 mm)W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٣F‫א‬K‫א‬E١٤J ٣F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٦J ٣F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W 

‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬

W‫ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻴﺪوﻳﺔ‬.٧

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ E٦٥J ٣F‫א‬

t = 6 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٤

‫رﺳـﻢ ﻣﺴــﺎﻗﻂ و اﻓﺮاد آﻮع ﻗــﺎﺋﻢ داﺋﺮي اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوي اﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﻦ‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

1 1 × 432 × 428  1

 E٢٠J ١٣J ١٢F‫א‬

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

You might also like