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Transformers
Sector Energy
D SE PTI NC

Steffen Schmidt
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Introduction
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Transformers
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Transformers

Transformers:
Provide means for transferring power at different voltage levels in a
power system.
They can be used to control voltage and power flow (reactive and
active power.)

Transformers can achieve different voltage levels and phase angles by
changing the turns ratio between the primary and secondary sides (taps.)

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Transformer types
Two winding
Two winding with delta winding
Three winding
Autotransformer

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Transformers
Typical Vector Groups in Germany
100
vector group equivalent circuit vector diagram
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Transformers
Typical Data
S
rT
u
kr

bis 630 kVA 4,0 %
631 kVA bis 1250 kVA 5,0 %
1251 kVA bis 3150 kVA 6,25 %
3151 kVA bis 6300 kVA 7,15 %
6301 kVA bis 12500 kVA 8,35 %
12501 kVA bis 25000 kVA 10,0 %
25001 kVA bis 200000 kVA 12,5 %
> 200000 kVA 12 % - 20 %

5 kVA 50 kVA 500 kVA 5 MVA 50 MVA
6,3 kVA 63 kVA 630 kVA 6,3 MVA 63 MVA
8 kVA 80 kVA 800 kVA 8 MVA 80 MVA
10 kVA 100 kVA 1000 kVA 10 MVA 100 MVA
12,5 kVA 125 kVA 1250 kVA 12,5 MVA 125 MVA
16 kVA 160 kVA 1600 kVA 16 MVA 160 MVA
20 kVA 200 kVA 2000 kVA 20 MVA 200 MVA
25 kVA 250 kVA 2500 kVA 25 MVA 250 MVA
31,5 kVA 315 kVA 3150 kVA 31,5 MVA 315 MVA
40 kVA 400 kVA 4000 kVA 40 MVA 400 MVA
Short-Circuit Voltage
Preferred rated Power
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Positive Sequence System
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Modeling transformer

L
3
L
2
L
1
limb
HV-step winding iron core HV-winding LV-winding
L
3
L
2
L
1
U
r1
U
r2 R
p
X
p
R
s
X
s
R

Two-winding three-
phase transformer
(principle structure)
equivalent circuit
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Two-Winding Transformer
Positive Sequence System
U
r1
U
r2 R
p
X
p
R
s
X
s
R

definition of impedances
r
2
r k
r
2
r ps
s p ps
S
U u
S
U z
Z ' Z Z

=

= + =
r
2
r r
r
2
r ps
s p ps
S
U u
S
U r
R ' R R

=

= + =
for typical transformer:
2
Z
Z ' Z
ps
s p
= ~
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Transformer
Short Circuit Test
A short circuit test is carried out to determine the per-phase transformer
leakage impedance

Voltage is usually adjusted on the LV winding so that nominal current
flows through the short circuit

The recorded test data consists of the winding copper losses P
Copper
in
Watts and the per unit winding impedance u
k
on a winding MVA base
and winding voltage base

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Two-Winding Transformer
Short Circuit Test
A
V
U
k
I
r
U
r1
U
r2
A
V
U
k
I
r
% 100
U
3 U
u
r
k
k

=
% 100
S
P
u
r
Copper
r
=
Measurement of
short circuit voltage U
k

ohmic losses P
Copper

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Transformer
Open Circuit Test
An open circuit test is carried out to determine the per-phase
transformer magnetizing imedance and resistance.

Nominal voltage is usually applied to LV winding so that the
magnetizing current at nominal voltage is flowing into the winding

The recorded test data consists of the no-load losses P
no-load
and the
magnetization current magnitude I
no-load
on a winding current base


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Transformer
Open Circuit Test
A
V
I
no-load
U
r
3
U
r1
U
r2
A
V
U
r
I
no-load
load no
r
I 3
U
Z

=
as Z
ps
<<Z

load no
2
r
P
U
R

=
Measurement of
no-load current I
no-load

no-load losses P
no-load

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Two-Winding Transformer
Positive Sequence System (-equivalent)
In computer power flow applications, the ideal transformer used in the
standard model can not be used. Thus, the -equivalent circuit is the
preferred choice. This equivalent circuit representation is shown in figure
below:
t : 1
k
Y
ik
I
i

i
Y
0
Y
0

U
i
U
k

I
k

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Three-Winding Transformer
Positive Sequence System
~
Z
(1)3

Z
(1)2
Z
(1)1

01
A
US
MS OS
~ ~
MSUS rT
2
rTOS
MSUS krT (1)3 (1)2 (1)23
OSUS rT
2
rTOS
OSUS krT (1)3 (1)1 (1)13
OSMS rT
2
rTOS
OSMS krT (1)2 (1)1 (1)12
S
U
u Z Z Z
S
U
u Z Z Z
S
U
u Z Z Z
= + =
= + =
= + =
MSUS rT
2
rTOS
MSUS RrT (1)3 (1)2 (1)23
OSUS rT
2
rTOS
OSUS RrT (1)3 (1)1 (1)13
OSMS rT
2
rTOS
OSMS RrT (1)2 (1)1 (1)12
S
U
u R R R
S
U
u R R R
S
U
u R R R
= + =
= + =
= + =
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Three-Winding Transformer
Short Circuit Tests
I
(1)
G
3~
U
(1)
T
S P
G
3~
U
(1)

I
(1)
T
S P
G
3~
T
U
(1)

I
(1)
S
P
Page 18 28.06.2008

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Transformer YNyn(d)
Positive Sequence System
Equivalent circuit:
positive
sequence system
Z
p
Z
t
'
Z
s
'
Z
Z

>>Z
p
Z
p
Z
s
'
Z
E(2)
p s
Z
E(1)
t
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Zero Sequence System
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Transformer
Zero Sequence System
Z
0p
Z
0
Z
0s
p s
Z
0p
Z
0
Z
0s
p s
3Z
g1
3Z
g2
Z
0p
Z
0
Z
0s
p s
3Z
g1
Z
0p
Z
0
Z
0s
p s
YNyn, both sides fixed grounded
YNyn, both sides grounded
via impedances
YNy, primary side grounded
via impedance,
secondary side open
YNd, primary side fixed grounded
Page 21 28.06.2008

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Transformer YNyn(d)
Zero Sequence System
Equivalent circuit:
zero sequence
system
Z
0p
Z
0t
'
Z
0s
'
Z
0
3Z
E(2)
3Z
E(1)
=0
Z
0p
Z
0t
'
Z
0s
'
Z
0
>>Z
ot
'
3Z
E(1)
=0 3Z
E(2)
Z
E(2)
p s
Z
E(1)
t
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Transformator YNyn(d)
Measuring Zero Sequence Impedances (I)
Z
0,P
Z
0,S
Z
0,T
p s
V ~
A
T , 0 P , 0 nl , p
Z Z
I
U 3
Z + =

=
No-load zero sequence impedance at
the primary side
V ~
A
S , 0 T , 0
S , 0 T , 0
P , 0 sc , p
Z Z
Z Z
Z
I
U 3
Z
+

+ =

=
Short-circuit zero sequence impedance
at the primary side
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Transformator YNyn(d)
Measuring Zero Sequence Impedances (II)
Z
0,P
Z
0,S
Z
0,T
p s
V ~
A
T , 0 S , 0 nl , s
Z Z
I
U 3
Z + =

=
No-load zero sequence impedance at
the secondary side
V ~
A
P , 0 P , 0
P , 0 T , 0
S , 0 nl , s
Z Z
Z Z
Z
I
U 3
Z
+

+ =

=
Short-circuit zero sequence impedance
at the secondary side


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Loading Capacity of Transformer Neutral
YNy, Yyn
Five-limb core:
No capability

Three-limb core:
Neutral rating: 25 % of rated current for1.5 hours
Neutral rating: 20 % of rated current for 3 hours

YNy(d), Yyn(d) (Delta-winding of 1/3 of rated capacity)
Neutral rating: 100 % of rated current

Dyn, YNd
Neutral rating: 100 % of rated current
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Neutral Treatment at both Transformer Neutrals
Equivalent Circuit
? ?
?
? Z
NP1
Z
NP2
Earth fault
Z
NP1
Z
NP2
Z
Tr1
Z
Tr2
Z
Tr3
Z
Net1
?
~ U
0
?
U
0
?
?
?
Z
Net2
Zero sequence system:
Network 1 Network 2
Transformer
YNyn(d)
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Neutral Treatment at both Transformer Neutrals
Recommendation
High zero sequence system voltage at secondary side during earth fault at high voltage site
impermissible (detailed investigation required)
OS US
OS US
OS US
OS US
Small zero sequence system voltage at secondary side during earth fault at high voltage site
possible
Zero sequence system voltage at secondary side during earth fault at high voltage site
not recommended (detailed investigation required)
Negligible zero sequence system voltage at secondary side during earth fault at high voltage
site

possible without restrictions
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Example
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Transformer Example
Nameplate Data (I)
16.0
14.4
13.3
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Transformer Example
Nameplate Data (II)
short-circuit losses: P
copper
= 496 kW at 75C
no-load current: I
no-load
= 0.2 % of I
r

no-load losses: P
no-load
= 86 kW

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Transformer Example
Zero Sequence Data
Short-circuit zero sequence impedance at the primary side:
tap +9 U = 3234 V I = 191.5 A P = 13.59 kW
tap 0 U = 2237 V I = 197.1 A P = 10.92 kW
tap -9 U = 731.4 V I = 197.9 A P = 4.116 kW

No-load zero sequence impedance at the primary side:
tap +9 U = 2714 V I = 100.5 A P = 5.626 kW
tap 0 U = 1900 V I = 100.1 A P = 4.226 kW
tap -9 U = 1281 V I = 100.1 A P = 3.076 kW

Short-circuit zero sequence impedance at the secondary side:
tap +9 U = 320.6 V I = 397.3 A P = 8.825 kW
tap 0 U = 323.0 V I = 415.4 A P = 8.825 kW
tap -9 U = 301.0 V I = 400.7 A P = 8.932 kW

No-load zero sequence impedance at the primary side:
U = 522.4 V I = 402.3 A P = 14.96 kW
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Transformer Example
Calculation of Impedances
U
r1
U
r2 R
p
X
p
R
s
X
s
R

( )
O =

= + = 848 . 34
MVA 200
kV 220 144 . 0
Z ' Z Z
2
s p ps
( )
( )
O =

= + = 600 . 0
MVA 200
kV 220 kW 496
S
U P
R ' R R
2
2
2
r
2
r Copper
s p ps
( ) ( ) O = O O = = + = 842 . 34 600 . 0 848 . 34 R Z X ' X X
2 2
2
ps
2
ps s p ps
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Break time!

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Contact
Steffen Schmidt
Senior Consultant
Siemens AG, Energy Sector
E D SE PTI NC

Freyeslebenstr. 1
91058 Erlangen

Phone: +49 9131 - 7 32764
Fax: +49 9131 - 7 32525

E-mail: [email protected]
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Thank you for your attention!

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