Hyperbolic Functions (Euler)

ex + e−x
will be called the Hyperbolic Cosine, cosh x.
2
e − e−x
x
will be called the Hyperbolic Sine, sinh x.
2
Symmetrically, sinh and cosh are derivatives,

and also antiderivatives, of each other.

The Hyperbolic Tangent is their quotient:

sinh x ex − e−x
tanh x ≡ = x −x
.
cosh x e +e
We also have
1 1 cosh x
sech x ≡ , cosech x ≡ , cotanh x ≡ .
cosh x sinh x sinh x
 cosh2x − sinh2x = 1.
 ex + e−x 2  ex − e−x 2
Proof. −
2 2
 ex + e−x x
e −e −x  x
e + e−x ex − e−x 
= + −
2 2 2 2
 2 ex  2 e−x 
= = 1.
2 2

d
dx
tanh x = sech 2x.
d sinh x (sinh x)0 cosh x − (cosh x)0 sinh x
Proof. =
dx cosh x cosh2x
cosh2x − sinh2x 1
= 2
=
cosh x cosh2x
 y

(cos t, sin t)

x2 + y 2 = 1

t
Area =
2

0 x
0 1
 y
(cosh t, sinh t)

x2 − y 2 = 1

t
Area =
2

0 x
0 1
 x
x2 + y 2 = 1
1 y = sin u

dy = cos u du
p
1 − y 2 = cos u
t
Area =
2 (cos t, sin t)

cos t
x= y
sin t
0 y
0 1
 Z sin t p Z sin t cos t
1 − y 2 dy − y dy
y=0 y=0 sin t
t Z sin t
cos t
Z
= cos u cos u du − y dy
u=0 sin t y=0
" #sin t
t 2
1 cos t y
Z
= 1 + cos 2u du −
2 u=0 sin t 2
y=0

1 sin 2t cos t sin2t

 
= t + −
2 2 sin t 2
t 2 sin t cos t cos t sin t t
= + − =
2 4 2 2
 (cosh t, sinh t)

x2 − y 2 = 1
x
1 1
y = sinh u
t dy = cosh u du
Area =
2
p
1 + y 2 = cosh u

cosh t
x= y
sinh t

0 0
0 1
y
0 1
 Z sinh t p Z sinh t cosh t
1 + y 2 dy − y dy
y=0 y=0 sinh t
t Z sinh t
cosh t
Z
2
= cosh u du − y dy
u=0 sinh t y=0
" #sinh t
t 1 + cosh 2u cosh t y2
Z
= du −
u=0 2 sinh t 2
y=0

1 sinh 2t cosh t sinh2t

 
= t + −
2 2 sinh t 2
t 2 sinh t cosh t cosh t sinh t t
= + − =
2 4 2 2
 sinh (s + t) = sinh s cosh t + cosh s sinh t
es − e−s et + e−t es + e−s et − e−t
Proof. +
2 2 2 2
eset − e−set + ese−t − e−se−t
=
4
eset + e−set − ese−t − e−se−t
+
4
2 eset − 2 e−se−t
=
4
e(s+t) − e−(s+t)
=
2

sinh 2s = 2 sinh s cosh s

 cosh (s + t) = cosh s cosh t + sinh s sinh t
es + e−s et + e−t es − e−s et − e−t
Proof. +
2 2 2 2
eset + e−set + ese−t + e−se−t
=
4
eset − e−set − ese−t + e−se−t
+
4
2 eset + 2 e−se−t e(s+t) + e−(s+t)
= =
4 2

cosh 2s = cosh2s + sinh2s

= 2 cosh2s − 1, using sinh2s = cosh2s − 1,
= 1 + 2 sinh2s, using cosh2s = 1 + sinh2s.
 ∞
x x2 x3 x4 x5 X xn
e = 1 + x + + + + + ... =
2 6 24 120 n=0
n!
∞
−x x2 x3 x4 x5 X (−1)nxn
e = 1 − x + − + − + ... =
2 6 24 120 n=0
n!

ex + e−x
=
2
∞
x2 x4 X x2n
cosh x = 1 + + + ... =
2 24 n=0
(2n)!
∞
x2 x4 X (−1)nx2n
cos x = 1 − + + ... =
2 24 n=0
(2n)!

ex − e−x
=
2
∞
x3 x5 X x2n+1
sinh x = x + + + ... =
6 120 n=0
(2n + 1)!
∞
x3 x5 X (−1)nx2n+1
sin x = x − + + ... =
6 120 n=0
(2n + 1)!
 Recall: i2 = −1, i3 = −i, i4 = 1, i5 = i, etc.

∞
x x2 x3 x4 x5 X xn
e = 1 + x + + + + + ... =
2 6 24 120 n=0
n!
∞ n n
ix x2 ix3 x4 ix5 X i x
e = 1 + ix − − + + + ... =
2 6 24 120 n=0
n!
ix x2 x4
e = 1 − + + ...
2 24
 x3 x5 
+ i x − + + ... = cos x + i sin x
6 120
x2 x4
cos x = 1 − + + ...
2 24
x2 x4
cos ix = 1 + + + ... = cosh x
2 24
3
x x5
sin x = x − + + ...
6 120
ix3 ix5
sin ix = ix + + + ... = i sinh x
6 120

We also have cosh ix = cos x, sinh ix = i sin x,

tan ix = i tanh x, tanh ix = i tan x.

 ex = cosh x + sinh x

eix = cos x + i sin x

e−ix = cos x − i sin x

eix + e−ix
cos x =
2
eix − e−ix
sin x =
2i

eiπ = cos π + i sin π = −1

eiπ + 1 = 0
 ey − e−y
If y equals arcsinh x, then x equals sinh y = .
2
2x = ey − e−y
ey − 2x − e−y = 0
e2y − 2xey − 1 = 0
√
2x ± 4x2 + 4 p
ey = = x + x2 + 1
2p

2
y = ln x + x + 1
√

2
arcsinh x = ln x + x + 1

√
1 2x x2 + 1 x
1+ √ √ +√
0
2
2 x +1 2
x +1 x2 + 1 1
(arcsinh x) = √ = √ =√
2
x+ x +1 2
x+ x +1 1 + x2
 ey + e−y
If y equals arccosh x, then x equals cosh y = .
2
2x = ey + e−y
ey − 2x + e−y = 0
e2y − 2xey + 1 = 0
√
2x ± 4x2 − 4 p
ey = = x + x2 − 1
2p

y = ln x + x2 − 1
√

arccosh x = ln x + x2 − 1 for x ≥ 1

√
1 2x x2 − 1 x
1+ √ √ +√
0 2 2
x −1 2
x −1 x2 − 1 1
(arccosh x) = √ = √ =√
x + x2 − 1 x + x2 − 1 x2 − 1
 ey − e−y
If y equals arctanh x, then x equals tanh y = y −y
.
e +e
y −y y −y


e +e x=e −e
xey + xe−y = ey − e−y
0 = (1 − x)ey − (1 + x)e−y
(1 + x)e−y = (1 − x)ey
1+x
= e2y
1−x
1+x
 
2y = ln
1− x 
1 1+x
y = ln
2 1−x
1 1+x
 
arctanh x = ln for −1 < x < 1
2 1−x
  !0
1 1+x

0
(arctanh x) = ln
2 1−x
1
0
= ln (1 + x) − ln (1 − x)
2
1 1 −1
 
= −
2 1+x 1−x
1 (1 − x) + (1 + x)
=
2 (1 + x)(1 − x)
1 2
=
2 (1 + x)(1 − x)
1
(arctanh x)0 =
1 − x2
 
a2 cosh2t − a2 sinh2t = a2,

Integral Substitutions using
a2 tanh2t + a2 sech2t = a2


If x = a sinh t :
p p
x2 + a2 = a2 sinh2t + a2
p
= a sinh2t + 1 = a cosh t
√
x x x2 + a2
 
t = arcsinh = ln +
a a a
p
= ln (x + x2 + a2) − ln a
 If x = a cosh t :
p p
x2 − a2 = a2 cosh2t − a2
p
= a cosh2t − 1 = a sinh t
√
x x x2 − a2
 
t = arccosh = ln +
a a a
p
= ln (x + x2 − a2) − ln a
 If x = a tanh t :
p p
a 2 − x2 = a2 − a2 tanh2t
p
= a 1 − tanh2t = a sech t

x 1 a+x
 
t = arctanh = ln
a 2 a−x
Every nonzero complex number x + iy can be written as its
p
absolute value r = x2 + y 2, which is real, times a number
with absolute value equal to 1, which lies on the unit circle and
which can be written as cos θ + i sin θ, where θ ± 2kπi is a
x x
certain angle satisfying cos θ = and sin θ = . Call θ the
r r
argument of z : θ = arg (z). Let ρ equal ln r.

Since we have z = x + iy = r(cos θ + i sin θ) = eρeiθ = eρ+iθ ,

we can define the complex logarithm as a (multi- or single-
valued) inverse of the complex exponential as follows:

1
ln z = ln x + iy = ρ + iθ = ln (x2 + y 2) + i arg (z)
2
With this complex logarithm, the inverses of the (circular) trigonometric
and hyperbolic functions can be listed:

1 p
1 p

arcsin z = ln z + 1− z2 , arccos z = ln z + z2 −1 ,
i i
1 1 + iz 1 z+i
   
arctan z = ln , arc cot z = ln ,
2i 1 − iz 2i z−i
√ √
1 1 + 1 − z2 1 1 + z2 − 1
   
arcsec z = ln , arc csc z = ln ,
i z i z
p
p

2
arc sinh z = ln z + z + 1 , 2
arccoshz = ln z + z − 1 ,

1 1+z 1 z+1
   
arctanhz = ln , arccothz = ln ,
2 1−z 2 z−1
√ √
1 + 1 − z2 1 + z2 + 1
   
arcsechz = ln , arccosechz = ln .
z z