Emergence and Growth Of Counselling Services

Gained momentum early 20th century

With in six decades-emerged as a profession Historical development of counselling-four periods

Period-1

Psychoanalysis movement(1850-1900) 1879-psychological laboratory-Leipzig, Germany-Wihelm Wundt 1883-G.Stanley Hall psychological laboratory 1895-George Merril first systematic programme-San Fransisco

1896-psychological clinic-Lightner WinnerUniversity of Pennsylvania

1898-Jesse .B. Davis term counsellingEducational Career Counselling centre in Detroit

1899-President of Chicago University, William Rainey Harper-importance of guidance

1909-J.B.Miner-freeclinic-mental developmentUniversity of Minnesota

Period-2

Guidance movement(1900-1930) 1908-mental hygiene movement-clifford Beersbook.the mind that found itself 1910-progressive education movement-John Dewey-how we think

1911-Rev.Elwood Worcester-use of psychological principles- pastrol counselling

1912-Mrs.Adolf Myers the school of social work-case work and psychiatry

National Vocational Guidance Association(NVGA)-------Vocational Guidance Movement-----voluntary efforts in educational, civic, social work

Period-3

Psychometric Movement(1930-1940) Test of mental functions Test of abilities , attitudes , interest Guidance workers(?)---------to guide people

Period -4

Counselling movement(1940 onward): period after world war 2 Counselling emerged as a science 1942:Carl Rogers-book-counseling and psychotherapy 1944-Act of Congreess-Army separation and classification and counselling programme Initiated by United states employment counselling

1945-Uses General Aptitude Test Battery(GATB) 1954-first journal of counselling Psychology Counselling psychology established as a specialised field of psychology

Approaches to counselling

Incorporated findings from: Personality theory Social psychology Counselling psychology Therapeutic counselling

1.Directive or authoritarian or psychoanalytic counselling

Psychoanalysis-theory of human personality Deals with normal and abnormal behaviour Major contributor? Psychoanalysis relativity to therapies: Object relations , Progoffs intensive Journal Therapy, Jungian hypotherapy

Psychoanalytic approach-personality -3 groups ID EGO SUPER EGO

ID: Works on pleasure principle Actions for the satisfaction of personal wants EGO: Works on logic or rationality It has a contact with reality

It control consciousness Provides realistic and logical thinking Moderates the desire for ID SUPER EGO: It represents conscience of the mind Higher plane of ethical codes or ideals Actions are developed by the moral code

CONTROL: Superego Ego Id Unpleasant emotional feelings such as tension, conflict and anxiety

Concept

Description

Bisexuality

Since homosexuality is not accepted, there is repression and formation of complexes Positive feelings are always accompanied by negative feelings All higher things are sublimates of their opposites. The sexual urge is sublimated and the finest creations , such as music, sculpture, art and literature are all result of it. Usually the object or goal or motive is disguised by substituting it with something else. For example, the anger on the boss is vented out on the wife

Bipolarity Sublimation

Displacement

Defence Mechanism--that represents behavioral responses(Protection from threat)

Defensive mechanism Repression

Explanation Memories, feelings and thoughts are stored in the unconscious Providing justification to make undesirable behavior Returning to earlier behaviour when appropriate behaviour is blocked by negative feelings Gives one satisfaction and compensation . Helps to acquire new behaviour Movement away from

Role of counsellor Brings the repressed into conscious Brings out and modify such views Learning adjustments to new behavior pattern

Rationalization

Regression

Identification

Guidance to retain identity

Displacement

Find new avenues for

Counsellors role: Act as an expert who facilitate or direct this restructuring Talking therapy-analyses the root cause of behaviour Assumption: Client is helpless and unaware of all the problems

Tools used: Modern analysis---Free association Test, projective test, play therapy, dream analysis etc Duration: Modern analysts are using psychoanalytic technique for therapies of short span of time

2.Adlerian Therapy or Individual psychology

Individual psychology is often called Adlerian Therapy Put forward Alfred Adler Assumptions: Individuals are restricted feeling of inferiority

Sources : Biological dependency Image of self relationship to the universe Organ inferiority Eg: sexual abuse

Counselling process

1. Empathy relationship: Client expresses problems with little interruptions Therapist offers acceptance and understanding 2.Information: Focus to problem-antecedents-root causesclient role in family, workplace and society Intelligence , psychological and interest test

3.Clarification: Mistaken ideas and logic are corrected and fused with common sense 4.Encouragement: Reduces the feeling of inferiority Felt impossible to possible

5.Interpretation and recognition: Observes psychological movements(thinking , feelings and behavioural models) Choice between right and wrong 6.Knowing: Allows to take control of himself

7.Missing experience: Role-playing or guided imagery to eliminate 8.Doing differently: Insight and innovation mobilized to client

9.Reinforcement: Client learned to focus not on self but on others Reinforced through encouragement and support 10.Community feeling: It is created in the first stage Develop a position of cooperation with others

11.Goal redirection: Client may treat therapist as positive or negative models Therapists keep high values Eg: truth , beauty , justice 12.Support and launching: Counsellors act of motivation

3.Cognitive Approach

Assumption: Focusing on current problems are more appropriate Investigating root is unnecessary Role of counsellor: Establishing collaborative relationship

Directive teaching(REALITY therapy-teaching, Rational Emotive Therapy-RET or REBT) Encourage logical thinking Short duration-treat anger, depression , anxiety

Three forms of cognitive approach

A.Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy(REBT): Albert Ellis Make client aware of: Negative and self defeating thoughts and emotions B.Reality Therapy: Human needs classified as-(sense of belonging,power ,freedom, fun recreation

C.Transactional Analysis: Child-set of behaviour from childhood Parent-passed from individuals parents Adult individuals unique experience from childhood

4.Humanastic or Affective Approach

Carl Rogers Assumptions : Behaviour consistent with self conceptindividuals satisfied only if they act in image suit them Threat and defence mechanism: If act in a manner inconsistent to imagethreatened-defence mechanism

Role of counsellor: Effectively eliminate defence mechanism Strengthen clients ability to face reality Awareness regulate self control and regulation

A. Empathise with the counselee: Self-theory of Rogers based on phenomenology

phenomenology----what people perceive is their reality Interpret a persons behaviour can be done by understanding phenomenological field

B. Help to see in congruence: Close matching of awareness and experience

C. Help to see the whole picture: Integrate behaviour feeling and thinking Duration : Short span of time

5.Behavioural Approach
Assumptions: Behaviour is conditioned-----primary learning comes from experience , behaviour changes when favourable condition exists Behaviour is predictable----- individual reacts in a predictable way to any given situation or stimulus, depending on his/her learning

Role of counsellor: Adopt a directive role in initiating and directing therapeutic counselling Takes roles of teacher or a coach Sessions tend to be structured and action oriented

Counselling process: Characteristics---1.know the clients view of the problem: Interaction with the client Develop a common understanding of the perspective

2.set target behaviour: Set an objective of achieving a change in the behavioural pattern 3.choose treatment procedure: Behaviour understand through theories of learning

John D Krumboltz-4 learning procedure A. Operant learning: Facilitated by use of re-enforces at predetermined intervals Forms of re-enforces :- gift, cash or intangibles such as approval or attention

B. Initiative learning: Encouraged through exposure to models of desired behaviour C. Cognitive learning: Instructing the client what to do , how to do

D. Emotional learning: Strengthened by substitution of acceptable emotional responses for un pleasant emotional reaction

Techniques used: Reflection , summarization and open-ended enquiries Tools are homework, role playing, social modelling, desensitization

6.Holistic Approaches

Includes : A. Existential therapy B. Gestalt approach C. Eclectic approach

A. Existential therapy: Based on science of being Existence is the prime driver of human life Awareness of being in the world

Define goals through choice making

Individuals make choice with or without awareness of choice restriction

Assumptions: Individuals live in a world that is not limited to environment But must also include the human world created by an individuals meaningful relationship

Three modes of world: Umwelt world around-biological worldenvironment Mitwelt--- with world-world of ones fellow human being Eigenwelt--- own world the relationship to ones self

Role of counsellor: Phenomenological world in which client exists and participates Recognize outmoded ways of life

Make them willing to take the responsibility to change expand and find meaning in their life Improve human relationship, importance in society

B. Gestalt counselling: Frederick Perls Focus present(here and now), holistic personality of individual Assumptions: Present is important Past is gone Future not yet arrive

Role of counsellor: Self integration Ways to grow, develop and actualize Techniques: Include how and what questions

C. Eclectic approach: Multi-modal approach Assumptions: Therapy is not always successful If some important events are left out Role of counsellor: BASIC ID is used

Behaviour Affect Sensation Imagery Cognition Interpersonal Drugs/biology

B wish to do A happy, frustrated, sad S-like or dislike to hear, taste I do in the future C main ethics and principles I -how do you get on with others? D consumption of medicines ,physical well being

Techniques of multi modal therapybased on counselees response

Modality Behaviour Affect Sensation Imagery Cognitive Interpersonal Drugs/biology Techniques Behaviour rehearsal ,exposure programme, role play therapy Anger expression, anger/anxiety management Bio-feedback , meditation ,massage Time projection imagery , thought stopping imagery Problem solving Communication training, fixed role therapy Lifestyle changes, stop smoking programme , diet ,weight control

Modality of Type A client-with high blood pressure

Modality Behaviour Affect Problem Quick talking/eating/walking Be aggressive at work Techniques Behavioural education ,do one task at a time Anger management

Sensation
Imagery Cognitive

Physically tense
Images of loosing control Belief of low self esteem

Feedback and relaxation training

Coping imagery Dispute irrational belief, failure attacking exercise, teach self acceptance Discuss benefits Relaxation training, drink diaries programme, stop smoking programmes

Interpersonal Drugs/biology

Passive aggressive High blood pressure , headaches, consume alcohol every week