en

g s g zbM
c I
TPp UmThd u TkWu
AlTPp jRlThP.

Zzbg a uCun
Zzbg a G[}[g
Zzbg g>kgn[}[ un

hMF

eheg
euCu, ukk600 006

 hM r
gt cF2005
ccn cF2007

Vn g[} t g d
k K. Q>uk
lzF rVn, eU[
gse e (kkV), ukk 600 005

gn e
k A. rg u
k M. ucrue
lzF rVn, eU[
gse e (kkV),
ukk 600 005

qF rVn, eU[
zbz eeeheg
ukk 600 025

k T. hu
C uk

lzF rVn, eU[

gkkgDng rk
eeeheg, cH627 012

Vn e
k E. ucruerk
rn (Us), eU[
gse e, ukk 600 005

k C. uro

k P. ro

e rn
q.. re e
kk 601 204

e rn
zbz eeeheg
ukk 600 025

c R. k

c T.M. urrok

heF gk
g>F L, ere 630 003

g Vn
Q N gg nzb
g>FL, ukk600 033

c D. euk

c N. rocrk

q gnVn
rVk g>F L
egeeg, ukk600 024

Ue e Vn
HGk g>F L
cHee, ukk600 005

gne e c qn
cgc D. H
cgc S. Vr
e rn (.s.)
gse e (kkV),
ukk600 005

e rn (.s.)
gse e (kkV),
ukk600 005

: .
Ge nF : hM reee
Lee lneeeg, hM.
l 60 K..g. L uCVFMU.
F Fu [J uCV :

p Lm
RrS
AWu
V
Lpl
TPjhPm
-2003
YLhRuT UX RXm BitLL CdLRlTP
p CVt\lThs[, C[OoLu YeLXjR oQdLd
VRPpXUp. ReLPV TlTn Utm kR]j
\]m Y[oj AVp RphTju AjR[UL
LRm LrYRp Cu\V AYL A Y[of Ljp LRl
TPp CVtRp GuT NYXLm NR]VLm Es[,
ALl Tt RYlTu\ UQYoLd Ckp
TVuTYRl Tu\ A] AjR TXdm Li
NpX mm UQYoLdm Ckp Q Nnm,
Cku JqY TPlTm ALm. [dLm.
LjdLs. LRf NVpTLs. PLs BVYt\d
Lis[, CYt\j RPok TpY RU] LRj of
NuLm
AdLlThs[],
Ckp
RL
CQdLlThs[ NoLm YWTPeLm Gum T
ClTPu
lPjRdL
AmNUm,
ClTp
iLjdLs TX TlTs XX] LjdL[m
YWTPeL[m [dLlThs[],
Ckp LRm Ttdm BVoLdm Tm
UQYoLdm TkQm GuTp Gs[[m IVpX,
H]p
ClTPl
jRLjp
Iktdm
UtThP
GjdLhLm, BWjtm UtThP Tt ]dLm
CPmTts[], CY A]jRm BVoL[ LtdL
Yim Gu GoTolT tm CVXR Ju. G]Y,
BVo LtjR LR AlTPL[d Li. UQYoLs
ReL[LY P LQ VX Yim, Tt ]dLs GuT
Tm UQYoLd GuTR ]p LsRp Yim,
EVoLpd ZYXL +1 Yl LrYRp ClTPl
jRLjp Lm JqY LjRdLjRm LY]ULl k
LsRp Yim,

ClTPljRLju \lLs :
(i) UQYoLs ReL[LY PLm YL[l k
Ls[dV Xp GUV]RLm, BZULm
LQdLs [dLlThs[.
(ii) LRd
LsLL[
UtLs[lThs[,

[dYp

kR

LY]m

(iii) YLhRp \lThs[Rp UQYoLs ReL[LY

Tt ]dLd PLQ VX Y HtT\,
(iv) [dLjtj
RYV]
RWlThs[].
CR]p
GUVdLlThs[,

YWTPeLs
BeLeL
LjRdLeLu
\u

(v) LQdLs RdL LY]jPu RokRdLlTh Su\L

RWlTjRlThs[,
CljRLjR
Um
Wdm
Th
BV
TUdLPkm UQY ULPkm BXN]Ls
Utm UoN]eL[m YWYt\m,

L, cYNu
RXYo
BVo

TPjhPm
(1) ALm

AdLYLm : A
CVtLRm
YWV\Ls. YLLs. ALu R] NVp\Ls.
CVtLRl TiLs. AdLYLs YWV\Ls.
TiLs. UlPp. LW \. AdLYLu
TdLp. CQdLWd LYLs, (18 periods)
(2) YdPo CVtLRm : YWV\Ls. YdPo YLLs. YdPo
hPo. LjRp. N TdLp. TdLt TiLs. X
YdPo. YdPW L[Ll jRp. Nd LNuLs.
N ReLs, (15 periods)
(3) CVtLRm : Tl u]eLs YWV\Ls. J Td
LWLs (JW LW im YWU). JTd LWLs
(LWLs im YRp). CTd LWLs (LWLs
im YWU). YN Ut\eLs GiRu AlTPd
LsLLs. YN Ut\eLu LjVp. TX\ Ym
ThLu YN Ut\eLs. ThLs im JW
CPjp CPmTYR Htd Lsm YN Ut\eLs.
YhP YN Ut\eLs. NoLs. LRj RjRRp.
Dlj Rt\m (CVp Gi Ad) UV El. lhP
Eld LQp (25 periods)
(4) RPo \m RPm : YWV\Ls. X \lT] RPo
\Lm AYtu RPoLm. CNj RPo\.
RPo\Lu NWNLs. R AddV Dlj
Rt\m. Dlj RPo. RWV Ul. Rp LQp.
Tdj RPo. UPdLj RPo (GV LQdLs)
(15 periods)
(5) T\ YVp : VUl TR. SodLLs. Nej

YYm. QVX YYm. T YYm. sk

YWVlTm NeLhu [m. SodLLu Rl.
C LLd CPV Es[ LQm. CWhP
SodLLs. YhPm Tf NUuT. QVX YYm.
RL.
RLhu
[m.
RLhtL]
TkR].
RLLu
R
Su
NUuT.
YhPeLu Rl T UV YhPeLs. Nej
YhPeLs (23 periods)

(6) LQ

ALm.
LQ
ReLm
:
t\ULm
T-ReLu
Ls.
hd
LQeLs A B, UPe LQeLs 2A, 3A, A/2. TdLX
hPp ApX LjRp Yp GRp. TkR]dhThP
t\ULs. LQ NUuTLs. dLQju
TiLs. dLQeLu oLs (SSS, SAA, SAS Uhm),
SoU LQ NoLs (25 periods)
(7) NoLm YWTPeLm : ULs. ULs. CPYLs.
AiUlT. LoVu TdLp. RPo. No. Nou
YWTPm. XdjdL NR]. NoLu YLLs UtLojRp. Jud Ju. NU. SoU No. C
NoLu-CQl. Rp. jVNm. TdLp Utm
YjRp. Uf No. R No. Tdf No.
RX. GiQ[Yf No. lT Gi Utm f
Gi NoLs. fNo. Jt\lTP Utm
CWhPlTPf No. LQf NoLs. CTf
NoLs. CT ANUuT - NoTLm Utm fNLm,
(15 periods)
(8) YL iLRm : No GpX - LjRdLm. AlTPj

Rt\eLs. dV GpXLs. Nou RPof - J sp.

CPYp, RPofVt\ No. YL-LjRdLm YLdL.
Nn.
YLPdm
RPofdm
CPVV] RPo. YLPp \Ls - AlTPd
LsLLs. RokR NoLu YLdLdLs. WPp
\. QVXf No \. EhT No \ EVo YN
YLdL, (3-m YN YW) (30 periods)
LjRdLm.
RLPp
YLPu
:
(9) RLPp
GoU\. JTf NoLs. TiLs. RL \Ls jRm \. WPp \. Tj RLPp.
YWVjRj RLLs - hj RLVLd LQp (GV
LQdLs) (32 periods)
(10) Lr RL : YWV\. LhTLs. AlTPj Rt\eLs.

NoX Lr RL. h Lr RL. Tnv-u Rt\m

(TQu) GV LQdLs, (12 periods)

T[PdLm
TdL Gi
p Lm
TPjhPm
1. ALm AdLYLm

1.1

A CVtLRm

1.2

Ad LYLs

15

2. YdPo CVtLRm

44

2.1

ALm

44

2.2

YdPo YLLs

46

2.3

YdPoLu R] NVp\Ls

48

2.4

X YdPo

54

2.5

YdPW L[Ll jRp

67

2.6

Nd LNuLs Utm N ReLs

71

3. CVtLRm

78

3.1

Tl u]eLs

78

3.2

YN Ut\eLs

84

3.3

NoLs

100

3.4

LRj RjRRp

110

3.5

Dlj Rt\m

117

4. RPo\m RPm

126

4.1

ALm

126

4.2

RPo\

128

4.3

RPoLs

130

4.4

X \lT] RPo\Lm
AYtu RPoLm

132

4.5

RPo \Lu NWNLs

134

4.6

X \lT] RPoLs

140

5. T\ YVp

147

5.1

VUlTR

147

5.2

SodLLs

150

5.3

SodLLu Rl

158

5.4

CWhP SodLLs

172

5.5

YhPm

179

5.6

RL

187

5.7

YhPeLu Rl

195

6. LQ

200

6.1

ALm

200

6.2

LQ ReLm t\ULm

204

6.3

hd LQeLs

220

6.4

LQ NUuTLs

238

6.5

dLQju TiLs

248

6.6

dLQeLu oLs

257

6.7

SoU LQ NoLs

261

dLs ]dLs

270

PLs

283

ToY pLs

291

1, ALm AdLYLm
1,1 A CVtLRm (Matrix Algebra)
1,1,1 ALm
A Gu\ Np RuRp pYvPo (Sylvester)
GuTYWp 1850Cp ALlTjRlThP, AYo AV.
ElL[ YNlTjRp G] YWVjRo, 1858Cp Ln
(Cayley) GuTYo ALu hPp. LjRp. N TdLp.
GoU\ Tu\Yt\ YWVj A CVtLRjt
YYjRo, ALu TVuT. LRjp H\jRZ A]jl
Lm ALUL ClT]p. AYt\l Tt Ak
LsRp Lm AYVUm, T[RW QoLu
NRVd
LQdLl.
YWeL[
EhNjRp.
YdLQWp. RtNXLd CPVV] T[RWm
BVYtt AL[l TVuTju\]o, Um RLYp
RPo. LjRn Utm u TVu LhPUl
TlTnLdm ALs Lm ERVs[],
GjdLhPLl
TpY
RoLp
TpY
TPlLp J UQYo Tt\ UlTiL[ uYU
ThVYm,
Rr
BeXm LRm AVp
NL AVp
Ro 1
70
81
88
83
64
Ro 2
68
76
93
81
70
Ro 3
80
86
100
98
78
UtLiP UlTiL[ mTm UTl Nn
rdLiP AUlp RWXm,
Rp W
70
81
88
83
64
CWiPm W
u\m W

68

76

93

81

70

80
86
100
98
78
1-m
2-m
3-m
4-m
5-m
Wp
Wp
Wp
Wp
Wp
CkR AUlT] SUdl uYm RLYpL[j R\,

(i) RXY.
CWiPY.
u\Y
WLs[
ElLs lhP Rop TpY TPlLu
UlTiL[j Ru\].
(ii) RXY. CWiPY. u\Y. SuLY. IkRY
WpLs[ ElLs TpY RoLp lhP
TPlu UlTiL[j Ru\].
CqY\L ALs ElL[d LiP LQdL[l Tt
TlTRt. J d YV Adu\], JT NUuTLu
RlTm. BVjRXYLu EUt\eLs Tu\Yt\
AL[p dLXm.
1,1,2 YWV\Ls :
ElL[f NqYL Yp WLs Utm WpL[d
Li J APld ds AUlT AVm, CRu
ElLs GiL[L (Un ApX LXlTi). Tpld
LYL[L ApX Ut\ LYL[L CdLXm, AL[ A,
B, C Gu\ GjL[p lY YZdLm,
ALdL] X ERWQeLs

A=

Rp
Wp

Rp W
2Bm W B =

3Bm W

2Bm
Wp

Rp
Wp

Rp W (R1)
2Bm W (R )
2

3Bm W (R3)

2Bm 3Bm
Wp Wp

C1
C2
C3
l : J Ap. WLs Uk ZL GiQlTu\],
WpLs CPk YXUL GiQlTu\],
A. (i) PUhPU] YNLs WLs G]lTm,
(ii) XV] YNLs WpLs G]lTm,
J Au J XLm ApX J El]d LQ CWi
tLs
TVuTu\],
Rp
tV]
El
CPmTts[ Wm CWiPY tV] El
CPmTts[ WXm du\],
Au YN ApX TUQm (Order of a matrix)
J Ap CPmTts[ WLs Utm WpLu
GidL
AkR
Au
YN
ApX
TUQUL
YWVdLlTm,

UtLiP ERWQjp Au YN 3 2 (3-by-2 G]l TdL

Yim) Bu YN 3 3 (3-by-3 G]l TdL Yim) Bm,
TYL. m n YNs[ A A uYU AUm,

a
a

a11

A=

i1

m1

a12

ai2

am2

a1j

aij

amj
jY
Wp

a1n

ain

amn

iY W

CR]f dLUL A = [aij]m n G]m GRXm,

Ce aij Gu\ El i W. j Wp Es[ El Bm, i
GuT Wu , j GuT Wu Bm, UtLiP
A A. J m n AVm, m n GuT Au YN ApX
TUQUm,
G,L, 1.1: aij = i 2j Gu\Y Es[ ElL[d LiP 3 2
YN AV EYdL,
o : 3 2 Au T YYm

a11 a12
A = [aij] = a21 a22 Ce i = 1, 2, 3 (WLs),

a31 a32

j = 1, 2 (WpLs)

aij = i 2j G]d LdLlThs[,

a11 = 1 2 = 1 a12 = 1 4 = 3
a21 = 2 2 = 0
a22 = 2 4 = 2
a31 = 3 2 = 1

a32 = 3 4 = 1

1 3
A = 0 2

1 1

1,1,3 ALu YLLs (Types of matrices)

(1) W A (Row matrix) : JW J WV UhU EPV A
J W A ApX J W YdPo G]lTm,
GjdLh
(i) A = [aij]1 3 = [1 7 4] GuT 1 3 YN EPV W
AVm,

(ii) B = [bij]1 2 = [5
AVm,

8] GuT 1 2 YN EPV W

(iii) C = [cij]1 1 = [100] GuT 1 1 YN EPV W

AVm,
(2) Wp A (Column matrix) : JW J WX UhU EPV A
J Wp A ApX J Wp YdPo G]lTm,
GjdLh
1
(i) A = [aij]3 1 = 7 GuT 3 1 YN EPV Wp

4
AVm,
25
(ii) B = [bij]2 1 = GuT 2 1 YN EPV Wp
30
AVm,
(iii) C = [cij]1 1 = [68] GuT 1 1 YN EPV Wp
AVm,
l : 1 1 YNV LiP A W AVLm Wp
AVLm Ls[Xm,
(3) NW A (Square matrix) :
Ko Au W Utm WpLu GidL NUm Gp.
AqY J NW AVm, n n YN EPV A n
YNPV NW A G]lTm,
n n YNPV J NW Ap a11, a22, a33 ann GuT]
RuU XhP (ApX) WR] XhP ElLs
G]lTm,
2 4
A = [aij]2 2 =
2 YNPV J NW AVm,
6 8
1 2 3
B = [bij]3 3 = 4 5 6 3 YNPV J NW AVm,

7 8 9
l : TYL n YNPV NW Au ElLu

GidL n2 Bm, UtLiP CWi GjdLhLk

Cdt\f NTodLXm,

(4) XhP A (Diagonal matrix) :

A = [aij]n n Gu\ NW Ap aij = 0, i j Gp A J
XhP AVm,
J XhP Ap RuU XhP ElL[j
RW Ut\ A]j ElLm fVUm,
4 0 0
GjdLhPL A = [aij]3 3 = 0 5 0 J XhP

0 0 6
AVm,
(5) dLQ A (Triangular matrix) : J NW Ap RuU
XhPjt Up Es[ A]j ElLm fVm Gp.
AqY rdLQ A G]lTm, RuU XhPjtd
r Es[ A]j ElLm fVm Gp. AqY
UpdLQ A G]lTm,
3 2 7
A = 0 5 3 GuT UpdLQ AVm,

0 0 1
2 0 0
B = 4 1 0 GuT rdLQ AVm,

8 5 7

(6) N A (Scalar matrix) :

i=j
a
Gp
A = [aij]n n Gu\ NW Ap aij = 0
ij

AV] N AVm, (A,,) J N A GuT JW

UV] RuU XhP ElL[d LiP XhP
A Bm,

5 0
A = [aij]2 2 =

0 5

B =

[bij]3 3

5
= 0

0
5
0

0
0 GuT]

N ALdV GjdLhLs Bm,

(7) NU A ApX AX A :
i=j
1
A = [aij]n n Gu\ NW Ap aij =
i j Gp AV]
0
J AX AVm,

(A,,) J N Ap RuU XhP ElLs

A]jm 1 Gp AqY NU A ApX AX AVm, n
YNPV AX AV In G]d d\m,
1 0 0
1 0
I2 =
, I3 = 0 1 0 GuT] NU AL[m,
0 1
0 0 1
(8) fV A ApX Yt A (Zero matrix) :
J A A = [aij]m nu A]j ElLm fVm Gp.
CqY fV A G]lTm, C O G]d dLlTm, (A,,)
A]j i, j u UlLdm aij = 0 GuTRm,
0 0
0 0 0

0 0 0 GuT] fV ALd
0
0
[0 0],

0 0
0 0 0
GjdLhL[m,
(9) NU ALs (Equality of matrices) :
A, B Gu\ CWi ALs NU AL[u.
(i) AY JW YN ApX TUQm EPV]Ym,
(ii) AYtu JjR ElLs NUUL Cdm,
(A,,) A = [aij]m n, B = [bij]p q Gu\ ALp m = p, n = q
BLm A]j i, jd aij = bij Gp A, B NU AL[m,
4 3
x y
G,L, 1.2 :
=
1 5 Gp x, y, z, w CYtu UlL[d
z w
LiL,
o : CWi ALm NUURXp JjR ElLm NUm,
x = 4 y = 3 z = 1 w = 5
(10) W Wp Ut A (Transpose of a matrix) :
J LdLlThP A Au WL[ WpL[Lm.
WpL[ WL[Lm UtYRu Xm T\lTm A Au
WWp Ut
dLlTm,

4
A = 2

G]lTm,

ApX

3
4 2 1
0 Gp AT =

3 0 5
5

Au YN m n Gp ATCu YN n m Bm,

ATG]d

(11) Au Nl TdLp (Scalar multiplication) :

A GuT HRm J A GuL, k GuT HRm J
fVUt\ N GuL, Au A]j ElL[m kBp
TdYRp Pdm A kA Bm,
(A,,) A = [aij]m n kA = [kaij]m n
CY J Au Nl TdLp Bm,
l : A GuT m n YNs[ A Gp kA GuTm m n
YNs[ A Bm,
(12) Ko Au hPp GoU\ (A) SoU (A) SoU A
(Negative of a matrix) :
A GuTm HRm J A GuL, Au hPp SoU A
B] A]j ElLu Vm UtYRu Xm
T\lT\,
(A,,) A = [aij]m n A = [ aij]m n

cos sin
cos sin
A=
Gp. A =
Bm
sin cos
sin cos

1,1,4 ALu R] NVp\Ls

(Operations on Matrices)
(1) hPp Utm LjRp :
A, B GuTY NUYN ALs GuL, CYtu Rp
A + BV] A, Bu JjR ElL[d hYRu Xm T\lTm,
Gp
A + B = [aij + bij]m n
(A,) A = [aij]m n and B = [bij]m n
CRTu

A B = A + ( B) = [aij]m n + [ bij]m n

= [aij bij]m n
l :
(1) A + B. A B Gu\ ALu YN A ApX Bu
YNdf NUm Bm,
(2) LjRXd hPu GoU\Vnd LYo,
(3) Au hPp GoU\ A Bm,
(A,,) A + ( A) = ( A) + A = O = fV A
4 7
7 2

1 Gp.
GjdLhPL A = 8 6 , B = 3

9 6
8 5

11 5
7 2 4 7 7 + 4 2 7

1 = 8+3
6 + 1 = 11
7 Bm,
A+B= 8 6 + 3

9 6 8 5 9 8 6 + 5
1 1
9
7 2 4 7 7 4 2 + 7 3

8
6
5
5
61 =
3 1 = 83
A B = A + ( B) =

9 6 8 5 9 + 8 6 5 17 11
(2) ALu TdLp :
A, BGu\ ALp Au WpLu GidLm Bu
WLu GidLm NUUL Clu CqYLs TdPj
RkRY
G]lTm,
A
Au
JqY
Ws[
ElL[m A Bu JqY Wu JjR ElLPu
Tdd hYRu Xm AB Gu\ TdLp A T\lTm,
CfNn\V WY Wu TdLp GuTo,
A, B GuTY \V m n, n p YNL[ EPV ALs
Gp TdLp A ABu YN m p Bm,
Au WpLu
Bu WLu
(A,,) GidL GidL
ALu TdLXl uYm GjdLhu Xm
[dYm,
6 4 3
2 1 4
A=
B = 3 2 5
GuL,

7 3 6 2 3
7 3 1 3 3
Rp Au WpLu GidL Bu WLu
GidLdf NUUlTRp AB-Id LQ m, TdLp
A ABV] uYU T\lTm,
6 4 3
2 1 4
3 2 5
AB =

7 3 6
7 3 1
2 1 4 3
2 1 4 4
2 1 4 6
5
2
3
1
3
7

6
3
7

4
2
3

3
5
1

(2) (6) + (1) (3) + (4) (7) (2) (4) + (1) (2) + (4) (3)
=

(2) (3) + (1) (5) + (4) (1)

(7) (6) + (3) (3) + (6) (7) (7) (4) + (3) (2) + (6) (3) (7) (3) + (3) (5) + (6) (1)

12 + 3 + 28
42 + 9 + 42

8 + 2 + 12

6+5+4

28 + 6 + 18

21 + 15 + 6

AB =

43 22 15
93 52 42

ABu YN 2 3 GuT R, Ce Rp GiQ]

Rp A Au WLu GidLVm CWiPY
GiQ]. CWiPm A Bu WpLu GidLVm
du\],
l : (i) AB = AC Gp B = C GuT EiUVL CdL
YiV
AYVpX,
(A,,)
CVtLRjp
ClTTu NUuThp Es[ NU AL[ dL
CVX,
(ii) AB = O Gp A = O ApX B = O BL CdL YiV
AYVpX,
1 1
1 1
O, B = 1 1 O ,
1 1

GjdLhPL, A =

1 1 1 1 0 0
=
=O

1 1 1 1 0 0

B]p AB =

(iii) AGuT J NW A Gp AA GuTm NU YN

EPV J NW AVm, AA GuT A2 G]d
dLlT\, CRTu A2A = AAA = A3
I GuT KWX A Gp I = I2 = I3 = = In.

1,1,5 ALu CVtLRl TiLs

(1) ALu hPp. TUt d EhThP :
A, BGuT] NUYN EPV C ALs Gp A + B = B + A.
ClTi ALu hPdV TUt G]lTm,
(2) ALu hPp. Nol RuUPV :
A, B, C GuT] NUYN EPV u ALs Gp
A+(B + C) = (A+B)+C. ClTi ALu hPdV Nol
G]lTm,
(3) hPp NU :
A GuT HRm J A Gp. A + O = O + A = A. ClTi
ALs hPdV NUl Ti G]lTm, fV A
OB] ALu hPXl Tj NU El Bm,

(4) hPp GoU\ / SoU :

A GuT HRm J A Gp. A + ( A) = ( A) + A = O
Bm, ClTi. ALs hPXl Tj GoU\ ApX
SoUl Ti Bm,
A Au hPp GoU\ A (A,,) A GuT
ALu hPXl Tj Au GoU\ A Bm,
(5) TYL. ALu TdLp TUtl Ti EPV
ApX, (A,,) AB BA
(6) ALu TdLp Nolj RuU EPV,
(A,,) A(BC) = (AB)C
(7) ALu TdLp hPXl Tj. Tehj RuU
EPV,
(A,,) (i) A(B + C) = AB + AC (ii) (A + B)C = AC + BC
(8) AI = IA = A Ce I GuT AX A (ApX) NU A
Bm, ClTi ALu TdLdV NUl Ti
G]lTm,
1 3
4 6
B=
C=
Gp
7 4
3 5
(i) AB BA
(ii) A(BC) = (AB)C
(iii) A(B + C) = AB + AC
(iv) AI = IA = A
G] ,

G,L, 1.3:

1 8
A=
4 3

o :
(i)

1 8 1 3 (1) (1) + (8) (7) (1) (3) + (8) (4)

AB =
4 3 7 4 = (4) (1) + (3) (7) (4) (3) + (3) (4)
1 + 56 3 + 32
57 35
=
(1)
4 + 21 12 + 12 = 25 24
1 3 1 8 (1) (1) + (3) (4) (1) (8) + (3) (3)
BA =
7 4 4 3 = (7) (1) + (4) (4) (7) (8) + (4) (3)
1 + 12 8 + 9 13 17
(2)
=
7 + 16 56 + 12 = 23 68
(1) Utm (2)k AB BA G] YlThP,

57 35 4
6
(ii) (AB)C =
(1)k

25 24 3 5
(57) ( 4) + (35) (3) (57) (6) + (35) ( 5)
=

(25) ( 4) + (24) (3) (25) (6) + (24) ( 5)

10

 228 + 105 342 175

100 + 72 150 120

123 167

28 30

(AB)C =

(3)

1 3 4
6
BC =

7 4 3 5
(1) ( 4) + (3) (3) (1) (6) + (3) ( 5) 4 + 9 6 15
=
=

(7) ( 4) + (4) (3) (7) (6) + (4) ( 5) 28 + 12 42 20

5 9
BC =

16 22
1 8 5 9
A(BC) =
4 3 16 22
(1) (5) + (8) ( 16) (1) ( 9) + (8) (22) 5 128 9 + 176
=
=

(4) (5) + (3) ( 16) (4) ( 9) + (3) (22) 20 48 36 + 66

123 167
A(BC) =
(4)

28 30
(3) Utm (4)k (AB)C = A(BC) G] YlThP,
1 3 4
6 1 4 3 + 6 3
9
+
B+C =
=
=

7 4 3 5 7 + 3 4 5 10 1
1 8 3
9 3 + 80 9 8
A(B + C) =
4 3 10 1 = 12 + 30 36 3
77 1
(5)
A(B + C) =
18 33
57 35
AB =
(1)k
25 24
1 8 4
6 4 + 24 6 40 20 34
AC =

4 3 3 5 = 16 + 9 24 15 = 7
9
57 35 20 34 57 + 20 35 34
AB + AC =
=

25 24 + 7
9 25 7 24 + 9
77 1
=
(6)
18 33
(5), (6) k A(B + C) = AB + AC G] YlThP,

(iii)

11

1 0
(iv) Au YN 2 2, AR]p I =
0 1 G]d LsL,
1 8 1 0 1(1) + 8(0) 1(0) + 8(1) 1 + 0 0 + 8
AI =
4 3 0 1 = 4(1) + 3(0) 4(0) + 3(1) = 4 + 0 0 + 3
1 8
(7)
=
4 3 = A
1 0 1 8 1(1) + 0(4) 1(8) + 0(3) 1 + 0 8 + 0
IA =
0 1 4 3 = 0(1) + 1(4) 0(8) + 1(3) = 0 + 4 0 + 3
1 8
(8)
=
4 3 = A
(7), (8)k
2 3
G,L, 1.4: A =
4 5
o :

AI = IA = A
Gp A2 7A 2II LiL,

A2 =

AA =

2 3 2 3 4 + 12 6 + 15
4 5 4 5 = 8 + 20 12 + 25

A2 =

16 21
28 37

(1)

2 3 14 21
4 5 = 28 35

(2)

1 0
2 0
=

0 1
0 2

(3)

7A =

2I =

(1) + (2) + (3) A2 7A 2I = A2 + ( 7A) + ( 2I)

16 21 14 21 2
0
+
+
=

28 37 28 35 0 2
i.e.

0 0
16 14 2 21 21 + 0
= 0 0 = O
28 28 + 0 37 35 2

A2 7A 2I =

G,L, 1.5:
1 4
5 0
2
2
2
,B=
A=
0 3
3 9 Gp (A + B) A + 2AB + B G]d LhL,
1 4 5 0 1 + 5 4 + 0 6 4
o : A + B =
0 3 + 3 9 = 0 + 3 3 + 9 = 3 12
6 4 6 4 36 + 12 24 + 48
(A + B)2 = (A + B) (A + B) =
3 12 3 12 = 18 + 36 12 + 144

12

48 72
(1)
(A + B)2 =
54 156
1 4 1 4 1 + 0 4 + 12 1 16
A2 = A.A =
0 3 0 3 = 0 + 0 0 + 9 = 0 9
5 0 5 0
25 + 0 0 + 0 25 0
B2 = B.B =
3 9 3 9 = 15 + 27 0 + 81 = 42 81
1 4 5 0 5 + 12 0 + 36 17 36
AB =
0 3 3 9 = 0 + 9 0 + 27 = 9 27
17 36
34 72
2AB = 2
9 27 = 18 54
1 16 34 72 25 0 1 + 34 + 25 16 + 72 + 0
A2 + 2AB + B2 =
0 9 +18 54 +42 81 =0 + 18 + 42 9 + 54 + 81
60 88
A2 + 2AB + B2 =
(2)
60 144
(1), (2)k (A + B)2 A2 + 2AB + B2 G] YlThP,
1 2 x = O Gp xCu UlTd LiL,
G,L, 1.6: [2x 3]
3 0 3
x
o : [2x 9 4x + 0] = O (Rp CWi AL[l TdL)
3

[(2x 9)x + 4x(3)] = O [2x2 9x + 12x] = O

[2x2 + 3x] = O

i.e. 2x2 + 3x = 0 x(2x + 3) = 0

3
x = 0, x = 2
4 6
G,L, 1.7: odL : X + 2Y =
8 10

1 0
2 2
4
6

(1)
o : LdLlThs[
X + 2Y =
8 10
1 0
(2)
XY =
2 2
4 6 1 0
(1) (2)
(X + 2Y) (X Y) =
8 10 2 2
3 6 Y = 1 3 6
3Y =
3 6 12
6 12

13

XY=

Y=

1 2
2 4

A YI NUuT (1)p WP
1 2 = 4 6
X+2
2 4
8 10
2 4 = 4 6

X+
4 8
8 10
4 6 2 4 = 2

X=
8 10 4 8 4
2 2 , Y = 1 2
X=
4 2
2 4
Tt 1.1

2
2

(1) (i) aij = i + j (ii) aij = i j G] CdU ElL[d LiP

3 3 AL[ EYdL,
3x y
0 7
x
Gp x, y, z CYtu UlL[d
=
3 2a
2x + z 3y w

(2)

LiL,
3 2
2x 3x y
= 4 7 Gp x, y, z, w CYtu UlL[d
2x + z 3y w

(3)

LiL,
(4) A

2 1 ,
4 2

4 2 ,
1 4

2 3
1 2

Gp

uYY]Yt\d LiL,
(i) 2A + (B + C) (ii) A (3B C) (iii) A + (B + C) (iv) (A + B) + C
(v) A + B
(vi) B + A
(vii) AB
(viii) BA
1 1 1
1 2 3
2 0 1
4 B = 2 1 2 , C = 2
1 2 Gp
(5) A = 1 3

2 0 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
uYm L[ NTo,
(i) AB BA

(ii) (AB) C = A(BC)

2 1 3
(6) odL : 2X + Y + 5 7 3 = O ;

4 5 4

14

(iii) A(B + C) = AB + AC
4 7 0
X Y = 1 2 6

2 8 5

 3 5
(7) A=
Gp. A2 5A 14 I = O G]d LhL, Ce I
4 2
GuT CWiPm YN KWX A,
3 2
(8) A=
Gp. A2= kA 2I Gu\Y ku UlTd LiL,
4 2
1 2 2
(9) A = 2 1 2 Gp. A2 4A 5I = O G]d LhL,

2 2 1
x2 1 2x 3 3 4
=
Gp. x-I LiL,
+
2 3 1 4 3 7

(10)

1 1 2
1
(11) [x 2 1] 1 4

1 1 2

x
2 = [0] Gp x-I LiL,

1

1 2
3 1
(12) A =
2 0 , B = 1 0 Gp uYY]Yt\f NTodL:
(i) (A + B)2 = A2 + AB + BA + B2 (ii) (A B)2 A2 2AB + B2
(iii) (A + B)2 A2 + 2AB + B2

(iv) (A B)2 = A2 AB BA + B2

(v) A2 B2 (A + B) (A B)
3 7
3 2
,B=
(13) A =
, 5C + 2B = A Gp. A CVd
2 5
4 1
LiL,
x
1
1 1
, (A + B)2 = A2 + B2 Gp. x, y-u
(14) A =
, B =
y 1
2 1
UlL[d LiL,

1.2 AdLYLs (Determinants)

1.2.1 ALm :
AdLY (determinant) Gu\ Np 1801p Lv (Gauss)
GuTYWp
CT
YYeL[l
Ttd
lmT
RuRXL ALlTjRlThP, AdLYV]. CT
YYeLu TiL[j oUjRUVp (determines) AR]
Determinant Gu\ TVh AZjRoLs Tm.
uYm LYVd LYdL,

15

1
(1)
2 [x1(y2 y3) + x2 (y3 y1) + x3 (y1 y2)]
C J R[jp (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3) Gu\ Efl sL[d
LiP dLQju TWlTd dm G] Sm AYm,
CR Tu abc + 2fgh af2 bg2 ch2 = 0
(2)
GuT x,y-p AUkR J CTf NUuT. J N
SodLL[ lTRtL] TkR] G]m Sm AYm,
CTu\ LYL[ ]p Lsm
\dL
LRVX[oLs
AdLY
CdLYL[d dm hPjR EYd]o,
UtLiP LYLp (1)B] rdLiP
x1 y1 1
1 x y 1
dLlTm, 2 2 2

.
x
y
1
3 3

WUjRd
YYjp
YYjp

a h g
CR Tu NUuT (2) B] h b f = 0 G]d dLlTm,

g f c
Um a1x + b1y + c1 z = 0 ; a2x +b2y + c2z = 0

a3x + b3y +c3z = 0,

Gu\ u NUuTLk x, y, zI d]p. Sm

a1(b2 c3 b3 c2) b1 (a2 c3 a3 c2) + c1 (a2 b3 a3 b2) = 0 G]l
T\m,
a1 b1 c1
CR]a2 b2 c2 = 0. G] GRXm,

a3 b3 c3
CqY\L
J AdLYV] \lT]. dLU]
Yp GRlThP J lhP YL LY Bm. Cp C
NejR] LLd Ujp J NW Yp ElLs
YNlTjRlThs[Rd LYdLm,
Adm AdLYdm Es[ YTLs :
(i) J A] J GiQLf dL CVX, ARY J
A GuT YYUl UhU, ARt GqR Gi
Ulm CpX, B]p. AdLYV J GiQLf
dLXm,

16

(ii) J Ap W. WpLu GidL NUUL CdL

AYVpX, B]p J AdLYp W.
WpLu GidL GlTm NUUm,
(iii) J Au W. WpL[ CPUt\m NnYRp V
AVl T\Xm, B]p. J AdLYu W.
WpL[ CPUt\m NnYRp AdLYu Ul
U\,

1.2.2 YWV\Ls :
Un (ApX) LXl GiL[ ElL[Ld LiP n
YNs[ JqY NW A AEPu Sm J GiQj
RPo TjRXm, CR] A ACu AdLY Gu\m,
CR] | A | ApX det (A) ApX G]d dLXm,
CqY\L. Au ElL[ Li
AdLY. ACu AdLY G]lTm,
a11 a12
A=
GuL,
a21 a22
a11 a12
CRu AdLY | A | =

a21 a22

EYdLlThP

= a11 a22 a21a12 Bm,

3Bm YN ApX ARt UtThP YN LiP
AdLYV Tj ARu Ul LQ. t\d LY
Utm CQd LWL[l Ttj Rk LsY
AYVUm, AYtu YWV\ uYU,
t\d LY (Minor) :
| A | = |[aij]| GuT n YNPV AdLY GuL, HRm
J El aijCu t\d LYV] aij Cdm W Utm
WX dYRp T\lTm AdLYVm, aij-u t\d
LYV] Mij G]d dLlTm,
CQdLW (Co-factor) :
RkR Pu V t\dLY CQdLW Bm,
aijCu CQdLW Aij G]d dLlTm, Um Aij = ( 1)i + j Mij
G] YWVdLlTm,

17

a11 a12 a13

u\m YN AdLY a21 a22 a23 -u ElL[]

a31 a32 a33

a11, a12, a13 CYtu t\d LYLs Utm CQdLWLs
uYU YWVdLlTm,

a22 a23
(i) a11Cu t\dLY = M11 = a
= a22a33 a32 a23.
32 a33
a11Cu CQdLW

a22 a23
= a22a33 a32 a23
a32 a33

= A11 = (1)1 + 1 M11 =

a21 a23
(ii) a12Cu t\dLY = M12 =
= a21 a33 a31a23
a31 a33
a12,Cu CQdLW

a21 a23
A12 = (1)1+2 M12 = a
= (a21a33 a23 a31)
31 a33
a21 a22
(iii) a13Cu t\d LY = M13 = a
= a21 a32 a31 a22
31 a32
a13Cu CQdLW

a21 a22
= A13 = ( 1)1 + 3 M13 = a
= a21 a32 a31 a22
31 a32
l : J AdLYV GkRY W
YVLm uYU TjRXm,

ApX

Wp

a11 a12 a13

A = a21 a22 a23 GuL,

a31 a32 a33

= a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13 ApX a11 M11 a12 M12 + a13 M13
(R1 YVL TjR)
= a11 A11 + a21A21 + a31 A31 ApX a11 M11 a21 M21 + a31 M31
(C1 YVL TjR)
= a21 A21 + a22 A22 + a23 A23 ApX a21 M21 + a22 M22 a23 M23
(R2 YVL TjR)

18

G,L, 1.8:
3 4 1
0 1 2 Gu\
AdLYu
JqY

5 2 6
t\dLY Utm CQdLW LiL,
o :

3-Cu t\d LY M11

4-Cu t\dLY M12
1-Cu t\dLY M13
0-Cu t\dLY M21

Elu

1 2

=6+4=2
2 6
0 2
=
5 6 = 0 10 = 10
0 1
=
=0+5=5
5 2
4 1 = 24 + 2 = 26
=
2 6

1-Cu t\dLY is M22 =

3 1 = 18 5 = 13
5 6

2-Cu t\dLY is M23

3 4 = 6 20 = 26
5 2

5-Cu t\dLY is M31

4 1 = 8 + 1 = 9
1 2

2-Cu t\dLY is M32 =

3 1 = 6 0 = 6
0 2

6-Cu t\dLY is M33

3 4 = 3 0 = 3
0 1

3-Cu CQdLW is A11

( 1)1 + 1 M11 = M11 = 2

4-Cu CQdLW A12

( 1)1 + 2 M12 = M12 = 10

1Cu CQdLW A13

( 1)1 + 3 M13 = M13 = 5

0Cu CQdLW A21

1-Cu CQdLW A22

( 1)2 + 1 M21 = M21 = 26

( 1)2 + 2 M22 = M22 = 13

2-Cu CQdLW A23

( 1)2 + 3 M23 = M23 = 26

5-Cu CQdLW A31

( 1)3 + 1 M31 = M31 = 9

2-Cu CQdLW is A32

6-Cu CQdLW A33

( 1)3 + 2 M32 = M32 = 6

( 1)3 + 3 M33 = M33 = 3

19

fVd LY Utm fVUt\ LY ALs

(Singular and Non-singular matrices) :
J NW A A-d ARu AdLY | A | = 0 Gp A
fVd LY A G]lTm,
J NW A A-d ARu AdLY | A | 0 Gp A
fVUt\ LY A G]lTm,

1 2 3
GjdLhPL, A = 4 5 6 GuT J fVd LY

7 8 9
AVm,
1 2 3
5 6
4 6
4 5
Q | A | = 4 5 6 = 1

8 9 2 7 9 + 3 7 8
7 8 9
= 1(45 48) 2 (36 42) + 3(32 35)
= 3 + 12 9 = 0

1 7 5
B = 2 6 3 GuT J fVUt\ LY AVm,

4 8 9
1 7 5
6 3
2 3
2 6
7
+5
Q | B | = 2 6 3 = 1

8 9
4 9
4 8
4 8 9
= 1(54 24) 7(18 12) + 5 (16 24)
= 1(30) 7(6) + 5( 8)
= 52 0
B A J fVUt\ LY AVm,

1.2.3 AdLYu TiLs :

AdLYu TiLs LQdLu oL[ Gp LQ
Lm TVuTu\], ClTiL[ Sm u\m YN
AdLYLd UhU Ym, Clm CYVm
GpX YN AdLYLdm TkRd V]Ym,
Ti 1:
Ko AdLYu W. WpL[l TUt]p ARu
Ul U\,

20

TQm :
a1 b1 c1
= a2 b2 c2 GuL,

a3 b3 c3
I Rp W YXL TjR. Sm TY.

= a1(b2 c3 b3 c2) b1(a2 c3 a3 c2) + c1 (a2b3 a3 b2)

= a1b2c3 a1b3c2 a2b1c3 + a3b1c2 + a2b3c1 a3b2c1

(1)

,Cu W. WpL[l TUt\m NnYRp J V

AdLYVl T\m, CR] 1 GuTm,
a 1 a 2 a 3
1 = b1 b2 b3. J AdLYV GkRY W ApX

c1 c2 c3
Wp YXLm TjRXm, G]Y Sm TY
1 = a1(b2c3 c2b3) b1 (a2c3 c2a3) + c1(a2b3 b2a3)
= a1b2c3 a1b3c2 a2b1c3 + a3b1c2 + a2b3c1 a3b2c1
(2)
(1), (2) NUuTLk Sm TY = 1, Ck
Ti YlThP,
Ti 2 :
Ko AdLYu HRm C WLs (WpLs) RUds
CPUt\m NnVlTu AdLYu Um ; B]p
ARu GiQ[ U\,
TQm :
a1 b1 c1
= a2 b2 c2 GuL

a3 b3 c3
= a1(b2 c3 b3 c2) b1(a2 c3 a3 c2) + c1 (a2b3 a3 b2)
= a1b2c3 a1b3c2 a2b1c3 + a3b1c2 + a2b3c1 a3b2c1
(1)
1 GuT Cu Rp W 2Bm WVLm. 2Bm WV
Rp WVLm CPUt\m NnYRp (R1 R2) Pdm
AdLY GuL,
a2 b2 c2
1 = a1 b1 c1 . ClT Sm 1 = G] Y Yim,

a3 b3 c3

21

1I R2 YXL NnV.
1 = a1(b2c3 c2b3) + b1 (a2c3 c2a3) c1(a2b3 b2a3)
= [a1b2c3 a1b3c2 a2b1c3 + a3b1c2 + a2b3c1 a3b2c1]

(2)

(1), (2)k Sm TY 1 =
CR Tu.
CdLsLV
HRm
C
WpLu
CPUt\jtm
YXm,
[jRt\m:
J AdLYu WLds (WpLds) Jt\
GidLp CPUt\eLs Lu ARu Um, CWhP
GidLp CPUt\eLs Lu ARu U\,
Ti 3:
Ko AdLYp C WLs (WpLs) NoYNUm Gp.
AqYdLYu Ul fVUm,
TQm :
AdLYu Ul GuL, Rp CWi WLm
NoYNUm G]d LsL, R1, R2I RUds CPUt\m NnYRp.
AdLYu Ul Bm (Ti 2u T) R1, R2
NoYNUURXp. TUt\jtl \m AdLY () U\,
(A,,) =

2 = 0

=0

Ti 4 :
Ko AdLYp HRm J Wp (Wp) Es[
JqY Elm J U k Bp TdLlThlu AkR
AdLYu Ul kBp TdLlTm,
TQm :
a1 b1 c1
= a2 b2 c2 GuL,

a3 b3 c3
RXY Wu ElLs Vm kBp Td Ym
AdLY 1 GuL,

ka1 kb1 kc1

1 = a2 b2 c2 .

a 3 b 3 c3
R1 YVL TjR Sm TY

22

1 = ka1 (b2c3 b3c2) kb1(a2c3 a3c2) + kc1(a2b3 a3b2)

= k[a1b2c3 a1b3c2 a2b1c3 + a3b1c2 + a2b3c1 a3b2c1]
1 = k. Ck Ti T\lThP,
l :
(1) A GuT n YNs[ J NW A GuL, \ A
Au JqY ElTm U kBp Td]p Sm
TY
kA
Gu\
NW
AVm,
B]p.
AdLYp k |A| GuT J W (Wp)u JqY
ElTm U kBp TdL PlTRm,
(2) A GuT n YNs[ J NW A Gp | kA | = kn| A |.
TiLs (3) Utm (4)k uYm ]l T\m
Ko AdLYp C WLs (WpLs) R NUjp
(Proportional) Clu. ARY J W (Wp)V] Ut\ W
(Wp)u N TdLXL Clu. AqYd LYu
Ul fVUm,
Ti 5 : J AdLYp Es[ J Wu (Wu)
JqY Elm C ElLu RXL CdUp
AqYdLYV AR YNPV C AdLYLu
hPp TX]L GR CVm, C AdLYLm Rs[
W (Wp)Lu ElLs AqY\ Cdm,
TQm :

1 + x1 1 + y1 1 + z1
b2
b3 GuL
= b1

c2
c3
c1

I RXY W YXL TjR. Sm TY

b2 b3
b1 b3
b1 b2
(1 + y1)
+ (1 + z1)
= (1 + x1)

c2 c3
c1 c3
c1 c2
b2 b3
b1 b3
b1 b2
= 1
1c c + 1c c
c
c
1 3
1 2
3
2
b2 b3
b1 b3
b1 b2
+ x1
y1
+ z1

c1 c3
c1 c2
c2 c3
1 1 1 x1 y1 z1
= b1 b2 b3 + b1 b2 b3

c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3
Ck Ti T\lThP,

23

l : NU YN EPV C AdLYL[d hP (NodL)

Sm m]p. J lhP W (Wp)u JjR ElL[d
hP Yim, B]p. Ut\ WLp (WpLs) Es[ ElLs
NUUL CdL Yim,
Ti 6 :
Ko AdLYp J Wp (Wp) Es[ JqY
ElTm Ut\ TX WLp (WpLp) Es[ JjR ElL[d
lhP UL[p \VLl Tdd hYRp AqYd
LYu Ul U\,
TQm :
a1 b1 c1
= a2 b2 c2 GuL

a3 b3 c3
CWiPY Wp. u\Y Wp CYt\ \V l, mBp
Td C1 EPu hP Tm AdLY 1 GuL,
a1 + lb1 + mc1 b1 c1
1= a2 + lb2 + mc2 b2 c2

a3 + lb3 + nc3 b3 c3
a1 b1 c1 lb1 b1 c1 mc1 b1 c1
= a2 b2 c2 + lb2 b2 c2 + mc2 b2 c2 (Ti 5k)

a3 b3 c3 lb3 b3 c3 mc3 b3 c3
a1 b1 c1
2Y A.L.-p C1, C2 Rf NUU]Y
= a2 b2 c2+ 0 +0

3Y A.L.-p C1, C3 Rf NUU]Y

a3 b3 c3
1 =
l :
(1) GkRY W (Wp)u A]j ElL[m JW
NVp
TdY
(ApX)
YlT
AdLYu
UlT
AR
NVp
TdYRt (ApX) YlTRtf NUUm,
(2) J AdLYp RuU XhPjt Us[
(ApX) s[ A]j ElLm fVm Gp (r
ApX Up dLQ AUl) AkR AdLYu
UlT]
RuU
XhP
ElLu
TdLtTXu Bm,

24

3 2 7
GjdLhPL. | A | = 0 5 3 G] Gjd LsYm,

0 0 1
| A | = 3(5 0) 2(0 0) + 7(0 0)
= 15
AdLY | A |u Ul 15 Bm,
RuU XhP ElLu TdLtTXu 3 5 1 = 15.
x
x 2
x 1

0
x 2 x 3 = 0
G,L, 1.9 : odL

0
0
x 3
o : RuU XhPjtd Z Es[ A]j
ElLm fVUm, G]Y. AdLYu Ul
(x 1) (x 2) (x 3)
(x 1) (x 2) (x 3) = 0 x = 1, x = 2, x = 3
x 5 1 2
7 x + 1 1 = 0 Gp x-dj o LiL,

G,L, 1.10 :

x 5 1 2
o :
7 x + 1 1 = 0
(x2 35) + (1 2) = 0 x2 35 1 = 0 x2 36 = 0
x2 = 36 x = 6

0 1 0
G,L, 1.11: x 2 x = 0 Gp x-dj o LiL,

1 3 x
o :
(0)

x x
2 x
x 2
1
+ (0)
3 x
1 x
1 3 = 0

x2 + x = 0 x(1 x) = 0
1 a
G,L, 1.12: UlL (i) 1 b

1 c

0 1(x2 x) + 0 = 0

x = 0, x = 1
b + c
x + 2a
c + a (ii) x + 3a

x + 4a
a + b

o : LdLlThP AdLY] GuL,

25

x + 3a
x + 4a
x + 5a

x + 4a
x + 5a

x + 6a

1 a b + c 1 a a + b + c
= 1 b c + a = 1 b a + b + c C3 C 3 + C 2

1 c a + b 1 c a + b + c

(i)

[Q C1 C3]
x + 4a x + 2a a 2a
C2 C 2 C 1
x + 5a = x + 3a a 2a

C3 C3 C 1
x + 6a x + 4a a 2a
= 0 [Q C2, C3 R NUU]Y]
2x + y x y
G,L, 1.13: 2y + z y z = 0 G] L,

2z + x z x
2x + y x y
2x x y y x y

2y
+
z
y
z
=2y y z + z y z
o :

2z + x z x
2z z x x z x
Rp AdLYp C1, C2
R NUU]Y
= 0+0
Q
CWiPY AdLYp C1,C3
NoY NUm
= 0
=0
x + 2a x + 3a
(ii) = x + 3a x + 4a

x + 4a x + 5a

G,L, 1.14:

1
1
1

2
c

a a2
b b2
c

= (a b) (b c) (c a) G] L,

o :

1
1
1

0
2
b = 0
1
c2

a a2
b
c

ab
bc

a2 b2
2

b c

R1 R1 R 2
R2 R2 R3

c2
0 1 a + b R1,R2k
= (a b) (b c) 0 1 b + c
(a b),(b c)

2
YV
GdLm
1 c

c
= (ab) (bc) [(1) (b + c) (1) (a + b)] = (ab) (bc) (ca)
c

1
1
1

1 = xy G] L
G,L, 1.15: 1 1 + x

1
1
1 + y

26

o :
1
1
1
1 1 1
1 1 + x
1 = 0 x 0 R 2 R2 R1

1
0 0 y R3 R3 R1
1
1 + y
= xy

1/a2
1/b
1/c2
2

G,L, 1.16:

1/a2
1/b
1/c2
2

bc
ca
ab

= 0 G] L
a + b

bc

b+c

ca

c+a

ab

1 1/a
c + a = abc 1/b
1/c
a + b
b+c

abc a(b + c)
R , R , R -I
abc b(c + a) 1 2 3
a, b, cBp TdLm
abc c(a + b)

a(b + c)
C Ck abc-I
b(c + a) 2
YV GdLm
c(a + b)
1 a(b + c)
1 b(c + a) C1I abcBp TdLm

1 c(a + b)
1 ab + bc + ca
1 ab + bc + ca C3 C3 + C1

1 ab + bc + ca
bc 1 1
C3k (ab+bc+ca)
(ab+bc+ca)

ca 1 1
=
abc

YV GdLm
ab 1 1
(ab + bc + ca)
(0) [Q C2 , C3 NoY NUm]
=
abc
=0
1/a
abc

= abc 1/b

1/c
bc
1

= abc ca

ab
bc
1

= abc ca

ab

b2 c2
G,L, 1.17: c a
a2b2
2 2
b2 c2
o : = c a
a2b2
2 2

bc
ca
ab
bc
ca

1
1
1

= 0 G] L
a + b
b+c

c + a GuL
a + b
b+c
c+a

ab
R1, R2 , R3I \V a, b, cBp TdLm,

27

ab2 c2
bc a
ca2b2
2 2

1
= abc

ca + bc

abc

ab + ac

abc

bc + ab

abc
bc
1
ab
+
ac
C , C k abc
(abc)2
1 2
= abc ca 1 bc + ab YV
GdLm

ab 1 ca + bc
bc 1 ab + bc + ca
= abc ca 1 ab + bc + ca C3 C3 + C1

ab 1 ab + bc + ca
bc 1 1 C k (ab + bc + ca)
3
= abc (ab + bc + ca) ca 1 1 YV GdLm

ab 1 1
= abc (ab + bc + ca) (0)
[Q C2, C3 NoYNUm]
=0
b
a+b+c c

a+b+c
c
a = 2(a+b) (b+c) (c+a) G] L,
G,L, 1.18 :

b
a
a+b+c
o :
b a + b
a + b (a + b) R1 R1 + R2
a+b+c c
c a+b+c a = (b + c) b + c
b + c R2 R2 + R3

b
a
a+b+c b
a a + b + c
1
1 1
R ,R -k (a+b), (b+c)

1 1 2
= (a + b) (b + c) 1 1

YV GdLm
b a a+b+c
2
0
0
R1 R1 + R2

1
1
1
= (a + b) (b + c)

b a a + b + c
1
1

= (a + b) (b + c) ( 2)

b a + b + c
= (a + b) (b + c) ( 2) [ (a + b + c) + b]
= (a + b) (b + c) ( 2) [ a c]
= 2(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)

28

a +
ab
ac
2

G,L, 1.19:

2
c +

ab

ac

b +
bc

a +
o : = ab
ac
2

ab
2
b +

ac

bc
c2 +

bc

= 2 (a2 + b2 + c2 + ) G] L

bc

GuL

R1, R2 ,R3I \V a, b, cBp TdLm

a(a +2 )
ab
ac2
2

1
= abc

a2 b

2
c(c + )
a2c

b(b2 + )
bc2

b2c

C1, C2,C3 Ck \V a, b, c YV GdLm

a +2
b
c2
2

abc
= abc

+
a +b +c
2
=
b
c2
2

2
c +

a2

a2

b2 +

b2

c2

a2+b2+c2+
2

b +

a2+b2+c2+
c +
1

R1 R1 + R2 + R3

1
1
2
2

b2
= (a + b + c + ) b b +
2

c
c2
c2 +
2

1 0 0
C2 C2 C 1
2
= (a + b + c + ) b 0
2
C3 C3 C 1
c 0
2

= (a2 + b2 + c2 + )

a +
ab
ac
2

ab
2

b +
bc

c2 +
ac

bc

= 2(a2 + b2 + c2 + )

29

Tt 1.2
6
4
2

(1) TjRUp AdLY 5 15 10 Cu

1
3
2
UlTd LiL,
(2) fVd LY Utm fVUt\ LY AV Li
2
3
1
1 4 9

5
6
(i) 4 9 16
(ii) 4

9 16 25
2 4 6
4 3 9
2 x 4

(ii) 3 2 7 = 1
(3) odL (i) 3 2 1 = 3

1 2 3
4 4 x
a b b c c a
1 ab c(a + b)
(4) UlL (i) b c c a a b (ii) 1 bc a(b + c)

1 ca b(c + a)
c a a b b c
2a
2a
a b c

2b
b

a
2b = (a + b + c)3 G] L
(5)

2c
2c
c a b
1
1
1 + a
1 1 1
1+b
1 = abc 1 + + + G] L,
(6) 1
a b c

1
1 + c
1
Ce a, b, c GuT] fVUt\ UnViLs,
Ck
1
1
1 + a
1
1+a
1 Cu UlTd LiL,

1
1
1 + a
1 a a3
(7)

1
1

b
c

c3

b3

= (a b) (b c) (c a) (a + b + c) G] L,

(8) x, y, z YqY\]YVk.
xyz = 1 G]d LhL,

30

x
y
z

3
1z

x2

1 x3

y2

1 y3

z2

= 0 Gp

(9) uYY]Yt\ L, (i)

1
1
1

1
b = 1
c2 1

a2

c
y
+
z
x

z
+
x
z
(ii)

x + y y

a
b
c

bc
ca

ab

y
x = (x + y + z) (x z)2

(10) uYY]Yt\ L,

b+c c+a a+b a b c

(i) q+r r+p p+q=2 p q r (ii)

y+z z+x x+y x y z
a
(iii) b

b
c
a

a
(iv) a b

b + c

a
ab
ac

2
c

ab

ac

bc

bc
c
a= 3abc a3 b3 c3

b
b
c
b c c a = a3 + b3 + c3 3abc

c + a a + b

= 4a2b2c2

1.2.4 LW \ :
AdLYLd Rt\ju (Remainder theorem) TVuT
Rt\m 1.1 :
Ko AdLYu () ElLs xCp AUkR Tpld
LYL[L Ck. x = a G]l WP Cu Ul fVm
Gp (x a) GuT u J LWVm,
TQm :
Cu ElLs xCp AUkR Tpld LYLs, G]Y
TjmT -u Ul x-Bp AUkR J Tpld
LYVm,
CR] p(x) GuL,
x = a GmT = 0
ARY x = a GmT p(x) = 0
ARY p(a) = 0
Rt\juT (x a) GuT p(x)u J LW Bm,
(A,,) (x a) B] Cu J LW Bm,

31

l :
(1) Sm. AdLYu UlTd LWLu TdLp
Yp
TYRt
CjRt\m
Lm
TVuTm,
GjdLhPL. a = b G] WP AdLY Cp
ARu HRm C WLs ApX WpLs NoYNUU]p.
= 0 Bm, G]Y. UtLiP Rt\juT a b GuT
Cu LWVm,
(2) x = a G] WP. (n r) YNs[ AdLYp r

WLs (WpLs) NoYNUU]Y (x a)r 1 GuT Cu

J LWVm,
(3) (x + a) GuT Tpld LY f(x)u LWVLj
RYV] Utm TU] TkR] f(x) = 0 Gu\
NUuThu J o x = a BL ClTR Bm,

lW : ClTp. NUfo Utm YhP (Symmetric and Cyclic)

YNl TiL[d LiP X LQdL[l TolTm,

1
G,L, 1.20: 1
1

a
b
c

= (a b) (b c) (c a) (a + b + c) G]d LhL,
3
c

a3
b3

o :

1
= 1
1

b3 GuL, a = b G] WP
c3

a a3
b
c

1 b b3
= 1 b b = 0
1 c c3
3

[Q R1, R2 NoYNUm]
(a b) GuT Cu J LW,
Y] a, b, cCp NUfo Ti EPV G] AVXm,
CRTu b = c, c = a G]l WP = 0 G] Sm T\m,
G]Y (b c), (c a) GuT]m Cu LWL[m,
(ab) (bc) (c a) Gu\ TdLtTXu Cu J LWVm,
ClTdLtTXu T 3 Bm, AR NUVm RuU XhP
ElLu TdLtTXu 1.b.c3 Bm, CRu T 4 Bm.
t UtNu] 3 LWLs Uhu JT LW
Ei G] A\m,

32

 YhP YN Utm NUfo TiL]p. Rs[

JTjR] LW J NUfo LWVL k(a + b + c) GU
CdL Yim, Ce k GuT fVUt\ UVm,

1
CqY\L 1
1

a
b
c

= (a b) (b c) (c a) k(a + b + c)
3
c

a3
b3

ku UlTl T\. C\m fVULRT a, b, cdj

RkR UlLs LdLm, a = 0, b = 1, c = 2 G]d LsL,

1 0 0
1 1 1 = k(3) ( 1) ( 1) (2) k = 1

1 2 8
= (a b) (b c) (c a) (a + b + c)
l : a, b, cp AUkR YhP YN Utm NUfo Tpld
LYL[d LWlTjmT Rs[ NUfo LWVl
TtV dVd l
m GuT LWLu (WYRp T\lThP) TdLu
T-dm. RuU XhP ElLu TdLu T-dm
Es[ jVNm GuL,
(1) mCu Ul fVm Gp Ut\ NUfo LW J
UVm, (k)
(2) mCu Ul Ju Gp Ut\ JTjR] NUfo
LW k(a + b + c) Bm,
(3) mCu Ul CWi Gp Ut\ CTjR] NUfo
LW k(a2 + b2 + c2)+l (ab+bc+ca) Bm,
G,L, 1.21:

1
1
1

= (a b) (b c) (ca) (ab + bc + ca)

3
c

a2 a3

b2 b3
2

c
\p L,
o :

1
1
1

GuL, a= b G]l WP
3
c

a2 a3
b2 b3
c2

33

G]d LW

1
= 1
1

=0
3
c

b2

b3

b2

b3

[Q R1, R2 NoY NUm]

c
(a b) GuT Cu LW,
NUfo RuUVp b = c, c = a G]l WP = 0 G] Sm
Gp LQXm, G]Y. (b c), (c a) GuT Cu LWL[m,
Ck (a b) (b c) (c a) GuT Cu J LWVm,
ClTdLu T 3 Bm, RuU XhP ElLu
TdLp b2c3Cu T 5 Bm,
Cu Ut\ LW k(a2 + b2 + c2) + l(ab + bc + ca) Bm,

1
1
1

c3

a2 a3

b2 b3 = [k(a2 + b2 + c2) + l(ab + bc + ca)] (a b) (b c) (c a)

c2
k, lCu UlL[l T\ C\m fVULRT a, b, cd
RkR UlL[d LdLm,
a = 0, b = 1, c = 2 G]d LsL,
1 0 0
1 1 1 = [k (5) + l(2)] ( 1) ( 1) (2)

1 4 8
4 = (5k + 2l) 2 5k + 2l = 2
Um a = 0, b = 1, c = 1 G]d LsL,
1 0 0
1 1 1 = [k(2) + l( 1)] (+ 1) ( 2) (1)

1 1 1

(1)

2 = (2k l) ( 2) 2k l = 1
(1), (2) I odL. k = 0, l = 1G]l T\m,

(2)

= (ab + bc + ca) (a b) (b c) (c a)
= (a b) (b c) (c a) (ab + bc + ca)

(b +2c)
G,L, 1.22: b
c2

a2
(c + a)2
c2

= 2abc (a + b + c)3 G] L,
(a + b)2
a2

b2

34

o :

(b +2c)
= b
c2

a2
(c + a)2
2

c
a = 0 G]l WP

(b +2c)
= b
c2

2
(a + b)
a2
b2

=0
2
b

GuL,

b2

[Q C2 , C3 R NUm]

c
(a 0) = a GuT Cu J LW, CR Tu b = 0, c = 0
G]l WP Cu Ul fVUm,
a, b, c GuT] Cu LWL[m,
a + b + c = 0 G]l WP

( a)2
= b
c2

a2
( b)2
c2

= 0 G]l TYm,
2
( c)
a2
b2

Ce u WpLm NoYNUm, G]Y (a + b + c)2 GuT Cu

J LWVm,
abc (a + b + c)2 GuT Cu LWVm, CRu T 5 Bm,
RuU XhP ElLu TdLp (b+c)2 (c+a)2 (a+b)2Cu
T 6 Bm,
Cu Ut\ LW k(a + b + c) G] CdL Yim,

(b +2c)
b
c2

a = 1,
4
1

a2
(c + a)2

= k abc (a + b + c)3
(a + b)2
a2
b2

c2
b = 1, c = 1 G]d LsL,
1 1
4 1 = k(1) (1) (1) (3)3 54 = 27k k = 2

1 4

= 2abc (a + b + c)3
x a a
G,L, 1.23: a x a = (x a)2 (x + 2a) G]dLhL

a a x

35

o :

x a a
= a x a GuL,

a a x
x = a G]l
a
= a

WL,
a a
a a = 0

a a

Ce u WpLm NoYNUm, G]Y (x a)2 B] Cu J

LWVm,
x = 2a G]l WL
a
a
a
a 0
2a

2a
a = 0 [C1 C1 + C2 + C3]
a =
2a
= a

a
2a
a
a
2a 0
(x + 2a) B] Cu J LWVm,
(x a)2 (x + 2a) B] Cu J LWVm, CRu T 3
Bm, RuU XhP ElLu TdLu T 3 Bm,
G]Y. Cu] LW U k Bm,
x a a
a x a = k(x a)2 (x + 2a).

a a x
x3 ElL[ C\m NUlTjR. 1 = k
x a a
a x a = (x a)2 (x + 2a)

a a x
G,L, 1.24: LW \Vl TVuTj
5
x+1 3
2 x+2 5 = (x1)2 (x + 9) G] L,

2
3
x+4
3
5
x + 1

2
x+2
5 GuL,
o : =

2
3
x + 4
2 3 5
x = 1 G]l WP. = 2 3 5 = 0

2 3 5

36

Ce u WLm NoYNUm, G]Y (x 1)2 B] Cu

LWVm,
Cp x = 9 G]l WP.

8 3 5 0 3 5
= 2 7 5 =0 7 5

2 3 5 0 3 5

[Q C1C1 +C2+C3]

=0
(x + 9) B] Cu LW,
(x 1)2 (x + 9) B] Cu LW, CRu T 3Bm, RuU
XhP ElLu TdLp (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 4), CRu T 3
Bm.
Rs[ Ut\ LW. U k BL CdL Yim,

x + 1
2

3
x+2
3

5
5 = k(x 1)2 (x + 9).

x + 4

x3 ElL[ C\m NUlTjR k = 1 G]l T\m,

= (x 1)2 (x + 9)

Tt 1.3
(1)

1
LW \Vl TVuTj 1
1

= (a b) (b c) (c a)
2
c

a2

b2

G]d LhL,

b + c a c a b
(2) b c c + a b a = 8abc G]d LW \p dL,

c b c a a + b
x + a
(3) LW \Vl TVuTj a

a
a b c
(4) LWlTjL = a2

bc

b2
ca

c2
ab

37

b
x+b
b

c
c = 0 odL,

x + c

(5) LW \Vl TVuTj

b + c
c + a
a + b

= (a + b + c) (a b) (b c) (c a)
2
c

a2

b2

G]d LhL,

1.2.5 AdLYLu TdLp :

AdLYLu TdLp
\Vl Tu\RVm,

ALu

TdLp

C ALu TdLp W-Wp TdLp UhU

uTt\lT\, AdLYu WL[ WpL[Lm
WpL[ WL[Lm CPUt\m NnYRp ARu Ul U\
G]l TojRm, G]Y. C AdLYLu TdLp.
uYm \Lm TVuTjRlT\,
(1) W-W TdLp
(2) Wp-Wp TdLp
(3) Wp-W TdLp
l : JW YN EPV C NW ALu RjRV]
AdLY
UlLu
TdLtTX]]
Aq
AL[m TdYm Au AdLYu Uldf
NUm,
(A,,) A, B GuT] JW YN EPV C NRW ALs GuL,
| AB | = | A |

| B | GuT R,

Cdt uYm GjdLhp NTodLlT\,

cos sin
cos sin
G,L, 1.25: If A =
, B =
GuT] C NW
sin cos
sin cos
ALs Gp | AB | = | A | | B | G]d LhL,
o :

cos sin
cos sin
, B=

sin cos
sin cos

A=

cos
AB =
sin

sin cos

cos sin

sin

cos

cos2 + sin2
cos sin sin cos 1 0
=
=
sin cos cos sin
cos2 + sin2 0 1

38

1
| AB | =
0

0
=1
1

(1)

cos sin
= cos2 + sin2 = 1
sin cos

|A| =

cos sin
= cos2 + sin2 = 1
sin cos

|B| =
|A|

| B |= 1 1 = 1

(2)

(1), (2) Cp Ck | AB | = | A |

|B|

2
2
2
ab
ac
o c b b + c

2
2
c
o
a
= ab
G,L, 1.26:
c
a
bc
+
G]d LhL

b a o ac
2
2
bc
a +b
2
o c b o c b o c b

o : L.H.S. = c o a = c o a c o a

b a o b a o b a o

o + c + b
= o + o + ab
o + ac + o
2

c + b
= ab
ac
2

o + o + ab
2

c +o+a

bc + o + o

ab
2

c +a

2
2
b + a + 0
o + ac + o

bc + o + o

b2 + a2
ac

bc

bc

= R.H.S.

2
a12 + a22 a1b1 + a2b2
a 1 b 1
G,L, 1.27:
=
2
2 G] L
a 2 b 2
a1b1 + a2b2 b1 + b2

o :

a 1
L.H.S. =
a 2
a 1
=
b 1

b12 a1 b1 a1 b1
=

b2
a2 b2 a2 b2
a2 a1 b1 Rp AdLYu
)

b2
a2 b2 W WpL[ TUtL

a12 + a22

a1b1 + a2b2

a1b1 + a2b2

b12 + b22

= R.H.S

39

2bc 2 a
G,L, 1.28: c
b2

c2
2ca b2
a2

a
2
a
= b
2 c
2ab c
b2

b
c
a

c 2
a G]d LhL

o :
R.H.S. =

2
a b c
a b c a b c
b c a = b c a b c a

c a b
c a b c a b

a b c
a b c

b c a ( 1) c a b; R2 R3
=

c a b
b c a
=

a b c a b c
b c a c
a
b

c a b b
c
a

a +bc2+ cb
ab + c + ab
ac + ac + b2
2

2bc 2 a
c
b2

ab + ab + c2
b2 + ac + ac
bc + a2 + bc

2
c + ab + ba
ac + b2 + ac
bc + bc + a2

c2
b2
2ac b2
a2 = L.H.S.
2ab c2
a2

1.2.6 J AdLYdm ARu CQdLWdm Es[

RPo :
a1 b1 c1
= a2 b2 c2 G]d LL,

a3 b3 c3
a1, b1, c1 CYtu JjR CQdLWLs A1, B1, C1 GuL,

A1 B1 C1
CQd LWLu AdLY A2 B2 C2Bm,

A3 B3 C3

40

R1 Xm TjRlT\ GuL
b2 c2
a2 c2
a2 b2
= a1
b1
+ c1

b3 c3
a3 c3
a3 b3
= a1 (a1u CQdLW) + b1 (b1u CQdLW)
+ c1 (c1 u CQdLW)
= a1A1 + b1 B1 + c1 C1
i.e. Ko AdLYp HRm J Wu ElLs Utm
AYtu JjR CQdLWLs BVYtu TdLtTXu
RX] AkR AdLYu Ultf NUm Bm,
CR Tu = a2A2 + b2B2 + c2C2
= a3A3 + b3B3 + c3C3
ClT. AR AdLYp RXY W ElLs
Utm CWiPY W ElLu JjR CQdLWLu
TdLtTX]d LiTm, (A,,) uYm LYVd LL,
a1A2 + b1B2 + c1C2
b1 c1
a1 c1
a1 b1
= a1
+ b1 a c c1 a b
c
b
3 3
3 3
3 3
= a1(b1c3 b3c1) + b1(a1c3 a3c1) c1(a1b3 a3b1)
=0
a1A2 + b1B2 + c1C2 = 0
CqY\L. Sm TY
a1A3 + b1B3 + c1C3 = 0 ; a2A1 + b2B1 + c2C1 = 0 ; a2A3 + b2B3 + c2C3 = 0
a3A1 + b3B1 + c3C1 = 0
; a3A2 + b3B2 + c3C2 = 0
i.e. AdLYp HRm J W ElLs Utm
Y\Rm W ElLu JjR CQdLWLs CYtu
TdLt TXu RX] fVUm,
l :
WLdl TXL. Sm WpL[ Gjd LiPm
CR L[l TYm,
= a1A1 + a2A2 + a3A3
= b1B1 + b2B2 + b3B3
= c1C1 + c2C2 + c3C3

41

UtLiP L[l uYm AhPYQLu Xm LhP

CVm,
W YXL
Wp YXL
R1

R2

R3

C1

C2

C3

r1

c1

r2

c2

r3

c3

Ce ri, ci GuT] \V LdLlThP AdLYu

iY W Utm iY WXm, Ri, Ci GuT] \V JjR
CQdLW AdLYu iY W Utm iY WXm,
G,L, 1.29:
B1, C1 GuTY a1, b1,
A1 B1 C1
CluA2 B2 C2 = 2 G]

A3 B3 C3
A1,

c1-Cu

CQdLWL[L

o :

a1 b1 c1 A1 B1 C1
a2 b2 c2 A2 B2 C2

a3 b3 c3 A3 B3 C3
a1A1 + b1B1 + c1C1 a1A2 + b1B2 + c1C2 a1A3 + b1B3 + c1C3
= a2A1 + b2B1 + c2C1 a2A2 + b2B2 + c1C2 a2A3 + b2B3 + c2C3

a3A1 + b3B1 + c3C1 a3A2 + b3B2 + c3C2 a3A3 + b3B3 + c3C3

0 0
= 0 0 = 3

0 0
A1 B1 C1
i.e. A2 B2 C2 = 3
A3 B3 C3

A1
A2
A3
42

B1
B2
B3

C1
C2 = 2

C3

Tt 1.4
2
1 a a 1 2a

(1) a 1 a = a2

a a 1 a2
(2)

1
1
1

a2
2
y b
z2 c2

x x2
y
z

1
1
1

G] ,
2
a 2a
1
2
2
2
2a
(a x)2 (b x)2 (c x)2
2b =(a y) (b y) (c y)
2c (a z)2 (b z)2 (c z)2
2

a2

a2

a2 2a

43

G] ,

2, YdPo CVtLRm
2.1 ALm
AVoXk LR YpSo W.R. BpPu (1805 1865) Utm
_oUV LRVX[o H.G. WUu (1809 1877) BVu
AV LilLpRu Ru Rp YdPoLs TtV Lj
TYeLs
EY],
CYoLs
CYm
NUvRjp
RofVPkR UV[oLs GuT BfNVlTPjRdLRm,
AUdL Utm CeXk LR YpSoL[] J.B. lv
(1839 1903), Q. VoNh (1850 1925) BVo iLRjp
LohVu YY LRj] CQdmT EY] V
TPU YdPo CVtLRUm, YdPo Gu\ YojR Xju
Up
to
carryGu\
UVdLjPu
BpP]p
LiPVlThP, Um YdPVp. WUu hVXm
AlTPVLd LiP,
tLXjp YdPoL[] YVXm. CVtVXm
YYL BdWj. Lf\kR V YlTLs EY],
RtT YdPo CVtLRU] CVkWVp. RphTVp
Utm TV LRjm YYLl TVuT\,
CVtVp LVeL[j (Physical quantities) NL[Lm
(scalars) Utm YdPoL[Lm CYLL[Ll dLXm,
YWV\Ls:
N : GiQ[Y Uhm Lis[ LVm N
G]lTm,
CRt
Yp
(space)
GkRR
NPm
RPopX,
G,L,: TUu, L] A[. APoj. YX. YlT X. Wm.
TWlT[. UnViLs Tu\Y,
Sm NVd lTRt UnViL[l TVuTjYm,
A. AkRd LVju GiQ[Y X AlTP AXPu
R\, Sm NL[ UnViL[Ld Li. AYt]
a, b, cGu\ L[p lYm,
YdPo : Nm GiQ[m LiP LVm YdPo G]lTm,

44

G,L,
:
CPlTVof
(displacement)
NYLm.
dLm.
lj\u, N. Nu GP Tu\Y,
YdPoL[ dm \ :
J YdPW Sod Lhj iPLd dLXm, Cp
SodLhj iu [m YdPu GiQ[ (magnitude) Bm,
AkSodLhj iu J ]s[ Amd V]
AqYdPu N] dm,

J YdPW a
= AB Gu
lhPp Ap SodLhj i

AB-u [U] a u GiQ[Ym

A k BI SdV NV] a u

TPm 2. 1

NVm Ldm, A Gu\ sV] AB Gu\ YdPu

RPdLl sVLm B Gu\ sV] l

sVLm LRlTm, TYL YdPoL[ a , b , c

G]d lYm, ( a -I YdPo a G]l TdLm,)

YdPu Uh ApX GiQ[ (Magnitude of a vector)

J YdPo a = AB -u Uh ApX GiQ[ GuT J

L GiQm, C AqYdPu [ju A[]d
l\,

ARY
AB
= AB
a
=
GiQ[] a G]m GRXm,

| |

G]Y a

| |

|
AB |

| |

=a ;

|b |

= AB ;

=b ;

G]d

dLXm,

a -u

|c | = c

|
CD | = CD

|
PQ | = PQ

LY]m : a -u ]lsLs A, B-I RUds CPUt\m

NnV CVX,

l : JqY YdPo AB dm u TiLs Ei,

45

[m

||

AB -u [j] AB ApX AB G]d dLXm,

Re : AB-I J TVLd Li C\m YWmu

hPlThP SodLhP. AB -u Re GuTo,

N

AB -u NV] Ak B-I SdV, Um

BA -u NV] Bk A-I SdV, J

NhP SodLhj iu NV]
RPdLlsk
l
sV
SdVRm,
NUYdPoLs:

a Utm b Gu\ C YdPoLs (i) NU [m (GiQ[)

Utm (ii) JW Nm CkRp AYt\f NU YdPoLs

G]Xm, CR] a = b G]d lPXm,
TPm (2.2)-k AB || CD, AB = CD

Um AB , CD

JW N]m

TtlTRp AB = CD ApX a = b

TPm. 2. 2

2.2 YdPo YLLs

fV YdPo (Zero or Null Vector) :
J YdPu RPdLls Utm l s
Ju\Pu Juu. AqYdPWl fV YdPo

G]Xm, CR] O G]d lPXm,

fV YdPo ApXR Ut\ YdPoLs R YdPoLs (proper
vectors) G]lTm,
KWX YdPo ApX AX YdPo (Unit vector) :
J YdPu GiQ[ 1 Gp AR] KWX YdPo GuTo,

a -u Np AUkR KWX YdPW a^ G]d lYo,

ARY |a^| = 1, a d CQVL Es[ AX YdPoLs a^ Bm,

46

: a = | a | a^
YdPo = (ARu Uh) (ARu Np AUkR KWX YdPo)

a
^
a =

| |

(a O )

TYLd
LdLlThP J YdPu Np KWX YdPWd LQ.
AqYdPW ARu GiQ[Yp YdL Yim,
JW N Utm GojN YdPoLs (Like and unlike vectors) :
JW NVXUkR YdPoL[ JW N YdPoLs Gum.
JudLu GojNXUkR YdPoL[ GojN
YdPoLs Gum Yo,

JW N YdPoLs

GojN YdPoLs
TPm. 2. 3

JW RPdLls YdPoLs (Co-initial vectors) :

JW
RPdLlsVl
RPdLls YdPoLs GuTo,

Tt\

YdPoL[

JW

JW ls YdPoLs (Co-terminus vectors) :

JW lsVl Tt\ YdPoL[ JW ls
YdPoLs GuTo,
SodLhPU ApX CQ YdPoLs (Collinear or Parallel
vectors) :
YdPoLu
CVdLm
JW
SodLhX
ApX
CQVLY Clu. AYt\ SodLhPU ApX CQ
YdPoLs GuTo,
JW R[ AU YdPoLs (Coplanar vectors) :
JW R[ju AUkR ApX AkRj R[jt CQVL
AUkR YdPoLs JW R[ AU YdPoLs G]lTm,

47

GoU\ YdPoLs (Negative vectors) :

a
Gu\ YLPu GiQ[m ARt GojNp

CVdLj]m EPV YdPW a -u GoU\ YdPo GuTo,

CR] a G]d lYo, G]Y. AB = a Gp ARu

GoU\ BA = a Bm,
YdPu RXr YdPo (Reciprocal of a vector) :

a Gu\ fVUt\ YdPW Gjd LsYm, a u

Np AUkRm ARu GiQ[u RXr UlT. Ru

GiQ[YLm LiP YdPo. a -u RXr YdPo G]lTm,

1
1 1
CR] a
G]d lYm, Ce a
= a Bm,
LhX YdPo Utm AhP YdPo (Free and localised vector) :
GkRYl
sVm
YdPu
BlsVLj
RokRdL U]p AR]d LhX YdPo GuTo, B]p
J lhP sV UhU, BlsVLj RokRdL
U]p AR] AhP YdPo GuTo,

( )

( )

2.3 YdPoLu R] NVp\Ls

(Operations on vectors) :
2.3.1 YdPoLu hPp (Addition of vectors) :

OA

= a , AB = b

GuL,

O-I B-Pu

CQlTRp Pdm YdPo

OB -I

a , b dLu Rp G] YWVlTo, CR]

OA + AB = OB G] GRXm,

TPm. 2. 4

G]Y OB = OA + AB = a + b
CY YdPo hPu dLQ Vm, Cqk
Sm AY VRp. HRm C YdPoL[ AYtu
GiQ[Ym NVm J dLQju YNVL
GdLlThP CWi TdLeLu XUL lhPp. AYtu
RX AmdLQju GoYNp GdLlThP u\Y
TdLj]p lTo GuTRm,

48

ABC-p YdPo hPu

]l TVuTj]p.

dLQ

BC + CA = BA

BC + CA = AB

AB + BC + CA = 0
TPm. 2. 5
G]Y J dLQju YNdWUUL GdLlThP
TdLeL[p dLlTm u YdPoLu RX] J
fV YdPo Bm,
YdPo hPu CQLW (Parallelogram law) :

a Utm b Gu\ C YdPoLs

GiQ[Ym
NVm
J
CQLWju AjRjR TdLeL[p
dLlTUp
AYtu
Rp

YdPo c B] AkR CQLWju

XhPjRp dLlTm,
TPm 2. 6

Ce a , b , c -B]Y JW RPdLlsPVYVm,

CR] OP + OQ = OR G]d lPXm,

G]Y J CQLWju AjRjR C TdLeLs C
YdPoL[d dUu. AkR CQLWju X hPU]
AqYdPoLu RXd dm,
dLQ
]l
TX\
ETVj
GkR
GidLm Es[ YdPoLu RXm Sm LQXm,

TPm (2.7)-p OA = a , AB = b , BC = c , CD = d , DE = e
GuTY HRm Ik YdPoLs GuL,
JqY YdPm kRV YdPu
lsk YWVlThs[Rd
LY]jp LsL,

OA + AB + BC + CD + DE = OE
G]Y
A]j
YdPoLu
RX] Rp YdPu RPdLl
sVd
LP
YdPu
l
sPu CQdm YdPWm, CR]
TPm 2. 7
YdPo Ru TXLQ (Polygon) GuTo,

49

l : a + b u GiQ[Y] a Utm b -u GiQ[Lu

Rdf NUUL CdL YiVpX GuTRd LY]jp
LsL,

2.3.2 YdPoLu LjRp (Subtraction of vectors) :

a , b Gu\ C YdPoLu LjRX a Utm b -u

RXL YWVdLXm, CR] a b G]d lYo,

a b = a + b

OA = a Utm AB = b GuL,

OB = OA + AB = a + b Bm,
BAI B YW AB = ABGU hL,

AB = AB = b
ClT
hPdV
dLQ
k

( )

TPm. 2. 8

OB = OA + AB = a + b = a b

( )

YdPo hPu TiLs :

Rt\m 2.1:
YdPo hPp TUt V \ Nnm,

ARY a Utm b GuTY HRm C YdPoLs Gp

a + b = b + a Bm,
TQm

OA = a , AB = b GuL

OABk OA + AB = OB

a + b = OB
(1)

OABC Gu\ CQLWjR AUdL

CB = OA = a ; OC = AB = b

OCBk OC + CB = OB

50

TPm 2. 9


(A,,) b + a = OB

(2)

(1), (2) Lk a + b = b + a
G]Y YdPo hPp. TUt V \ Nn\,
Rt\m 2.2:
YdPo hPp Nol V \ Nnm

(A,,) a , b , c Gu\ HRm u
YdPoLd

(a +b ) + c = a + (b +c ) Bm.
TQm :

OA = a ;

AB = b ; BC = c GuL

O-I. B-Pm ; O-I C-Pm

A-I C-Pm CQdL
OABk

OBCk

ABCk

OACk

(2), (4)-k

OA + AB

a + b

OB + BC

(a +b ) + c

AB + BC

b + c

OA + AC

a + b +c

TPm 2. 10

OB

OB

(1)

OC

OC

(2)

AC

AC

(3)

OC

OC

(4)

(a +b ) + c = a + (b +c )

YdPo hPp Nol ] \ Nn\,

51

Rt\m 2.3: (hPp NUl Ti)

JqY YdPo a -dm. a + O = O + a = a GuT

EiU Bm, Ce O GuT fV YdPo Bm,

TQm :

OA = a GuL

a +O

a +O
Um

O + a

= OA + AA = OA = a

= a

= OO + OA = OA = a

O + a

= a

a +O

= O + a = a

Rt\m 2.4: (hPp GoU\ ApX SoUl Ti)

JqY YdPo a dm, a + a = O = a + a GuT

EiUVL CdU a Gu\ YdPo LQ CVm

( )

( )

TQm : OA = a GuL, G]Y AO = a

a + a

G]Y

( ) =
OA + AO = OO = O

( a ) + a =
AO + OA = AA = O

a + ( a ) = ( a ) + a = O

2.3.3 YdPu Nl TdLp

m GuT J N GuL, a GuT HRm J YdPo

Gp m a GuTm J YdPo Bm, CRu Rem a -u

Rem JW SodLPm, CRu GiQ[ a -u GiQ[Y

52

Tp | m | UPe LiPRm, CRu NV] m-u RuUVl

TjR, m J L GiQL Clu m a -u N. a -u

NVm, m J \ GiQL Clu m a -u N a -u

Nd GojN Bm,

: a Utm b Gu\ C YdPoLs JW LhPU ApX

CQ YdPoL[L CdLj RYV] Utm TU]

TkR] a = m b Bm, Ce m GuT fVUt\ NVm.

GkRY YdPo a dm uYY]Yt\ YWVdLXm,

(1) a = a
;
( 1) a = a
;
0a = O

l : a GuT J YdPo Gp 5 a -m J YdPo Bm,

CRu GiQ[. a -u GiQ[Yl Tp 5 UPeLm, Um

ARu N a -u NXV Cdm, B]p 5 a u GiQ[

a YdPu GiQ[Yl Tp 5 UPeLL Ck. NV]

a -u Goj Nm AUm,
YdPoLu N. TdLt TiLs
Z LdLlThs[Y YdPoLu N TdLt
TiLs Bm,

a ,
b
GuTY
YdPoL[Lm.
m,
n
GuTY
NL[Lm Clu

(i) m a

( ) = ( m) a = (ma )

(iii) m(n a ) = (mn) a = n(m a )

(ii) ( m) a

( ) = ma

(iv) (m + n) a = m a + n a

Rt\m 2.5 (TQu) :

a , b GuTY HRm C YdPoLs GuL, m GuT

HRm J NVu m a + b = m a + m b .

: Rt\m 2.5k m a b = m a m b

53

2.4 X YdPo (Position vector) :

Y[Y
Yp
(ApX
R[jp) J Xls O-I BVLd
LsL, P GuT HRm J s

Gp OP GuT O-I Tj P-u

X YdPo (,Y,) G]lTm,

TPjk OP = r

TPm 2. 11

CRl TX OA GuT OI Tj A Gu\ su

XYdPo Bm, Um OB
su XYdPo Bm,

Rt\m 2.6: OA Utm OB

GuT

O-I Tj B-Gu\

GuTY \V A, Bu X

YdPoL[L Clu. AB = OB OA Bm,

TQm : O GuT Bls GuL, a Utm b GuTY

\V A, B-u X YdPoLs GuL,

OA = a ; OB = b Bm,

OAB-p YdPo hPp dLQ

lT

OA + AB = OB

AB = OB OA = b a

TPm 2. 12

i.e. AB = (B-u X YdPo) (A-u X YdPo)

l : AB -p B Gu\ s AqYdPu RXVLm A Gu\

s YXLm AZdLlTm,

AB = (RXlsu ,Y,) (Yp su ,Y,).

CRl Tu BA = OA OB

54

Rt\m 2.7: [ jWm Eh\UL jRp]

HRm C sLs A, B-u X YdPoLs \V a , b
GuL, P Gu\ sV] AB-I Eh\UL m : n Gu\ Rjp
dUu P-u XYdPo

na +mb
OP = m + n
Bm
TQm :
O GuT Bs GuL,

OA = a ; OB = b Bm,

TPm 2. 13

O Gu\ sVl Tj P-u X YdPo r GuL,

i.e. OP = r
P B] ABI m : n Gu\ Rjp Eh\ULl d\ GuL,

AP
m
n AP = m PB
PB = n n AP = m PB
n

(
OP OA )

= m OB OP

nr na = mb mr

(m + n) r = m b + n a

(r a ) = m (b r )

mr +nr =mb +na

mb +na
r = m+n
(1): P GuT AB-u Sls Gp AB-I 1 : 1 Gu\ Rjp
dm,

1 . b + 1. a
a + b
Pu X YdPo =
=
1+1
2

a + b
AB-u Sls P-u XYdPo= OP = r =
2
(2): u sLs JW SodLhp AUYRtL]
TkR],

55

TQm : A, P Utm B Gu\ sLu XYdPo \V

a , r Utm b GuL, A, P Utm B GuTY SodLhp

Es[]YL Gjd LsYm,

mb +na
r = m+n

(m + n) r =

mb +na

(m + n) r m b n a = 0
CkR
YdPo
NUuThp
CPl\s[
N
QLeLu Rp (m + n) m n = 0 Bm, CqY\L. uYm
]l T\m,

a , b , c BVYt\ X YdPoL[Ld LiP A, B, C
Gu\ sLs JW SodLhp AUUu x, y, z Gu\

NL[ x a + y b + z c = O Utm x + y + z = 0 GU LQ
m,
URXVL x, y, z Gu\ NLs x + y + z = 0,

x a + y b + z c = O Gu\ NUuTLd EhThkRp

a , b , c YdPoL[ XYdPoL[Ld LiP sLs

JW LhPU sL[m,
3: [ jWm - Yl\UL jRp]

A , B Gu\ sLu XYdPoLs \V a , b GuL, P
Gu\ s AB-I m : n Gu\ Rjp Yl\ULl dm
T P-u X YdPo

mb na
OP =
Bm
mn
TQm : O GuT Bls GuL,

OA = a ; OB = b Bm,
PB] ABI m : n Gu\ Rjp
Yl\ULl d\ GuL,

TPm 2. 14

O-I Tj P-u X YdPo r GuL, OP = r

56

ClT

m
AP
PB = n

n AP =

AP & PB

GojNp Es[]

n AP = m PB
n

= m OB OP
n r a = m r b

na = mr mb
mb na =mr nr

n a = (m n) r

mb na
r =
mn
J dLQju SdLLs JW sp

(
OP OA )

nr

mb

m PB

Rt\m 2.8:
Nkdm,
TQm :
ABC Gu\ dLQjp D, E, F GuTY \V BC, CA, AB
Gu\ TdLeLu SlsLs GuL,
AD, BE, CF Gu\ SdLLs JW sp Nkdm G] Y
Yim,
O GuT Bls GuL, A, B, C Gu\ sLu

XYdPoLs \V a , b , c GuL,
ClT D, E, F BVYtu ,Y,

b + c
c + a
a + b
,
,
Bm,
2
2
2
AD Gu\ SdLhP G1 Gu\ s
2 : 1 Gu\ Rjp Eh\ULl
dUu.

G1 u ,Y, =

TPm. 2. 15

2OD + 1OA
2+1

b + c
2 2 + 1 a

a + b + c
=
(1)
3
3
BE Gu\ SdLhP G2 Gu\ s 2:1 Gu\ Rjp
Eh\ULl dUu.

OG1 =

57

OG2

2 OE + 1 OB
u ,Y,, =
2+1

OG2

c + a
2 2 + 1. b

a + b + c
=
3

(2)

CR Tu CF Gu\ SdLhP G3 Gu\ s 2 : 1 Gu\

Rjp Eh\ULl dUu.

OG3

a + b + c
=
3

(3)

(1), (2), (3)Lk G1, G2, G3 Gu\ sLu ,Y, Vm

NUm GuTRp. CY JW s GId lT]Ym,
J dLQju SdLLs JW sp Nkdm,
: J dLQju SdLLs Nkdm
SdLhf Nk GuTo, G Gu CR]d lTo,

sV

ABC-p G Gu\ SdLhf Nku XYdPo

a + b + c
OG =
Bm, Ce a , b , c GuTY A, B, C Gu\
3
sLu XYdPoLs Bm, O GuT BlsVm,

G,L, 2.1: J dLQju u\ TdLeLs a , b , c Gu\

YdPoL[p YNdWUULd dLlThPp. a + b + c = O

G] L,
o :
ABC Gu\ dLQjp

BC = a , CA = b , AB = c GuL,

a + b + c = BC + CA + AB

= BA + AB ( BC + CA = BA

= BB = O

58

TPm 2. 16

G,L, 2.2:
J Je ALQju CWi AjRjR TdLeLs

a , b BL CkRp Ut\ TdLeL[d dm YdPoL[

YNVLd LiL,
o :
ABCDEF
Gu\
Je
ALQjp

AB = a Utm BC = b GuL
AD || BC Utm AD = 2.BC BRXp

AD = 2 BC = 2 b

ABC-p AB + BC = AC

AC = a + b

ACD-p,

AD =

AC + CD

AB = a

BC = b

CD =
DE =
EF =

FA =

AD AC

CD =

TPm 2. 17

= 2b a + b = b a

(b a ) = a b

G,L, 2.3:
A, B, C, D BVYtu ,Y, \V

a , b , 2 a + 3 b , a 2 b Gp DB Utm AC LiL,

o :

OA = a

OB = b

; OC = 2 a + 3 b

; OD = a 2 b

DB = OB OD = b a 2 b = b a + 2 b = 3 b a

AC = OC OA
=

(2a
+ 3b) a = a + 3 b

59

G,L, 2.4: A, B BVYtu ,Y, a 2 b , 2 a b Gp AB-I

Eh\ULm. Yl\ULm 3 : 2 Gu\ Rjp dm
sLu ,Y, LiL,
o :

OA = a 2 b ; OB = 2 a b

P Gu\ s AB-I 3:2 Gu\ Rjp Eh\ULl dUu.

3 2a b +2 a 2b
3 OB + 2OA
=
P-u ,Y, =
5
3+2

) (

6a 3b +2a 4b
8a 7b
8 7
=
= 5 a 5 b
5
5

QGu\ s AB-I 3:2 Gu\ Rjp Yl\ULl dUu.

3 OB 2OA 3 2 a b 2 a 2 b
Q-u ,Y, =
=
1
32

) (

= 6a 3b 2a +4b = 4a + b

G,L, 2.5: A, B-u ,Y, \V
a , b Gp AB-I u
NUTLeL[Ll dm sLu ,Y, LiL,
o :
P, Q Gu\ sLs AB-I u
NUTLeL[Ll d\ G]d
LsL,
TPm 2. 18
AP = PQ = QB = (GuL)
P Gu\ sV] AB-I 1 : 2 Gu\ Rjp lTRp

1. OB + 2.OA 1. b + 2. a
b +2a
=
=
Pu ,Y, = OP =
3
3
1+2

Q Gu\ s PB-u SlsVRXp.

b +2a
b +2a +3b

+
b
3
3
OP + OB
2a +4b
Qu ,Y, =
=
=
=
6
2
2
2

60

a +2b
=
3
G,L, 2.6: J StLWU] CQLWUL CdLj RYV] Utm
TU] TkR]. ARu XhPeLs Ju\Vu C
NUdRXm GuTR] YdPo \p L,
o :
ABCD GuTR] J StLWm GuL,
Rp CR] J CQLWm G]
Gjd Li. ARu XhPeLs
Ju\Vu
NUdm
G]
lTm,
O GuT Bls GuL,

OA = a , OB = b , OC = c , OD = d
TPm 2. 19

ABCD J CQLWURXp AB = DC

OB OA = OC OD b a = c d



b + d
a + c

b + d
= a + c

=
2
2
i.e. BD-u Slsu ,Y, = AC-u Slsu ,Y,
G]Y JW sV]. AC, BD-I CNUd\, BLVp
CQLWm
ABCD-u
XhPeLs
Ju\Vu
CNUd\,
URXVL
ABCD
Gu\
StLWjp
XhPeLs
Ju\Vu CNUd\ G] Gjd Li ABCD J
CQLWm G] Ym,

A, B, C Utm D Gu\ EflsLu ,Y, \V a , b ,

c , d GuL, AC Utm BD Gu\ XhPeLs Ju\Vu
CNUd\ GuTRp.
AC-u Slsu ,Y, = BD-u Slsu ,Y,

b + d
a + c
=
2
2

b a = c d i.e. AB = DC

61

a + c = b + d

(1)

Um (1)

d a = c b

i.e.

AD = BC

G]Y ABCD J CQLWUm.

G,L, 2.7: dLQm ABC-u TdLeL[]
ACBVYtu SlsLs \V D, E Gu\p

AB

Utm

3
BE + DC = 2 BC G]d LhL,

o :
A Gu\ sV Bl sVL
YNdLtT
Gjd
LsYm,

B, Cu ,Y, \V b , c
GuL,
AB, AC-u
SlsLs
D, E
BLVp D, E-u ,Y, \V

b c
2 , 2 Bm,

TPm 2. 20

c
ClT BE = E-u ,Y, B-u ,Y, = 2 b

b
DC = C-u ,Y, D-u ,Y, = c 2

c
b
BE + DC = 2 b + c 2
3
=2

(c b )

3 3
2 c 2 b

3
= 2 [C-u ,Y, B-u ,Y,]

3
= 2 BC
G,L, 2.8: J dLQju C TdLeLu SlsL[f
Nodm SodL ARu u\Y TdLjt CQ G]m.
ARu A[p T G]m YdPo \p L,

62

o :
ABC Gu\ dLQjR Gjd
LsL, O GuT Bls GuL, AB,
ACu SlsLs \V D,E GuL,

OA = a , OB = b , OC = c

a + b
Du ,Y, = OD =
2

Eu ,Y, = OE =

TPm 2. 21

a + c
2

a + c
a + b
ClT DE = OE OD = 2 2

a+cab 1
1
=
= 2 c b = 2 OC OB
2

1
DE = 2 BC DE || BC

1
1
DE = 2 BC DE
DE = 2 BC
1
G]Y DE || BC and DE = 2 BC.
G,L, 2.9: J StLWju TdLeLu SlsL[f
SodLLs J CQLWjR AUdm G] YdPo
L,
o :
ABCD Gu\ StLWjp AB, BC, CD
Utm
DA
BV
TdLeLu
SlsLs \V P, Q, R, S GuL,
A, B, C, Du ,Y, \V

a , b , c , d VL CluP,Q,R,S
Gu\ sLu ,Y, \V

| |

a + b
b + c
c + d
d + a
,
,
,
2
2
2
2
Bm,

63

) = 12
BC

| |

1
= 2 BC

TPm 2. 22

Nodm
\p

PQRS J CQLWUL CdL PQ

CjRp Yim,

= SR , PS

= QR G]

b + c
a + b
c a
PQ = Q-u ,Y, P-u ,Y, = 2 2 = 2

c a
c + d
d + a
SR = R-u ,Y, S-u ,Y, = 2 2 =
2

PQ =

SR

PQ || SR and PQ = SR
CR Tu PS = QR, PS || QR G] dLXm,
G]Y PQRS J CQLWUm,

G,L, 2.10 : A, B, C Gu\ sLu ,Y, \V a , b , c GuL,

ClT l a +m b +n c = O Utm l + m + n = 0
BV
TkR]Ld EhTh l, m, n Gu\ NLs (GpXU
fVUpXR) PdU]p A, B, C Gu\ sLs JW
SodLhp Cdm G] ,
o :
l, m, n
NLp HRm Ju\Y fVUt\Rm,
AR] n G]d LsYm,

la +mb +nc =

c =

nc = la +mb

(
la +mb)

(
la +mb)
=
(l + m)

la +mb
l+m
C Gu\ sV] A, B-I m : l Gu\ Rjp d\,
G]Y A, B, C GuTY JW SodLhp AUm,

l : a , b JW LhPU YdPoLs Gp Gu\

NV a = b GU LQ m

c =

64

JW LhPU sLs: A, B, C Gu\ sLs HRm J

N -d. AB = BC , AB = AC ApX BC = AC
GU Clu. A, B, C BVY JW LhPU sL[m,

G,L, 2.11: a 2 b + 3 c , 2 a + 3 b c , 4 a 7 b + 7 c Gu\

YdPoL[ ,YdPoL[Ld LiP sLs JW LhPU
sLs G] ,
o :
A, B, C Gu\ sLu ,Y, \V

a 2 b + 3 c , 2 a + 3 b c Utm 4 a 7 b + 7 c GuL,

OA = a 2 b + 3 c , OB = 2 a + 3 b c , OC = 4 a 7 b + 7 c

AB = OB OA =

( 2a + 3b c ) (a 2b + 3c )

= 2a +3b c a +2b 3c = 3a +5b 4c

BC = OC OB =

(4a 7b + 7c ) ( 2a + 3b c )

= 4 a 7 b + 7 c + 2 a 3 b + c = 6 a 10 b + 8 c

BC = 6 a 10 b + 8 c = 2 3 a +5 b 4 c

AB

Utm

BC

) = 2(
AB )

YdPoLs CQV]Y, Um B

GuT CWitm TlsVLVp AB , BC JW

LhPU YdPoL[m, G]Y A, B, C Gu\ sLs JW
LhPUl sLs Bm,

Tt 2.1
(1) ABCD Gu\ CQLWju CWi AjRjR TdLeL[]

AB , BC I a , b Gu\ YdPoLs dUu ARu

X hPeLs AC , BD -Id LiL,

(2) PO + OQ = QO + OR
sLs G]d LhL,

65

Gp P, Q, R JW LhPU

(3) a 2 b + 3 c , 2 a + 3 b + 2 c , 8 a + 13 b Gu\ X
YdPoL[d LiP sLs JW LhPU sLs
G]d LhL,

(4) 2 a + 3 b + 5 c , a + 2 b + 3 c , 7 a c Gu\ X
YdPoL[d LiP sLs A, B, C JW LhPUl
sLs G]d LhL,
(5) ABC Gu\ dLQju TdLm BC-u Sls D-Gp

AB + AC = 2AD G] L,

(6) ABC Gu\ dLQju SdLhf Nk G Gp

GA + GB + GC = O G] L,
(7) ABC Utm ABC Gu\ C dLQeLu SdLhf

NkLs \V G, G BL Clu AA + BB + CC = 3GG

G] L,
(8) J dLQju Efl sLk ARt Gol
TdLeLu
SlsL[
Sd
YWVlTm
YdPoLu Rp fVm G] L,
(9) J
NYLju
XhPeLu
SlsL[
CQdm SodLP]. CQlTdLeLd CQVL
Cdm G] YdPo \p , Um. ARu
[U]. CQlTdLeLu [eLu jVNjRl
Tp T UPeLm G]m L,
(10) J dLQju LQeLu Eh\ CNUYhLs
JW sp Nkdm G] YdPo \p LiL,
(11) J StLWju GoTdLeLu SlsLs Utm
XhPeLu
SlsLs
J
CQLWju
EflsL[m G] YdPo \p dL,
(12) ABCD

Gu\ StLWjp AC, BD-u SlsLs E Utm

FBL Clu AB + AD + CB + CD = 4 EF G] L,

66

2.5 YdPW L[Ll jRp (Resolution of a Vector)

Rt\m 2.9 (TQu) :

a , b GuTY JW Lhp AUVR HRm C

YdPoLs GuL, r GuT a , b -Pu JW R[jp AUkR

YdPWu r = l a + m b GU RjR (unique) YLp

GRXm, Ce l, m GuT NL[m,

l : l a + m b GuT a , b Gu\ YdPoLu JTf
NodLVL (linear combination)
AZdLlTm, l, m GuTY
NL[m,
C TUQjp J YdPu Nej Ls
Rt\m 2.10 :
C TUQjR[jp P Gu\ J su AfjWeLs

(x, y) Gp OP = x i + y j Bm, Ce i , j GuTY \V

OX Utm OY NLp GdLlThP KWX YdPoL[m,
TQm :
TPjp Lis[T OX, OY
Gu\
AfL[l
Tj
R[jp J s P-u Afj
WeLs (x, y)
Bm, OXd
NejRL PL YWL, OL = x,
LP = y Bm, OX Utm
OYAfLu Np \V

TPm 2. 23
i ,
j
GuTY
KWX
YdPoLs GuL,

OL = x i , LP = y j Bm,

OL , LP GuTY \V x-Af Utm y-Afu Np

OP -u Ls Bm,
YdPo hPdV dLQ lT.

OP = OL + LP = x i + y j = r (GuL)

67

x i +y j

OP2

OL2 + LP2 = x2 + y2

ClT

x2 + y2 r = x2 + y2

OP =
G]Y R[js[ s P-u AfjWeLs (x, y) Gp

(i) r = OP = x i + y j

(ii) r = OP = x i + y j = x2 + y2

(iii) x-AfjNp OP -u x i Gu\ YdPWm, Um

y-Afj Np OP -u y j Gu\ YdPWm,

| |

| | | | |

A Utm B-u AfjWeLu XUL AB YdPu Ls

XOY R[jp A(x1, y1) Utm
B(x2, y2) Gu\ C sL[
Gjd LsL, OX, OY YVL
GdLlThP
KWX
YdPoLs

i , j GuL,
AN = x2 x1 , BN = y2 y1

AN = (x2 x1) i ,

TPm 2. 24

NB = (y2 y1) j

YdPo hPdV dLQ uT.

AB = AN + NB = (x2 x1) i + (y2 y1) j

x-Afu YV AB u = (x2 x1) i

y-Afu YV AB u = (y2 y1) j

AB2 = AN2 + NB2 = (x2 x1)2 + (y2 y1)2

AB =

(x2 x1)2 + (y2 y1)2

C A Utm Bd CPV Es[ WUm,

68

YdPoLu hPp. LjRp. N TdLp Utm NUu

RuU BVYt\d Lu XUL GRp

a = a1 i + a2 j , b = b1 i + b2 j GuL,
ClT

(i) a + b = a1 i + a2 j + b1 i + b2 j = (a1 + b1) i + (a2 + b2) j

(ii) a b = a1 i + a2 j b1 i + b2 j = (a1 b1) i + (a2 b2) j

(iii) m a = m a1 i + a2 j = ma1 i + ma2 j

(iv)
a = b a1 i + a2 j = b1 i + b2 j a1 = b1 and a2 = b2
G,L, 2.12: OI BsVLm XY R[jp P( 2, 4) GuT J

s G]m LsL, OP -I i , j u YXL GL, Um

|
OP | -I LiL,

o:Pu ,Y, OP = 2 i + 4 j

OP = 2 i + 4 j = ( 2)2 + (4)2 = 4 + 16 = 20
=2 5
G,L, 2.13: P( 4, 3) Gu\ su X YdPu x, y AfLs
YV] L[d LiL,
o :

P-u ,Y, = OP = 4 i + 3 j

x-Af YV OP u 4 i Bm,

| | |

ARY x-Af YV OP u \] J YdPo Bm, ARu

GiQ[ 4 Utm ARu N x-Afu GojNVm,

yAf YV OP -u 3 j Bm, ARY y-Af YV

OP -u \] J YdPo Bm, ARu GiQ[

ARu N yAfu So NVm,

3 Utm

G,L, 2.14: A( 6, 3), B( 2, 5) Gu\ sLs Gu\p AB -I KWX

YdPoLs i , j XUL GL, Um AB -I LiL,

| |

69

OA = 6 i + 3 j ; OB = 2 i 5 j

o :

AB = OB OA =

( 2i 5j ) ( 6i + 3j )

= 4 i 8 j

|
AB | = |4 i 8 j | =

(4)2 + ( 8)2 = 16 + 64 = 80

=4 5
Rt\m 2.11 (TQu) :

a , b , c Gu\ YdPoLs JW R[jp AUVRY Gp

J Yp Es[ GkRY YdPo r -I r = l a + m b + n c

G] GRXm, Ce l, m , n GuTY NLs,
lTUQjp YdPu Nej Ls
Rt\m 2.12:
Y[Y Yp P Gu\ su AfjWeLs (x, y, z)

Gp ARu ,Y, r = x i + y j + z k Utm r = x2 + y2 + z2

Bm, Ce i , j , k GuTY \V OX, OY, OZ YV
GdLlThP KWX YdPoLs,

| |

TQm :
OX, OY, OZ GuT] Jud
Ju\]
NejR]
AfLs,
Y[Y Yp HRm J
s P(x, y, z) GuL,

OP = r GuL,
XOY R[jtf NejRL PQ
YWL, OXd NejRL QR YWL,
G]Y OR = x ; RQ = y ; QP = z

OR = x i ; RQ = y j ; QP = z k

OP =

TPm 2. 25

OQ + QP = OR + RQ + QP

70

OP = x i + y j + z k r = x i + y j + z k

CqY\L P Gu\ s (x, y, z) Utm ARu ,Y, r Gp

r = x i + y j + z k Bm,
NeLQ dLQm OQPk

OP2 = OQ2 + QP2

NeLQ dLQm ORQk

OQ2 = OR2 + RQ2

OP2 = OR2 + RQ2 + QP2 OP2 = x2 + y2 + z2

x2 + y2 + z2 r =

OP =
r =

|r | =

x2 + y2 + z2

x2 + y2 + z2

2.6 Nd LNuLs Utm N ReLs

(Direction cosines and direction ratios)
O(XYZ) Gu\ NqYL BVjRX RVl Tj.
Y[Y Yp HRm J s P(x, y, z)
GuL, OX, OY, OZ
AfLu LjNPu OP B] \V , Utm Gu\
LQeL[ HtTj\ GuTm, AqY\u cos, cos, cos

GuTY OP YdPu Nd LNuLs G]lTm,

TPm 2.25k

OQP = 90 ; POZ = OPQ =

(QQP || OZ)

PQ
z
x
y
cos = OP cos = r CRl Tu cos= r and cos = r

x y z
OP u Nd LNuLs r, r, r Bm, Ce r = x2 + y2 + z2
1: Nd LNuLu YodLeLu Rp Ul 1 Bm,
cos2 + cos2 + cos2

x2 + y2 + z2
x 2 y 2 z 2
= r + r + r =

r2
=

r2
= 1
r2

[ Q r2 = x2 + y2 + z2]

cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 1

2: N NuLu YodLeLu Rp 2 Bm,
sin2 + sin2 + sin2 = (1 cos2) + (1 cos2) + (1 cos2)

71

= 3 [cos2 + cos2 + cos2] = 3 1 = 2

sin2 + sin2 + sin2 = 2

N ReLs (Direction ratios):

J YdPu N LNuLd R NUU] GkR u
GiLm ARu N ReLs (d. rs) Gu\ZdLlTm,

r = x i + y j + z k Gu\ HRm J YdPW Gjd

LsL,

x y z
where r = x2 + y2 + z2
r u N LNuLs r, r, r
x
y
z
cos = r ; cos = r ; cos = r Ce , , Gu\ LQeLs

OX, OY, OZ AfLPu r HtTjm LQeLs Bm,

y
z
x
= r,
= r,
=r

cos
cos
cos
y
z
x
=
=
=r

cos cos
cos
x : y : z = cos : cos : cos
i.e. YdPu Nejd L[] i, j, kdLu QLeLs
AkR YdPu Nd LNuLd R NUUL Cdm,

r = x i + y j + z k Gu\ YdPu N ReLs x, y, z

Bm,
YdPoLu hPp. LjRp. N TdLp Utm NUu
RuU BVYt\d Ls XUL GRp :

a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k , b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k Gu\ C
YdPoL[ Gjd LsYm,
ClT

(i)
a + b = (a1 + b1) i + (a2 + b2) j + (a3 + b3) k
(ii)
(iii)

a b = (a1 b1) i + (a2 b2) j + (a3 b3) k

m a = ma1 i + a2 j + a3 k

Ce m J N
= ma1 i + ma2 j + ma3 k

72

(iv)
a = b a1 = b1, a2 = b2 ; a3 = b3
CWi sLd CPlThP Wm :
A (x1, y1, z1), B(x2, y2, z2) Gu\ HRm C sL[ Gjd
LsYm,
ClT

OB OA

x
2 i + y2 j + z2 k x1 i + y1 j + z1 k

(x2 x1) i + (y2 y1) j + (z2 z1) k

AB =

||

A Utm Bd CPlThP Wm AB = AB

AB = (x2 x1) i + (y2 y1) j + (z2 z1) k

| |

(x2 x1)2 + (y2 y1)2 + (z2 z1)2

G,L, 2.15: 2 i j + 7 k Gu\ YdPu GiQ[ Utm Nd

LNuL[ LiL,
o :

2 i j + 7 k u GiQ[ = 2 i j + 7 k = (2)2 + ( 1)2 + (7)2

4 + 1 + 49 = 54 = 3 6
=

1 , 7
2 ,
2 i j + 7 k u Nd LNuLs

Bm,
3 6
3 6 3 6

G,L, 2.16: 3 i + 4 j 12 k Gu\ YdPu Np KWX YdPW

LiL,

o :
a = 3 i + 4 j 12 k GuL

a = 3 i + 4 j 12 k = (3)2 + (4)2 + ( 12)2

= 9 + 16 + 144 = 169 = 13

3 i + 4 j 12 k
a
^
=
a u Np KWX YdPo a =
13

G,L, 2.17: i j + 2 k Utm 2 i + 3 j 4 k Gu\ YdPoLu

Rp LiL, Um AdRu GiQ[Yd LiL,

| | |

| |

73

o :

a = i j + 2 k , b = 2 i + 3 j 4 k GuL,

a + b =

|a + b |

(i j + 2k ) + (2i + 3j 4k ) = 3i + 2j 2k

32 + 22 + ( 2)2 = 9 + 4 + 4 = 17

G,L, 2.18: i + 2 j 3 k Utm 2 i 4 j + k Gu\ YdPoLs

||

A Utm B-u X YdPoLs Gp AB -I LiL,

o :
O GuT Bls Gp

OA = i + 2 j 3 k , OB = 2 i 4 j + k

AB = OB OA

= 2 i 4 j + k

= i 6 j +4k

|
AB |

) (i + 2j 3k )

(1)2 + ( 6)2 + (4)2 = 53

G,L, 2.19: 3 i + 4 j Gu\ YdPd CQV] KWX

YdPoL[d LiL,

a = 3 i +4 j
o :

( 3)2 + 42 = 9 + 16 = 5
a =

1
1
a
=
a = 5 3 i +4 j
a^ =

a
a

4
3
i +5 j
a d CQV] KWX YdPoLs a^ = 5

| |

| | | |

G,L, 2.20: 2 i j Gu\ YdPd CQVLm GiQ[ 5

AXL[Lm LiP YdPoL[d LiL,

a =2i j
o :

a = 22 + ( 1)2 = 5

| |

74


^a = a = 1
5

| |

(2i j ) =

2 1
i
j
5
5

2 i j d CQVLm GiQ[ 5 LiP YdPoLs = 5 a^

2 1
i
j = 2 5 i 5 j
5
5

= 5

G,L, 2.21: 2 i + 3 j 5 k , 3 i + j 2 k , 6 i 5 j + 7 k Gu\ X

YdPoL[d LiP sLs JW LhPU sLs G]
,
o :
sL[ A, B, C G]m BlsV O G]m Gjd
LsYm,

OA = 2 i + 3 j 5 k ; OB = 3 i + j 2 k ; OC = 6 i 5 j + 7 k

AB = OB OA = 3 i + j 2 k 2 i + 3 j 5 k

= i 2 j +3k

) (

AC = OC OA = 6 i 5 j + 7 k

AC

) (2i + 3j 5k )

= 4 i 8 j + 12 k = 4 ( i 2 j + 3 k ) = 4 AB
(

CQV] YdPoLs, Um
G]Y AB Utm AC
AYLdl TY] s A Bm,
A, B, C JW LhPUl sL[m,
G,L, 2.22:

A, B Gu\ sLu X YdPoLs 3 i 7 j 7 k , 5 i +4 j +3 k

Gp AB -Id Lij ARu

LNuL[m LiL,
o : O GuT Bls Gp.

GiQ[]m.

Nd

OA = 3 i 7 j 7 k , OB = 5 i + 4 j + 3 k

AB = OB OA =

(5i + 4j + 3k ) (3i 7j 7k )
75

AB = 2 i + 11 j + 10 k

|
AB |

(2)2 + (11)2 + (10) 2 = 15

2 11 10
Nd LNuLs 15 , 15 , 15 Bm,

Tt 2.2

(1) 4 i + 5 j + k , 2 i + 4 j k Utm 3 i 4 j + 5 k BV
YdPoLu RXm. Ru GiQ[]m LiL,

(2) a = 3 i j 4 k , b = 2 i + 4 j 3 k , c = i + 2 j k Gp

2 a b + 3 c -u Ul]d LiL,

(3) ABC Gu\ dLQju EflsL[] A,B,C-u X

YdPoLs 2 i + 3 j + 4 k , i + 2 j k 3 i 5 j + 6 k Gp
dLQju TdLeLu YdPoL[m AlTdLeLu
[eL[m LiL.
(4) LdLlThP X YdPoL[d LiP sLs JW
LhPU G] dL,

(i) 2 i + 3 j + 5 k ,
i +2 j +3k, 7 i k

(ii) i 2 j + 3 k ,
2 i + 3 j 4 k , 7 j + 10 k

(5) a = 2 i 3 j , b = 6 i + m j Gu\ YdPoLs JW

LhPU YdPoLs Gp m-u Ul LiL,.

(6) i + 3 j Gu\ YdPu Np KWX YdPo LiL,

(7) 3 i 5 j + 8 k
Utm 2 j 2 k BV YdPoLu
Rd CQVL Es[ KWX YdPoL[d LiL,

(8) a =3 i j 4 k , b = 2 i + 4 j 3 k , c = i + 2 j k Gp

3 a 2 b + 4 c Gu\ YdPd CQV] KWX

YdPoL[d LiL,

76

(9) J dLQju Efl sLu X YdPoLs

4 i + 5 j + 6 k , 5 i + 6 j + 4 k , 6 i + 4 j + 5 k Gp
AmdLQm NUTdL dLQm G] dL,

(10) 2 i j + k , 3 i 4 j 4 k , i 3 j 5 k Gu\ YdPoLs

J NeLQ dLQjR AUdm G]d LhL,

(11) 2 i + 3 j + 4 k , 3 i + 4 j + 2 k , 4 i +2 j + 3 k Gu\ X
YdPoL[d LiP sLs J NUTdL dLQju
EflsLs G] L,

(12) i + 2 j + 3 k , 2 i + 3 j + k , 3 i + j + 2 k Gu\ X
YdPoL[d LiP sLs. J dLQju Efl
sL[L Clu ARu SdLhf Nku (centroid)
X YdPo LiL,
(13) P, Q Gu\ sLu X YdPoLs \V

i + 3 j 7 k , 5 i 2 j + 4 k Gp PQ -Id Lij ARu

Nd LNuL[d LiL,
(14) rdLm YdPoLs JW R[ YdPoLs G]d LhL,

(i) i 2 j + 3 k ,
2 i +3 j 4k,
j +2k

(ii) 5 i + 6 j + 7 k ,
7 i 8 j +9k,
3 i + 20 j + 5 k

(15) 4 i + 5 j + k , j k , 3 i + 9 j + 4 k , 4 i + 4 j + 4 k
Gu\ X YdPoL[d LiP sLs JW R[jp
AUks[] G] dL,

(16) i + 3 j + k , 2 i j k , 7 j + 5 k Gu\ YdPoLs JW R[

YdPoL[ GuTR]f NTodL,

77

3, CVtLRm
3.1 Tl u]eLs (Partial Fractions) :
YWV\Ls:
R

LY: p(x), q(x) Gu\ Tpld LYL[l

p(x)
TVuTj q(x) Gu\ YYjp Gm LY] R
LY GuTo, Ce q(x) 0
2
3x + 2x-1
5x 2
, 2
GuTY R LYd ERWQeLs,
2
x + 3x + 2 x + x 22
Rl u]m : J R LYp Ru TV]
Tu TV Pd \YL Clu AR]j Rl u]m
GuTo,
2
7x + 9
3x + 1
,
GuTY Rl u]eLd
2
3
2
x + 4x +3
x +x 5
ERWQeL[m,
RLl u]m : J R LYp Ru TV]
Tu Tdf NUULY ApX ALULY CkRp
AR]j RLl u]m GuTo,
3
2
2
x + 5x + 4
x x+1
,
GuTY RLl u]eLd
2
2
x + 2x + 3
x +x+3
ERWQeL[m,
Tl u]m :
7
5
Utm x 1 GuTYLu RXd LiTRLd
x2
LsYm, CR]
7
5
7(x 1) + 5(x 2) 7x 7 + 5x 10
12x 17
x 2 + x 1 = (x 2) (x 1) = (x 2) (x 1) = (x 2) (x 1) G]
GRXm,
12x 17
7
5
URXVL (x 2) (x 1) Gu\ u]j] x 2 + x 1 G]
Gm \Vl Tl u]eL[Ll jRRp Gu\m,

78

LdLlThP J Rl u]j] ARu Tu

LWLd HtT GV u]eLu RXL Gm \V
Tl u]eL[Ll jRp Gu\m,
p(x)
LdLlThP u]m q(x) . J RLl u]UL Clu
p(x)I q(x)-Bp Yj. Tpld LY Utm Ru]ju
RXL Ut\ Yim, ARu u]o Ru]jR. Tl
u]eL[Ll dL Yim,
NVp\ :
p(x)
q(x) Gu\ Rlu]m LdLlThs[ GuL, q(x)-I TL
LWLu TdLXL Ut\ Yim,
YL 1: J T LWLs (JW LW im YWU)
q(x)-p YWdV ax + b Gu\ JTd LWd ELkR GV
A
u]m ax + b
Bm, Ce A J fVpXR UVm,
ARY
LdLlThP
u]ju
Tu
LWLs
JTL[L Ck im YWUkRp rdLiPY
dLXm,
x+3
A
B
(x + 5) (2x + 1) = x + 5 + 2x + 1 Ce A, B Gu\ ULs
LQdPlTP Yim,
3x + 7
-Il Tl u]eL[L UtL,
G,L, 3.1: 2
x 3x + 2
o :
2
TV] x 3x + 2-I J TdLWLu TdLXL
GRXm,
2
2
x 3x + 2 = x x 2x + 2 = x (x 1) 2 (x 1) = (x 1) (x 2)

A
B
3x + 7
= x 1 + x 2 GuL,
2
x 3x + 2

3x + 7
=
2
x 3x + 2

A(x 2) + B(x 1)
(x 1) (x 2)

3x + 7 = A(x 2) + B(x 1)

x-u AdLu QLeL[f NUlTjL

x-u QLm
:
A+B = 3
U El : 2A B = 7

79

(1)
(2)
(3)

(2) Utm (3)-k

A = 10
B = 13
3x + 7
10
13
13
10
2
=
+
=

x2 x2
x1
x 3x + 2 x 1
l : A, B-u UlL[ x-d RkR UlL[ Whm
LQXm,
A-I LQ, (1)-p x = 1 G]l WP
3(1) + 7 = A(1 2) + B(0)
10 = A ( 1)
A = 10
B-I LQ (1)-p x = 2 G]l WP
3(2) + 7 = A(0) + B(2 1)
B = 13
10
13
3x + 7
=
+
2
x
1
x

2
x 3x + 2
3x + 7
13
10
=

2
x

2
x
1
x 3x + 2
G,L, : 3.2:

x+4
-I T u]eL[L UtL,
2
(x 4) (x + 1)

o :
2
TV] (x 4) (x + 1)-I J TLWLu TdLXL
GRXm,
2
i.e. (x 4) (x + 1) = (x + 2) (x 2) (x + 1)
A
B
C
x+4
=x+2 +
+ x + 1 GuL,
2
x

2
(x 4) (x + 1)
Ce A, B, C-I LQYim,
x+4
A(x 2) (x + 1) + B(x + 2) (x + 1) + C(x + 2) (x 2)
=
2
(x + 2) (x 2) (x + 1)
(x 4) (x + 1)

x + 4 = A(x 2) (x +1) + B(x + 2) (x + 1) + C(x + 2) (x 2) (1)

A-I LQ, (1)-p x = 2 G]l WP
2 + 4 = A ( 2 2) ( 2 + 1) + B(0) + C(0)
2 = 4A
A = 1/2
B-I LQ, (1)p x = 2 G]l WP Sm TY B = 1/2

80

C-I LQ. (1)-p x = 1 G]l WP Sm TY C = 1

1/2
1/2
( 1)
x+4
= (x + 2) +
+ x+1
2
(x
2)

(x 4) (x+ 1)
x+4
1
1
1
= 2(x + 2) +
x+1
2(x

2)
(x 4) (x+ 1)

YL 2: J TdLWLs (LWLs im YRp)

LdLlThP u]ju Tp ax + b Gu\ JTd LW
n \ mT YUu. ARtV GV u]m.
An
A2
A3
A1
ax + b + (ax + b)2 + (ax + b)3 + + (ax + b)n
Ce A1, A2, A3, An ULs Bm,
9
G,L, 3.3:
2 -I Tl u]eL[L UtL,
(x 1) (x + 2)
o :
9
A
B
C
2 = x1 + x+2 +
2 GuL,
(x 1) (x + 2)
(x + 2)
2
A(x + 2) + B(x 1) (x + 2) + C(x 1)
9

2 =
2
(x 1) (x + 2)
(x 1) (x + 2)
2

9 = A(x + 2) + B(x 1) (x + 2) + C(x 1)

A-I LQ.
(1)-p x = 1 G]l WP
2
Sm TY
9 = A (1 + 2)
A=1

(1)

C-I LQ.
(1)-p x = 2 G]l WP
Sm TY
9 = C ( 2 1) C = 3
2
(1)-p x -u QLeL[f NUlTjR

A+B = 0
1+B = 0

B=1
1
1
3
9

2 = x1 x+2
2
(x + 2)
(x 1) (x + 2)
YL 3: CTd LWLs (LW im YWU)
2
ax + bx + c Gu\ CTd LW. JTd LWLu
TdLXL Ut\ CVXRT J u]ju Rp YUu.

81

Ax + B
Bm, A, BBVY JW
2
ax + bx + c
SWjp fVUpXR ULs,
2x
Gu\ u]jR Gjd LsYm,
2
(x + 1) (x + 1)

ARtV Tl u]m

2x
A Bx + C
=x+1+ 2
G] GRXm,
2
(x + 1) (x + 1)
x +1
x + 1 Gu\ LWu T 1-BL ClTRp ARtV u]ju
2
Rp A Gu\ U Uhm Es[, x +1 Gu\ LWu T
2BLm J T LWLu TdLXL GR VRT Es[,
ARtV u]ju Rp JTd LY Bx + C Es[,
2
x 2x 9
G,L, 3.4: 2
-I Tl u]eL[L UtL,
(x + x + 6) (x + 1)
CkR Rl u]jR

o :
2
x 2x 9

Ax + B
C
= 2
+ x + 1 GuL
2
x +x+6
(x + x + 6) (x + 1)
2
2
(Ax + B) (x + 1) + C(x + x + 6)
x 2x 9
=
2
2
(x + x + 6) (x + 1)
(x + x + 6) (x + 1)
2
2
x 2x 9 = (Ax + B) (x + 1) + C(x + x + 6)

(1)

C-I LQ.
(1)-p x = 1 G]l WP
Sm TY 1 + 2 9 = C(1 1 + 6) C = 1
B-I LQ,
(1)-p x = 0 G]l WP
Sm TY
9 = B + 6C
9 = B6
B=3
A-I LQ,
(1)-p x = 1 G]l WP
1 2 9 = (A 3) (2) + ( 1) (8) 10 = 2A 14
A=2
2
x 2x 9
2x 3
1
= 2
x+1

2
x +x+6
(x + x + 6) (x + 1)
2
x +x+1
-I Tl u]eL[L UtL,
G,L, 3.5: 2
x 5x + 6

82

o :
Ce Tm. Rm JW T] Lis[, G]Y
C RLl u]Um,
2
x +x+1
6x 5
= 1+ 2
2
x 5x + 6
x 5x + 6

YjRp

(1)

6x 5
A
B
=
+
GuL
2
x

2
x
3
x 5x + 6
6x 5 = A(x 3) + B(x 2)
x = 2 G]l P, A = 12 5
x = 3 G]l WP,

A=7

B = 18 5

B = 13

2
x +x+1
7
13
=
+
2
x

2
x
3
x 5x + 6

(1)

2
x +x+1
7
13
= 1
+
2
x2 x3
x 5x + 6

Tt 3.1
rdLm u]eL[ Tl u]eL[L UtL,
1
(1)
(x 1) (x + 1)
(4)

1
2
(x 1) (x + 2)

2
x 6x + 2
(7)
2
x (x + 2)

x+2
(10)
2
(x + 1) (x + 1)

7x 1
(2)
2
6 5x + x
(5)

2
x +x+1
(3)
(x 1) (x 2) (x 3)

x2
2
(x + 2) (x 1)

2
2x 5x 7
(8)
3
(x 2)
2
7x 25x + 6

(6)

x+1
2
(x 2) (x + 3)

2
x 3
(9)
2
(x + 2) (x + 1)

2
x +x+1
(11) 2
(12) 2
(x 2x 1) (3x 2)
x + 2x +1

83

3.2 YN Ut\eLs (Permutations) :

LWVl TdLm (Factorial) :
Rp n CVp GiLu RPo TdLm n-u LWVl
TdLm G]lTm, CR] n! ApX n Gu\ Ls Xm
dLXm,
i.e. n! = 1 2 3 4 (n 1) n
5 ! = 1 2 3 4 5 = 120
wV LWVl TdLp :
LWV TdLp YWV\uT C 0 YWX] CVp
GiLu
RPo
TdLj]d
d\,
Cdt]
AloYUL HtdLs[ CVX, 0!
B] tTp
TVuTYRp 0!-u EiUV] UlT] 1-I RtT
YWV\VL Gjd LsYm,
R (Deduction) :
n ! = 1 2 3 4 (n 1) n
= [1 2 3 4 (n 1)]n
= [(n 1)!] n
n! = n [(n 1)!]
ERWQUL,
8 ! = 8(7 !)

3.2.1 GiRu AlTPd LsLLs

(Fundamental Principles of Counting):
ClTp CWi AlTP LsLL[ YlTm,
ARY hPu LsL Utm TdLu LsL,
CqWi
LsLLm.
YN
Ut\eL[m.
Utm
NoL[m RYdY UhUu AYtu BRWULm
Es[,
TdLu AlTPd LsL :
C TLp Ju\ m YLm. AjR T] n
YLm NnV Up. RPokR C TL[m m n
YLp NnV m,
[dLm :
Rp T]f Nn dm m YLp HRm J
YV Gjd LsYm, RtT Rp Tu J YV
Gj CWiPY Tu n YL[ CQj UjRm n

84

YLs Pdm, CqY\L Rp Tp Es[ JqY

Ydm CWiPY TPu CQdm ThNjp n YLs
Pdm, B]p Rp Td m YLs Es[Rp. CWi
TL[m CQj UjRm mn YLs Pdm,
G,L, 3.6: J Ylp 15 UQYoLm 20 UQLm Es[]o,
J LrfdLL J UQY]m. J UQVm YlTVo
RokRdL YiUu\p GjR] YLp RokRdL
CVm?
o :
Ce BVd C TLs Es[],
(i) 15 UQYoLp J UQY]j Ro NnRp
(ii) 20 UQLp J UQVj RokRjRp,
Rp T] (Ro]) 15 YLm. CWiPY
T] 20 YLm Nn dLXm,
G]Y TdLu AlTP LsLuT UjR
YLs 15 20 = 300 Bm,
hPu AlTPd LsL :
C TL[j RjRVL NoTt\ \p \V m, n
YLp Nn dL U]p. Rp T ApX CWiPm
T] (m + n) YLp NnV m,
G,L, 3.7: J Ylp 20 UQYoLm 10 UQLm Es[]o,
J LrfdLL J UQY]V ApX J UQVV
RokRdL YiUp GjR] YLp RokRdL m?
o :
Ce BVd CWiRU] TLp HRm J T
XULl T] \ NnVXm,
(i) 20 UQYoLp J UQY]j Ro NnRp (ApX)
(ii) 10 UQLp J UQVj Ro NnRp,
Rp T 20
NnVXm,

YLm CWiPY T 10 YLm

hPu AlTPd LsLuT C TLp

HRm Ju\f Nn dL 20 + 10 = 30 YLs Es[],
G]Y 30 YLp BVo J UQY]V ApX J
UQVV RokRdL m,

85

G,L, 3.8: Ko A\d 10 LRLs Es[], JYo. J LR YVL

Es[ Nu \ LR YVL YV YWYiUu\p
GjR] YLp YWm?
o :
10 LRLs Es[Rp Es[ NpX 10 YLs Es[],
YV YW \ 9 LRL[l TVuTjR Yim, G]Y YV
YYRt 9 YLs Es[], BLVp J LR YVLf Nu
Cu] LR YVL YV YW 10 9 = 90 YLs Es[],
G,L, 3.9: BeXjp Es[ GjL[l TVuTj AojRs[
ApX AojRUt\ 3 YqY Gj YojRLs GjR]
EYdL CVm?
o :
BeXjp Es[ UjR GjLs = 26. EYdLlTP
YiV 3 Gj YojRu Rp CPj] 26 YLp
\ NnVXm, HtL]Y Es[ GjLs YWdP GuTRp
CWiPm CPj] 25 YLp \ NnVXm, CR Tu
u\Y CPj] Rs[ 24 GjLs Xm 24 YLp
\ NnVXm,
G]Y SUd Pdm YojRLu GidL
= 26 25 24 = 15600
G,L, 3.10:
1, 2, 3, 4 Utm 5 BV CXdLeL[d Li GjR]
uXdL GiLs EYdL CVm?
o :
Ce J\ TVuTjV Gi im TVuTjRXm, G]Y
1-m CXdL CPjR 5 YLm 10-m CXdL CPjR 5 YLm.
100-m CXdL CPjR 5 YLm \ NnVXm,
SUd Pdm GiLu GidL = 5 5 5 = 125
G,L, 3.11: J RojRp 6 TpYnl PV ]dLs
Es[], Cp u ]dLd 4 YnlLm AjR u
]dLd 5 YnlLm Es[], 6 ]dLdm PVdL
GjR] jVNU] RPWL PVdL CVm?
o :
Ce 6 ]dLd PVdL Yim,, Rp u
]dLd \V 4 YLm AjR u ]dLd
\V 5 YLm PVdLXm,

86

G]Y PVdm jVNU] RPoLu GidL

= 4 4 4 5 5 5 = 8000
G,L, 3.12: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 BV CXdLeL[l TVuTj Gi 600d
UXL GjR] u CXdL GiLs EYdLXm?
o :
Ce JW CXdLj] im TVuTjRXm, 600d UXL
CdL YiUuTRp 100m CXdL CPjp 6, 7, 8 BV
CXdLeL[ UhU TVuTjRXm, G]Y 100-m CXdL
CPj] 3 YLp \ NnVXm,
10-m
CXdL
CPj]m
1-m
CXdL
CPj]m
LdLlThP 5 CXdLeL[m Li \ NnVXXm,
G]Y 10m CXdL CPj] 5 YLm. 1-m CXdL CPj] 5
YLm \ NnVXm,
G]Y EYm GiLu GidL = 3 5 5 = 75
G,L, 3.13: 5000 Utm 6000d CPp 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 BV
CXdLeL[l TVuTj 5-Bp YTm GiLs GjR] Es[]?
o :
1000-m CXdL CPjp 5 UhU CdL CVm, 5-Bp YTP
YiVRp. 1-m CXdL CPjp 5 UhU CdL CVm, 100-m
CXdL CPjm. 10-m CXdL CPjm , 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 BV GkR
CXdLeL[m TVuTjRXm,
G]Y 1000-m CXdL CPjR 1 Ym
100-m CXdL CPjR 5 YLm
10-m CXdL CPjR 5 YLm
1-m CXdL CPjR 1 Ym \ NnVXm,
G]Y UjR GiLs =1 5 5 1 = 25
G,L, 3.14: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 BV CXdLeL[d Li 3 CXdL
Jt\lTP GiLs rdLm TkR]d EhTh GjR]
GRXm?
(i) CXdLeL[j mT TVuTjRp P,
(ii) CXdLeL[j mT TVuTjRXm,
o :
Jt\lTPVL CdL 1-m CXdL Gi 5, 7 ApX 9BL CdL
Yim, G]Y 1-m CXdLj] 3 YLp GRXm,
(i) CXdLeL[ im TVuTjR VUVp 10-m CXdL
CPjRl \ 5 GiLs Xm 5 YLp \ NnVXm,
100-m CXdL CPjR im Es[ 4 CXdLeLs Xm
4 YLp \ NnVXm,

87

(ii)

G]Y UjR GiLu GidL = 3 5 4 = 60

CXdLeL[j
mT
TVuTjYRp.
10-m
CXdL
CPj]m 100-m CXdL CPj]m \V 6 YLp
\ NnVXm,
G]Y UjR GiLu GidL = 3 6 6 = 108
Tt 3.2
1. J Ylp 27 UQYoLm 14 UQLm Es[]o,
BVo J UQY]m J UQVm J
ThdLLj Ro NnV YiUp GjR]
YLp Ro NnVXm?
2. YqY \eL[d LiP 7 LLs Xm J
APV[jt CWi LLs Ju\uu Ju\L
AUmT CdL YiU]p GjR] jVNU]
APV[eLs EYdL CVm?
3. JYo J LPp J U T]. Ehl T] Utm
J Tup YeL m]o, 10 U T] YLLs. 12
EhlT] YLLs Utm 5 Tup YLLs
CkRp RYV]Yt\j Ro NnV GjR]
YL[l TVuTjRXm?
4. 12 UQYoLs LXk Lsm J Thp Rp 3
TL[ GjR] YLp AdLXm?
5. 36 BVoL[d LiP J Lpp J RpYo.
J Q RpYo Utm J TlTVWj
RokRdL GjR] YLp m?
6. J Roj Rp 6 TpYnl PV ]dLs
Es[], Cp u ]dLd 4 YnlLs Utm
AjR 3 ]dLd 2
YnlLs Es[], 6
]dLdm
PVdL
jVNU]
GjR]
RPWL PVdL CVm?
7. 500 Utm 1000-d CPp JW J CXdLm Uhm 8BL
CdmT GjR] GiLs Es[]?
8. (i) 1-m CXdL Gi fVu CXdLeLs im
TVuTjRUp
(ii) 1-m CXdL Gi fVu CXdLeLs im
TVuTj GjR] 5 CXdL Gi TVol TXLLs
RVdLXm?

88

9.

2, 3, 0, 7, 9, 5 BV CXdLeL[ J\ TVuTj
GjR] 6 CXdL GiLs EYdL CVm?

10.

1000d \Y]RL 0, 3, 5, 7 BV CXdLeL[ J\

TVuTj GjR] Jt\lTP GiLs EYdL
CVm?

11.

J RoYo. 5 N/RY YL
YLLp PVdLXm?

12.

GjR] 4 CXdL GiLs Es[]?

13.

(i) JW GjR im TVuTjm

]dL[

GjR]

(ii) JW GjR im TVuTjRUm

a, b, c, d, e BV GjL[X] 3 Gj YojRLs
GjR] Es[?
14.

J SQVj] 5 \ im T Pdm
YL[l T NnRp GjR] RU] TLs
PdL Ynl Es[?

3.2.2 YN Ut\eLu LjVp :

YN Ut\m GuT RokRj YNlTjY Bm,
ERWQULd LdLlThP a, b, c Gu\ 3 GjLk J
RPYd 2 GjL[j Ro NnV Yim G]d LsL,
AY ab, ba, bc, cb, ac, ca Bm, ARY 3 GjLk J
RPYd 2 GjL[L 6 YN Ut\eLs NnVXm, CR]
3P2 = 6 G] GRXm,
YWV\ :
n ThLk r ThL[ Gj YNlTjm
ReLu GidLV. n ThLk J SWjp r
ThL[ Gdm YN Ut\eLu GidL G]Xm,
:
n, r GuTY L GiL[L Ck 1 r n G]
CdU]p. n ThLk J SWjp r ThL[
Gdm YN Ut\eLu GidLV P(n, r) ApX nPr Gu\
h]p lPXm, Sm nPr Gu\ lYm,
l : ThLs NUUL Ck YN UkRp AR]
Y YN Ut\ULd LRlTm,

89

G,L, 3.15: E Gu\ Gj Rp GjRL Ck A, E, I, O, U BV

GjL[l TVuTj 3 GjLs GjRp Pdm YN
Ut\eL[ GL,
o :
EAI, EIA, EIO, EOI, EOU, EUO, EAO, EOA, EIU, EUI, EAU, EUA.
UjRm 12 YN Ut\eLs Ei,
Rt\m 3.1:
n, r Gu\ L GiL[ 1 r n Gu\ TkR]d
EhTh Gjd LsYm, n YqY ThLk JW
SWjp r ThL[ GjRp PdLdV YN Ut\eLs

n(n 1) (n 2) (n r 1) Bm,

ARY nPr = n(n 1) (n 2) (n r 1)

TQm :
RYV] YN Ut\eLu GidL GuT r LV]
CPeL[ n ThL[d Li WlY Bm,

1
2
3
r
Rp CPjR n ThLk GYVm J Ts
Li n YLLp WlTXm,
CWiPY CPjR s[ (n 1) ThLk
GYVm J T[d Li (n1) YLLp WlTXm,
u\Y CPjR s[ (n 2) ThLk
GYVm J T[d Li WlTXm,
CqY\L Rp u CPeL[ n(n 1) (n 2) YLp
WlTXm, CR Tu r CPeL[
n(n 1) (n 2) r LWLs (ARY)

(n r1) YLLp WlTXm,

nPr = n(n 1) (n 2) (n r 1) = n(n 1) (n 2) (n r + 1)

n(n 1) (n 2)
Rt\m 3.2:

n, r GuTY 1 r n Gu\ TkR]d EhThP L

n!
GiL[]p. nPr =
(n r)!

90

TQm :

nPr = n(n 1) (n 2) (n r 1)

n(n 1) (n 2) (n r 1) (n r) (n r +1)2.1

(n r) (n r +1) 2.1
=

n!
(n r)!

Rt\m 3.3:
n YqY ThLk JW SWjp GpXYt]m
GjRp Pdm YN Ut\eLu GidL n! Bm,
TQm :

nPr = n(n 1) (n 2) (n r 1)

r = n G]l WhPp nPn=n(n 1) (n 2) (n n 1)

= n(n 1) (n 2) (n n 1)
= n(n 1) (n 2) 1
= n!
nPn = n!
lW : 0! = 1 G] HtL]Y Gjd LiPm, CR]j
RtT dLXm,
n!
nPr =
GuTR] AYm
(n r)!
n!
r = n G]l WhPp
nPn =
(n n)!
n!
n! = 0! (Q nPn = n!)

n!

0! = n! = 1
0! = 1
G,L, 3.16: 8P3-u Ul LiL
8!
8! (8 7 6) 5!
= 5! =
o :
8P3 =
5!
(8 3)!
= 876
= 336
G,L, 3.17 : 5Pr = 6Pr1 Gp r-u Ul LiL,
5Pr = 6Pr1
o :
6!
5!
=

(5 r)!
(6 r
1)!

91

5!
6 5!
=
(5 r)!
(7 r)!
6 5!
5!
=

{(7 r) (6 r)} (5 r)!

(5 r)!
6
1=
(7 r) (6 r)
2
(7 r) (6 r) = 6 42 7r 6r + r 6 = 0
2
r 13r + 36 = 0 (r 9) (r 4) = 0

r = 9 or r = 4
r=4
(Q 5Pr AojRs[RL CdL r 5)

G,L, 3.18: nP4 = 360 Gp n-u Ul LiL,

n!
=6543
o :
nP4 = 360
(n 4) !
6 5 4 3 2!
6!
n!
=
= 2!

2!
(n 4) !
n! = 6!

n=6
G,L, 3.19: 9Pr = 3024 Gp r-u Ul LiL,
o :
9Pr = 3024

= 9 8 7 6 = 9P4

r=4
G,L, 3.20: (n 1)P3 : nP4 = 1 : 9 Gp n-u Ul LiL,
(n 1)P3 : nP4 = 1 : 9
o :
(n 1) (n 2) (n 3) : n(n 1) (n 2) (n 3) = 1 : 9
i.e. 9(n 1) (n 2) (n 3) = n(n 1) (n 2) (n 3)
n=9
G,L, 3.21: 5 ZkRLs J YNp tL GjR] ReL[d
LV[Xm?
o : 5 ZkRL[ J So YNp tL Ydm ReLu
GidLm. 5 jVNU] ThLk JW SWjp
A]jl
ThL[m
Gdm
YN
Ut\eLu
GidLm NUm,
G]Y ReLu GidL = 5P5 = 5! = 120

92

G,L,3.22: jVNU] \eLp Es[ 6 LL[l TVuTj

GjR] ReLp APV[eL[ (signals) EYdL CVm?
o :
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ApX 6 LL[l TVuTj RRU]
APV[eL[ EYdLXm, 6 LLp JW SWjp r
LL[ GlTRp EYm YN Ut\eLu GidL
6Pr Bm,
G]Y
hPu AlTPd
LsLuT.
UjR
APV[eLu GidL
= 6 P1 + 6 P2 + 6 P3 + 6 P4 + 6 P5 + 6 P6
6 + (6 5) + (6 5 4) + (6 5 4 3) + (6 5 4 3 2)
+ (6 5 4 3 2 1)
= 6 + 30 + 120 + 360 + 720 + 720 = 1956
G,L, 3.23: NUMBER Gu\ YojRs[ GjLk
AojRs[ ApX AojRUt\ 4 Gj YojRL[ EYdL
CVm?
o : NUMBER Gu\ YojRp Es[ GjLu GidL
6 Bm, G]Y 4 Gj YojRLu GidLm 6
ThLk JW SWjp 4 ThLs Gdm YN
Ut\eLu GidLm NUm,
YojRLu GidL = 6P4 = 360
G,L, 3.24: J mTjp Es[ 4 NLRWoLs Utm
3
NLRL[ YNVL EhLW Yj GjR] ReLp
rdLm TkR]d EhTh ZtTPm GdL CVm?
(i) GpX NLRLm RPok EhLW Yim,
(ii) GpX NLRLm RPok EhLWd P,
o : (i)3 NLRL[m dL VRRp. AYoL[ JW
T[Ld Ls[ Yim,
4 NLRWoLPu CYoL[f NodmT UjRm 5
GidLdf NUU\,
G]Y CkR IYWm 5! GidLp AUW YdLXm,
Cs[ JqY YNm 3 NLRLm RPok
AUoks[oLs GuTRd LYdLm, CYoL[j RUds 3!
ReLp AUok Ls[Xm,
G]Y UjR ReLu GidL = 5! 3! = 120 6 = 720
=

93

(ii) GkRR TkR]u 7 TW YNVL EhLW Ydm

YNLs = 7! = 5040
GpX NLRLm RPok EhLW Ydm YNLu
GidL = 720
G]Y NLRLs 3 Tm RPok EhLWR YLp
EYdm YNLu GidL = 5040 720 = 4320

3.2.3 TX\ Ym ThLu YN Ut\eLs

(Permutations of objects not all distinct) :
n ThLp (JW SWjp AjR]m Gdm T
EYm YN Ut\eLp) p ThLs JW UVLm q
ThLs Cu] UVLm Es[] G]d LsYm,
Ce p + q = n, ClT n ThLk JW SWjp
AjR]m Gdm T EYm YN Ut\eLu
n!
GidL = p! q!
G,L,
3.25:
APPLE
Gu\
YojRs[
GjL[
UtVUj GjR] YojRL[ EYdLXm?
o : LdLlThP Npp 5 GjLs Es[], CYtp P
Gu\ Gj 2 \m A, L, E Gu\ GjLs RX J\m
Yks[,
G]Y Pdm YN Ut\eLu GidL. ARY
5!
5! 120
YojRLu GidL = 2! 1! 1! 1! = 2! = 2 = 60
G,L, 3.26: 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1 BV CXdLeL[l TVuTj
Jt\lTP CXdLeLs Jt\lTP CPjp YU GjR]
GiL[ EYdLXm?
o : Ce 1, 1, 3, 3 BV Jt\lTP CXdLeLm 4 Jt\lTP
CPeLm Es[] (7 CXdL GiQL ClTRp) G]Y
4!
Jt\lTP CXdLeL[ 2! 2! YLp \ NnVXm,
CR Tu Rs[ CWhPlTP CXdLeL[] 2, 2, 4
3!
BVYt\l TVuTj 3 CWhPlTP CPeL[ 2! YLp
\ NnVXm, TdLu AlTPd LsLuT
LQdmT UjR YLu GidL
4!
3!
= 2! 2! 2! = 6 3 = 18

94

G,L, 3.27: MATHEMATICS Gu\ YojRLs[ GjL[

UtVUj GjR] YojRL[ EYdLXm?
o :
MATHEMATICS Gu\ YojRp 11 GjLs Es[], M, A, T
Gu\ GjLs RX 2 \ Yks[, \ GjLs A]jm
J\ Yks[,
11!
jVNU] YojRLu GidL =
= 4989600
2! 2! 2!

3.2.4 ThLs im JW CPjp CPmTYR Htd

Lsm YN Ut\eLs :

(Permutations when objects can repeat)

rdLm ERWQjR Gjd LsYm,
3 PLd 2 TkL[ GjR] YLp Tok
AdLXm?
A, B Gu\ TkL[ Gjd LsYm, rdLm YLp
Sm \ NnVXm,
P 1
P 2
P 3
A

A
A

A
AB

AB
AB
i.e. 9 YLs Es[], CR] nr = 32 = 9 Gum LidLXm,
Ce nr GuT
LdLXm
Gu\
GidLVm,

n CPeLd r ThL[ im
\p
LQdPlThs[
YLu

95

G,L, 3.28: 3 PLd 5 TkL[ GjR] YLp

TokRdLXm?
o :
3 CPeLm 5 ThLm Es[TVp YLu GidL
5
= 3 = 243
G,L, : 3.29 : 4 UQYoLd 3 TL[ rdLm
TkR]Ld EhTh GjR] YLp \ NnVXm?
(i) GkRY UQYm Jud UX] T TRp
P,
(ii) J UQYu GjR] TLs YiU]m
T\Xm,
(iii) GkRY UQYm A]jl TL[m TRp
P,
o :
(i)
4 UQYoLd 3 TL[ (mT PdLR YLp)
4P3 = 4! = 24 YLp LdLXm,
(ii) 4 UQYoLd 3 TL[ (mT Ldm YLp)
nr= 43 = 64 YLp LdLXm,
(iii) 3 TLm JW UQYdd PdL 4 YLs Es[],
G]Y A]j TLm JW UQYu T\R YLp
64 4 = 60 YLp LdLXm,

3.2.5 YhP YN Ut\eLs (Circular permutations):

CYW JW SodLhu Yp YN Ut\eL[l
TojRm,
ClT
YhP
Yp
ThL[
YNlTjRXl TodLXm, YhP Yp Rp CPm LP
CPm Gu Ju PV,
SodLhu Yp AUkR YN Ut\eL[ GV YN
Ut\m ApX JT YN Ut\m G]Xm, YhP Yp
AUkR YN Ut\eL[ YhP YN Ut\m ApX V
YN Ut\m G]Xm,
Rt\m 3.4: YqY\] n ThLu YhP YN Ut\eLu
GidL (n 1)! Bm,
TQm : YqY\] n ThL[ a1, a2, , an1, an GuL,
YhP YN Ut\eLu GidLV x GuL,
TPjp Lhs[T J YN Ut\j] GjRd
LsYm,
96

CkR YhP YN Ut\U] r

Es[Y n JT YN Ut\j]
Ld\,
a1, a2, a3, ,
a n 1, a n
an ,
a1
a2, a3, a4, ,
a3, a4, a5, ,
a1,
a2

an 2 , an 1
an, a1, a2, ,

Fig. 3. 1
G]Y JqY YhP YN Ut\m n JT YN
Ut\j]d Ld\,
B]p Sm x YhP YN Ut\eLs Es[RL Gjs[m,
G]Y. UjR JT YN Ut\eLs xn Bm,
B]p n ThLp JW SWjp n ThL[
GdmT PdLdV JT YN Ut\eLs n! Bm,
xn = n!
n!

x = n
x = (n 1) !
n ThL[p PdLdV YhP YN Ut\eLu
GidL (n 1)! Bm,
l : UtlhP Rt\jp YXgVLm (clockwwise),
CPgVLm
(anti-clockwise)
GdLlTm
YNL[
YqY\Ld LRlTm,
YXg Utm CPg YNLu YTLs :
rdLm YhP YN Ut\eL[ Gjd LsYm:

TPm 3. 2

TPm 3. 3
C TPeLkm YhP YN AUlT a1, a2, a3, a4 G]
Gjd
Ls[Xm,
B]p
TPm
(3.2)p
YNV]

97

CPgVLm. TPm (3.3)p YXgVLm ClTRd LiL,

G]Y CPg Utm YXg CWim Es[PeV YhP
YN Ut\eLu GidL (n 1)! Bm, Cp Vd
LQdp Ls[Up GjRp PdLdV YhP YN
1
Ut\eLs 2 (n 1)! Bm,
G,L, 3.30:
(i) JW Lhp (ii) YhP Yp. 10 TW EhLW YdL
GjR] YL[d LV[Xm?
o :
(i) JW SodLhp EhLW YdL Es[ YLs = 10P10 = 10!
(ii) YhP Yp EhLW YdL Es[ YLs = (10 1)! = 9!
G,L, 3.31: 7 UL[l TVuTj J Y[Vj] EYdL
GjR] YLs Es[]?
o :
Ce Y[Vj] EYdYRp ]j Roj PXm,
1
6!
G]Y YLu GidL = 2 (7 1)! = 2 = 360
G,L, 3.32: J YhP UNp 5 BiLs Utm 5 TiLs.
CWi TiLs RPok EhLWRT AUW YiU]p.
GjR] YL[d LV[Xm?
o :
BiL[ YhP Yp EhLW YdL YLs (5 1)! = 4!
ClT TiL[5! YLp RokRj AUW YdLXm,
G]Y UjR YLs = 4! 5! = 24 120 = 2880
G,L, 3.33: LdLlThP 8 dLp lhP 4 dL[j
RPofVLl TVuTj GjR] YLp UXVLj
RdLXm?
o : RPofVLl TVuTjR YiV 4 dL[ Ju\Ld
LsL,
G]Y
LQdhuT
5
dLs
ClTRLd
Ls[Xm, CR]d Li UXVLj RdL 4! YLs
Es[], B]p RPofVL Es[ dL[4! YLp
RdLXm,
CWi YL[m CQj UjR YLs = 4 ! 4 ! = 576

98

Tt 3.3
1. uYY]Ytu UldL[d LiL:
(i) 5P3

(ii) 15P3

(iii) 5P5

(iv) 25P20

(v) 9P5

2. nP4 = 20 . nP3 BL Clu n-u Ul LiL,

3. 10Pr = 5040 Gp r-u Ul V?
4. 56P(r + 6) : 54P(r + 3) = 30800 : 1 Gp. r-u Ul]d LiL,
5. Pm GuT mPm-I dU]p
1 + 1.P1 + 2.P2 + 3.P3 + + n.Pn = (n + 1)! G] dL,
6. nPr = (n 1)Pr + r . (n 1)P(r 1) G] dL,
7. Su NhPLm, 5 LpNhPLm. 6 RlLm Es[],
CR] 3 SToLs GjR] YLp AVXm?
8. LOGARITHMS Gu\ YojRp Es[ GjL[ im
CPmT\RY GjR] 4 Gj AojRs[ ApX
AojRUt\ YojRLs EYdLXm?
9. JqY CXdLm Jt\lTPVL Ck YqY
CXdLeL[X] GjR] 3 CXdL GiLs EYdL CVm?
10. CXdLeLs 2, 3, 4, 5 BVYt\ A]jm JW SWjp
TVuTj GjR] GiLs EYdLXm?
11. MISSISSIPPI Gu\ YojRs[ GjL[l TVuTj
GjR] jVNU] YojRLs GRXm?
12. (i) HARYANA
Gu\
YojRLs[
GjL[l
TVuTj
Gm
jVNU]
YojRLu
GidL Gu]?
(ii) CqYojRLp HI Rp GjRLm N-I LP
GjRLm EPVY GjR]?
13. CXdLeL[ im TVuTjRXm Gu\ YLp GjR] 4
CXdL GiLs Es[]?
14. Ik RU] UWeL[ 4 RU] WpLp GjR]
YLp AVXm?
15. Gh UQYoL[ (i) JW Lhp (ii) YhP Yp. EhLW
YdL YiU]p GjR] YLp m?
16. JW UV] CT dLs Es[ UXV GjR]
YLp RdLXm?

99

3.3 NoLs (Combinations) :

NoLs GuT RokRlTRm, ERWQUL a, b Utm ck ab, bc, ac Gu\ u jVNU] \p 2
GjL[j RokRdLXm, lTL Ce YN Ut\j]d
LQdp LsYpX, ARY ab Utm ba CWim JW Ro
Bm,
YWV\ :
n ThLk r ThL[j RokRdm Y\
No Bm,
n ThLk r ThL[j RokRdm YLu
n
GidL] nCr ApX C(n,r) ApX r G]d lPXm,
Sm nCr Gu\ TVuTjYm,
G]Y nCr = n ThLk r ThL[j RokRdm
YLu GidL
YN Ut\jtm. Nodm CPVV] YTLs:
1. Nop Ro UhU LQdp Ls[lTm, YN
Ut\jp Ro Uhu ARu YNm LQdp
Ls[lTm,
2. TYL
YN
Ut\eLu
GidL
Nou
RoLu GidLV P RXL Cdm,
3. JqY Nom TX YN Ut\eLdj RPoT],
n ThLk r ThL[j Ro Nnm No:
Rt\m 3.5:
n ThLk r ThL[j Ro Nnm NoLu
n!
Bm,
GidL nCr =
(n r) ! r!
TQm :
n YqY ThLk JW SWjp r ThL[j
RokRdm NoLu GidLV nCr GuL,
JqY Nom r ThLs Es[], CYL[ YN
Ut\jt EhTj]m No UYpX,
1 Nop Es[ ThL[p r ! YN Ut\eLs Pdm,
G]Y nCr NoLp Xm nCr r! YN Ut\eLs Pdm,
B]p CY n ThLk r ThL[ Gdm YN
Ut\eLu GidL Bm,

100

ARY

n Cr . r !

n Pr

n Cr

n Pr
r!

n!
(n r)! r!
(2) nC0 = 1
(3) nCr
=

TiLs: (1) nCn = 1

TQm :

Q P = n!
n r (n r)!
= n Cn r

0rn

n!

nCr = (n r)! r! GuTR AYm

(1)
r = n Gp.

n!

n!

nCn = (n n)! n! = 0! n!

= 1
(2)

r = 0 Gp
n!

n!

nC0 = (n 0) ! 0! = n! = 1

n!

n!
=

(n r)! r!
(n r)! n n r !
= n Cr
l : UtlhP Ti] rdLiPY YWVdLXm :
ARY x Utm y GuTY \Vt\ GiL[k
x + y = nBL CdU]p nCx = nCy
n Cn r =

(3)

(4) n, r GuTY L GiL[Lm r n GUm Clu

nCr + nC(r 1) = (n+1)Cr Bm,
TQm :
n!
n!
nCr + nC(r 1) = (n r)! r! +

(n r 1)! (r 1)!
=
=
=
=
=

n!
n!
+
(n r + 1) ! (r 1)!
(n r)! r!
n!
n!
+
(n r) ! r{(r 1)!}
(n r + 1) {(n r)! (r 1)!}
1
n!
1

n r + 1
(n r)! (r 1)! r
n r + 1 + r
n!

(n r)! (r 1)! r(n r + 1)

n+1
n!

(n r)! (r 1)! r(n r + 1)

101

(n + 1) {n!}
(n r + 1) (n r)! r(r 1)!
(n + 1)!
=
(n r + 1)! r!
(n + 1)!
=
(n + 1 r)! r!
= (n + 1)Cr

(5) n , r GuTY L GiL[Lm 1 r n Gp

n
nCr = r (n 1)C(r 1)
TQm :
n!
nCr = (n r)! r!
n(n 1)!
=
[(n 1) (r 1)]! r (r 1)!
n
= r

(n 1)!
[(n 1) (r 1)]! (r 1)!

n
= r (n 1)C(r 1)
(6) 1 r n Gp n . (n 1)C(r 1) = (n r + 1) . nC(r 1)
TQm :

(n 1)!

n . (n 1)C(r 1) = n

[(n 1) (r 1)]! (r 1)!

n!
(n r)! (r 1)!

(n r + 1)n!
(n r + 1) (n r)! (r 1)!

= (n r + 1)

n!

(n r + 1)! (r 1)!
n!

!
(r
1)!
n
r
1

(
)

= (n r + 1)

= (n r + 1) . nC(r 1)
(7) C L GiLs x, yd
n Cx

= nCy x = y ApX x + y = n

102

TQm :

n Cx =

n Cy

n Cx =

nCy = nC(n y)

[Q nCy = nC(n y)]

x = y or x = n y
x = y or x + y = n
l : nCx = nCy Utm x y Gp x + y = n
G,L, 3.34: uYY]Ytu UlL[d LiL :
5

(i) 6C3

5 Cr

(ii)

r=1
o :
6C3 =

(i)

6 P3
654
3! = 1 2 3 = 20

5Cr = 5C1 + 5C2 + 5C3 + 5C4 + 5C5

(ii)

r=1
= 5 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 = 31
G,L, 3.35: nC4 = nC6 Gp 12Cn-I LiL,
o :
n = 4 + 6 = 10
nC4 = nC6
RtT 12Cn = 12C10
12 11
= 12C(12 10) = 12C2 =
12
= 66
G,L, 3.36: 15Cr : 15C(r 1) = 11 : 5 Gp r-u UlT LiL,
o :
15Cr
11
15Cr : 15C(r 1) = 11 : 5 15C(r 1) = 5
15!
r!(15 r)!
11
= 5

15!
(r 1)! (15 r + 1)!

15!
(r 1)! (16 r)!

=
15!
r! (15 r)!

103

11
5

(r 1)! (16 r) {(15 r)!}

=
r(r 1)! (15 r)!

11
5

16 r
=
r

11
5

5(16 r) = 11r 80 = 16r

r= 5
G,L, 3.37: RPokR r GiLu TdLp. r! Bp YTm G]
,
o : RPokR r GiL[ n + 1, n + 2, n + 3, , n + r GuL,
CRu TdLp = (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) (n + r)
1.2.3 n. (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + r)
=
1.2.3 n
(n + r)!
= n!
CRu TdLp
(n + r)!
=

n! r!
r!
= (n + r)Cr C J Gi,
RPokR r GiLu TdLp. r! Bp YTm,
G,L, 3.38: r, n GuTY L GiL[L Ck 1 r n Gu\
TkR]d EhTU]p
nCr
nr+1
=
r
nC(r 1)
o :

n!
r!(n r)!
n Cr
=
n!
nC(r 1)
(r 1)! (n r +1)!
=

n!
(r 1)! (n r + 1)!

n!
r! (n r)!

(r 1)! (n r + 1) {(n r)!}

r(r 1)! (n r)!

nr+1
r

G,L, 3.39 : nPr = nP(r + 1) Utm nCr = nC(r 1) BLm CkRp n, r-u
UlL[d LiL,

104

o :
nPr = nP(r + 1)

n!
(n r)!

1
(n r) (n r 1)!
nr
n!
r! (n r)!
n!
r(r 1)! (n r)!
1
r

nCr = nC(r 1)

=
=
=
=
=
=

nr+1 =

n 2r =
(1), (2)k n = 3, r = 2

n!
(n r 1)!
1
(n r 1)!
1
(1)
n!
(r 1)! (n r + 1)!
n!
(r 1)! (n r + 1) {(n r)!}
1
nr+1
r
1
(2)

Tt 3.4
1. uYY]Yt\d LQdL,
(i) 10C8
(ii) 100C98
(iii) 75C75
2. nC10 = nC12 Gp 23Cn-Id LiL,
3. 8C r 7C3 = 7C2 Gp r-u Ul LiL,
4. 16C4 = 16Cr + 2 Gp rC2-Id LiL,
20
(ii) nC(n 4) =70 BVYtu n-u
5. (i) 2 . nC3 = 3 nC2
Ul]d LiL,
6. (n + 2)C8 : (n 2)P4 = 57 : 16 Gp n-u Ul LiL,
7. 28C2r : 24C(2r 4) = 225 : 11 Gp r-I LiL,,
NoLs NmTkRU] Nn\ LQdL[ :
G,L, 3.40: 15 dLh WoLs LiP J UjkR 11 To
LiP J Ro NnV. GjR] YL[d LV[Xm?
o : 15 To LiP Xjk. 11 To LiP ]
15C11 YLp Ro NnVXm,
15 14 13 12
= 1365 YLs
15C11 =
1234
G,L, 3.41: 25 UQYoLs Utm 10 UQVoLs LiP Ylp
Ck 5 UQYoLs. 3 UQLs APeV 8 To GjR]
YLp EYdLXm?

105

o : 25 UQYoLk 5 UQYoL[ 25C5 YLm

10 UQVoLk 3 UQL[10C3 YLm
NnVXm,

Ro

G]Y 8 To APeV ] 25C5 10C3 YLp Ro

NnVXm, ARY 6375600 YLp Ro NnVXm,
G,L, 3.42: J Je ALQju Efl sL[
CQlTRp HtTm dLQeLu GidL GqY[?
o : J Je ALQjt 6 Efl sLs Es[], 3
Efl sL[ CQj J dLQj] EYdLXm,
CR] 6C3 YLp NnV m,
6!
G]Y dLQeLu GidL = 6C3 = 3! 3! = 20
G,L, 3.43: J Ylp 12 UQYoLm 10 UQVm Es[]o,
CYoLk \kR 4 UQYoLm. \kR 4 UQVm
APeV 10 To APeV J ]j RokRdL Yim,
Adp HtL]Y Thp Yt Tt\ 2 UQLm
LilTL CdL Yim Gp GjR] YLp CkRj
Ro] NnV m?
o : 10 To APeV p LilTL HtL]Y Thp
Yt Tt\ CWi UQLs CdL YiUuTRp 8
TWj RokRdL Yim, CR] TkR]d EhTh
rdLiP \p Ro NnVXm, lTLj RtT 8
UQLs UhU Es[]o GuTR]d LY]jp Ls[m,
(i) 6 UQYoLs. 2 UQLs
(ii) 5 UQYoLs. 3 UQLs
(iii) 4 UQYoLs. 4 UQLs
G]Y RokRdm YLs = (12C68C2) + (12C58C3) + (12C48C4)
= (924 28) + (792 56) + (495 70)
= 25872 + 44352 + 34650
= 104874
G,L, 3.44: J TX LQjt GjR] X hPeLs Cdm?
o : TX LQjt n TdLeLs Es[] G]d LsL, ClTX
LQjt n Efl sLs Cdm, CkR n sL[
Ju\Vu\ CQdm Lhj iLu GidL n
ThLk 2 ThLs Gdm NoLu GidL

106

= nC2 =

n(n 1)
2

CkRd Lhj iLp. n iLs TX LQju

TdLeL[Lm XhPeL[Lm Cdm,
G]Y X hPeLu GidL =

n(n 1)
n(n 3)
n=
2
2

G,L, 3.45 10 jRLeLs APeV Rlk 4 jRLeLs

rdLiP TkR]Ld EhTh GjR] YLp Ro
NnVXm?
(i) GkRR LhlTu
(ii)

HtL]Y CWi jRLeLs Ro NnVlTh hPRp ;

(iii) CWi lhP jRLeL[j Ro NnRp P,

o :
(i) 10 jRLeLk Su]j Ro Nnm YLs
10!
= 10C4 = 4! 6! = 210
(ii) HtL]Y CWi Ro NnVlTh hPRp. Ro
NnVlTP YiV 2 jRLeL[ 8 jRLeLk
Ro NnVlTP Yim,
8!
G]Y ARu YLu GidL = 8C2 = 2! 6! = 28
(iii) lhP CWi jRLeL[ Ro NnVlTPdP
GuTRp s[ 8 jRLeLk Su]j Ro
NnV Yim,
8!
CkR RoLu GidL = 8C4 = 4! 4! = 70
G,L, 3.46: 10 UhPV[oLs. 8 Tk fN[oLs. 5 RokRYoLs
(all-rounders) Utm 2 dLh LlT[oLs LiP 25 To
dLh Es[, Cdk 5 UhPV[oLs. 3
RokRYoLs. 2 Tk fN[oLs. 1 dLh LlT[W GjR]
YLp RokRdL CVm?
o : CkR RoY] 4 XL[ EPV :
(i) 10 UhPV[oLp 5 TW 10C5 YLp Ro
NnVXm,
(ii) 5 RokRYoLp 3 TW 5C3 YLp Ro NnVXm,

107

(iii)8 Tk fN[oLk 2 TW 8C2 YLp Ro

NnVXm,
(iv) 2 dLh TLlT[oLu JYW 2C1 YLp Ro
NnVXm,
UjRjp RYV]YoL[ RokRdm YLu
GidL = 10C5 5C3 8C2 2C1
= 252 10 28 2
= 141120
G,L, 3.47: J R[jp 18 sLs Es[], CYtp 5 sLs
JW SodLhp AUks[], Y GkR 3 sLu
Rlm GkRY SodLhm AUVpXVp
(i) sL[ CQdmT Pdm SodLLs
(ii) sL[ CQdmT Pdm dLQeLu
GidL Gu]?
o :
(i) 18 sLp HRm CWi sL[ CQdmT
Pdm SodLLu GidL = 18C2 = 153
SodLhs[ 5 sLp HRm CWi sL[
CQdmT Pdm SodLLu GidL
= 5C2 = 10
B]p CkR 5 sLm Nok
1 SodLh]d
Ld\, G]Y SodLLu GidL
= 153 10 + 1 = 144
(ii) 18 sLp HRm 3 sL[ CQdm T
Pdm dLQeLu GidL = 18C3 = 816
5 sLp HRm 3 sL[ CQdmT
Pdm dLQeLu GidL = 5C3 = 10
B]p
SodLhs[
dLQm EYL,

sL[p

GkRR

G]Y dLQeLu GidL = 816 10 = 806

Tt 3.5
1. J Ro kp 12 To LXk LiP]o, CYoLp
JqY CYm Ld]p. AkR kp EiP]
dLpLu GidL Gu]?

108

2. 6 BiLs Utm 5 TiLk 3 BiLs Utm 2

TiL[d
LiP
]
GjR]
YLp
EYdLXm?
3. J R[jp Es[ 12 sLp. 5 sLs JW
SodLhp AUks[], ClsL[ CQj
GjR] dLQeL[ EYdLXm?
4. J Pp 5 Yl \ TkLm. Cu] Pp 6
Ys[\ TkLm Es[], CYtk \kRThNm
JqY \jtm 2 TkLs Cdm YLp 6 TkLs
GjR] YLp GdL CVm?
5. rdLm TkR]d EhTh 15 To LiP dLh
k 11 TW GjR] YLp Ro NnV m?
(i) Rop GkRd LhlTm CpX,
(ii) J lhP Wo LilTL CPmTRp Yim,
(iii) J lhP Wo LilTL CPmTRp P,
6. J ]jRp JqY Tm 6 ]dLs LiP
C TL[L 12 ]dLs Es[], JqY Tm
5d UX] ]dL[j RokRdLUp UjRm 7
]dLd PVdL YiU]p GjR] ReLp
]dL[j Ro Nn PVdLXm?
7. J R[jp 10 sLs Es[], CYtp 4 sLs JW
SodLhp AUks[], \ GkRY 3 sLm
JW Lhp AUVpX, ClT
(i) sL[ CQdmT Pdm SodLhLu
GidL Gu]?
(ii) sL[
CQj
Pdm
dLQeLu
GidL Gu]?
8. JW UV] 21 Rrl jRLeLm. JW UV] 19
BeXl jRLeLm Es[], CWi BeXl jRLeLs
RPok CPmT\Up UjRl jRLeL[m Ju\u
Ju\L AdL YiU]p. GjR] YLp AdLXm?
9. J tXt 25 UQYoLp 10 TW Ro NnV
Yim, Cp 3 UQYoLs. u Tm UVLd
LXk LsY Gum ApX 3 Tm UVLd LXk
LsYpX Gum oUjs[]o Gp tXdf
NpXdm 10 TW GjR] YLp Ro NnVXm?

109

3.4 LRj RjRRp (Mathematical Induction) :

ALm :
BeX LRVX[W] ALvPv -UoLu (1809 1871)
GuTYo Sm TVuTjm LRj RjRRu XjR Ru
Rp RuPV LilLp TVuTj]o, B]p
RjRRd Xd LWQUL CkRYo CjRV LR
YpSo WuvL UWLv (1494 1575) GuTYWYo,
CkVd
LRVX[o
TvLW
(1153
A.D)u
AV
LilLp LRj RjRRu RdLjRd LQ CVm,
RjRRp GuT TX RjR EiUd tLk J
T ] EYdm \Vm,
ERWQUL. 4 = 2 + 2, 6 = 3 + 3, 8 = 3 + 5,

10 = 7 + 3

UtlhP RjR EiUd tLk GkRY

CWhPlTP GiQm (2-Ij RW) C TL GiLu
RXL GRXm G] JYo LdLXm,
td UX] RjRVL E NnVlThP EiUd
tLk J T t]. C NV] t Gu
P CVX, CjRjR EiUd tLk SWVL
EYdLlTm Td t] J FLm G]d \Xm,
FLU] dLlTPR YWp FLULY CdU RW.
VL,
J FLm. CVp GiLu NoTL \lThPp ARu T
VL Ut AUdL ERm \]d LRj RjRRp
LhT Gu\m,
G]Y LR RjRRp GuT. J t]f X lhP
CVp GiLd SWVL NTojh GpX CVp
GiLdm EiU G] dm \Vm,
LRj RjRRu LsL :
JqY CVp Gi ndm RkR J t] P(n) GuL,
(i) P(1) GuT EiUVLm
(ii) P(k) EiUVL Cdm T P(k+ 1) EiUVLm
CkRp P(n) GuT GpX CVp GiLdm EiUVL
Cdm,
Cd LsLV Sm TQu HtdLsYm,

110

LRj RjRm \ :
TX (1) : n = 1 GuTRtd t EiU G] dL
TX (2) : n = k GuTRtd t EiU G] Htd LsL,
TX (3) : n = k + 1 GuTRtd t EiU G] dL,
TX (4) : LdLlThP t GpX CVp GiLdm
EiU Gu\ d YWm,
2
G,L, 3.48: LRj RjRRp \p n + n GuT J
CWhPlTP Gi G] dL
2
o : P(n) GuT n + n J CWhPlTP Gi Gu\ t
G]d LsL,
T X (1):
n = 1 G]l WP.
2
2
n +n = 1 +1
= 2, J CWhPl TP Gi
P(1) GuT EiU
TX (2):
n = k GuTRtd t EiU G]d LsL,
(A,) P(k) GuT EiU,
2
(A,,) k + k J CWhPlTP Gi G]d LsL,

(1)

TX (3): P(k + 1) GuT EiU G] dL

2
i.e. (k + 1) + (k + 1) JW CWhPlTP Gi G] dL,
2
2
(k + 1) + (k + 1)= k + 2k + 1 + k + 1
2
= k + 2k + k + 2
2
= (k + k) + 2(k + 1)
= J CWhPl TP Gi + 2(k + 1), (1)k
= CWi CWhPl TP GiLu Rp
= CWhPlTP Gi
P(k + 1) GuT EiU,
G]Y P(k) GuT EiUV]p. P(k + 1) GuTm EiU
TX (4): LRj RjRRp LhThuT. P(n) GuT
nNd EiUVm,
2
ARY n + n, nN GuT J CWhPl TP Gi Bm,

111

G,L, 3.49: LRj RjRRp Xm 1 + 2 + 3 + + n =

n(n + 1)
, nN
2

G] ,
o : P(n) GuT 1 + 2 + 3 + + n =

n(n + 1)
Gu\ t GuL,
2

n = 1 G]l WL,
P(1) Gu\ t :

1=
1=

1 (1 + 1)
2
1(2)
2

1= 1
G]Y P(1) GuT EiU,
ClT LdLlThP t n = kd EiU G]d LsL,
k(k + 1)
(i.e.)1 + 2 + 3 + + k =
(1) GuT EiU G]d LsL,
2
P(k + 1) GuT EiU G] dL
i.e.

(1)k

1 + 2 + 3 + + k + (k + 1) =

(k + 1) (k + 2)
2
GuT EiU G] dL

[1 + 2 + 3 + + k] + (k + 1) =

k(k + 1)
+ (k + 1)
2

k(k + 1) + 2(k + 1)
2

(k + 1) (k + 2)
2

G]Y P(k + 1) GuT EiU,

G]Y P(k) EiUV]p P(k + 1)-m EiUVm,
LRj
EiU

RjRRp

LhThuT

1+2+3++n =

P(n), nN

n(n + 1)
nN
2

G,L, 3.50: LRj RjRRp Xm dL

2
2
2
2 n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
1 +2 +3 ++n =
nN
6

112

GuTm

o :
2
2
2
2 n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
P(n) GuT 1 + 2 + 3 + + n =
Gu\ t
6

GuL
n = 1 G]l WP
P(1) Gu\ t :

2 1(1 + 1) [2(1) +1]

1 =
6

1(2) (3)
6
1=1
P(1) GuT EiU,
n = k GuTRt P(k) Gu\ t EiU G]d LsL,
2
2
2
2 k(k + 1) (2k + 1)
(1)
ARY. 1 + 2 + 3 + + k =
6
P(k + 1) GuT EiU G] dL
2 2 2
2
2 (k + 1) (k + 2) (2k + 3)
(i.e.)
1 +2 +3 ++k +(k+1) =
G] dL
6
2
2
2
2
2 k(k + 1) (2k + 1)
+ (k + 1)2
[1 + 2 + 3 + + k ] + (k +1) =
6
k(k + 1) (2k +1) + 6(k + 1)2
=
6
(k + 1) [k(2k + 1) + 6(k + 1)]
=
6
1=

(k + 1) (2k2 + 7k + 6)
6

2
2
2
2
2 (k + 1) (k + 2) (2k + 3)
1 + 2 + 3 + + k + (k +1) =
6

P(k + 1) GuT EiU

G]Y P(k) GuT EiUV]p. P(k + 1) GuTm EiU
LRj RjRRp LhThuT P(n), nN GuT
EiU
2
2
2 n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
, nN
(i.e.)
1 +2 ++n =
6
n(n + 1) (n + 2)
, nN
G,L, 3.51: 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + + n(n + 1) =
3
GuTR]d LRj RjRRp Xm LhL,
113

o :
P(n) GuT 1.2+2.3 + 3.4 ++ n(n + 1)=

n(n + 1) (n + 2)
Gu\ t
3

G]d LsL,
n = 1 G]l WP.
1(1 + 1) (1 + 2)
3
1(2) (3)
1(2) =
3
2(3)
2= 3

1(1 + 1) =

2=2
P(1) GuT EiU
n = k GuTRt P(k) Gu\ t EiU G]d LsL,
k(k + 1) (k + 2)
GuT EiU
ARY 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 ++ k(k + 1) =
3
P(k + 1) GuT EiU G] dL
(k + 1) (k + 2) (k + 3)
1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + ,+ k(k + 1) + (k + 1) (k + 2) =
3
1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + ,+ k(k + 1) + (k + 1) (k + 2)
=
=
=
=

[1.2 + 2.3 + + k(k+1)] + (k + 1) (k + 2)

k(k + 1) (k + 2)
+ (k + 1) (k + 2)
3
k(k + 1) (k + 2) + 3(k + 1) (k + 2)
3
(k + 1) (k + 2) (k + 3)
3

P(k + 1) GuT EiU

G]Y LRj RjRRp LhThuT GuT EiU,
P(n), nN GuT EiU
n(n + 1) (n + 2)
3
3n
G,L, 3.52: GpX CVp Gi n-dm 2
1, HZp YTm
GuTR]d LRj RjRRp Xm dL,
1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + + n(n + 1) =

114

o :
P(n) GuT 2

3n

1 HZp YTm Gu\ t G]d LsL,

n = 1 G]l WP.
2

3(1)

1 =
=
=

3
2 1

81
7 C HZp YTm

P(1) GuT EiU

n = k GuTRt P(n) Gu\ t EiU G]d LsL,
3k
ARY 2 1 HZp YTm G]d LsL,
P(k + 1) GuT EiU G] dL
3 (k + 1)
ARY 2
1 HZp YTm G] dL
3(k + 1)
3k + 3
1 = 2
1
2
3k 3
3k
= 2 .2 1 =2 .81
3k
= 2 . 8 1 + 8 8 (8 I h LdLm)
3k
= (2 1) 8 + 8 1
3k
= (2 1) 8 + 7 = 7u UPe + 7
= 7u UPe
3 (k + 1)
2
1 HZp YTm
P(k + 1) GuT EiU
G]Y LRj RjRRp LhThuT P(n), n N
GuT EiU,
3n
G]Y GpX CVp Gi n-dm 2 1 HZp YTm,
n
n
G,L, 3.53: GpX CVp Gi n-dm a b B] (ab)Bp YTm
G]d LR RjRRp \p dL,
o :
n
n
P(n) GuT a b B] a bBp YTm Gu\ t
G]d LsL,
n = 1 ]l WP.
1
1
a b = a b. C a bBp YTm,
P(1) GuT EiU,
n = k GuTRt P(n) Gu\ t EiU G]d LsL,

115

k
k
ARY a b B] (a b) Bp YTm G]d LsL,
k
k
a b

= c (GuL) Ce cN
ab
k
k

a b = c(a b)
k
k
a = b + c(a b)

(1)
P(k + 1) GuT EiU G] dL
k+1
k+1
(i.e.) a
b
B] a bBp YTm G] dL
k+1
k+1
k
k
b
= a .ab b
a
k
= [bk + c(a b)] a b b
k
k
= b a + ac(a b) b b
k
= b (a b) + ac (a b)
k
= (a b) (b + ac). C (a b) Bp YTm
P(k + 1) GuT EiU
ARY P(k) GuT EiUV]p P(k + 1) GuTm
EiU, G]Y LRj RjRRp LhThuT P(n), n N
GuTm EiUVm,
n
n
a b B] a b Bp YTm, Ce n N

Tt 3.6
LRj RjRRp
dL

LhThuT

rdLm

L[

(1) JqY CVp Gi n-dm (2n + 1) (2n 1) J Jt\lTP

Gi,
(2) 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + + 2n = n (n + 1)
2
(3) 1 + 3 + 5 + + (2n 1) = n
(4) 1 + 4 + 7 + + (3n 2) =

n(3n 1)
2

(5) 4 + 8 + 12 + + 4n = 2n(n + 1)
2
2
3
3
3
3 n (n + 1)
(6) 1 + 2 + 3 + + n =
4

116

1
1
1
1
1
(7) 2 + 2 + 3 + + n = 1 n
2
2
2
2
(8) a, a + d, a + 2d, Gu\ hPp RPp
nY El a + (n 1)d
2n
(9) GpX CVp Gi n-dm 5 1 B] 24Bp YTm,
2n 1
+ 1 B] 11Bp YTm
(10) GpX CVp Gi n-dm 10
(11) GpX CVp Gi n-dm n(n + 1) (n + 2) B] 6 Bp YTm
3
2
(12) GpX CVp Gi n-dm Sn = n + 3n + 5n + 3 B] 3 Bp
YTm,
2n
(13) GpX CVp Gi n-dm 7 + 16n 1 B] 64Bp YTm
n
(14) GpX CVp Gi n-dm 2 > n

3.5 Dlj Rt\m (Binomial Theorem) :

ALm :
+ (ApX) Gu\ NVL[p CQdLlThP CWi
ElL[d LiP CVtLRd LYV] J Dld
LY (BINOMIAL) G] AZdLlTm,
3
GjdLhPL. x + 2y, x y, x + 4y, a + b GuT] Dld
LYL[m,
L GiQ AdLLd LiP Dld LYu
YdLm :
J Dld LYV. ARPu Tdm \V Sm
uT Ltd\m, J Dld LYu YodLjRm.
L]jRm NRWQ TdLp \p LiT L]U]RpX,
B]p. ALU] T LiP Dld LYL[]
10
17
25
(x + a) , (x + a) , (x + a)
Tu\YL[ Ydm NVX]
Lm L]U], G]Y. AL T LiP Dld
LYLu L[d LQ J TY] jWjR Sm
LQ Vp\m,
1
0
(x + a) =x + a = 1C0 x1a + 1C1 x0a1 G] Sm AYm,
2 2
2
2 0
1 1
0 2
(x + a) =x + 2ax + a = 2C0x a + 2C1x a + 2C2x a
3 3
2
2
3
3 0
2 1
1 2
0 3
(x + a) =x + 3x a + 3xa + a = 3C0x a + 3C1x a + 3C2x a + 3C3x a
4 4 3 2 2
3 4
4 0
3 1
2 2
1 3
0 4
(x+a) =x +4x +6x a +4xa +a =4C0x a +4C1x a +4C2x a +4C3x a +4C4x a

117

(x + a)nCu n = 1, 2, 3, 4 GmT J JeL]

\p No \ QLeL[Ld LhPlT\, UtLiP
n
LYLs (x + a) -I
1 n 1
0 n
n
n 0
n 1 1
(x + a) = nC0 x a + nC1x
+ nCn x a
a + + nCn 1 x a
Gu\ Yp LhPXm Gu\ FLjRj R\,
EiUp. CkR FLjR EiU G] dLXm, CR]d
LRj RjRRp LsL Xm dLXm,
Rt\m 3.6: (CVp Gi AddV Dlj Rt\m)
n J CVp Gi Gp
n
n 0
n 1 1
(x + a) = nC0 x a + nC1x
a + + nCr xn r ar +
1 n 1
0 n
+ nCn x a
+ nCn 1 x a
TQm : CjRt\jR Sm LRj RjRRp LsL Xm
dLXm,
P(n) GuT
n
n 0
n 1 1
(x + a) = nC0 x a + nC1x
a + + nCr xn r ar +
1 n 1
0 n
+ nCn x a Gu\ t\d d\ GuL,
+ nCn 1 x a
TX (1) :
n = 1 GuL
1 1 1
1
1 0
a
P(1) Gu\ t :
(x + a) = 1C0x a + 1C1 x
x+a = x+a
P(1) GuT EiUVm
TX (2): n = k GuTRt t EiU GuL,
(A,,) P(k) EiU G]d LL,
0 k
k
k 0
k 1 1
k 2 2
k r r
(x + a) =kC0x a +kC1x
a + kC2 x
a ++ kCr x
a ++ kCk x a
(1)
TX (3): ClT. P(k + 1) EiU G] dL.
(k + 1) 1 1
k+1
k+1
(k + 1) 2 2
(x + a)
= (k + 1)C0x
+ (k + 1)C1x
a +(k + 1)C2x
a +
(k + 1) r r
k+1
+ (k + 1)Crx
a + + (k + 1)C(k + 1) a
G] dL
k+1
k
(x + a)
= (x + a) (x + a)
k
k 1 1
k 2 2
k (r 1) (r 1)
= [kC0x + kC1x
a + kC2 x
a + + kC(r1) x
a
k r r
k
+ kCr x
a + + kCka ] (x + a)

118

k+1
k 1
k 1 2
kr+2 r1
+ kC1x a + kC2x
a + + kCr1 x
a
= [kC0x
kr+1 r
k
a + + kCkxa ]
+ kCrx
k r+ 1 r
k
k 1 2
k2 3
+ [kC0x a + kC1x a + kC2 x
a + + kCr1 x
a
k r r+1
k+1
+ + kCka
]
a
+ kCr x
k+1
k+1
k
k 1 2
= kC0x
+ (kC1 + kC0) x .a + (kC2 + kC1) x
a
(x + a)
kr+1 r
k+ 1
a + + kCk a
+ + (kCr + kCr 1) x
(2)
kCr + kCr 1 =(k + 1)Cr G] Sm AYm
r = 1, 2, 3, G]l WP
kC1 + kC0 = (k + 1)C1
kC2 + kC1 = (k + 1)C2

kCr + kCr1 = (k + 1)Cr

1rk
kC0 = 1 = (k + 1)C0
kCk = 1 = (k + 1)C(k + 1)
(2)-p WP.
k+1
k+1
k
k 1 2
(x + a)
=
+ (k + 1)C1 x a + (k + 1)C2 x
a
(k + 1)C0 x
k+ 1r r
a + + (k + 1)C(k + 1) ak + 1
+ + (k + 1)Cr x
P(k + 1) GuT EiUVm,
CqY\L. P(k) EiU Gp P(k + 1) EiUVm,
LRj RjRRp LsLuT P(n) B] A]j
CVp GiLdm EiUVm,
n
n 0
n 1 1
(x + a) = nC0 x a + nC1x
a + + nCr xn r ar +
1 n 1
0 n
+ nCn 1 x a
+ nCn x a
nN
EQok LiP EiULs (Some observations) :
n
n 0
n 1 1
1. (x + a) = nC0 x a + nC1x
a + + nCr xn r ar +
1 n 1
0 n
+ nCn x a Gu\ YdLjp nCr xn r ar
+ nCn 1 x a
B] T ElTm, C (r + 1)Y ElT]Rp CR] Tr + 1
G]d l\m,
(A,,) Tr + 1 = nCr xn r ar.

119

2. (n + 1)Y El Tn + 1 = nCn xn n an = nCn anB] C

ElTm,
G]Y (x + a)n-u YdLjp (n + 1) ElLs Es[],
3. JqY Elm. x-u T \k. au T \,
TdLu Rp ndf NUm,
n
n
n r r
a G] Sm GRXm,
(x + a) = nCr x
r=0
4. nC0, nC1, nC2, , nCr, , nCn GuT] Dld LdLs
G]lTm, CYLs C0, C1 , C2, , Cn Gum GRlTm,
5. nCr = nCn r Gu\ RPok. Rp Ckm. Cp
Ckm NUWjp Es[ EldLu LdLs NUm,
n
6. (x + a) Cu YYdLjs[ TpY ElLu LdLs
J AUlT (pattern) HtTju\],
DlLs
Dld LdLs
o
(x + a)
1
1
(x + a)
1
1
2
(x + a)
1
2
1
3
1
3
3
1
(x + a)
4
(x + a)
1
4
6
4
1
5
(x + a)
1
5
10
10
5
1
Dld LdLu CkR YNVUlT] Wu
LRVX[o [ TvLp (1623 1662)
GuTYWp
LidLlThPRp TvLu dLQm (Pascals triangle)
Gu AZdLlT\, GkRY Ws[ GiL[m
uYm ]p T\Xm, JqYum. Rp Utm C
GiLs 1, Ut\ GiL[. kRV Ws[ CP Utm YX
GiL[ hPl T\Xm,
1, 1 + 4 = 5, 4 + 6 = 10, 6 + 4 = 10, 4 + 1 = 5, 1
X RokR YdLeLs :
n
n 0
n 1 1
(x + a) = nC0 x a + nC1x
a ++ nCr xn r ar +
1 n 1
0 n
+ nCn x a (1) Gu\ p
+ nCn 1 x a

120

1. Sm ad TXL a G]l WP.

n
n
n 1 1
n 2 2
a + nC2x
a
(x a) = nC0x nC1 x
n r r
n
n
r
a + + ( 1) nCn a G]l T\m,
+ (1) nCr x
ElLu Ls AjRj L. \VL ClTR Sm
LYd\m,
2. (1)p. a-dl TXL 1 G]l WP.
2
n
r
n
(1 + x) = 1 + nC1x + nC2x + + nCrx + + nCnx
(2)
3. (2)p x-dl TXL x G]l WP.
2
r
n
r
n
n
(1 x) = 1 nC1 x + nC2x + ( 1) nCrx + + ( 1) nCnx
n
UV El : (x + a) -u YdLjp Es[ ElLu
GidL Td n-If Noks[,
X (i) : n CWhPlTP Gi
YdLjp ElLu GidL (n + 1) Gu
Jt\lTPVL AUm, G]Y. JW J UV ElRu Ei,
C Tn
GuTRm,
2 +1
X (ii) : n-Jt\lTP Gi
YdLjp ElLu GidL (n + 1) Gu CWhPl
TPVL AUm, G]Y. CWi UV ElLs Ei, CY
Tn + 1 Utm Tn + 3 GuTRm,
2
2
lhP ElL[ LRp :
n
X NUVeLp (x + a) u Dl YdLjp ElLs X
TkR]L[
\
Nnm,
J
lhP
El
n
RYlT\ Gp. CR] (x + a) I Tj u]o
RYV] Elu CPUYRu Xm NVpTjR CVm,
TYLl.
Td
n
LlTVRL
CkRp.
C
L]U]Rm, CTu\ XLp. Sm T El Tr+1I
Rp LiPk u]o Tr+1 B] RYV] ElTLd L
r-Cu UlL[d LQXm,
x-If NWR El]d LQ x-u Ad]l fVjPu
NUlTj x-If NWR r-u Ul]p T\Xm, Tr+1Cp r-u CkR
UlT Ch x-If NWR El]l T\Xm,
121

3 4
5
G,L, 3.54: (i) (2x + 3y) (ii) 2x2 x -u YdLeL[d LiL,

o :
5
5
4
1
3
2
o
(i) (2x + 3y) = 5C0 (2x) (3y) + 5C1 (2x) (3y) + 5C2 (2x) (3y)
2
3
1
4
5
0
+ 5C3 (2x) (3y) + 5C4 (2x) (3y) + 5C5 (2x) (3y)
5
4
3
2
= 1(32)x (1) + 5(16x ) (3y) + 10(8x ) (9y )
2
3
4
5
+ 10(4x ) (27y ) + 5(2x) (81y ) + (1) (1) (243y )
5
4
3 2
2 3
4
5
= 32x + 240x y + 720x y + 1080x y + 810xy + 243y
3 4
3 0
3 1
24
2
(ii) 2x2 x = 4C0 (2x ) x + 4C1 (2x )3 x

2
3
4
3
22
21 3
20 3
+ 4C2 (2x ) x + 4C3 (2x ) x + 4C4 (2x ) x



3
27
8
6
4 9
2
= (1) 16x (1) + 4(8x ) x + 6(4x ) x2 + 4(2x ) x3

81
+ (1) (1) x4

216 81
= 16x8 96x5 + 216x2 x + 4
x
G,L, 3.55 : Dlj Rt\jRl TVuTj 117u Ul]d LiL,
o :
7
7
11 = (1 + 10)
7
0
6
1
5
2
4
3
3
4
= 7C0 (1) (10) +7C1 (1) (10) +7C2(1) (10) +7C3(1) (10) +7C4 (1) (10)
2
5
1
6
0
7
+ 7C5 (1) (10) + 7C6 (1) (10) + 7C7 (1) (10)
76 2 765 3 765 4 76 5
6
7
= 1+70+
10 +
10 +
10 +
10 + 7(10) + 10
12
1 2 3
123
12
= 1 + 70 + 2100 + 35000 + 350000 + 2100000 + 7000000 + 10000000
= 19487171
1
G,L, 3.56: x + 3
x

1
o : x + 3
x

17

5
u YdLjp x u QLjRd LiL,

17

-u p. T El

122

r
17 r 1
Tr + 1 = 17Cr x
x3

= 17Crx

17 4r

5
x Id LiP El Tr + 1 GuL,
17 4r = 5
r = 3
Tr + 1 = T3 + 1
17 4(3)
5
= 17C3 x
= 680x
5
x -u QLm = 680

2
G,L, 3.55: x 2
x

2
o : x 2
x

10

-u YdLjp U ElTd LiL,

10

-u p.

Tr + 1 =

10 r 2
10Cr ( x)
x2

10 r
10 r
2r
( 2)r
r
2
= 10Cr ( 2) x 2
10Cr x
2r
x
r
10Cr ( 2) x

=
U El Tr + 1 GuL.
10 5r
=

2
U El

10 5r
2

0 r=2
10 5(2)
2

2
10C2 ( 2) x

10 9
0
4x
12

180

G,L, 3.58: n N Gp. (1 + x) -u p uYY]Yt\ dL:

n
(i) Dld LdLu Rp = 2

123

(ii) Jt\

ElLu

LdLu Rp
n1
ElLu LdLu Rp = 2

CWhP

o :
n
(1 + x) u s[ LdLs nC0, nC1, nC2, , nCn GuT]
Dld LdLs Gu AZdLlTu\], CYL[ Sm
C0, C1, C2, Cn G] G\m,
2
n
r
n
(1 + x) = C0 + C1x + C2x + + Crx + + Cnx

C x-p Es[ J t\UVm, AR]p. x-u A]j

UlLdm C EiUVm,
x = 1 G]l WP.
n
2 = C0 + C 1 + C2 + + C n

(1)

x = 1 G]l WP.
n
0 = C0 C1 + C2 C3 + ( 1) Cn

C0 + C2 + C 4 + = C1 + C 3 + C5 +

C 0 + C2 + C 4 + = C1 + C 3 + C5 + = 2
Gu jRp TU],
G]Y.

n1

C0 + C2 + C4 + = C1 + C3 + C5 + = k (2) GuL,
n
(1)k. C0 + C1 + C2 + + Cn = 2
n
2k = 2
(2)k
k
(2) k.

C 0 + C2 + C4 +

=2

n1

= C1 + C 3 + C5 + = 2

n1

Tt 3.7
(1) Dlj Rt\jRl TVuTj uYY]Yt\ YdL
5
5
25
(ii) (a 2b)
(iii) (2x 3x )
(i) (3a + 5b)
1 11
2
36
4
(v) (x + 2y )
(vi) (x y + y x)
(iv) x + y

(2) uYY]Yt\f dL,

5
5
5
5
(i) ( 2 + 1) + ( 2 1)
(ii) ( 3 + 1) ( 3 1)

124

5
5
(iii) ( 1 + 5) + (1 5)
7
7
(v) (2 + 3) (2 3)

(3) Dlj Rt\jRl

UlL[d LiL,

6
6
(iv) ( 2 a + 3) + ( 2 a 3)

TVuTj

(101)

Utm

3
(99) u

3
(4) Dlj Rt\jRl TVuTj (0.998) u UlTd LiL,
(5) YdLju UV El]d LiL,
2

2x 8
b x 16
(i) 3x 3
(ii) x + b

2 17
(v) x + 2

x
n n
1.3.5.7 (2n 1)2 x
2n
(6) (i) (1 + x) Cu UV El
n!
a
(iii) x x

16

(iv) (x 2y)13

2n

1.3.5. (2n 1)
1
(ii) x + 2x Cu UV El
n!

2n
( 1) . 1.3.5.7. (2n 1) n
1
2 G]d LhL
(iii) x x Cu UV El
n!

1
(7) x x

11

Cu YdLjp x Cu QLjRd LiL,

12
17
4x2 3 9
b
2 1
(ii) 3 2x
(iii) 9x 2
(8) (i) 2x + x

cx

BV YdLeLp x-If NWR (U El) El]d

LiL,
20
(9) (1 + x) Cu YdLjp. rY Utm (r + 1)Y ElLu
QLeLs 1 : 6 Rjp CkRp. ru UlTd LiL,
n
(10) (1 + x) Cu YdLjp. 5, 6 Utm 7Y ElLu
QLeLs hj RPp CkRp. n-Id LiL,

125

4, RPo \m RPm
4.1 ALm:
Sm AdL LslTm LrfLu YNdWUm
(YN), Cj Rod u YNVL SPjRlTm lRp
RoLu RPo, dLh Rol Thu RPo
BhPeLs GuT] Tu\ tLp YNdWUm Utm
RPo BV YojRLs JW AojRjp LV[lThlTRd
Li\m,
LR
VL
SdmT
CqYojRLs
RphTs[
YqY
\lT]
AojReL[
AdLdV]YVm,
J
Rls[
ThL[
\VL YNlTjRXd lP RPo\ Gu\
YojRV TVuTjm AR SWjp RPo Gu\ YojRV
Y\ AojRjp TVuTjY \kRRm,
uYm GjdLh] BWnYm, J Vm RY[m
JW Np jR YiQUn Es[], BWmTjp AYtt
CPlThP Wm J hPo GuL, VX] RY[Vl dm
GiQjPu
AR]
Sd
d\,
AR
NUVjp
RY[V] Ru] LlTtd Ls[ AkR CPjR h
1
Tj WU] 2 hPo Wjt u] R\, JqY
\m RY[V] kRV Wjp T Wjt R\,
CfNVp RPok SPTt\p VX] RY[Vl dL
U?

TPm 4. 1
Rp. 2m. 3m. 4m. ,,,, XLp Vdm RY[dm
CPlThPj WeLs \V a1, a2, a3, a4 GuL, Rp Xp
Vdm RY[dm CPlThPj Wm 1 hPo BRXp.

126

a1

1
1
1
1 ; a2 = 2 ; a3 = 4 = 2 ;
2

1
1
a4 = 8 = 3
2

a1, a2, a3 J RPo \Vm, CYtu YNp J

Je\ AUdm VlTRd Li\m, Ce an GuT
nBY Xp Vdm RY[dm CPlThP Wm GuT
R,
1
Um an =
. n Gp an 0
n
2 1
i.e. n Gm T Vdm RY[dm CPlThP Wm
fVUm, CkXp VX] RY[Vl dm,
CkR GjdLhu Xm JqY CVp Gi EPu J
RjR UnViQ RPoTjR m GuTR A\m,
i.e.

a1
=1

a2

a3

an

1
1
=2 = 1
2

1
1
=4 = 2
2

1
= n1
2

uYm GiLu YNVd LiL,

(a) 8, 15, 22, 29,
(b) 6, 18, 54, 162,
(a)-p Rp Gi 8, CWiPm Gi 15, u\m Gi 22 ... Cp
CPm Tm JqY Gim ARt k] GiPu 7-Id
hP T\lTYRd Li\m,
(b)-p Rp Gi 6, CWiPm Gi 18, u\m Gi 54 ... Cp
CPmTm JqY Gim ARt k] GiQ 3Bp
Td T\lTYRd Li\m,
CkR
GjdLhLp
LQ\,
(i) ElLs
(AUl).

uYm

YWeL[

TkR]dhTh

Sm

GRlThs[],

(ii) YNVL AUks[ ElLs (YN).

Ck Sm AY VRp J lhP YNp.
HRm J TkR]dhTh GiLs AUdLlTY J
RPo\ GuTRm,

127

4.2 RPo\ (Sequence) :

J RPo\ GuT CVp Gi LQjk UnVi
LQjt YWVdLlTm J NoTm,
J RPo\V a G]d lYUu. a-u r
n N-u mTU] a(n) = an G]d lPlTm,
CqY\L. 1, 2, 3, n Gu\ CVp GiLPj a-u
mTeL[Y] a1, a2, a3 an, Bm, Ce a1, a2, a3 an, Vm
J RPo\V AUdm,
J RPo \V] ARu fNp (range) GRlTm.
Zp jWm (Recursive formula) :
J RPo\V oQdL ARu Rp X ElL[
GYR Uhu. Ut\ ElL[m AYtt kRV
ElLu YXL GR ERm J jWjRm NpY
\kRRm, CfjWjRV Zp jWm GuTo,
GjdLhPL. 1, 4, 5, 9, 14, GuT J RPo\Vm,
Cp Rp C ElL[j Roj Ut\ El JqYum
ARt
kRV
C
ElLu
Rp
Gu\
dhThlTRp C J RPo \Vm, CRtV Zp
jWm an + 2 = an + an + 1 , n 1, Ce a1=1, a2= 4
J RPo\p CPmTm TpY GiL[ ARu
ElLs GuTo, CYt\ a1, a2, a3, , an, G]d lYo, r
Ls AYtu ClPjRj Ru\], nBY ElT T
El G]d LsYo,
GjdLhPL. 1, 3, 5, 7, 2n 1, Gu\ RPo\p
Rp El = 1, CWiPm El = 3, nm El 2n 1
uYm utp RlTuLs AWju TtLs Yp
AUkR LL[p lPlThs[], CjRlTuLs Vm 1
BmVo u][Pu V 1 Km RPPV]Yu.

TPm 4. 2

128

AYtu YVL LQlTm YpPw B]. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,

13, 21, Bm,
CWiPm Elt u Yu\ JqY Elm ARt
k] C ElLu RXL T\lTYRd Li\m,
CjRPo \u ElL[l uYU RPoL[l
TVuTj EYdLXm,
i.e.
V1 = 1
V2 = 1
V3 = V2 + V1
V4 = V3 + V2
V5 = V4 + V3
.
.
.
Vn = Vn 1 + Vn 2
.
.
.
CqY\L UtLiP RPo \V] uYm Vp
RWlTm :
V1 = 1
V2 = 1
Vn = Vn 1 + Vn 2 ; n 3
CjRPo\V ]d RPo\ (Fibonacci sequence)
GuTo, Cp CPmTm GiL[ ]d GiLs GuTo,
CjRPo\Vd
LijRYo
CjRV
LRUR
V]oP ]d GuTYo, BRXp AYPV TVWp
CjRPo\Ls AZdLlTu\],
G,L, 4.1:
n+1
J RPo \u nY El ( 1)n + 1 n Gp ARu

7Y ElTd LiL,
o :
n+1
an = ( 1)n + 1 n G]j RWlThs[

n = 7 G]l WP
8
8
a7 = ( 1)7 + 1 7 = 7

129

4.3 RPoLs (Series) :

1, 3, 5, 7, 9 Gu\ Y] RPo\d ARu Rp
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 GuT J YWVjR s[ UlT] 25-Il
Tts[, B]p AR NUVjp 1, 3, 5, 7, Gu\ Yt\
RPo\V
Gjd
LsYUu.
ARu
Rp
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + J YWVjR UlT RYpX, H]p
\V ElL[d hdLiP NpYRu Xm Ru
UlT] YWmu ALdL Ynls[, 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 +
J
Yt\
RPWm,
CqY\L
J
RPW].
RPo\u ElL[d hYRu Xm T\lTm,
a1, a2, a3, an GuT J Yt\j RPo\Vu.
a1 + a2 + + an + B] J Yt\j RPWm,

ak G]d lYo,

CR]

k=1

ak-u n-Y Td RX]. Sn = a1 + a2 + + an Bm,

k=1

1
n -u n-Y Td RXd LiL,
n=1 2
1
1
1
o :
Sn = 1 + 2 + + n
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
and Sn + 1 = 1 + 2 + + n + n + 1
2
2
2
2
1
S n + 1 = Sn + n + 1
2
Sn + 1-Il uYUm GRXm,
1
1
1
1
Sn + 1 = 1 + 2 + + n + n + 1
2
2
2
2
1
1 1
1
= 2 1 + 2 + 2 + + n
2
2

1
1
1
1
= 2 1 + 2 + 2 + + n
2
2
G,L, 4.2

130

(1)

1
(2)
Sn + 1 = 2 [1 + Sn]
1
1
(1), (2)k Sn + n + 1 = 2 [1 + Sn]
2
1
2Sn + n = 1 + Sn
2
1
Sn = 1 n
2
l : CR]l Tdj RPo LsLVl TVuTjm
APVXm, J Tdj RPu n ElLu Rp
a(1 rn)
G]j Rm,
Sn =
(1 r)
1
1
Ce a = 2 , n = n, r = 2 (< 1)
1
1 n

2 1 2
1
Sn =
=1 n
1
2
12
Tt 4.1
(1) uYm RPo\ JqYum Rp 5 ElL[
GL,
n(n2 + 5)
(iii) an = 11n + 10
4
n+1
1 ( 1)n
n2
(iv) an = n + 2
(v) an =
(vi)
a
=
n
3
3n
(2) uYY]Ytp
nY
ElTL
Tts[
RPo\Lu RYV] ElL[d LiL,
1
n
(i) an = 2 + n ; a5 , a7
(ii) an = cos 2 ; a4 , a5

(i) an = ( 1)n 1 5n + 1 (ii) an =

(n + 1)2
; a7 , a10
(iv) an = ( 1)n 1 2n + 1, a5 , a8
n
(3) rdLm an-Il T ElTLd LiP RPo
\u Rp 6 ElL[d LiL,
n2 1, n Jt\ Gi Gp
an =
n2 + 1
2 , nCWhP Gi Gp
(iii) an =

131

(4) uYm RPo\Lp Rp Ik ElL[ GL,

(i) a1 = a2 = 2, an = an 1 1, n > 2
(ii) a1 = 1, a2 = 2, an = an 1 + an 2, n > 2
(iii) a1 = 1, an = nan 1 , n 2
(iv) a1 = a2 = 1, an = 2an 1 + 3an 2, n > 2
1
(5)
n -u nBY Td RXd LiL,
n=1 3

(6) 5n-u Rp n ElLs YWX] RXd LiL,

n=1
1
(7)
n -u 101BY Elk 200Y El
n=1 2
YWX] ElLu RXd LiL,

4.4 X \lT] RPo\Lm AYtu

RPoLm:
(1) hj RPo \ (Arithmetic Progression) :
Rp ElTj Roj. Ut\ JqY Elm ARt
EP]VL u]p AUkR ElPu J XV] GiQd
hYRp T\lThPp. AjRLV ElLs Vm APeV
RPo\V hj RPo\ (Arithmetic progression A.P)
GuTo, CkXV] GiQ T jVNm GuTo, CR] d
G]d lYo,
GjdLhPL. 1, 3, 5, 7, GuT J A.P Bm, CRu T
jVNm 2 Bm,
(2) hj RPo (Arithmetic Series):
J RPu ElLs A.Pp Clu AR]d hj
RPo GuTo, 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + J hj RPWm,
(3) Tdj RPo \ (Geometric progression) :
J RPo\u Rp El fVUt\Rm. Ut\
JqY Elm ARt EP]VL u]p AUkR El]
J XV] fVUt\ GiQp Td T\lThPp.
AjRPo\V Tdj RPo \ (Geometric progression
G.P.) GuTo, CkXV] GiQ T Rm GuTo, C
rG]d lPlTm,
J G.P.u TY] AUl a, ar, ar2, , a 0 Utm r 0

132

(4) Tdj RPo (Geometric series) :

a + ar + ar2 + + arn 1 + GuT J Tdj RPo Bm,
H]p CRu ElLs G.P.p Es[], J Tdj RPo
Y]RLY (A) Yt\RLY ClT ARtV G.P.p
Y] (ApX) Yt\ ElLs Es[Rl TjRRm,
(5) CNj RPo \ (Harmonic progression) :
J RPo \u ElLu RXr UlLs A.P.-p
Clu AjRPo\ J CNj RPo\ G]lTm,
1
1
1
J H.P-u TY] AUl a , a + d , a + 2d ,, Ce a 0.
1
CRu nY El Tn =
a + (n 1)d
1 1 1
1, 5 , 9 , 13 , J H.P. Bm, H]p AYtu RXr
UlL[] 1, 5, 9, 13, A.P. p Es[],
l : A.P., G.P.p Es[ Tp H.P.p n ElLu Rp
LQ TY] jWm PV,
G,L, 4.3 J H.P.u 5Y Utm 12Y ElLs \V 12 Utm
5 Gp ARu 15Y ElTd LiL,
1
o :
Tn =
a + (n 1)d
1
1
T5 = 12
= 12 a + 4d = 12
a + (5 1)d
1
a + 4d = 12
(1)
1
1
= 5 a + 11d = 5
Utm
T12 = 5
a + (12 1)d
1

a + 11d = 5
(2)
1
7
(2) (1)
7d = 60 d = 60
1
1
(1) a + 4 60 = 12

1
1
4
4
a + 60 = 12 a = 12 60
1
a = 60

133

1
1
1
60
= 1
1 = 15 = 15
a + (15 1)d
60 + 14 60 60
T15 = 4

T15 =

4.5 RPo\Lu NWNLs (Means of Progression) :

4.5.1 hf NWN :
a,A, b BVY AP-p Clu AB] a Utm b-u hfNWN
G]lTm, URXVL. A GuT a-dm b-dm CPlThP
hfNWN Gp. a, A, b BVY AP-p Cdm,

Aa = bA

2A = a + b

A=

a+b
2

TYL a, A1, A2, , An, b GuTY A.P.-p Clu A1, A2,

An BVY RWlThP CWi GiL[] adm bdm CPlThP
hfNWNLs G]lTm, URXVL A1, A2, , An, GuTY
adm
bdm
CPlThP
hfNWNLs
Gp.
a, A1, A2, , An, b GuT A.P. Bm,
G,L, 4.4 : a Utm bdm CPVs[ n hfNWNL[d
LiL, Um AYtu RXm LiL,
o :
a Utm bdm CPVs[ n hfNWNLs A1, A2, , An
GuL, hfNWNu YWV\k a, A1, A2, , An , b
GuTY A.Pp Cdm, T jVNm d GuL,
A1 = a + d, A2 = a + 2d, A3 = a + 3d, , An = a + nd Utm
b = a + (n + 1)d
(n + 1)d = b a
ba
d = n+1
ba
2(b a)
n(b a)
A1 = a + n + 1 ; A2 = a + n + 1 An = a + n + 1
a Utm bdm CPVs[ n hfNWNLu Rp
2(b a)
ba
n(b a)
A1 + A2 + + An = a + n + 1 + a + n + 1 + + a + n + 1

134

(b a)
= na + n + 1 [1 + 2 + + n]
(b a) n(n + 1)
n(b a)
= na + (n + 1) .
= na +
2
2
na + nb
a+b
2na + nb na
=
=n 2
=
2
2

G,L, 4.5: CWi GiLd CPVs[ n hfNWNLu

RX] AqWi GiLu RjR hfNWN Tp n
UPe Cdm G] L,
o :
a Utm bdm CPVs[ n hfNWNLs A1, A2, , An
GuL,
GjdLh 4.4k
a+b
A1+A2+A3++An = n 2 = n (a Utm bu hfNWN)

= n (a Utm b-u RjR hfNWN)

G,L, 4.6: 1 Utm 14 CPV AUU 4 hfNWNL[d
LiL,
o : 1 Utm 14dm CPVs[ 4 hfNWNLs A1, A2, A3,
A4 GuL, YWV\k 1, A1, A2, A3, A4, 14 BVY A.P.p
Cdm T jVNm d GuL,
A1= 1 + d, ; A2 = 1 + 2d ; A3 = 1 + 3d, ; A4 = 1 + 4d ; 14 = 1+5d
d = 3
A1= 1 + 3 = 2 ; A2 = 1+2 3 = 5 ; A3 = 1+33 = 8 ; A4= 1 + 12 = 11
2, 5, 8 Utm 11 BVY RYV] Su hfNWNLs
Bm,
4.5.2 TdfNWN (Geometric Mean) :
a Utm b Gu\ GiLu Tdf NWN GBL CdLj
RYV]m TU]U] LhlT a, G, b GuTY G.P.p
CdL Yim GuTRm,
G
b

a = G =r

G2 = ab
G = ab

135

l :
(1) a, b L GiLs G = + ab Bm,
(2) a, b \ GiLs Gp G = ab Bm,
(3) a, b CWim YqY\] Ls Ttlu G.M B]
J UnVi ApX, CR]j Roj PXm,
H]u\p Sm Unj RPoL[ UhU Ljp
Ls\m,
(A,,) a. b CWim YqY\] Ls LiPY Gp
AYtu G.M LQ CVX,
G,L, 4.7: RWlThs[ a Utm b GiLd CPlThP n
Tdf NWNL[d LiL, Um AYtu TdLXm
LiL,
o :
a Utm bdm CPlThP n Tdf NWNLs G1, G2, , Gn
GuL, YWV\k a, G1, G2, , Gn, b GuTY G.P.p
Cdm, AYtu T Rm r GuL,
AqY\u G1 = ar, G2 = ar2, , Gn = arn Utm b = arn + 1
1
b
b n + 1
n+1

r
= a
r= a

n
1
2
b n + 1
b n + 1
b n + 1

G1 = a a
, G2 = a a
Gn = a a



AYtu TdLp
1
2
n
b n + 1
b n + 1
b n + 1

.a a
a a
G1 . G2 . G3 . Gn = a a

1 + 2 + + n
b
n+1

= a a

n(n
+
1)
n

n b 2(n + 1)
nb 2
= a
= a a
a
n

n
(ab)2

136

G,L, 4.8: 576 Utm 9 BVYtt CPlThP 5 Tdf

NWNL[d LiL,
o : a = 576 Utm b = 9 BVYtt CPlThP 5 G.M.Ls
G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 GuL, T Rm r GuL,
G1 = 576r, G2 = 576r2 , G3 = 576r3 , G4 = 576r4, G5 = 576r5, 9 = 576r6
1
1
9
9
1

r6 = 576 r = 576 6 = 64 6

r=

1
2

1
G1 = 576r = 576 2 = 288

G2 =

1
576r2 = 576 4 = 144

1
G3 = 576r3 = 576 8 = 72

G4 =

1
576r4 = 576 16 = 36

1
G5 = 576r5 = 576 32 = 18
G]Y 576 Utm 9-dm CPlThP RYV] G.M.Ls
288, 144, 72, 36, 18 Bm,
G,L, 4.9:
b GuT a Utm c, (a c)dL] A.M. GuL, (b a) GuT
a , (c a)u G.M. GuL, AqY\u a : b : c = 1 : 3 : 5 G]d LhL,
o : b GuT a Utm cdL] A.M GuTRp a, b, c GuTY A.P.p
Cdm, T jVNm d GuL,
b = a+d
(1)
c = a + 2d
(2)
(b a) B] a Utm (c a)dL] G.M. GuTRp
(b a)2 = a(c a)

b =a+d
b = a + 2a
b = 3a

d2 =
d=
c=
c=

a(2d)
2a
[Q d 0]
a + 2d
a + 2(2a)

c = 5a
a : b : c = a : 3a : 5a
= 1:3:5

137

(1), (2)k

4.5.3 CNf NWN (Harmonic mean) :

a, H, b BVY H.P.p CkRp H-B] a Utm b-dV H.M.
G]lTm,
1 1 1
a, H, b B] H.Pp Clu a , H , b BVY A.Pp Cdm,
1 1
a+b
2 1 1
1
=
; H =a +b

2
H
2ab
H=a+b
CkR H B] a Utm bdm CPVV] RjR CNf NWN
Bm,
YWV\ :
a, H1, H2, ... Hn, b BVY H.P-p Clu adm bdm CPV
Es[ H1, H2, Hn GuTY n CNf NWNLs G]lTm,
A.M., G.M. Utm H.M. BVYtt CPVV] RPo :
G,L, 4.10: a, b CWim YqY\] L GiLs Gp (i) A.M.,
G.M., H.M. BVY G.P.p Cdm G]m
(ii) A.M > G.M > H.M
G]m dL,
TQm :
A.M. =

a+b
2

2ab
; G.M. = ab ; H.M. = a + b

G.M
2 ab
ab
(1)
A.M = a + b = a + b
2
2ab
a+b
H.M
2 ab
(2)
G.M = ab = a + b
(1) Utm (2)k
H.M
G.M
A.M = G.M
A.M, G.M, H.M BVY G.Pp Cdm,
(i)

(ii)A.M G.M =

a + b 2 ab
a+b
2
2 ab =

138

2
a b)
>0
2
A.M > G.M
2ab
G.M H.M = ab a + b
=

Qa>0;b>0;ab
(1)

ab [a + b 2 ab]
ab (a + b) 2ab
=
a+b
a+b
2
ab ( a b)
=
> 0
a+b
G.M > H.M
(2)
(1) Utm (2)k
A.M. > G.M > H.M
=

Tt 4.2
(1) (i) 1 Utm 19dm CPVV] Ik hfNWNL[d
LiL,
(ii) 3 Utm 17dm CPVV] 6 hfNWNL[d
LiL,
(2) (i) 7 Utm 13
(ii) 5 Utm 3
(iii) (p + q) Utm (p q)
CPVV] RjR A.M-Id LiL.
(3) b GuT a Utm c-u G.M. GuL, x GuT a Utm b-u A.M.
GuL, y GuT b Utm c-u A.M. GuL, CqY\u
a c
x + y = 2 G] L,
(4) J H.P-u Rp Utm CWiPm ElLs \V
1
1
3 Utm 5 Gp 9Y ElTd LiL,
b+a b+c
+
= 2 G] L,
(5) a, b, c BVY H.P.p Clu
ba bc
(6) C L GiLd CPlThP jVNm 18 Utm
AYtu G.Mu 4 UPe UlT] H.M.-u 5 UPedf
NUUu. AkR GiL[d LiL,
(7) C GiLu A.M-u Ul 1 Gp. AYtu H.M B]
G.M.-u YodLjt NUUdm G] L,
(8) a, b, c BVY A.P.m a, mb, c BVY G.Pm Clu
a, m2b, c BVY H.P-p Cdm G] L,

139

(9) J H.P.-u pth Utm qth ElLs \V q Utm p Gp

ARu (pq)th El 1 G]d LhL,
(10) u GiLs J H.P.-I AUdu\], AYtu Rp 11
Utm AYtu RXLu Rp 1 Gp AkR
GiL[d LiL,

4.6 X \lT] RPoLs (Some special types of series) :

4.6.1 Dlj RPo (Binomial series)
J R AddV Dlj Rt\m (Binomial Theorem for
a Rational Index) :
J L Gi AddV Dl YdLj]f
Nu\ AjVVjp TojRm,
(x + a)n = x n + nC1 x n 1 a 1 + nC2x n 2a2 ++ nCrx n r ar + + nCnan
lTL.
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx +

n(n 1) 2 n(n 1) (n 2) 3
x +
x ++xn
2!
3!

n J L GiQdLp. (x + a)n-u p
CPmTm ElLu GidL (n+1) Bm, G]Y CjRPo
J Y] RPWm, B]p n J L GiQL
CpXlu. CjRPo J Yt\ RPWm,
Rt\m (TQu)
n GuT L Gi ApXR J R GiQu.
| x | < | G] CdLp
n(n 1)
n(n 1) (n 2) 3
x + Bm
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + 1.2 x2 +
1.2.3
Ce | x | < | Gu\ TkR] SUdj RYlT\, CRtV
LWQjRl uYm GjdLhPp [dYm,
x = 1, n = 1 G] UtLiP jWjp WYm,
1
jWju CPl\m = (1 + 1) 1 = 2 ,
( 1) ( 2) 2
YXl\m = 1 + ( 1) (1) +
1 +
2
= 11+11+

140

C\eLm NUUtlTRtL] LWQm VRp | x | < 1

GuTR x = 1 oj NnVRR Bm,
n J L GiQdLp CdRX] TkR] | x | < 1
RYVt\Rm,
L Gi AddV Dlj Rt\jtm. R
Gi AddV Dlj Rt\jtm Es[ jVNeLs :
1.

n N Gp x-u GpX UlLdm (1 + x)n B] Su

YWVdLlTm, nB] CVp Gi ApXR J R
Gi Gp | x | < | Gu\ TkR]dhThRu (1 + x)n-I
YWVdL m,

2.

n N Gp (1 + x)n-u YdLjp n + 1 ElLs UhU

Cdm, n B] CVp Gi ApXR J R Gi
Gp (1 + x)n-u YdLjp GidLVt\ ElLs
Cdm,

X lhP YdLeLs
n GuT J R Gi AdLu
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx +

n(n 1) 2 n(n 1) (n 2) 3
x +
x +
2!
3!

(1)

xdl TXL xIl WP

(1 x)n = 1 nx +

n(n 1) 2
n(n 1) (n 2) 3
x +
2! x
3!

(2)

ndl TXL nIl WP

n(n + 1)
n(n + 1) (n + 2) 3
x +
(3)
(1 + x)n = 1 nx + 2! x2
3!
x-dl TXL xIl WP
n(n + 1) 2 n(n + 1) (n + 2) 3
(1 x)n = 1 + nx + 2!
x +
x + (4)
3!
l :
(1) Ad J \ GiQu Rs[ LWLu
UlLs WL 1 ALdm,
(2) Ad J L GiQu Rs[ LWLu
UlLs WL 1 \m,
(3) x
Utm
n-u
Ls
JW
UV]YVu
YdLju GpX ElLm LVm,

141

(4) x Utm n-u Ls YqY\]YVu ElLu

Ls U U Ym,
X \lT] Ls :
1.

(1 + x)1 = 1 x + x2 x3 +

2.

(1 x) 1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 +

3.

(1 + x) 2 = 1 2x + 3x2 4x3 +

4.

(1 x) 2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 +

T El :
| x | < 1BL CdLp. J R Gi n-d
n(n 1)
n(n 1) (n 2) 3
x +
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + 1.2 x2 +
1.2.3
CkR YdLjp
Rp El T1 = T0 + 1 = 1
n
CWiPY El T2 = T1 + 1 = nx = 1 x1
n(n 1)
u\Y El T3 = T2 + 1 = 1.2 x2
SuLY El T4 = T3
= 1 20x + 15(16x2) 35(64x3) +
= 1 20x + 240x2 2240x3 +
4

(ii) | x2 | < 1 GuTRp Dlj Rt\ju Xm (1 x2) -I

TjRXm,
2
3
(4) (4 + 1)
(4) (4 + 1) (4 + 2)
(x2) +
(x2) +
= 1 + (4) (x2) +
1.2
1.2.3
= 1 + 4x2 + 10x4 + 20x6 +
1
-u YdLj] 4-Y ElYW LiL,
G,L, 4.12: |x| < 2 Gp
(2 + x)4
o :
1
x 4
x
4
= 2 4 1 + 2
| x | < 2 2 < 1
4 = (2 + x)

(2 + x)

(4) (4 + 1) x 2 (4) (4 + 1) (4 + 2) x 3
x
1

+
= 16 1 (4) 2 +
1.2
1.2.3
2
2

142

1
= 16
1
= 16

(4) (5) x2 (4) (5) (6) x3

1 2x + 2 4 1.2.3 8 +

x
5
5
8 + 32 x2 32 x3 +

1x
n+1 1x 2

G,L,4.13:(1+x)n= 2n 1 n 1 + x + n 2! 1 + x + G]d LhL,

1x
y = 1 + x GuL,

o :

n(n + 1)
R.H.S = 2n 1 ny + 2! y2 + = 2n [1 + y] n

1x n
1 + x + 1 x n
= 2n 1 + 1 + x
= 2n
1+x

2 n
1+x n
= 2n 2 = (1 + x)n = L.H.S.
= 2n 1 + x

Dlj RPWl TVuTj RWV Ul LQp

G,L, 4.14:
o :
3

126 -u UlT 2 RNUjR]eLd jRULd LiL

1
1
3
126 = (126) = (125 + 1)3
1
1
1
1 3
1 3

3
= (125)
1 + 125
= 125 1 + 125

1 1
1
Q 125 < 1
= 5 1 + 3 . 125 +

1
= 5 1 + 3 (0.008)

Ut\ ElLs XdLlThhP],

= 5[1 + 0.002666]
= 5.01 (2 RNUjR]eLs jRUL)
G,L, 4.15: x GuT J LlTV L Gi
3 3
3
1
x + 6 x3 + 3 = 2 (RWVUL) G]d LhL,
x
1
1
o : x TV Gp x V Bm, G]Y x < 1

143

1
1
1
1
3 3
3 3
6 3
3 3
3
3

3
3
x + 6 x + 3 = (x + 6) (x + 3) = x1 + 3 x 1 + 3
x
x
1
6
1
3
= x 1 + 3 . 3 + x 1 + 3 . 3 +
x
x

2
1
2
1
= x + 2 + x + 2 + = 2 2 +
x
x
x
x
1
= 2 (RWVUL)
x
1

G,L, 4.16: (1 2x) 2 Gu\ YdLjp x8-u QLjRd LiL

o :
n(n + 1)
n(n + 1) (n + 2) 3
n(n + 1) (n + r 1) r
x +
x ++
(1x)n=1+nx+ 2! x2+
3!
r!
G] SUdj Rm,
n(n + 1) (n + r 1) r
T El Tr + 1 =
x
r!
1
n = 2 Utm x-d TXL 2xI Gjd LiPp
1 3 5
2r 1
2 2 2 2
1.3.5 (2r 1) r r
(2x)r =
2 x
Tr + 1 =
r!
r! 2r
1.3.5 (2r 1)
xru QLm =
r!
r = 8 G] WP
1.3.5.7.9.11.13.15
x8u QLm =
8!
4.6.2. Tdj RPo (Adj RPo; Exponential Series)
Tdj Rt\m (TQm CpXUp)
xu GpX Un UlLdm
2
3
x
1 + 1 + 1 + + 1 + = 1 + x + x + x +
1! 2!
n!
1! 2! 3!

1
1
1
B]p e = 1 + 1! + 2! + 3! +
x
x2 x3
G]Y xu GpX UnUlLdm ex = 1 + 1! + 2! + 3! +

144

Ck rdLm Ls Pdu\],
x
x2 x3
ex = 1 1! + 2! 3! +
x2 x4
ex + ex
=
1
+
2
2! + 4! +
x3 x5
ex ex
=
x+
2
3! + 5! +
1
1
e + e1
= 1 + 2! + 4! +
2
1
1
1
e e1
= 1! + 3! + 5! +
2
4.6.3 UPdLj RPo (Logarithmic series) :
x2
x3
x4
1 < x < 1 Gp log(1 + x) = x 2 + 3 4 + Bm,
CjRPW] UPdLj RPo Gu AZdLlTm,
UPdLj RPu Ut\ AUlLs uYU :
x2 x3
log(1 x) = x 2 3
x2 x3
log(1 x) = x + 2 + 3 +

x3 x5

log(1 + x) log(1 x) = 2 x + 3 + 5 +

1
1+x
x3 x5
log
=
x
+
2
3 + 5 +
1x

Tt 4.3
(1) rdLm YdLeLp Rp Su ElL[ GL,
(i)

1
Ce | x | > 2
(2 + x)4

(ii)

1
3

6 3x

(2) rdLiTYL[ UlL :

(i)

1003 I 2 RNUjR]eLs jRUL

145

Ce | x | < 2

(ii)

1
3

I 2 RNUjR]eLs jRUL

128

(3) x Lf V Gp
x2
1x
=
1

x
+
1+x
2 (RWVUL) G] dL,
(4) x LlTV Gp

x2 + 25

8
x2 + 9 = x RWVUL G]

dL,
11

(5) (1 2x3) 2 -u YdLjp 5-Y El LiL,

(6) (1 x)4 u YdLjp (r + 1)Y El LiL,
1
n(n + 1)
1 2
(7) xn = 1 + n1 x + 1.2
1 x + G]d LhL,

146

5, T\ YVp
(Analytical Geometry)
ALm
YVp GuT sLs. LLs. Y[Ls. Y[R[l
TWlLs Tu\YL[m AYLu TiL[m TtV
TlTm, AlTP LsLL[p YVp EY] Gu
,, 300p YVd AjR[m ChPYo LrTt\ WdL
LRUR h AYoLs, ,,. 17Bm t\ip CVtLR
\L[ YVp Tlp TVuTjRlThPRu [YL
T\ YVp EY], LrTt\ Wg RjY URm
LRURU] W PLoP (Rene Descartes) (1596 1650)
CVtLR \L[ YVp Tlp GqY TVuTjR m
GuTR [d]o, CR]p AYo T\ YVX
RtjRYo G]d LRlT\o, AYPV TVu Xju
YYU] LoVu GuTk C LoVu YVp
G]m AZdLlT\,
CVtLRjtm YY LRjtm Es[ RPoTd
LQW
CVtLRju
AlTPV]
GiQ
YYLRju dV LjR] sd PLohP ALm
NnRo, CkR RPoT] BVj RXLu Rl G]
AZdLlT\, Um AYo J su ClPjR
XV] SodLLk Alsds[ WjRm.
NVm Li RPoTj]o, CkR AjVVjp. Nu\
YlLp UQYoLs Lt\ T\ YVp LjLu
RPofVd LiTm,

5.1 VUlTR ApX CVeYW (Locus) :

YWV\ : J su CVdLU] X
lhP YY LR TkR]L[ \
NnU
AUkdU]p.
Als
SLok Npm TR ARu CVeYW
ApX VUlTR G]lTm,
TPm 5. 1
GjdLhPL. C (h, k)
Gu\
XjR sk
GlTm a Gu\ XV] WjdU P(x1, y1) Gu\
J s CVeUu Alsu CVeYW J YhPUm,
(TPm 5.1) XjR s C YhPju UVm. XV] Wm a
AqYhPju BWUm,

147

G,L, 5.1: (0, 1) Gum sk J su WU]

x-BVjk Alsu WjRlTp C UPe B]p.
Alsu VUlTRVd LiL,
o :
A(0, 1) GuT LdLlThs[
s,
RYV]
CVeYWu
s[ HRm J sV P(x1, y1)
G] Gjd LsYm, P(x1,y1) Gu\
sk x-Aft YWVlThP
Nejd Lhu Als B
GuL, G]Y PB = y1.

TPm 5. 2

LhlT PA = 2PB
PA2 = 4PB2
i.e.

(x1 0) 2 + (y1 1)2 = 4y12

i.e.

x12 + y12 2y1 + 1 = 4y12

i.e.

x12 3y12 2y1 + 1 = 0

G]Y (x1, y1)u CVeYW x2 3y2 2y + 1 = 0

G,L,5.2: ( 1, 1), (4, 2) sLk NUWjdU SLm
su CVeYWVd LiL,
o :
LdLlThs[ sL[ A( 1, 1), B(4, 2) G] Gjd
LsYm, LdLlThs[ LhlThtQeL SLm s
P(x1,y1) G]d LsYm, LQduT. PA = PB
PA2 = PB2
i.e.
i.e.
i.e.

(x1 + 1) 2 + (y1 1)2 = (x1 4)2 + (y1 + 2)2

x12 + 2x1 + 1 + y12 2y1 + 1 = x12 8x1 + 16 + y12 + 4y1 + 4
i.e. 5x1 3 y1 9 = 0
10x1 6y1 18 = 0

(x1, y1) su CVeYW 5x 3y 9 = 0

G,L,5.3: A( 2, 3), B(4, 5) GuT] C sLs, PA2 PB2 = 20 Gu\
LhlTht CQeL. SLm su CVeYWu NUuT
V?

148

o :
LdLlThP C sLs A( 2, 3), B(4, 5). P(x1, y1)
CVeYWp Es[ HRm J s GuL, LdLlThs[
LhlT. PA2 PB2 = 20.
(x1 + 2)2 + (y1 3)2 [(x1 4)2 + (y1+5)2] = 20
x12 + 4x1 + 4 + y12 6y1 + 9 [x12 8x1 + 16 + y12 + 10y1 + 25] = 20
12x1 16y1 48 = 0
i.e.

3x1 4y1 12 = 0

G]Y (x1,y1)u CVeYW 3x 4y 12 = 0

G,L, 5.4: (7, 6) Utm (3, 4) Gu\ sLd NUWjp AUkR
x-Afu RUkR J sVd LiL,
o :
RYV] s P(x1, y1) GuL, x-Afu Up P Es[Rp.
y1= 0. LQduT A(7, 6), B(3, 4) BV C sLm P Gu\
sd NUWjp Es[Y,
i.e.

PA = PB PA2 = PB2
(x1 7)2 + (0 + 6)2 = (x1 3)2 + (0 4)2
x12 14x1 + 49 + 36 = x12 6x1 + 9 + 16
8x1 = 60 x1 = 15/2

15
G]Y RYV] s 2 ,0 Bm,

Tt 5.1
(1) (1, 4) Gu\ sk GlTm 6 AX Wjp
Cdm su CVeYWu NUuT LiL,
(2) (1, 4), ( 2, 3) Gu\ sLk NUWjp SLm
su CVeYWVd LiL,
(3) 7x 4y + 1 = 0 Gu\ SodLhu Up P(5t 4, t + 1) Gu\
skRp
(i) tu Ul LiL, (ii) Pu L[d LiL,
(4) Bk J su RX ARu y-Afj
RXYlTp
Ik
UPeLp
Alsu
CVeYWVd LiL,

149

(5) (1, 2), (0, 1) Gu\ sLk Es[ RXLs 2 : 1

Gu\ Rjp CdU SLm su CVeYW
3x2 + 3y2 + 2x + 12y1=0 G]d LhL,
(6) P Gu\ sV]. P Utm (2, 3), (1, 5) Gu\ sLs
Vm GlTm JW SodLhp CdU
SLokRp Pu CVeYW 2x + y 7 = 0 G]d LhL,
(7) A, B Gu\ C sLu BVjRXLs (1, 0) Utm
( 2, 3). rdLiP LhlThd CQeL SLm su
CVeYWVd LiL,
(i) PA2 + PB2 = 10

(ii) PA = 4PB.

5.2 SodLLs (Straight lines) :

5.2.1 ALm :
J SodL GuT YVp Y[YWu GUV]
YYm Bm, JqY SodLhtm J NUuT Ei, J
SodLhP
oQdL
CWi
TkR]Ls
RY,
SodLhu NUuThP kRV YlLp TpY
YYeLp Tts[m, AYL[Y](1) Nn - Yhji YYm (Slope intercept form) :
(A,,) y = mx + c Cp m GuT SodLhu NnYm
c GuT y-YhjiPm dm,
(2) s - Nn YYm (Point slope form) :
(A,,) y y1 = m(x x1) Cp m GuT SodLhu Nn,
(x1, y1) GuT SodLhu LdLlThP s,
(3) C s YYm (Two point form) :
y y1 x x1
=
Cp (x1, y1) Utm (x2, y2) GuT]
y2 y1 x2 x1
SodLhu LdLlThs[ sLs,
(4) Yhji YYm (intercept form) :
x
y
(A,,) a + b = 1 Cp a. b GuT] \V x Utm
yAfu YhjiLs,

5.2.2 Nej YYm (Normal form) :

Bk J SodLht YWVlTm Nejd
Lhu [m. AfNejdL x-AfPu HtTjm
LQm LdLlTu AdLhu NUuT LQp,

150

J SodL x, yAfL[ \V
R, N Gu\ sLp Yh\
G]d LsL,
RNd OL Gu\ NejdL
Ju YWL,
OL = p. Um XOL = GuL,
x, y AfLu YhjiLs
\V OR, ONBm,
x
y
SodLhu NUuT OR + ON = 1 (1)
OR
NeLQ dLQm OLRp, sec = OL

TPm 5. 3

OR = p sec

ON
NeLQ dLQm OLNp cosec = sec (90 ) = OL
ON = p cosec
NUuT (1)p OR, ON UlL[l WhPp
x
y
x cos y sin
+
=1
(A,,)
+ p
=1
p
p sec p cosec
(A,,) x cos + y sin = p GuT RYV] SodLhu
NUuT Bm,
5.2.3 QVX YYm (Parametric form) :
YWV\ : x Utm y Gu\ CULs. u\Y U u
NoL[u. -u YXL GRlTm x Utm y-dV NoLs
x, y-dV Q AX YYeL[m, Ce Gu\ UV]
Nou Q AX Bm,
(x1, y1) Gu\ s YVLm.
x-AfPu LQjR
HtTjRdVU]
SodLhu
NUuThPd
LQp,
(QVX YYm)
Q (x1, y1) GuT LdLlThP s
Utm P(x, y) GuT SodLhu Up
Es[ HRm J s GuL, PQ = r
GuL,
PTR = GuL.
B]p PQM = PTR
PQM =

TPm 5. 4

151

NeLQ dLQm PQMp

QM NR OR ON x x1
cos = PQ = r =
= r
r

x x1
=r
cos

(1)

y y1
PM
PR MR
CRTp sin = PQ =
= r
r

(1),(2)

y y1
=r
sin

(2)

x x1
y y1
=
= r GuT RYV] SodLhu
cos
sin

NUuT,
SodLhu GkR J sVm (x1 + r cos , y1 + r sin ) G]j
QVX YXL GRXm, Cp r GuT CVtLRj
WUm, Ce r J Q AXLm,

5.2.4 T YYm (General form) :

ax + by + c = 0 Gu\ NUuT GlTm J SodLhPd
dm,
ax + by + c = 0 Gm NUuT dm VUlTRp HRm
u sLs (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3) GuL, u]o.
ax1 + by1 + c = 0

(1)

ax2 + by2 + c = 0

(2)

ax3 + by3 + c = 0

(3)

(1) (y2 y3) + (2) (y3 y1) + (3) (y1 y2)

a [x1 (y2 y3) + x2 (y3 y1) + x3 (y1 y2)] = 0
a 0, x1 (y2 y3) + x2 (y3 y1) + x3 (y1 y2) = 0
ARY (x1, y1), (x2, y2) Utm (x3, y3) J LhlsLs,
G]Y ax + by + c = 0 J SodLhu NUuTPm,

152

5.2.5 J sk SodLht YWVlTm Nejd

Lhu [m :
(x1, y1) Gu\ sk ax + by + c = 0 Gm SoLht
ax1 + by1 + c
YWVlTm Neju [m

a2 + b2

ax + by + c = 0
(1) Gm
NUuT AB Gu\ SodLhPd
dLhm,
P(x1, y1) GuT LdLlThP
s ABd PD Nej YWL, PD
Ru RYV] Wm,
PD d
CQVL O YVL OM YWL,
OM=p GuL, Um MOB = . GuL,

TPm 5. 5

AB Gu\ SodLhu NUuT (5.2.2u T)

x cos + y sin p = 0
(2)
NUuTLs (1) Utm (2)-m JW SodLhPd du\],
G]Y JjR QLeLs NURjp Cdm,
sin p
cos
a = b = c

pb
ap
cos = c , sin = c
sin2 + cos2 = 1 GuTR AYm
p2b2 p2a2
+ 2 =1
c2
c
p2(a2 + b2) = c2
p=
G]Y cos = K

a
2

, sin = K

a +b

153

i.e.

p2a2 + p2b2 = c2

i.e . p2 =
c
2

a + b2
b
2

a + b2

c2
a2 + b2

OL = p Gu GjdLiPp SodL NRu NUuT

x cos + y sin p = 0
P(x1, y1) Gu\ s NR Gu\ SodLhu Up AUYRp
x1 cos + y1 sin p = 0
(A,,) OL = p = x1 cos + y1 sin
TPjuT. RYV] Wm
PD = LM = OM OL = p p
= p x1 cos y1 sin
=

c
2

x1 . a
2

y1 . b
2

ax1+by1+c

a +b
a +b
a +b
a2 + b2
G]Y (x1, y1) sk ax + by + c = 0 Gu\ SodLht
ax1 + by1 + c
YWVlTm NejdLhu [m =

a2 + b2
[jRt\m :
Bk ax + by + c = 0 Gm SodLht YWVlTm
c

Neju [m =
2 2
a +b
a
c
l : SodLhu Tf NUuT ax+by+c = 0 i.e. y = b x a
C y = mx + c Tp Es[
xu QLm
a
m = b (A,,) Nn = yu QLm
G,L,5.5: Nn 2 Utm y-Yhji 7 EPVU]
SodLhu NUuT LiL,
o :
Nn-Yhji YYm y = mx + c Ce m = 2, c = 7
G]Y RYV] SodLhu NUuT y = 2x + 7
G,L, 5.6: ( 1, 2) Gu\ su YVLf Npm SodLhu
2
Nn 7 Gp AdLhu NUuT LiL,
o :
s - Nn YYm y y1 = m(x x1).

154

Ce

2
(x1, y1) = ( 1, 2) Um m = 7
2
y 2 = 7 (x + 1) (A,,) 7y 14 = 2x + 2

SodLhu NUuT 2x 7y + 16 = 0
G,L, 5.7:
(1, 2), (3, 4) Gu\ sLs YVLf Npm SodLhu
NUuThPd LiL,
o :
C sLs YVLf Npm SodLhu NUuT
x x1
y y1
=
Ce (x1, y1) = (1, 2) Um (x2, y2) = (3, 4)
y1 y2 x1 x2
RYV] SodL,
y2
x1
2+4 = 13

y2
x1
6 = 2

y2
x1
=
3
1

y 2 = 3 (x 1) y 2 = 3x + 3
SodLhu RYV] NUuT 3x + y = 5

G,L, 5.8: (1, 2) Gu\ su YVLf NpYm AfdLu Up

YhjiL[ 2:3 Gu\ Rjp HtTjm SodLhu
NUuThPd LiL,
o :
x y
SodLhu Yhji YYm a + b = 1
YhjiLu Rm 2 : 3.
(1)p WP.

x
y
2k + 3k = 1

a = 2k,

(1)

b = 3k.

(A,,) 3x + 2y = 6k

(1, 2) s Y NpYRp. 3 + 4 = 6k

(A,,) 6k = 7

RYV] SodLhu NUuT 3x + 2y = 7

G,L, 5.9: (2, 3) Gu\ sk 2x y + 9 = 0 Gu\
SodLht YWVlTm NejdLhu [jRd LiL,

155

o :
(x1, y1) Gu\ sk ax + by + c = 0 Gu\ SodLht
ax1 + by1 + c .
YWVlThP NejdLhu [m =

a2 + b2
BLVp (2, 3) Gu\ sk 2x y + 9 = 0 Gu\
SodLht
YWVlThP
NejdLhu
[m
16
2(2)

(
3)
+
9
=

AXLs,

5
(2)2 + ( 1)2
G,L, 5.10: 4x3y+20=0 Gu\ Lht 5 AXLs RXs[ y
= x + 1 Gu\ Lhu Us[ su L[d LiL,
o : (x1, y1) Gu\ s y = x + 1 Gu\ SodLhu Up Es[
G] Gjd LsYm,
y1 = x1 + 1
(1)
(x1, y1) Gu\ sk 4x 3y + 20 = 0 Gu\ SodLht
YWVlThP NejdLhu [m
4x1 3y1 + 20
4x1 3y1 + 20

42 + ( 3)2

B]p Neju [m 5 AXLs G]j RWlThs[,

4x1 3y1 + 20
=5

5

4x1 3y1 + 20 = 25
LdV GjRp.

4x1 3y1 + 20 = 25

4x1 3y1 = 5

\dV GjRp.

(2)

4x1 3y1 + 20 = 25

4x1 3y1 = 45

(3)

(1), (2)u o

x1 = 8, y1 = 9

(1), (3)u o

x1 = 42, y1 = 41.

G]Y RYV] Ls (8, 9), ( 42, 41).

G,L,5.11:
JW
SodLht
Bk
YWVlTm
NejdLhu
[m
6
AXLs,
AfNejdL
x-AfPu HtTjm LQm 120 Gp. AkR SodLhu
NUuThPd LiL,

156

o :
SodLhu Nej YYm x cos + y sin = p
Ce = 120, p = 6

x cos 120 + y sin 120 = 6

1
3
x 2 + y 2 = 6 x + 3 y = 12

x 3 y + 12 = 0

SodLhu NUuT x 3 y + 12 = 0
G,L,5.12: 4x 3y 12 = 0 Gu\ SodLht 3 AXLs Nej
Wjp y-Afu s[ sL[d LiL,
o :
RWlThs[ LhlThtQeL
sV P(0, y1) GuL,

y-Afu

AUkR

LdLlThP SodL 4x 3y 12 = 0
P Gu\ sk 4x 3y 12 = 0 Gu\ SodLht
3y1 12 3y1 + 12
NejdLhu [m 2
= 5
4 + ( 3)2

Nej Wm 3 AXLs G]j RWlThs[Rp.

3y1 + 12 = 3
3y1 + 12 = 15

5
(A)

3y1 + 12 = 15

3y1 = 3

(A)

3y1 = 27

y1 = 1

(A)

y1 = 9

3y1 + 12 = 15

(0, 1) Utm (0, 9) RYV] sLs,

Tt 5.2
(1) ( 1, 2) Gu\ su YVLf Npm SodLhu
4
Nn 7 Gp AdLhu NUuThPd LiL,
y-Yhji
(2) Nn
3
Utm
4
EPVU]
SodLhu NUuThPd LiL,
(3) (3, 3) Gu\ sYf NpYm x-AfPu 45 LQjR
HtTYU] SodLhu NUuThPd LiL,

157

(4) (3, 6) ,(2, 5) BV sL[ CQdm SodLhu

NUuThPd LiL,
(5) YhjiLu Rp 9 EPVm (2, 2) su
YVLf NpYm B] SodLhu NUuThPd
LiL,
(6) ( 1, 3) Gu\ su YVLf Npm SodLhu
x-Yhji y-YhjiPl TX u UPe
Gp AkSodLhu NUuThPd LiL,
(7) (2, 4), (4, 6), (6, 10)
BV sL[p HtTm
dLQju SdLLu NUuTL[d LiL,
(8) (3, 2) Gu\ sk 3x + 2y + 1= 0 Gu\ SoLht
YWVlTm NejdLhu [jRd LiL,
(9) J SodLhu AfLdPV Es[ TV (3, 2)
Gu\ s CNUdm Gp. AkR SodLhu
NUuThPd LiL,
(10) (1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 6) Utm (6, 8) BVY StLWju
EflsLs
Gp.
ARu
XhPeLu
NUuTL[d LiL,
(11) AfLu Up Es[ YhjiLu Rp Utm
TdLp \V 1, 6
Gp. AkR SodLhu
NUuThPd LiL,
(12) 7x + 3y 6 = 0 Gu\ SodL AfL[ HtTjm
YhjiL[d LiL,
y
x
(13) 3 + 4 = 1 Gu\ SodLht 4 AXLs Nejj
Wjm x-Afu m Es[ sVd LiL,
(14) (4, 1) Gu\ s YV x-AfPu
135 EiPdm
SodLhtm 4x y = 0 Gu\ SodLhtm
CPlThP WjRd LiL,

5.3 SodLLu Rl (Family of straight lines) :

CRt kRV AjVVjp. J SodLhPl Tt
TjRm, CkR AjVVjp J R[jp AUkR Jud
UtThP SodLL[l Tt TodLXm,

158

5.3.1 CLLd CPV Es[ LQm :

l1 : y = m1x + c1 Utm
l2 : y = m2x + c2 GuT] P Gu\
sp
YhdLsm
SodLLu
NUuTLs
x-Afu
GuL,
CY
L
Np HtTjm LQeLs
\V 1 Utm 2 GuL,
CqY\u, m1 = tan1

Utm

TPm 5. 6
m2 = tan2. C LLd CPV Es[ LQm GuL,
TPm (5.6)uT

1 = + 2
= 1 2

tan = tan (1 2) =

tan1 tan2
m1 m2
=
1 + tan1.tan2 1 + m1 m2

m1 m2
Ul
\
GiQLY
ApX
L
1 + m1 m2
GiQLY Cdm, YZdLU] UWlT Sm C LLd
CPlThP LQm eLQULd LsYm, G]Y Sm
tan t L UlT (R UlT) GjdLsYm,

m1 m2
G]Y tan = 1 + m m ;

m1 m2
= tan1 1 + m m

[jRt\m (1) : C SodLLs

NnLs NUUL Cdm,
TQm :
C SodLLs CQV]p.
LQm fVm, = 0.
tan = 0
m1 m2

1 + m1 m2
(A,,)
m1

CQV]p. AYtu

AYtt

=0

CPlThP

m1 m2 = 0

= m2

G]Y C SodLLs CQV]p. AYtu NnLs

NUUL Cdm,
l : URXVL. NnLs NUUp CSodLLm
CQVL Cdm,

159

[jRt\m (2): C SodLLs JutLu Nej

Gp. AYtu NnLu TdLtTXu Ul 1 Bm,
TQm :
C SodLLm NejR]p. = 90.
m1 m2
tan = tan90 = 1 + m m =
1 2
T fVUL CkRpRu C NjVm, AR]p
(A,,) m1 m2 = 1
1 + m1 m2 = 0
G]Y C SodLLs JutLu Nej Gp.
AYtu NnLu TdLtTXu = 1.
l (1) : URXVL. NnLu TdLtTXu = 1 Gp C
SodLLm JudLu NejRL Cdm,
CWim
Y]YVL
CkRpRu
(2) : m1,m2
[jRt\m
(2)
Tkm,
SodLLs
AfdL[LY ApX AfdLd CQVLY
CkRp C TkR,
[jRt\m (3): SodLLs CQVL CkRp. AkR
SodLLu NUuTLp Es[x, yu QLeLs NURjp
Cdm, lTL C CQ SodLLu NUuTLs U
ElL[p UhU YTm,
TQm :
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 Utm a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 Gm CLLs
CQV]Y GuL, a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 Gu\ SodLhu Nn
a1
a2
m1 = b ; a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 Gu\ SodLhu Nn m2 = b
1
2
C LLm CQV]Y ; m1 = m2.
a2
a1
(A,,) b = b
1
2

a1
a2

b1
= b
2

(A,,) x, yu QLeLs NU Rjp Cdm,

b2
a2
a1 = b1 = (GuL)
a2 = a1 , b2 = b1
G]Y CWiPY NUuT a2x + b2y + c2 = 0Y
a1x + b1y + c2 = 0 G] GRXm,

160

(A,,)

a1x + b1y +

c2
=0

c2
)

G]Y a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 Gm Lht CQV] Lhu

NUuT a1x + b1y + k = 0 Bm,
(A,,)

a1x + b1y + k = 0 (Ce k =

l (1): CRt kRV AjVVjp Bdm J SodL

ax + by + c = 0-dm CPlThP Wm LiTRt EV J
c

jWjRl TojRm, (A,,) Wm =

2 2
a +b
CRl TVuTj ax + by + c1 = 0, ax + by + c2 = 0 Gu\ C
CQLLd CPlThP WjRd LQdYRt EV
| c1 c2 |
GuTRj RdLXm, Sm | c1 c2 |
jWUL d =
a2 + b2
GlTRu LWQm c2 > c1 BLY ApX c1 > c2 BLY CdLXm
GuTR,
l (2): C CQV] LLd CPV Es[ WjRd
LilTRt u]p AkR C LL[m ax + by + c1 = 0
Utm ax + by + c2 = 0 Gu\ hP YYjp G \ jWjRl
TVuTjRm,
[jRt\m (4): ax + by + c = 0 Gu\ SodLht NejR]
SodLhu NUuThu YYm HRm J k-u Uld
bx ay + k = 0 Bm,
TQm : ax + by + c = 0 Utm a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 Gu\ SodLLs
JudLu NejR]Y GuL,
a
ax + by + c = 0 Gu\ SodLhu Nn m1 = b
a1
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 Gu\ SodLhu Nn m2 = b
1
C SodLLm JudLu Nej Gp m1 m2 = 1
a
a1
(A,,) b b = 1
(A,,) aa1 = bb1

a1
b1
(A,,)
b = a = GuL, a1 = b, b1 = a

161

CWiPY NUuT a1x + b1y + c1 = 0I bx ay + c1 = 0 G]

GRXm,
c1
(A,,)
bx ay +
=0

c1
(A,,)
bx ay + k = 0 Ce k =

G]Y ax + by + c = 0 Gu\ SodLht NejR]

SodLhu NUuThu YYm HRm J k-u Uld
bx ay + k = 0 Bm,
l : C SodLLs Ju\Vu YhdLsm
sVd LidL. AYtu NUuTL[j odLm,
5.3.3 u SodLLs JW sYV NpYRtL]
LhlThPd LQp :
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0

(1)

a2x + b2y + c2 = 0

(2)

a3x + b3y + c3 = 0

(3)

GuT] u SodLLu NUuTLs GuL, u

SodLLm JW sp NkjRp. HRm CWi
SodLLs YhdLsm s YVL u\Y
SodL NpX Yim,
(1), (2) NUuTL[j o NnYRp Pdm Rp CWi
SodLLs YhdLsm su BVjRXL[Y]
c1a2 c2 a1
b1 c2 b2c1
,y=
x=
a1b2 a2b1
a1b2 a2b1
CkR x, y u UlL[ NUuT (3)p WhPp.

b1 c2 b2c1
c1a2 c2 a1
(A,,) a3
+ b3 a b a b + c3 = 0
a
a
b
b

1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
(A,,) a3 (b1c2 b2c1) +b3(c1a2 c2a1) + c3(a1b2 a2b1) = 0
(A,,)

a1(b2c3 b3c2) b1(a2c3 a3c2) + c1(a2b3 a3b2) = 0

1
a2
a3

=0
c3

a b1 c1

(A,,)

b2 c2
b3

162

CY u SodLLs JW s YVf NpYRtj

RYV] LhlTPm,

5.3.4

C RWlThP SodLLs YhdLsm

YfNpm SodLhu NUuT LQp :

LdLlThP CSodLLu NUuTLs

a1x + b1y + c1

(1)

a2x + b2y + c2

(2)

a1x + b1y + c1 + (a2x + b2y + c2) = 0

(3)

GuL,

Gu\

NUuThP

Gjd LsYm, Ce J U,
NUuT (3) B] x, yp J TfNUuTPL ClTRp.
Cm J SodLhPd dm, (1), (2) NUuTLs Yhm
s (x1, y1) GuL,
a1x1 + b1y1 + c1 = 0 Utm a2x1 + b2y1 + c2 = 0
a1x1 + b1y1 + c1 + (a2x1 + b2y1 + c2) = 0
s (x1, y1) B] NUuT (3)Im \ Nn\,
G]Y a1x + b1y + c1 + (a2x + b2y + c2) = 0 Gu\ SodL
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 Utm a1x + b2y + c2 = 0 Gu\ SodLLs
Yhm sYf Npm SodLPm,
G,L, 5.13 : 3x 2y + 9 = 0, 2x + y 9 = 0 BV C SodLLdm
CPlThP LQjRd Li,
o :
3
9
3
3x 2y + 9 = 0 Gu\ SodLhu Nn m1 = 2 y = 2 x + 2

2x + y 9 = 0 Gu\ SodLhu Nn m2 = 2 [ y = 2x + 9]
C SodLLdm CPlThP LQm Gp.

m1 m2
= tan1 1 + m m

= tan1

3
2+2
3
1 + 2 ( 2)

163

2
= tan1
2 6
2
7

7
7
= tan1 4 = tan1 4

G,L,5.14 : 2x + y 9 = 0 Utm 2x + y 10 = 0 Gu\ SodLLs

CQV]Y G]d LhL,
o :
2x + y 9 = 0 Gu\ SodLhu Nn m1 = 2 ;
2x + y 10 = 0 Gu\ SodLhu Nnm2 = 2 ;

m1 = m2

G]Y LdLlThP C SodLLm CQV]Y,

G,L,5.15:x+2y+5=0, 2x+ 4y 5 = 0 Gu\ SodLLs CQV]Y
G]dLhL,
o :
LdLlThP C NUuTLs
x + 2y + 5 = 0
(1)
2x + 4y 5 = 0
(2)
2
1
x, yu QLeLs NURjp Es[], LWQm 2 = 4 , G]Y
C SodLLm CQVm,
l : NUuT(2)I x + 2y 5/2 = 0 G] GYRu Xm C
NUuTLm
U
Elp
YTYRp
Aq
SodLLm CQV]YVm,
G,L, 5.16: 2x + 3y 6 = 0 Utm 2x + 3y + 7 = 0 Gu\ C CQ
SodLLd CPlThP Wm LiL,
o :
c1 c2
C CQ SodLLd CPlThP Wm = 2

a + b2
Bm, Ce c1 = 6, c2 = 7, a = 2, b = 3
6 7 13
= 13 AXLs
=
22 + 32 13
G,L, 5.17: 2x + 3y 9 = 0, 3x 2y + 10 = 0 Gu\ SodLLs
JudLu Nej G] L,
o :
2
2x + 3y 9 = 0 Gu\ SodLhu Nn m1 = 3
G]Y RYV] Wm

164

3
3x 2y + 10 = 0 Gu\ SodLhu Nn m2 = 2
2 3
m1m2 = 3 . 2 = 1
G]Y LdLlThP C
NejRm,

SodLLs

JudLu

G,L,5.18: 3x + 2y = 9 Gu\ SodLht CQVLm (3, 3)

Gu\ sYVLm Npm SodLhu NUuThPd
LiL,
o :
3x + 2y 9 = 0 CQV] J SodLhu YYm
3x + 2y + k = 0
(1)
CdL (3, 3) Gu\ sYf NpYRp
9 6 + k = 0 (A,,) k = 3
3x + 2y 3 = 0 GuT RYV] SodLhu NUuTPm,
G,L,5. 19: 3x + 4y + 28 = 0 Gu\ SodLhtf NejRLm
(1, 4)
Gu\ sYVLm Npm SodLhu
NUuThPd LiL,
o :
3x + 4y + 28 = 0d NejR] SodLhu YYm 4x 3y + k = 0
CdL ( 1, 4)u YVLf NpYRp 4 12 + k = 0 k = 16
G]Y RYV] SodLhu NUuT 4x 3y + 16 = 0
G,L, 5. 20: 4x 3y 18 = 0, 3x 4y + 16 = 0 Utm x + y 2 = 0 BV
SodLL[ TdLeL[Ld LiP dLQm Ko CNUTdL
dLQm G]dLhL,
o :
4
4x 3y 18 = 0 Gu\ SodLhu Nn m1 = 3
3
3x 4y + 16 = 0 Gu\ SodLhu Nn m2 = 4
x + y 2 = 0 Gu\ SodLhu Nn m3 = 1
4x 3y 18 = 0 Utm 3x 4y + 16 = 0 Gu\ SodLLd
CPlThP LQm GuL,

m1 m2
= tan1 1 + m m Gu\ jWjRl TVuTj]p

165

 34
= tan1
4 3
1 + 3 4
4

16 9
12
= tan1 2

7
7
= tan1 24 = tan1 24

3x4y+16 = 0 Utm x + y 2 = 0 Gu\ SodLLd CPlThP

LQm GuL,
3
4+1
7/4
= tan1
= tan1 1 / 4
3

1 +4 ( 1)

= tan1 (7)
x+y 2 = 0 Utm 4x3y 18= 0 Gu\ SodLLd CPlThP
LQm GuL,
4
7
1 3
3
1
= tan1
1
4 = tan

1 + ( 1) 3
3

= tan1 (7)
=
G]Y RWlThP dLQm Ko CNUTdL dLQUm,
G,L, 5.21 : 5x + 4y 13 = 0 Utm 3x + y 5 = 0 Gu\ SodLLs
YhdLsm sVd LiL,
o :
SodLLs YhdLsm sVd LQ. AYtu
NUuTL[j odLm,
YhdLsm s (x1, y1) GuL,
(x1, y1) B] C SodLLu m Es[Rp

5x1 + 4y1 = 13

(1)

3x1 + y1 = 5

(2)

12x1 + 4y1 = 20

(3)

(1) (3)

7x1 = 7

(2) 4

166

x1 = 1

x1 = 1 GuTR NUuT(1)p WP. 5 + 4y1 = 13

4y1 = 8

y1 = 2

G]Y YhdLsm s (1, 2) Bm,

G,L,5.22 : 2x + y = 8, 3x y = 2 BV SodLLs Yhd
Lsm
sV
(2,3)
Gu\
sPu
CQdm
SodLhu NUuThPd LiL,
o :
LdLlThs[ C SodLLs YhdLsm
sYf Npm SodLhu NUuT
2x + y 8 + (3x y 2) = 0
(1)
NUuT(1)Id dm SodLP] (2, 3) Gu\ sYf
NpYRp 4 3 8 + (6 + 3 2) = 0
=1
(1)
2x + y 8 + 3x y 2 = 0 5x 10 = 0
x = 2 GuT RYV] SodLhu NUuT,
G,L, 5.23: 2x + y = 8 Utm 3x 2y + 7 = 0 Gu\ SodLLs
YhdLsm
s
YVLm
4x + y 11 = 0
Gu\
SodLht CQVLm Es[ SodLhu NUuThPd
LiL,
o :
C SodLLm YhdLsm s (x1, y1) GuL,

(1) 2

2x1 + y1 = 8

(1)

3x1 2y1 = 7

(2)

4x1 + 2y1 = 16

(3)

9
38
9 38
x1 = 7 ; y1 = 7 ; (x1, y1) = 7 , 7

4x + y 11 = 0 Gu\ SodLht CQV] J

SodLhu NUuThu YYm 4x + y + k = 0
9 38
CdL 7 , 7 Gu\ sYf Np\,

74
36 38
7 + 7 +k = 0 ; k= 7
74
4x + y 7 = 0
(2) + (3)

167

 28x+7y74 = 0 GuT RYV] SodLhu NUuTPm,

G,L,5.24: 5x 6y = 1 Utm 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 Gu\ Cq
SodLLs YhdLsm sYVLm. 3x 5y + 11 = 0
Gu\ SodLhtf NejRLm Es[ SodLhu
NUuT LiL,
o :
LdLlThs[ C SodLLs YhdLsm s
YVLf Npm SodLhu NUuT
5x 6y 1 + (3x + 2y + 5) = 0
(1)
(5 + 3)x + ( 6 + 2)y + ( 1 + 5) = 0
CkR SodL 3x 5y + 11 = 0 Gu\ SodLhtf
NejRL Es[,
NejRL Es[ C SodLLu NnLu TdLtTXu
1 (A,,) m1 m2= 1

5 + 3 3

6 + 2 5

15 + 9 = 30 + 10 = 45
(1) 5x 6y 1 + 45 (3x + 2y + 5) = 0 i.e. 140x + 84y + 224 = 0
(A,,) 5x + 3y + 8 = 0 GuT RYV] SodLhu
NUuTPm,
G,L,5.25: 3x + 4y = 13; 2x 7y + 1 = 0 Utm 5x y = 14 BV
SodLLs JW sp Nkdm G] ,
o :
Rp CWi SodLLm Yhm s (x1, y1) Gp
3x1 + 4y1

13

(1)

2x1 7y1

(2)

(1) 7

21x1 + 28y1

91

(3)

(2) 4

8x1 28y1

(4)

(3) + (4)

29x1

87

(1)

9 + 4y1

13

x1 = 3

y1 = 1

Rp CWi SodLLm YhdLsm s (3, 1)

168

CR

5x y = 14 Gu\ NUuThp WP
C,T, = 5x y

= 15 1 = 14 = Y,T,
(A,,) (3, 1) Gu\ sV] u\Y SodLhu
NUuThPm \ Nn\, G]Y u SodLLm
JW sp NklT]Ym,
G,L, 5.26: x y 5 = 0, 2x y 8 = 0 Utm 3x y 9 = 0 BV
SodLL[l
TdLeL[Ld
LiP
dLQju
NeLh UVjRd LiL,
o :
xy5 = 0
(1)
2x y 8 = 0
(2)
3x y 9 = 0
(3)
CfNUuTLs
\V
ABCu TdLeL[] AB, BC
Utm CAId lTY GuL,
(1), (3) Yhm s A(2, 3)
TPm 5. 7
BCu NUuT 2x y 8 = 0. CdLhtf NejR]
SodLhu NUuThu YYm x + 2y + k = 0
(4)
A(2, 3) Gu\ sY SodL (4) NpYRp
26+k = 0 k = 4
G]Y AD u NUuT
x + 2y = 4
(5)
(1)Im (2)Im olTRp SUd B(3, 2) Gu\ Yhm s
Pd\,
3x y 9 = 0 Gu\ SodLhtf NejR] Lhu
NUuThu YYm x + 3y + k = 0
CdL B(3, 2) Gu\ sYf NpYRp.
36+k = 0 k = 3
G]Y BEu NUuT
x + 3y = 3
(6)
NUuTLs (5)m, (6)m Yhm s O ( 6, 1). CY ABCu
NeLh UVUm,
G,L,5.27: aCu GmUlt 3x + y + 2 = 0, 2x y + 3 = 0 Utm
x + ay 3 = 0 Gu\ SodLLs JW sYf Npm GuTRd
LiL,

169

o :
(x1, y1) GuT u SodLLm Nkdm s GuL,
Rp CWi NUuTL[m CkR s oj Nn\,
3x1 + y1 + 2 = 0
2x1 y1 + 3 = 0

(1)
(2)

(1), (2) NUuTL[j olTRp SUd Yhm s ( 1, 1)

G]d Pd\, u SodLLm JW sYVf
NpYRp Yhm sV x + ay 3 = 0 Gu\ NUuThp
WP.
1+a3 = 0
(A,,)
a=4

Tt 5.3
(1) 2x + y = 4 Utm x + 3y = 5 BV C SodLLdm
CPlThP LQm LiL,
(2) 2x + y = 5, x 2y = 4 Gu\ C SodLLm JudLu
Nej G] L,
(3) 3x + 2y 7 = 0 Gu\ SodLht CQVLm (1, 2) Gu\
sYVLm Npm SodLhu NUuTh]d
LiL,
(4) x + y = 9 Gu\ SodLhtf NejRLm (2, 1) Gu\
s YVLm Npm SodLhu NUuT LiL,
(5) 5x + 4y 13 = 0, 3x + y 5 = 0 Gu\ SodLLs
YhdLsm sVd LiL,
(6) 2x 3y + 9 = 0, 6x + ky + 4 = 0 Gu\ C SodLLs CQ
Gp. k-u Ul LiL,
(7) 2x + y 9 = 0, 4x + 2y + 7 = 0 Gu\ CQ SodLLd
CPlThP WjRd LiL,
(8) 8px + (2 3p) y + 1 = 0 ; px + 8y 7 = 0 Cq SodLLm
NejR]Y Gp pu Ul Li,
(9) 2x + y = 8 ; 3x 2y + 7 = 0 Gu\ SodLLs
YhdLsms YVLm 4x + y 11 = 0 Gu\
SodLht
CQVLm
Es[
SodLhu
NUuThPd LiL,
170

(10) 5x6y=1, 3x+2y+5=0 Gu\ C SodLLs YhdLsm

s
YVLm
3x5y+11=0
Gu\
SodLhtf
NejRLm Es[ SodLhu NUuThPd LiL,
(11) 2xy + 7 = 0, x + y 1 = 0 Gu\ SodLLs YhdLsm
sV (4, 3) Gu\ sPu CQdm SodLhu
NUuT V?
(12) 3x + 2y + 1 = 0, x + y = 3 BV SodLLs YhdLsm
sV y x = 1 ; 2x + y + 2 = 0 Gu\ SodLLs
YhdLsm sPu CQdm SodLhu
NUuT LiL,
(13) 2x + y=0, 9x + 32y = 41 Gu\ C SodLLd CPlThP
LQm 3x + 2y = 0, 4x y = 0 Gu\ SodLLd
CPlThP LQm NUm G] ,
(14) y = 2x + 7, x 3y 6 = 0 Utm x + 2y = 8 BV SodLL[
TdLeL[Ld LiP dLQm J NeLQ dLQm
G]d LhL,
(15) 3x + y + 4 = 0, 3x + 4y 15 = 0 Utm 24x 7y 3 = 0 Gu\
SodLL[ TdLeL[Ld LiP dLQm Ko
CNUTdL dLQm G]d LhL,
(16) 3x + 4y=13 ; 2x 7y + 1 = 0 Utm 5x y = 14 BV SodLLs
JW sp NklTY G]d LhL,
(17) x 6y + a = 0, 2x + 3y + 4 = 0 Utm x + 4y + 1 = 0 BV
SodLLs J sp NkjRp au UlTu]?
(18) au GmUlt x + y 4 = 0, 3x + 2 = 0 Utm x y + 3a = 0
Gu\ SodLLs JW s
NklTY GuTRd
LiL,
(19) ( 2, 1), (6, 1), (2, 5) BV sL[ EfL[Ld LiP
dLQju NeLh UVm LiL,
(20) ax + by + c = 0, bx + cy + a = 0 Utm cx + ay + b = 0 BV
SodLLs J sYf Nu\p a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc G]d
LhL,
(21) x + y 1 = 0, x + 2y 4 = 0 Utm x + 3y 9 = 0 Gu\
SodLL[l TdLeL[Ld LiP dLQju
NeLh UVm LiL,
171

(22) x + 2y = 0, 4x + 3y = 5 Utm 3x + y = 0 BV SodLL[

TdLeL[Ld LiP dLQju NeLh UVm
LiL,

5.4 CWhP SodLLs (Pair of straight lines)

5.4.1 CWhP SodLLu JeQkR NUuT
x, yp JTf NUuT J SodLhPd d\ GuTR
Sm AYm, l1x + m1y + n1 = 0, l2x + m2y + n2 = 0 GuT] C
RjR LLu NUuT GuL, AkR SodLLu
JeQkR NUuT
(l1x + m1y + n1) (l2x + m2y + n2) = 0
l1l2x2 + (l1m2 + l2m1) xy + n1n2y2+(l1n2 + l2n1)x + (m1n2 + m2n1)y + n1n2 = 0
G]Y ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 (Ce a, b, c, f, g, h
ULs) Gu\ CTf NUuThP CWhP SodLLu
JeQkR NUuTPL Gjd Ls[Xm,

5.4.2 BYf Npm CWhP SodLLs

CWiPY Tp NUTjR] NUuT ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
B] BYf Npm CWhP SodLL[d dm,
NUuT ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0I xCu J CTf NUuTPLd
Lj o LQ
x=

2hy

4h2y2 4aby2
2a

2
2h 2 h2 ab
y = h h ab y
=
a
2a

ax = ( h

h2 ab) y

(A,,) ax + (h + h2 ab) y = 0 Utm ax + (h h2 ab) y = 0 BV

SodLLs BYf Npm SodLL[m,
G]Y ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 Gu\ NUTjR] NUuT BYf
Npm CWhP SodLL[d d\,
l : SodLLs
(1) h2 > ab Gp UnV]Y. YqY\]Y
(2) h2 = ab Gp UnV]Y, B]p JuVY,
(3) h2 < ab Gp LtT]V]Y,

172

BYf Npm CWhP SodLLu NnLu Rp

Utm TdLp LQp
x, y dLp CWiPY Tp NUTjR] NUuT
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 B] BYf Npm CWhP
SodLL[d dm, BYf Npm C SodLLu
NUuTLs y = m1x ; y = m2x GuL, AY CWiPm
JeQj (y m1x) (y m2x) = 0 G] GRXm,
m1m2 x2 (m1 + m2) xy + y2 = 0
Cm
BYf
Npm
CWhP
SodLL[d
lTRp. UtLiP NUuTLu JjR ElLu LdLs
R NUU]Y,
m1m2
(m1 + m2)
1
= b
a =
2h
a
a
m1 m2 = b ; (A,,) NnLu TdLp TXu = b
2h
2h
m1 + m2 = b (A,,) NnLu Rp TXu = b

5.4.3 BYf Npm CWhP SodLLd CPlThP

LQm
BYf Npm CWhP SodLLu NUuT
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
2h
a
m1 + m2 = b Utm m1 m2 = b
CWhP SodLLd CPlThP LQm GuL,
m1 m2
tan = 1 + m m
1 2

tan =

(m1 + m2)2 4m1 m2

1 + m1 m2

4h2 4a
b
b2
a
1+b

2 h2 ab

tan =
a+b

173

4h2 4ab
b2
a+b
b

2
2 h2 ab

i.e. = tan1 2 h ab
a
b
a
b
+
+

= tan1

-I J eLQULd LsY YZdLUm,

[jRt\m (1):
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 Gu\ CWhP SodLLd
CPlThP LQm Gp

2 h2 ab
2
2

a + b C ax + 2hxy + by = 0 Gu\ BYf

= tan1

Npm CWhP SodLLd CPlThP LQjtm

NUm Bm,
[jRt\m (2):
SodLLs CQV]Y Gp h2 = ab
Bm, [ = 0, tan = 0]
[jRt\m (3): SodLLs Jud Ju NejR]Y
Gp a + b = 0
ARY x2u L + y2u L = 0 [Q = 90, tan = ]
x, y-p TY] Ko CTf NUuT
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 CWhP SodLL[
lTRtL] LhlT abc + 2fgh af2 bg2 ch2 = 0 GuTRm,
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
J CT Tf NUuT CWhP SodLL[d
lTRLd LsL,
CR] x-p CTf NUuTPLd LYUu.
ax2 + 2(hy + g)x + (by2 + 2fy + c) = 0 G] GRXm,
xu o
x=

(hy + g)

ax + hy + g =

(hy + g) 2 a(by2 + 2fy + c)

a

(hy + g) 2 a(by2 + 2fy + c)

= (h2 ab)y2 + 2(gh af)y + (g2 ac)

JqY SodLm x, yp JTf NUuTPL CdL
Yim Gu\p YX TdLm Es[ LY J YodLUL
CdL Yim, C GlT m Gp YX TdLm

174

YodLXjs Es[ yu CTd LYu RuU Lh

fVUL CdL Yim,
(h2 ab) (g2 ac) = (gh af) 2
CR] Tjl u]o JeTj]p
abc+2fghaf2bg2ch2=0 Gu\ RYV] LhlT Pdm,
G,L,5.28: x2 + 4xy + 3y2 = 0 Gu\ CWhP SodLLd
CPlThP LQjRd LiL,
o :
Ce a = 1, 2h = 4, b = 3
CWhP SodLLd CPlThP LQm GuL,

2 h2 ab
= tan1 2 4 3 = tan1 1
2
4
a+b

= tan1

G,L, 5.29: ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 Gu\ CWhP SodLLp Juu

Nn
Ut\u
NnYl
TX
u
UPe
Gp
3h2 = 4ab G]d LhL,
o :
m1, m2 GuTY CWhP SodLLu NnLs GuL,
u]o
a
2h
m1 + m2 = b , m1 m2 = b
LQduT.
m2 = 3m1
2h
b

m1 . 3m1 =

a
b

a
h 2 a
3m12 = b 3 2b = b

3h2
=
4b2

a
b

3h2 =

4ab

m1 + 3m1 =
B]p

h
m1 = 2b

G,L, 5.30: x y + x 3y 2 = 0 GuT CWhP SodLL[d

dm G]d LhL, Um CdLLd CPlThP LQm
LiL,
o :
LdLlThP NUuT x2 y2 + x 3y 2 = 0

175

CR ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 EPu JlmT

1
3
a = 1, h = 0, b = 1, g = 2 , f = 2 , c = 2.
CWhP SodLhtL] LhlT
abc+2fghaf2bg2ch2 = 0
3 1
9
1
abc+2fghaf2bg2ch2 = (1)(1)(2)+2 2 2 (0)(1) 4 1) 4(2) (0)

9 1 89+1
=24 +4 =
4
=0
G]Y LdLlThP NUuT CWhP SodLL[d
dm,
a + b = 1 1 = 0 G]Y CWhP SodLLd CPlThP
LQm 90.
G,L, 5.31: 3x2 + 7xy + 2y2 + 5x + 5y + 2 = 0 GuT CWhP
SodLL[d dm G]d LhL, Um CdLLu
RjRf NUuTL[m LiL,
o :
LdLlThPf NUuThP ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
EPu JlmT
7
5
5
a = 3, b = 2, h = 2 , g = 2 , f = 2 , c = 2. CWhP SodLLdL]
LhlT abc + 2fgh af2 bg2 ch2 = 0
5 5 7
25
25
49
abc+2fghaf2bg2ch2 = (3) (2) (2) + 22 2 2 3 4 2 4 2 4



175 75 50 98
= 12 + 4 4 4 4 = 0
G]Y LdLlThP NUuT CWhP SodLL[d
dm, ClT CT ElL[d LWlTjR PlT
3x2 + 7xy + 2y2 = (x + 2y) (3x + y)
3x2 + 7xy + 2y2 + 5x + 5y + 2 = (x + 2y + l) (3x + y + m) GuL
x-u LdL[f NUuTjR. 3l + m = 5
... (1)
y-u LdL[f NUuTjR. l + 2m = 5
... (2)
(1), (2) NUuTL[j odL
l = 1, m = 2

176

G]Y
CWhP
SodLLu
x + 2y + 1 = 0 Utm 3x + y + 2 = 0

RjR

NUuT

G,L, 5.32: 4x2 + 4xy + y2 6x 3y 4 = 0 GuT CQV] CWhP

SodLL[d dm G]d LhL, Um CYLdPV
Es[ WjRm LiL,
o :
LdLlThP NUuT 4x2 + 4xy + y2 6x 3y 4 = 0
Ce a = 4, h = 2, b = 1 ; ab h2 = 4(1) 22 = 4 4 = 0
G]Y CWhP SodLLs CQVm,
4x2 + 4xy + y2 = (2x + y) 2
4x2 + 4xy + y2 6x 3y 4 = (2x + y + l) (2x + y + m)
x-u LdL[f NUuTjR 2l + 2m = 6 (A,,) l + m = 3 (1)
lm = 4

UdL[f NUuTjR

4
l+ l = 3

(A,,)

(l + 4) (l 1) = 0

Ce

lm = 4

(2)

l2 + 3l 4 = 0
l = 4, 1
m = 1, 4

2x + y 4 = 0
Utm 2x + y + 1 = 0 GuT] CWhP
SodLLu RjR NUuTL[m, CYttPVs[
RX
| c1 c2 |
2

a +b

41
= 5 AXLs
2 2 + 1 2

G,L, 5.33: x + 2y 3 = 0, 3x y + 4 = 0 BV RjR NUuTL[d

LiP CWhP SodLLu JeQkR NUuT LiL,
o :
LdLlThP SodLLu JeQkR NUuT
(x + 2y 3) (3x y + 4) = 0
(A,,) 3x2 + 6xy 9x xy 2y2 + 3y + 4x + 8y 12 = 0
(A,,) 3x2 + 5xy 2y2 5x + 11y 12 = 0 GuT CWhP
SodLLu NUuTPm,

177

Tt 5.4
(1) ax2 + 3xy 2y2 5x + 5y + c = 0 Gu\ CWhP SodLLs
JudLu Nej Gp a Utm c-u UlL[d
LiL,
(2) (a23b2) x2+8ab xy+(b23a2)y2=0 Gu\ CWhP SodLLd
CPlThP LQjRd LiL,
(3) ax2 + 2hxy + by2 =0 Gu\ BYf Npm CWhP
SodLLd
CPlThP
LQm
60
Gp
(a + 3b) (3a + b) = 4h2 G] L,
(4) 9x2 + 24xy + 16y2 + 21x + 28y + 6 = 0 GuT C CQ
SodLL[d
dm
G]
L,
Um
AYLdPV Es[ WjRm LiL,
(5) ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 Gm BYf Npm CWhP
SodLLp Juu Nn Ut\u NnYlTX
CWi UPe Gp 8h2 = 9ab G] L,
(6) 2x + y + 1 = 0 Gu\ SodLht CQVLm.
NejRLm
BYV
Npm
SodLLu
JeQkR NUuThPd LiL,
(7) x + 2y 3 = 0, 3x + y + 5 = 0 BV RjR NUuTL[d
LiP
CWhP
SodLLu
JeQkR
NUuThPd LiL,
(8) 12x2+7xy12y2x + 7y + k = 0 GuT CWhP SodLL[d
jRp ku Ul LiL, Um CkR SodLLu
RjR
NUuTL[m
AYLd
CPlThP
LQjRm LiL,
(9) 12x210xy+2y2+14x5y+c = 0 GuT CWhP SodLL[d
jRp c-u Ul LiL, Um CkR SodLLu
RjR
NUuTL[m
AYLd
CPlThP
LQjRm LiL,
(10) k-u GmUlt 12x2 + 7xy + ky2 + 13x y + 3 = 0 GuT
CWhP SodLL[d dm? Um AYLu
RjR NUuTL[d LiL,

178

(11) 3x2 + 10xy + 8y2 + 14x + 22y + 15 = 0 Gu\ NUuT dm

2
CWhP SodLLd CPlThP LQm tan1 11

G]d LhL,

5.5 YhPm (Circle)

YWV\ : J XV]l sk GlTm U\R
Wjp CdU SLok Npm su VUlTR YhPm
G]lTm, XV] sV YhPju UVm G]m. U\R
WjR ARu BWm G]m Yo,

5.5.1 UVm. BWm LdLlTu YhPju NUuT

YhPju UVm C(h, k) G]m.
BWm r G]m LsL, P(x, y) GuT
YhPju Up Es[ HRm J
s GuL,
CP = r CP2 = r2 (x h)2 + (yk)2 = r2
CY YhPju NUuTPm,
l : BlsV UVULd
LiPp. (A,,) (h, k) = (0, 0) Gp
2

TPm 5.8

x + y = r GuT YhPju hPf NUuTPm,

LdLlThs[
CWi
sL[
CQdm
5.5.2
SodLhP hPUL Lis[ YhPju NUuT LRp
LdLlThP sL[]
A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) BVYt\
Nodm SodLhP hPULd
LsYm, P(x, y) GuT YhPju
Up Es[ HRm J s GuL,
AWYhPl
Tp
Rem
LQm J NeLQm. BRXp
PA B] PBdf NejRm,
TPm 5.9.
(PA Cu Nn) (PB Cu Nn) = 1

y y1 y y2
x x x x = 1
1
2

(y y1) (y y2) = (x x1) (x x2)

179

 (x x1) (x x2) + (y y1) (y y2) = 0

RYV] NUuTPm,

CY YhPju

5.5.3 J YhPju TY] NUuT x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

Bm,
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 Gu\ NUuThP Gjd
LsYm, CkR NUuThPl uYU GRXm,
x2 + 2gx + g2 + y2 + 2fy + f2 = g2 + f2 c

(
[x ( g)]2 + [y ( f)]2 = (
(x + g)2 + (y + f)2 =

g 2 + f 2 c)

g 2 + f 2 c)

C (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2 YYjp Es[, G]Y Sm Gjd

LiP NUuT J YhPjRd d\. ARu UVm ( g, f),
BWm g2 + f 2 c ,
G]Y J YhPju TY] NUuT
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c=0 Bm,
l : CWiPm Tp Tf NUuT
ax2+by2 + 2hxy + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 J YhPjRd dL
YiU]p rdLiP TkR]Ls EiUVL Yim,
(1) a = b (A,,) x2u L = y2u L
(2) h = 0 (A,,) xy El CdLdP,

5.5.4 QVX YYm (Parametric form) :

BV
UVULm
r-I
BWULm LiP J YhPjR
Gjd LsYm, P(x, y) YhPju
HRm J s GuL, x-Afu
L NV OP Gu\ SodL
Gu\ LQjR HtTj\ GuL,
Pk
x-Afd
PM
Gu\
NejdL YWVm,
TPm 5.10
y
x
TPm (5.10)uT , r = cos, r = sin.
YhPju Up Es[ J su BVjRXLs
x Utm yBm, CkR BVjRXLs Y Tj AUu\],

180

x = r cos, y = r sin Gu\ NUuTLs x2 + y2 = r2 Gu\

YhPjtV QVX NUuTLs Bm, Ce GuT
QVX 0 2
Ut\ QVX YYm :

2 tan 2
1 tan2 2
sin =
; cos =
GuT Sm AkR

1 + tan2 2
1 + tan2 2

t = tan 2 GuL,
0 2 Gp < t <
x = r cos

x=

r(1 t2)
1 + t2

y = r sin

y =

2rt
1 + t2

2rt
r(1 t2)
y =
, < t < GuT x2+y2=r2
2 ,
1 + t2
1+t
YhPju UtU QVX YYUm,
G]Y x =

2rt
r(1 t2)
,y=
GuTY YhPju NUuThP oj
1 + t2
1 + t2
Nnu\] GuT R,
x=

G,L, 5.34: UVm (2, 3), BWm 4 EPV YhPju NUuT LiL,
o :
(x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2
Ce (h, k) = (2, 3) Um r = 4 (x 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 42
(A,,) x2+y24x+6y3=0 RYV] YhPju NUuTPm,
G,L,5.35: (2, 3), (3, 1) GuT] HRm J hPju
]lsLs Gp. AqYhPjtL] NUuThPd LiL,
o :
(x x1) (x x2) + (y y1) (y y2) = 0 GuT YhPju
NUuTPm,
Ce (x1, y1) = (2, 3), (x2, y2) = (3, 1)
(x 2) (x 3) + (y + 3) (y 1) = 0
x2 5x + 6 + y2 + 2y 3 = 0

181

 RYV] YhPju NUuT x2 + y2 5x + 2y + 3 = 0

G,L,5.36: x2 + y2 + 2x 4y + 3 = 0 Gu\ YhPju UVm Utm
BWjRd LiL,
o :
J YhPju NUuThu T AUl
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Ce 2g = 2, 2f = 4, c = 3
UVm
( g, f) = (1, 2)
g2 + f 2 c =

BWm
2

1 + 4 3 = 2 AXLs,

G,L,5.37: 3x +3y 2x+6y 6 = 0 Gu\ YhPju UVm. BWm LiL,

o :
LdLlThP NUuT 3x2 + 3y2 2x + 6y 6 = 0
2
CR x2 + y2 3 x + 2y 2 = 0 Gu\ Yp GRXm,
CR Tf NUuT x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 EPu Jlhl
TodLp
2
2g = 3 , 2f = 2, c = 2
1
UVm ( g, f) = 3 , 1

BWm

g2 + f 2 c =

2 7
1
9 + 1 + 2 = 3 AXLs,

G,L,5.38: x2 + y2 2x + 6y 15 = 0 Gu\ YhPju J hPju

HRm J ] (4, 1) Gp Ut\ ]Vd LiL,
o :
x2+y22x+6y15=0
Gu\ NUuThP
YhPju TYY NUuThP
JlLp
2g = 2 2f = 6
TPm 5.11
UVm C ( g, f) = C(1, 3)
hPju J ] A (4, 1) G]m. U] B(x1, y1) G]m
LsL,

182

AB u UVm C Gp
y1 + 1
x1 + 4
= 1,

2
2 = 3 x1 = 2, y1 = 7
U] ( 2, 7) Bm,
G,L,5.39: (0,1), (2,3) Utm (2, 5) BV sLu YVLf
Npm YhPju NUuThPd LiL,
o :
RYV] YhPju T AUl x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
C (0, 1), (2, 3) Utm ( 2, 5) Gu\ sLu Yf NpYRp

(1) (2)

(2) (3)

2f+c
4g + 6f + c
4g + 10f + c
4g 4f
g+f
8g 4f
2g f

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

1
13
29
12
3
16
4

(4) + (5)

3g

1
1 g=3

(4)

10
1
33 = 3

(1)

17
3

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

17
10
1
x2 + y2 + 2 3 x + 2 3 y + 3 = 0

3x + 3y + 2x 20y + 17 = 0 GuT RYV] YhPju

NUuTPm,
G,L,5.40: (0, 1), (2, 3) Gu\ sLu YVLf NpXdVm.
x2y+3=0
Gu\
SodLhu

UVjRm
EPV
YhPjtL] NUuThPd LiL,
o :
RYV] YhPju NUuT
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 GuL,

183

YhPm (0, 1), (2, 3) Gu\ sLu YVLf Np\, G]Y

2f + c = 1
(1)
4g + 6f + c = 13
(2)
YhPju UVm ( g, f), x 2y + 3 = 0 Gu\ SodLhu Up
Es[,
g + 2f = 3
(3)
(1) (2)

4g 4f = 12
g+f = 3
(4)
(3) + (4)

3f = 6
f=2
g = 1
(3)

(1)
c=3

x2 + y2 2x 4y + 3 = 0 GuT RYV] NUuTPm,

G,L,5.41:
(a 4)x2 + by2 + (b 3)xy + 4x + 4y 1 = 0 Gm NUuT
YhPjRd dU]p a, bLu UlLs VY?
o :
(a 4)x2 + by2 + (b 3)xy + 4x + 4y 1 = 0 GuT YhPjRd
dUp
(i) xy-u L = 0 b 3 = 0 b = 3
a=7
(ii) x2u L = y2u L a 4 = b
G]Y a = 7, b = 3
G,L,5.42: (2, 3)I UVULm. BWm 3 AXm EPV YhPju
NUuT LiL, AqYhPm (2, 0) Gu\ s Yf Np\ G]d
LhL,
o :
(h, k)V UVULm. r-V BWULm EPV YhPju
NUuT
(xh)2 + (yk)2 = r2.
Ce (h, k) = (2, 3), r = 3.
(x 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 32
(x 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 9 RYV] YhPju NUuTPm,
YhPju NUuThp (2, 0) Gu\ sVl WP
C,T, = (2 2)2 + (0 + 3)2 = 0 + 9 = 9 = Y,T,
G]Y (2, 0) Gu\ sY YhPm Np\,

184

G,L,5.43:
(4, 1) Gu\ s YVLf Npm YhPju UVm (1, 2)
Gp AqYhPju NUuT LiL,
o :
C (1, 2) P (4, 1) GuL,
BWm r = CP =

(1 4)2 + ( 2 1)2 =

YhPju NUuT (x h)2+(yk)2= r2

(x 1) + (y + 2) = 18

9 + 9 = 18
TPm 5.12

(A,,) x2 + y2 2x + 4y 13 = 0 GuT YhPju NUuTPm,

G,L, 5.44: x2 + y2 = 16 Gu\ YhPju QVX NUuTL[d
LiL,
o :
Ce r2 = 16 r = 4
x2 + y2 = r2 Gu\ YhPju QVX NUuTLs x = r cos,
y = r sin
x2 + y2 = 16 Gu\ YhPju QVX NUuTLs
x = 4 cos , y = 4 sin , 0 2
G,L,5.45: x = 2 cos , y = 2 sin , 0 2 GuT] QVX
NUuTLs Gp YhPju LoVu NUuT LiL,
o :
x
y
cos = 2 ; sin = 2 Gu\ NUuTLp Ck QVX
Y dL SUd YhPju LoVu NUuT Pdm,
x 2
y 2
cos2 + sin2 = 1 2 + 2 = 1


x2 + y2 = 4 GuT YhPju LoVu NUuTPm,

Tt 5.5
(1) uYm YhPeLu UVjRm BWjRm LiL:
(i) x2 + y2 = 1

(ii) x2 + y2 4x 6y 9 = 0

(iii) x2 + y2 8x 6y 24 = 0
(iv) 3x2 + 3y2 + 4x 4y 4 = 0
(v) (x 3) (x 5) + (y 7) (y 1) = 0

185

(2) (a 2)x2 + by2 + (b 2)xy + 4x + 4y 1 = 0 Gm NUuT J

YhPjRd jRp a, bdLu UlL[d LiL,
YhPju NUuThPm GL,
(3) (1, 2) Gu\ su YVLm. (2, 3)I UVULm EPV
YhPju NUuT V?
(4) 5 AXLs BWULm x + 2y = 7, 2x + y = 8 BVYt\
hPeL[Lm LiP J YhPju NUuT V?
(5) 16 NW AX] TWlTL EPV YhPju UVm
(7, 3) Gp YhPju NUuT LiL,
(6) ( 4, 5)I UVULm. 8 AXLf t\[YLm LiP
YhPju NUuT LiL,
(7) x2 + y2 6x 8y + 15 = 0 Gu\ YhPju t\[Ym.
TWlTm LiL,
(8) (2, 3) Gu\ sYf NpYm UVm x-Afu m Es[
YhPju BWm 5 AXLs Gp AqYhPju NUuT
LiL,
(9) (1, 2)
Utm (2, 4) GuTY HRm J hPju
]lsLs Gp AqYhPju NUuT LiL,
(10) (1, 0), (0, 1) Utm (0, 1)
BV sLs YVLf
NpXdV YhPju NUuT LiL,
(11) (1, 1), (2, 1) Utm (3, 2) Gu\ sLs YVLf
NpXdV YhPju NUuT LiL,
(12) (4, 1), (6, 5) Gu\ sLs YVLm 4x + y = 16 Gu\
Lhu Up UVjRm EPV YhPjtL] NUuT
LiL,
(13) ( 1, 2), (3, 2) Gu\ sLu YVLm. x = 2y Gu\
Lhu Up UVjRm EPV YhPjtL] NUuT
LiL,
1
1
(14) x = 4 cos, y = 4 sin , 0 2 GuTR QVX YYUn
LiP YhPju LoVu NUuT LiL,
(15) 4x2 + 4y2 = 9 Gu\ YhPju NUuThtj QVX
NUuTLs LiL,

186

5.6 RL (Tangent) :
5.6.1 ALm :
C-V UVULd LiP J YhPjRm AB Gu\
SodLhPm GjdLsYm, TPjp Lijs[T
CkR SodL YhPjRl TjRYWp u YqY\]
XLp Cdm,

TPm. 5.13
TPm (5.13 a)p SodL AB B] YhPjRj RPY
ApX YhPY CpX,
TPm (5.13 b)p SodL AB B] YhPjR C sLp
Yhf Np\, CR] YhdL (secant) GuTm,
TPm (5.13 c)p SodL AB B] YhPjR JW CPjp
Rhf Np\, AY RLPm, YhdLhu
YW GpXV RL GuTm, (TPm 5.13)
YWV\: J SodL YhPjR JW J sp Yhf
(Rhf) Nu\p AY YhPju RLPm,

5.6.2 (x1, y1) Gu\ sPj YhPju RL LQp :

YhPju Tf NUuT
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
(1)
P(x1, y1) GuT YhPjuUp Es[
J LdLlThP s,
x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c = 0 (2)

TPm 5.14
P p YWVlTm RL PT
GuL,
YhPju UVm C( g, f)
y1 + f
CP u Nn = x + g
1

187

CP m PT m NejRL ClTRp.

x1 + g
PTu Nn = y + f
1
y y1 = m(x x1)

RL PT-u NUuT

x1 + g
y y1 = y + f (x x1)
1
(y y1) (y1 + f) = (x x1) (x1 + g)
(y y1) (y1 + f) + (x x1) (x1 + g) = 0

yy1 y12 + fy fy1 + [xx1 x12 + gx gx1] = 0

xx1 + yy1 + fy + gx = x12 + y12 + gx1 + fy1

gx1 + fy1 + c-I C\m hP

xx1 + yy1 + gx + gx1 + fy + fy1 + c = x12 + y12 + 2gx1+ 2fy1 + c

xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0 CY (x1, y1) Gu\
sPj RLhu NUuTPm,
[jRt\m :
x2 + y2 = a2 Gu\ YhPjt (x1, y1) Gu\ sPj
RLhu NUuT xx1 + yy1 = a2.
l : YhPju NUuThp x2-I xx1 G]m y2-I yy1 G]m x-I
x + x1
y + y1
G]m Um y-I
G]m UtYRp (x1, y1) Gu\
2
2
sPj RLhu NUuT Pdm,
5.6.3 (x1, y1) Gu\ sk YhPjt YWVlThP
RLhu [m
YhPju NUuT
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
LdLlThP s P(x1, y1)k
YhPjt YWVlTm RL PT
GuL, YhPju UVm C(g, f) Um
TPm 5.15
BWm r = CT = g2 + f 2 c
PCT Gu\ NeLQ dLQjk
PT2 = PC2 CT2

188

= (x1 + g)2 + (y1 + f)2 (g2 + f 2 c)

= x12 + 2gx1 + g2 + y12 + 2fy1 + f 2 g2 f 2 + c
= x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
PT =

x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c . CY (x1, y1)

Gu\ sk x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 Gu\ YhPjt

YWVlThP RLhu [Um,
l : (1) P Gu\ s YhPl Tu Up CkRp
PT2 = 0, (PT GuT fVm).
(2) P Gu\ s YhPjt YV CkRp. PT2 > 0,
(PT GuT Un)
(3) P Gu\ s YhPjt Es[ CkRp. PT2 < 0,
(PT GuT LtT])
[jRt\m :
BV] YhPjt YX AUmT U c
B] J L GiQLm Es[ AUm T c J \
GiQLm. YhPju UX AUm T c fVULm
Cdm,

5.6.4 y = mx + c Gu\ SodL x2 + y2 = a2 Gu\ YhPjt

RLPL AUV RYV] LhlT LQp,
(x1, y1) Gu\ sPj x2 + y2 = a2 Gu\ YhPjt
YWVlTm RL y = mx + c GuL, B]p s (x1, y1)p
YhPjt YWVlTm RLhu NUuT xx1 + yy1 = a2
NUuTLs y = mx + c Utm xx1 + yy1 = a2 CY CWim JW
SodLhP du\], G]Y x, ydLu LdLs Utm
ULs NURjp AUm,
1
m
c
y = x = 2
1
1
a
x1 =

a2 m
a2
,
y
=
1
c
c

B]p (x1, y1) Gu\ s x2 + y2 = a2 Gu\ YhPju Up

ClTRp

189

x12+ y12 = a2

a4 m2 a4
2
2 + 2 =a
c
c

a2m2 + a2 = c2 a2 (m2 + 1) = c2

(A,,)

c2 = a2 (1 + m2) RYV] LhlTPm,

l : (1) y = mx + c Gu\ RL. x2+y2= a2 Gu\ YhPjR

a
am

,
Rm s
2
2
m
m
1
+
1
+

(2) x2+y2= a2 Gu\ YhPjt YWVlTm GkR J

RLm
y = mx a

1 + m2 Gu\ AUlp Cdm,

5.6.5 J sk J YhPjt C RLLs

YWVXm,
(x1, y1) LdLlThP s GuL, RLhu NUuT
y = mx a 1 + m2 GuT AkRR, RL (x1, y1) Gu\ s
YfNp\,
y1 = mx1 a

y1 mx1 = a

1 + m2

1 + m2

(y1 mx1)2 = a2 (1 + m2)

y12 + m2 x12 2mx1y1 a2 a2m2 = 0

m2 (x12 a2) 2mx1y1 + (y12 a2) = 0

C mp J CTf NUuT, G]Y mt C UlLs

Ei, B]p m RLhu NnYd dm, G]Y J
sk YhPjt C RLLs YWVXm,
l : (1) (x1,y1)
GuT
J
YlsVu.
C
RLLm UnV]Y. RVdVY,
(2) (x1,y1) GuT J EhsVu. C RLLm
LtT]V]Y. RVRY,
(3) (x1,y1) GuT T s[ J sVu. C
RLLm NokR J JuV SodLPm,

190

5.6.6 J sk YhPjt YWVlTm RLLu

RSu NUuT LQp,
YhPju Tf NUuT
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
(1)
P(x1,y1) Gu\ s YhPjt
YV Es[ GuL, P(x1, y1) Gu\
sk
YhPjt
YWVlTm
RLLs
YhPjRj Rm sLsQ(x2, y2),
R(x3, y3) GuL,

TPm 5.16

Q (x2, y2)p RL PQu NUuT

xx2 + yy2 + g(x + x2) + f(y + y2) + c = 0
R(x3, y3)p RL PRu NUuT

(2)

xx3 + yy3 + g(x + x3) + f(y + y3) + c = 0

(3)
B]p (x1, y1) Gu\ s NUuT (2), (3)-I \ Nn\,
G]Y.
(4)
x1x2 + y1y2 + g(x1 + x2) + f(y1 + y2) + c = 0 ,
x1x3 + y1y3 + g(x1 + x3) + f(y1 + y3) + c = 0
(5)
B]p (4), (5) NUuTLk (x2, y2) Utm (x3, y3) BV
CsLm
xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0 Gu\ JW SodLhu
Up Es[], G]Y
xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0 GuT QR Gu\ RSu
NUuTPm,
G,L, 5.46: x2 + y24x3y + 12 = 0 Gu\ YhPjt (2, 3)
sk YWVlTm RLhu [m LiL,
o :

Gu\

x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 Gu\ YhPjt

(x1, y1) Gu\ sk YWVlTm RLhu [m
x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
LdLlThP YhPjt YWVlThP RLhu
[m

x12 + y12 4x1 3y1 + 12

191

22 + 32 4.2 3.3 + 12

=
=

4 + 9 8 9 + 12
8 = 2 2 units

G,L, 5.47: x2 + y2 6x 8y + 12 = 0 Gu\ YhPjt Es[ (2, 3)

Gu\ s AU\ G]d LhL,
o :
P(x1, y1) Gu\ sk x2 + y2 + 2gx +2fy + c = 0 Gm
YhPjt YWVlTm RLhu [m
PT =

x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c

PT2 = 22 + 32 6.2 8.3 + 12 = 4 + 9 12 24 + 12

= 11 < 0
G]Y (2, 3) Gu\ s YhPju Es[ Es[,
G,L,5.48: (4,3) Gu\ sp
RLhu NUuT V?
o :

x2+y2=25

Gu\

YhPjt

LdLlThP YhPju NUuT x2 + y2 = 25

(x1, y1) Gu\ sPj RLhu NUuT xx1 + yy1 = 25.
Ce (x1, y1) = (4, 3) (4, 3)p RLhu NUuT 4x + 3y = 25
G,L, 5.49: x2+y2=9 Gu\ YhPjt y=3x+c RLP]p. c-u
Ul LiL,
o :
y = mx + c Gu\ L x2 + y2 = a2

Gu\ YhPjt

RLPL AUYRt EV LhlT c = a

Ce
a = 3, m = 3
c = 3 10

1 + m2

G,L, 5.50: ( 2, 2) Gu\ sp x2+y24x+4y8=0 Gu\ YhPju

RL LiL,
o :
(x1,y1) Gu\ sp LdLlThs[ YhPjt YWVlTm
RLhu NUuT
x + x1 + 4 y + y1 8 = 0
xx1 + yy1 4
2
2

192

xx1 + yy1 2 (x + x1) + 2(y + y1) 8 = 0

( 2, 2) Gu\ sp RLhu NUuT
2x 2y 2 (x 2) + 2(y 2) 8 = 0

4x 8 = 0
x + 2 = 0 CY RYV] RLhu

NUuTPm,
G,L, 5.51: x2 + y2 2x y + 1 = 0 Gu\ YhPjR x 2y = 1 Gu\
SodL YhYRp HtTm Su [jRd LiL,
o :
Su ]lsL[d LQ x = 2y + 1 Gu\ SodLhu
NUuThPm x2 + y2 2x y + 1 = 0
NUuThPm odL,

Gu\ YhPju

(2y + 1)2 + y2 2(2y + 1) y + 1 = 0

4y2 + 4y + 1 + y2 4y 2 y + 1 = 0
5y2 y = 0
y=0
x=1

y(5y 1) = 0
1
y = 5
7
x =5

7 1
(1, 0), 5 , 5 CWim Su ]lsLs,

Su [m =

1 72 + 0 12 =
5 5

1
1
4
25 + 25 = 5 AXLs,

G,L, 5.52: 3x + 4y p = 0 Gu\ SodLP] x2 + y2 = 16 Gu\

YhPjt RLPL AUYRtL] LhlThPd LiL,
o :
Gu\ SodL x2 + y2 = a2 Gu\ YhPjt
RLPYRtV LhlT c2 = a2 (1 + m2) .
3
p
Ce a2 = 16, m = 4 , c = 4
y = mx + c

c2 = a2 (1 + m2)

p2
9

16 = 16 1 + 16 = 25
p2 = 16 25
p = 20

193

G,L,5.53: (2, 3) Gu\ sV UVULd Li x-AfNj

Rm YhPju NUuT LiL,
o :
x-AfN] YhPjRj Rm s P GuL,
UVm C(2, 3), P(2, 0)
r = CP =

(2 2) 2 + (3 0) 2 = 3

YhPju NUuT (x h)2 + (y k) 2= r2

(x 2) 2 + (y 3) 2 = 32

TPm 5.17

x2 + y2 4x 6y + 4 = 0
Tt 5.6
(1) (1, 2) Gu\ sk x2 + y2 2x + 4y + 9 = 0 Gu\
YhPjt YWVlTm RLhu [m LiL,
(2) (0, 5) Gu\ sk x2 + y2 + 2x 4 = 0 ; x2 + y2 y + 1 = 0
Gu\ YhPeLd YWVlTm RLLu [eLs
NUm G] L,
(3) (2, 1) Gu\ sk x2+y24x+8y5 = 0 Gu\ YhPjt
YWVlTm RLhu NUuThPd LiL,
(4) (7, 11) Gu\ s x2 + y2 10x = 0 Gu\ YhPju Es[
Es[R ApX YV Es[R GuTRj oUdL,
(5) ( 2, 1), (0, 0), (4, 3) BV sLs x2 + y2 5x + 2y 5 = 0
Gu\ YhPjRl Tj GeL AUk Es[]
GuTRd LiL,
(6) x + y = 2 Gu\ SodL x2 + y2 = 4 Gu\ YhPjR Yhm
sL[d LiL,
(7) 2x + y 3 = 0 Gu\ Sod Lht CQV] x2 + y2 = 9
Gu\ YhPju RLLu NUuTL[d LiL,
(8) x 7y + 4 = 0 Gu\ SodL x2 + y2 14x + 4y + 28 = 0 Gu\
YhPjR Yh]p HtTm Su [jRd LiL,
(9) (5, 6)
Gu\ sV UVULd Li (i) x-AfNj
Rm YhPm (ii) y-AfNj Rm YhPm BVYtu
NUuTL[d LiL,
(10) ( 3, 2) Gu\ sPj x2 + y2 2x 10y + 1 = 0 Gu\
YhPjt YWVlTm RLhu NUuThPd
LiL,

194

(11) x2 + y2 = 16 Gu\ YhPjt YWVlThP RLP].

x + y = 8 Gu\ SodLht (i) NejRLm (ii)
CQVLm CdU LiL,
(12) (1, 4) Gu\ sp x2 + y2 4x + 2y 21 = 0 Gu\ YhPjt
YWVlTm RL LiL,
(13) 3x + 4y p = 0 Gu\ LP] x2 + y2 64 = 0 Gu\
YhPjt RLPYRt EV LhlT LiL,
(14) y = x 1 Gu\ LP] x2 + y2 + 2x + y 3 = 0 Gu\
YhPjR Yh]p HtTm Su UVlsVd
LiL,

5.7 YhPeLu Rl (Family of circles) :

TUV YhPeLs (Concentric circles) :
CWiP ApX ARt UtThP YhPeL[ JW
UVjRd Li CkRp AY T UV YhPeLs
G]lTm,
Ju\Vu Rm YhPeLs (Circles touching each other) :
CWi YhPeLs Ju\Vu Yl\ULY ApX
Eh\ULY Rhd Ls[hm, C1, C2 GuT] Aq
YhPeLu UVeLs G]m. BWeLs \V r1, r2 G]m
Rs P G]m LsL,
XU (1):
C YhPeLs Yl\ULj
RhPp
CYtu
UVeLd
CPVs[ Wm. BWeLu
Rdf NUm,
(A,,) C1C2 = r1 + r2

XU (2): C YhPeLs
Eh\ULj RhPp
CYtu UVeLd
CPV
Es[
Wm.
BWeLu jVNjtf
NUm,
(A,,) C1 C2=C1P C2P = r1r2

TPm 5.18
TPm 5.19

195

Nej YhPeLs (Orthogonal circles) :

YWV\ : C YhPeLs Ju\Vu YhdLsm
sLp YWVlTm RLLs NejR]YVu.
Aq YhPeLm NejRL Yhd Lsu\] G]lTm,
CjRLV YhPeL[ Nej YhPeLs GuTo,
C YhPeLs JudLu NejRL Yhd LsYRt
EV LhlT :
x2 + y2 + 2g1x + 2f1y + c1 = 0 Utm
x2 + y2 + 2g2x + 2f2y + c2 = 0 Gm C
YhPeLs JudLu NejRL P
Gu\ sp Yhd Lsu\]
GuL,
A, B Gu\ AkR C YhPeLu UVeLs

TPm 5.20

g12 + f12 c1 Utm

A ( g1, f1), B ( g2, f2) r1 =

g22 + f22 c2

r2 =

APBp, AB2 = AP2 + PB2

(A,,)

( g1 + g2) 2 + ( f1 + f2) 2 = g12 + f12 c1 + g22 + f22 c2

g12 + g22 2g1g2 + f12 + f22 2f1 f2 = g12 + f12 c1 + g22 + f22 c2

2g1 g2 2f1f2 = c1 c2
(A,,)
2g1 g2 + 2f1 f2 = c1 + c2
CY RYV] LhlTPm,
G,L, 5.54: x2 + y2 4x + 6y + 8 = 0 ; x2 + y2 10x 6y + 14 = 0 Gu\
YhPeLs Ju\Vu Ru\] G]dLhL,
o :
LdLlThP YhPeLs
x2 + y2 4x + 6y + 8 = 0
2

x + y 10x 6y + 14 = 0
(1) g1 = 2 f1 = 3, c1 = 8. UVm A(2, 3)
BWm r1 =

g12 + f12 c1 =

4+98 = 5

196

(1)
(2)

(2)

g2 = 5, f2 = 3, c2 = 14. UVm B(5, 3)

25 + 9 14 = 20 = 2 5

BWm r2 =

(2 5)2 + ( 3 3)2

A, Bd CPlThP Wm =

= 9 + 36 = 45 = 3 5
= r1 + r2
G]Y RWlThP C YhPeLs Ju\Vu Yl\ULj
Ru\],
G,L, 5.55: ( 4, 5) YVLf NpXdVm x2 + y2 4x 6y 9 = 0
Gu\ YhPjPu TUVm LiP YhPju NUuT
LiL,
o :
LdLlThP YhPju NUuT x2 + y2 4x 6y 9 = 0
UVm ( g, f) = (2, 3)
( 4, 5) YVLj RYV] YhPm Np\,
(2 + 4)2 + (3 + 5)2 = 36 + 64 = 100 = 10

BWm =

YhPju NUuT (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2

Ce (h, k) = (2, 3), r = 10
(x 2)2 + (y 3)2 = 102
x2 + y2 4x 6y 87 = 0
NUuTPm,

CY

RYV]

YhPju

G,L, 5.56: x2 + y2 8x + 6y 23 = 0 ; x2 + y2 2x 5y + 16 = 0 BV
YhPeLs NejRL Yhd Lsu\] G]d LhL,
o :
LdLlThP YhPeLu NUuT
x2 + y2 8x + 6y 23 = 0
2

x + y 2x 5y + 16 = 0
c1 = 23
(1) g1 = 4, f1 = 3,

(1)
(2)

5
(2) g2 = 1, f2 = 2 , c2 = 16
CWi YhPeLs NejRL YhdLsYRtL] LhlT
2g1g2 + 2f1f2 = c1 + c2

197

5
2g1g2 + 2f1 f2 = 2( 4) ( 1) + 2 (3) 2 = 8 15 = 7

c1 + c2 = 23 + 16 = 7

2g1g2 + 2f1 f2 = c1 + c2

C YhPeLs Ju\Vu NejRL

Lsu\], G]Y CY Nej YhPeL[m,

Yhd

G,L, 5.57 :
(1, 2) Gu\ sYf NpXdVm x2 + y2 = 9 Utm
x2 + y2 2x + 8y 7 = 0 Gu\ YhPeL[f NejRL
YhYU] YhPju NUuThPd LiL,
o :
RYV] YhPju NUuT x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

(1)

(1, 2) Gu\ sYVL YhPm (1) NpYRp

1 + 4 + 2g + 4f + c = 0
2g + 4f + c = 5
2

(2)

YhPm (1), x + y = 9 Gu\ YhPjR NejRL YhYRp

2g1g2 + 2f1f2 = c1 + c2

2g(0) + 2f(0) = c 9
c=9
2

Um YhPm (1), x + y
NejRL Yh\,

(3)

2x + 8y 7 = 0 Gu\ YhPjR

2g( 1) + 2f(4) = c 7

(2)

2g + 8f = 9 7 = 2

g + 4f = 1

2g + 4f = 14
g + 2f = 7

(4) + (5)

(5)

6f = 6 f = 1
g2 = 7 g = 5

RYV] YhPju NUuT x2 + y2 10x 2y + 9 = 0

198

(4)
(5)

Tt 5.7
(1) x2 + y2 2x + 6y + 6 = 0, x2 + y2 5x + 6y + 15 = 0 Gu\ YhPeLs
Ju\Vu Ru\] G]d LhL,
(2) x2 + y2 + 4y 1 = 0, x2 + y2 + 6x + y + 8 = 0 Um
x2 + y2 4x 4y 37 = 0 Gu\ YhPeLs JqYum Ut\
C YhPeL[j Rm G]d LhL,
(3) 7 AXLs BWm x2 + y2 2x 6y + 4 = 0 Gu\ YhPjPu
TUVm LiP YhPju NUuT V?
(4) (5, 4) Gu\ su YVLf NpXdVm.
x2 + y2 8x + 12y + 15 = 0 Gu\ YhPjPu TUVm
LiP YhPjtL] NUuT V?
(5) x2 + y2 8x 6y + 21 = 0, x2 + y2 2y 15 = 0 Gu\ YhPeLs
Nej YhPeLs G]d LhL,
(6) uYm YhPeL[ NejRL Yhm YhPju
NUuT LiL,
(i) x2+y2+2x+4y+1=0, x2+y2 4x+3 = 0 Utm x2 + y2 + 6y + 5 = 0
(ii) x2 + y2 + 2x + 17y + 4 = 0, x2 + y2 + 7x + 6y + 11 = 0
Utm x2 + y2x + 22y + 3 = 0
(7) (1, 1) Gu\ s Yf NpYm x2 + y2 + 5x 5y + 9 = 0,
x2 + y2 2x + 3y 7 = 0 Gu\ YhPeL[ NejRL
YhYU] YhPjtL] NUuThPd LiL,
(8) (1, 1) Gu\ su YVLf NpYm
x2 + y2 8x 2y + 16 = 0, x2 + y2 4x 4y 1 = 0 Gu\
YhPeL[
NejRL
YhYU]
YhPju
NUuT LiL,

199

6, LQ
(dLQVp)
6.1 ALm :

LRVp LQ Gu\ T Lm TZUV],

LQ Gu\ Np dLQ A[L[d d\,
TZeLXjp
YVp
LQV
J
LVLl
TVuTj]o, TXVoLs J YPjt 360 ShLs
GuTR U]jt Li J YhPjR 360 TL[Ll j
LQeL[ SUd AjR]o,
,, 300 Rp 400ds Nu NoT CkVoLs LijR]o,
JuTRm t\ids AWVoLs GpX LQ
NoL[m Utm AYLs APes[ t\UL[m
Rk LiP]o,
tLXjp LQ. dLQju TdLeLs Utm
LQeL[ LidL UhU TVuTjRlThP, ClT
LQ
TVp.
X
A[YVp
(surveying),
LPtTPVp
(navigation)
Tu\
GpXj
\Lm
TVuTjRlTu\, GpX EVoUhP Lpdm LQu
AlTPd
LsLLm
AYt\l
TtV
Am
CuVUVRYVL Cdu\],

6.1.1 LQeLs (Angles) :

J L ARu RPdL
Xk (initial position)
X YW J sVl Tj
Zm
A[YVd
LQm
Gu\m,
YXgVLf
ZYR
L
Gum
CPgVLf
ZYR
\
Gum AZd\m,
OA Gu\ Zm Lu J]
TPm 6. 1
O G] Gjd LsYm,
Zm Lo OAV LQju lTdLm (terminal side)
Gum x-Afu L AWlT (OX)Vj RPdLlTdLm
Gum AZd\m,
XOA GuT Ld LQm (CPg)
XOA GuT \d LQm (YXg)

200

l : 1. J f t (CPgVL) = 360
2. Zt CpXVp LQju A[ 0.

6.1.2 LQeLu A[ (Measurement of angles) :

J LQju A[ RPdL Xk X YW
1
UPe Ztdf NUUL CkRp 1 TL (one degree) GuTo,
360
AR 1 Gum l\m, TLV LXLs Utm
LXL[Ll d\m,
A,, 1 TL (1) = 60 LXLs (minutes) (60)
1 LX (1) = 60 LXLs (seconds) (60)
LQju A[] YhP A[Y (circular measure)
\VLm A[PXm, CkR A[u AX] WVu
Gu\m,

6.1.3 WVu A[ (Radian measure) :

YWV\ :
r Gu\ BWjtf NUU] YhP p
YhPUVm O p Rem LQm J WVu
G]lTm, CR 1c G]d d\m,
l : 1. LQju A[Y GiLp LQ
TPm 6. 2
Sm WV]l TVuTj\m,
2. WVu Gu\ YojRV X NUVeLp GRUm
hPXm, BLY J Ztp AX (unit)
LdLlTPpX Gp A WV]d dm,
3. 1cp c GuT YhPA[Yd dm,

6.1.4 TLLdm WVuLdm Es[ RPo

(Relation between Degrees and Radians) :

r BWPV YhPju t\[ 2r G]Y 1
AX BWPV YhPju t\[ 2. GuT
J ft Gp P GuT 1 AX BWPV
YhPju TV UVLf tm,

TPm 6. 3
GuT CPgVL J ft Gp = 2 WVu
Gu\m, J ft = 360 GuT SUdj Rm, 360 = 2

WVuLs ApX 180 = WVu, 1 = 180 WVu, Um

201

180

= 1 WVu. G]Y 1 = 0.01746 WVu (RWVUL),

7
1 WVu = 180 22 = 57 16 (RWVUL).
X LQeLdL] WVu Ut\m :
TLLs
30 45 60 90
WVuLs

6
4
3
2
(AhPYQ 6.1)

180 270 360

3
2

3
G,L, 6.1: UtL (i) 150I WV]L (ii) 4 I LQUL
1
(iii) 4 WV] LQUL
o :
(i)

150 =

(ii)

3
4 WVu =

(iii)

1
4 WVu =

5
150 180 WVu = 6
3 180
4 = 135
1 180
4

1
7
= 4 180 22 = 14 19 5

6.1.5 Lp TLs (Quadrants) :

TPm (6.4)p XOX, YOY GuTYLs
JudLu NejR] C LLs,
XOXI x-Af Gum
and YOYI y-Af
Gum AZd\m,
CkR AfLs R[jR 4 NU TLeL[Ll
du\],
AYL[
LpTLs
Gu\m,

TPm 6. 4

XOY, YOX, XOY Utm YOX GuTYLs RXm. CWiPm.

u\m Utm SuLm LpT Gu AZdLlTu\],
hPXp Es[ LQm (Angle in standard position) :
J LQju EfV] O-m. ARu RPdLd L
x-AfNLm AUkRp. LQU] hP Xp Es[
G]lTm,

202

J Lp Tp Es[ LQm :
J LQju hPXdV lTdLm GkRd Lp
Tp Es[R. AkRd LpTp RWlThP LQm
AUks[RLd LRlTm,
G,L, 6.2: rdLiP LQeLu lT GkRd LpYhPjp
Es[ GuTRd LiL,
(i) 60

(ii) 300

TPm. 6. 5 a
TPm (6.5a)p
60u l
TdLm IVY Lp
Tp
Es[,.

(iii) 1295

TPm. 6.5 c

TPm. 6.5 b

TPm (6.5c)p

TPm (6.5b)p
300u TdLm
Rp Lp Tp
Es[,

1295 = 3360+180 + 35
u lTdLm III Lp
Tp Es[,

Tt 6.1
(1) rdLiP LQeLu A[L[ WVu A[p
UtL,
(i) 30

(ii) 100

(v) 85

(vi) 7 30

(iii) 200

(iv) 320

(2) rdLiP WVu A[L[ LQeL[L UtL,

(i) 8

18
(ii) 5

(iii) 3

7
(iv) 12

(3) rdLiP LQeLs GkR Lp Tp AUm G]d

LiL,
(i) 380

(ii) 140

(iii) 1100

203

6.2 LQ ReLm t\ULm

(Trigonometrical ratios and Identities)
6.2.1 LQ ReLs :
R[jp x-Afu LlTp A Gu\
sV Gjd LsYm, A Gu\
s BVl Tj CPgVL
LQm Zu P Gu\ sV
APVhm. ClT
XOP
= .
Pu Af WeLs (x, y)
GuL, OXd
TPm 6. 6
NejRL PL YWL,
OLP J NeLQ dLQm, GuT hPXs[
LQm (standard position). OLPk
OL = x = Ajs[ TdLm; PL = y = Go TdLm ;
OP = x2 + y2 = LoQm (= r > 0)
LQ ReLs Z YWVdLlTu\]:
y
sine GuT r Gu\ RUL dLlTu\,
y
r
A,,
sin = r ; cosecant value at = y = cosec ; y 0
x
r
Utm cos = r ; secant value at = x = sec ; x 0
y
x
tan = x ; cotangent value at = y = cot ; y 0
Note : 1. UtLiP YWV\k tan, sec GuTYLs x = 0
GmT
YWVdLlTPpX,
cot,
cosec
GuTYLs y = 0 GmT YWVdLlTPpX,
2. cosec, sec Utm cot GuTYLs \V sin, cos
Utm tan u RXr NoL[m,
G,L, 6.3: (2, 3) Gu\ s u lTdLjp CkRp ARu B
LQ ReL[d LiL,
o :
P(x, y) GuT (2, 3)Id d\, C Rp
LpTp Es[,
x = 2,

y=3 ;r=

x2 + y2 = 4 + 9 = 13
TPm. 6. 7

204

3
x
2
y 3
y
; cos = r =
; tan = x = 2
sin = r =
13
13
13
cosec = 3
Note :

13
; sec = 2

2
; cot = 3

GjdLh 6.3k. J LQju lTdLm

Rp Lp Tp CkRp GpX LQ
ReLm L G] SUdj R\,

1.

ClT J LQju lTdLm Ut\ LpTLp

AUmT LQ ReLu GqY UTm
GuTRl TolTm,
G,L, 6.4: ( 2, 3) Gu\ s u lTdLjp AUkRp ARu
B LQ ReL[d LiL,
o :
P(x, y) GuT ( 2, 3)Id dLhm,
Cls
u\Y
LpTp
AU\,
x = 2 , y = 3 ;
r=

x +y

TPm. 6. 8

= 4 + 9 = 13

y
3
x 2
y 3
3
sin = r =
= ve ; cos = r =
= ve ; tan = x =
= 2 = + ve
2
13
13
r
r
2
2
13
13
cosec = y =
= ve ; sec = x =
= ve ; cot =
= 3 = + ve
3
3
2
CkR
GjdLhk
LQ
NoLs
\GiQLm CdLXm G] A\m, r GuT GlTm
y
r
L GiQL ClTRp sin = r , cosec = y GuTY yu Vl
Ttdm, G]Y sin , cosec GuTYLs Rp. CWiPm Lp
Tp CdmT L GiQl Tm, GuT
u\Y. SuLY LpTp CdmT \ V
Tm, Ut\ LQ NoLu L[ CRTu
LQXm,
rdLiP AhPYQ Il Tj L[d Lh\.

205

LpTLs
NoLs
Sin
Cos
Tan
Cosec
Sec
Cot

I
+
+
+
+
+
+

II

III

IV

AhPYQ 6.2

II
sin
cosec

I
All

III
tan
cot

IV
cos
sec

6.2.2 lhP LQeLu LQ ReLs :

(Trigonometrical ratios of particular angles)
XOX.
YOY
GuT
LohVu
AfLs GuL, O GuTR UVULm J
AX BWm LiP YhPm YWL, A
x, yAfL[ A, B, A, B Gu\ sLp
TPjp LiPY YhPhm,
TPm 6. 9
A Gu\ CPjk YhPju Up
J s SLWhm, A A[s[ YhPp [jRd LPk PI
APVhm,
P Gu\ sV P(x, y) GuL, G]Y YWV\uT
x = cos, y = sin.
Ums (variable point) YhPju YXgVLY
ApX CPgVLY tYRt HtT YhP pu
\VLY ApX LVLY Cdm,
cos Utm sin-u f (Range of cos and sin ):
AX YhPju Us[ JqY s (x, y)dm
1 x 1 Utm 1 y 1 GuT EiUVm,
G]Y 1 cos 1 Utm 1 sin 1

3
= 0, 2 , , 2 and 2BL CdmT cos, sinu Ul
3

(Values of cos and sin for = 0, 2 , , 2 and 2)

KWX BWPV YhPju t\[ 2 G] SUdj Rm,
J SLm s Ak SLok CPgVL SLokRp A, B, A,
3

B, A Gu\ sLp pu [m = 0, 2 , , 2

206

Um AlsLu BVjRXLs (co-ordinates):

A(1, 0), B(0, 1), A(1, 0), B(0, 1) and A(1, 0) Bm,
A(1, 0)-p
=0
cos 0
= 1 Utm sin 0 = 0

cos 2
= 0 Utm sin 2 = 1
B (0, 1)-p
=2
A (1, 0)-p =
cos
= 1 Utm sin = 0

B (0, 1)-p = 3 2 cos 3 2 = 0 Utm sin 3 2 = 1

A (1, 0)-p
= 2 cos 2 = 1 Utm sin 2 = 0

6.2.3 30, 45 Utm 60u LQ ReLs :

(Trigonometrical ratios of 30, 45 and 60)

J
CNUTdL
NeLQ
dLQjR Gjd LsYm, NU
TdLeLu [eLs 1 AX GuL, CRu
LoQm
12 + 12 =
2 .
CRu
AdLQm (base angle) 45.
1
1
; cos 45 =
; tan45 = 1
sin 45 =
2
2
cosec 45 = 2 ; sec 45 = 2 ; cot 45 = 1

TPm 6. 10
GoTdLm= 1
Ajs[ TdLm = 1
LoQm = 2
2 AX TdLs[ J NUTdL dLQjR GjdLsYm,
CkR dLQju JqY LQm 60. CD GuT LQm
Cu CNUYhVLhm (bisector). BLY ACD = 30. Um
AD = 1, CD = 22 12 = 3 . ClT NeLQ dLQm ACDp
LQm 60d
LQm 30d
GoTdLm =
GoTdLm = 1
3
Ajs[ TdLm = 3
Ajs[ TdLm = 1
LoQm = 2
LoQm = 2
1
sin 30 = 2
3
sin 60 = 2
3
cos 30 = 2
TPm 6. 11
1
cos 60 = 2
1
tan 30 =
tan 60 = 3
3

207

 cosec 30 = 2
2
sec 30 =
3
cot 30 =

sin

cos

tan

6
1
2
3
2
1
3

2
3
sec 60 = 2
1
cot 60 =
3

cosec 60 =

4
1
2
1
2
1

3
3
2
1
2
3

2
1

3
2
1

AhPYQ 6.3
dVU] Ls :
u GpX UlLdm cos ( ) = cos Um sin ( ) = sin
TQm :
XOX Um YOY GuTYLs LohVu AfLs GuL, OI
UVULm 1 AX BWm LiP YhPU] OXI Ap
NkdLhm, ClT J SLm s Ak CPgVL
SLok P(x, y)I APVhm, YhPp AP = .
CRt U\L SLm s Ak YXgVL SLok
pu [m AP = AP Gu\Y P AUkRp YhPp AP= .

TPm. 6. 12
G]Y AOP = Um AOP =

208

YVp LRjk. Pu BVj RXLs (x, y) G]

AYm,
P, P Gu\ sLu WeLs y Afk cos , cos()
GuTRd d\, CY JqYum xdf NUm,
cos ( ) = cos
sin Utm sin( ) GuTYLs P, Pk x-Afd Es[
WjR du\], sin = y GuTRp sin() = y, sin()= sin
Q Ls :
cosec () = cosec ; sec () = sec
tan () = tan ; cot () = cot
6.2.4 (90 ), (180 ), (270 ) Utm (360 )u

LQ ReLs

(T-ratios of (90 ), (180 ), (270 ) and (360 ):

GuT V LQUp (0 < < 90), 90 , 90 +

Ut\YLs
GkR
Lp
Tp
AUm
GuT
Z
LdLlThs[,
Angle
Quadrant
Q
(first
quadrant)
90
1
Q2
90 +
Q2
180
Q3
180 +
Q3
270
Q4
270 +
Q4
360 ; also equal to
Q1
360 +
AhPYQ 6.4
P(, ) Gu\ s Rp LpTp ClTRLd LsL,
XOP = GuL,

sin = OP ; cos = OP ; tan =

OP
OP

; sec =
; cot =
cosec =

(90 )u LQ ReLs
Rp Lp Tp XOQ = 90
GudU Q Gu\ sV
Gjd LsYm, Um OQ = OP.

209

TPm 6. 13

PA, QB GuTYLs OX, OYd Nej

OAP OBQ Um Q GuT (, ). G]Y
u y RX

= OP = cos
OQ
u x RX

= OP = sin
cos (90 ) =
OQ
u y RX

tan (90 ) =
=
= cot
u x RX

sin (90 ) =

CRTX,

cosec (90 ) = sec

sec (90 ) = cosec
cot (90 ) = tan

(90 + )u LQ Rm :
(T-ratios of (90 + ))
CWiPY Lp Tp
XOR = 90 + Gu\Y R Gu\
sV Gjd LsYm,
TPm 6. 14
Um OR = OP, RC GuT xAfd
Nej,
G]Y OAP RCO Um R ( , ), G]Y
Ru y RX

= OP = cos
sin (90 + ) =
OR
Ru x RX

cos (90 + ) =
= OP = sin
OR
Ru y RX

tan (90 + ) = Ru x RX =
= cot

CR TX, cosec (90 + ) = sec

sec (90 + ) = cosec
cot (90 + ) = tan
(180 )u LQ Rm :
(T-ratios of (180 ))
CWiPm Lp Tp S Gu\ sV
XOS =180 GudU Gjd
LsYm, Um OS =OP
TPm 6. 15
x-Afd NejRL SD YWL,
BLY OAP ODS Um S is ( , ). G]Y
210

Su y RX

= OP = sin
OS
Su x RX

cos (180 ) =
= OP = cos
OS
Su y RX

tan (180 ) = Su x RX =
= tan

CRTu, cosec (180 ) = cosec

sec (180 ) = sec
cot (180 ) = cot
(180 + )u LQ Rm :
(T-ratios of (180 + ))
sin (180 ) =

u\m Lp Tp XOT = 180 +

GudU TGu\ sV Gjd
LsYm, Um OT = OP
x-Aft NejRL TE YWL,

TPm. 6. 16
G]Y OAP OET Um T = ( , ). G]Y
Tu y RX
= OP = sin
sin (180 + ) =
OT
Tu x RX

cos (180 + ) =
= OP = cos
OT
Tu y RX
tan (180 + ) = Tu x RX =
= tan

CRTu, cosec (180 + ) = cosec

sec (180 + ) = sec
cot (180 + ) = cot
lW (Remark) :
GkR J LQjtm LQ Rm LQ rdLiP
Y\L[ uTt\m,

(i) LQjR k 2 ; k Z Gu\ YLp GRm,

(ii) LQju lTdLm GkRd Lp Tp AUu\
GuTR LidLm,
(iii) LdLlThP LQ No GkR LpTp
S A
AUu\R ARtV V T C Gu\ Vl
TVuTj LidLm.

211

(iv) k J CWhP GiQu

k p LQf
2

NoLu UlLs p LQlThP UlLdf

NUUm,
(v) k GuT Jt\lTP Gi Gp rdLm Ut\eL[
LPdLm sine cos ; tan cot ; sec cosec
RPoPV LQeLu LQ ReLs :
(Trigonometrical ratios for related angles)
Angle

90

90 +

180

180+

270

270+

360
or

function
sin

sin

cos

cos

sin

sin

cos

cos

sin

cos

cos

sin

sin

cos

cos

sin

sin

cos

tan

tan

cot

cot

tan

tan

cot

cot

tan

cosec

cosec

sec

sec

cot

cot

sec

sec

cosec

cosec

sec

sec

cosec

cosec

cosec

sec

sec

cosec

cosec

sec

tan

tan

cot

cot

tan

tan

cot

AhPYQ 6.5
l : 360 GuT J ZtVd lTRp
sin(360+45) ; sin (720+45);sin (1080+45) GuTYLs sine-u (45)d
NUm, ARY J LQm 360I P ALUu 360u
UPeL[ dh AkRd LQjR 0dm 360dm CPp
AUU dl T\Yim,
G,L, 6.5:
dL : (i) tan 735
(ii) cos 980
(iii) sin 2460 (iv) cos (870)
(v) sin (780) (vi) cot (855) (vii) cosec 2040 (viii)sec ( 1305)
o :
(i)
tan (735) = tan (2 360 + 15) = tan 15
(ii)
cos 980 = cos (2 360 + 260) = cos 260
= cos (270 - 10) = sin 10
(iii)
sin (2460) = sin (6 360 + 300) = sin (300)
= sin (360 60)
= sin 60
3
= 2

212

cos ( 870) = cos (870) = cos (2 360 + 150)

= cos 150 = cos (180 - 30)
3
= cos 30 = 2
(v)
sin ( 780) = sin 780
= sin (2 360 + 60)
3
= sin 60 = 2
(vi) cot ( 855) = cot (855) = cot (2 360 + 135)
= cot (135) = cot (180 - 45)
= cot 45 = 1
(vii) cosec (2040) = cosec (5 360 + 240) = cosec (240)
= cosec (180 + 60) = cosec (60)
2
=
3
(viii) sec ( 1305) = sec (1305) = sec (3 360 + 225)
= sec (225) = sec (270 45)
= cosec 45 = 2
cot (90 ) sin (180 + ) sec (360 )
G,L, 6.6: dL :
tan (180 + ) sec ( ) cos (90 + )
tan ( sin ) (sec )
o :
LdLlThP LY =
tan (sec ) ( sin )
=1
G,L, 6.7:
AhPYQVl TVuTjRUp L
1
sin 780 sin 480 + cos 120 cos60 = 2
(iv)

o :

3
sin 780 = sin (2 360 + 60) = sin 60 = 2
sin 480 = sin (360 + 120)
3
= sin 120 = sin (180 60) = sin 60 = 2
1
1
cos 120 = cos (180 60) = cos 60 = 2 ; cos60 = 2

213

1 1
3
3
L.H.S. = 2 . 2 2 . 2
1
3 1
= 4 4 = 2 R.H.S.

6.2.5 LQ NoLu \ll TiLs :

(Special properties of Trigonometrical functions)

o Zp NoLs (Periodic function) :
f(x + ) = f(x) Gu\ TkR]dhThP No f(x) B] J
oZp No G]lTm, u f L Ul CfNou Zt
(period) G]lTm, GpX LQf NoLm oZp
NoL[m,
GjdLhPL,
sin (x + 2) = sin x ; sin (x + 4) = sin x ; sin (x + 6) = sin x
sin (x + 2n) = sin x, n Z
Ce = 6, 4, 2, 0, 2, 4, . B]p AlTP
Zt J f LUlTm, G]Y = 2 GuT AlTP
Zt (fundamental period) G]lTm,
G]Y sin No 2I ZtVLd LiP J o Zp
NoTm, CRTp cos x, cosec x Utm sec xu Zt 2 G]
YXm, tan x Utm cot xu Zt Bm,

6.2.6Jt\ Utm CWhPf NoLs (Odd and even functions):

f(x) = f( x) Gp f(x) B] J CWhP NoT]m
f( x) = f(x) Gp f(x) B] J Jt\ NoT]m SUdj
Rm,
f(x) = sin x ; f( x) = sin ( x) = sin x = f(x) i.e. f(x) = f( x) sin x
GuT J Jt\f No. CR Tu cosec x, tan x Utm cot x
GuTYLs Jt\f NoLs G] YXm,
f(x) = cos x GuL ; f( x) = cos ( x) = cos x = f(x). cosx J
ChPf No, CR TX sec x J CWhPf No G] YXm,
l : Jt\f No. CWhPf No BVYLs Tt
[dLUL 7Bm AjVVjp TdLXm,

214

Tt 6.2
11
(1) sin = 12 Gp.
sec (360 ) . tan (180 ) + cot (90 + ) sin (270 + )u Ul
LiL,
(2) rdLiTYL[ L eLQeLu NoTL GL,
(i) sin ( 840) (ii) cos (1220)
(iii) cot ( 640) (iv) tan (300)
(v) cosec (420) (vi) sin ( 1110) (vii) cos ( 1050)
sin 300 . tan 330 . sec 420
2
(3) L
=
3
cot 135 . cos 210 . cosec 315

(4) L 1+cot sec + 2 1 + cot + sec + 2 =2 cot

(5) rdLiTYL[ Au NoL[L GL :

3
( i) sec A 2

(ii) cosec A 2

(iv) cos (720 + A)

(v) tan (A + )

(6) L

3
(iii) tan A 2

sin (180+A) . cos (90A) . tan (270A)

= sin A cos2A
sec (540 A) cos (360+A) cosec (270+A)

(7) L sin . cos sin 2 . cosec + cos 2 sec = 1

(8) Ul LiL :(i) cos (135)

(ii) sin (240)

(iii) sec (225)

5
(v) cot (315) (vi) cosec ( 300) (vii) cot 4

(iv) cos ( 150)

5
(viii) tan 6

(9) A, B, C, D GuTYLs J YhP StLWju LQeLs

Gp cosA + cosB + cos C + cos D = 0 G] L,
(10) rdLiTYLu Ul LiL:
(i) tan230 + tan245 + tan260

(ii) sin 6 . cos 3 + cos 6 . sin 3

(iii) cos 6 . cos 3 sin 6 . sin 3

(iv) cos 45.cos60sin 45.sin 60

(v) tan2 60 + 2 tan2 45

(vi) tan2 45 + 4 cos2 60

(vii) cot 60 . tan30 + sec2 45 . sin 90

215

(viii) tan2 60 + 4 cot2 45 + 3 sec2 30 + cos290

(ix) tan230 + 2 sin 60 + tan 45 tan 60 + cos2 30
1
1
4
(x) 2 sin2 60 2 sec 60 tan2 30 + 5 sin2 45 . tan2 60
1
5 tan + 4 sin
(11) cos = 2 Um tan > 0 Gp
= 3 G]
3 cos 3 sin
L,

6.2.7 LQ t\ULs (Trigonometrical identities):

ULu TdLp x.x = x2 GuTRl TX sin . sin = (sin )2
G]

Ym,
2

CR]

sin2

G]

GRXm,

CR

Tu

tan , tan = tan . ClT Sm X AlTP LQ

t\UL[ lTm,
BV UVULd LiP KWX YhPjR
Gjd LsYm, P(x, y) GuT YhPju
HRm J s GuL, XOP = .
OXd NejRL PL YWL, dLQm OLP
J NeLQ dLQm, Cp OP (LoQm)
= r = 1 AX, x, y GuTYLs Ajs[
TdLjRm GoTdLjRm du\],

TPm 6. 17

y
y
x
ClT cos = 1 = x Um sin = 1 = y; tan = x
Um r2 = x2 + y2 = 1
dLQm OLPk x2 + y2 = r2 = 1
A,,

x2 + y2 = cos2 + sin2 = 1

y2 x2 + y2 1 2 1 2
2
1 + tan2 = 1 + 2 =
= x
= cos = sec
x
x2
x2 y2 + x2
1
1 2
2
1 + cot2 = 1 + 2 = 2 = y 2 =
sin = cosec
y
y
G]Y SUdd PjR t\ULs
sin2 + cos2 = 1
1 + tan2 = sec2
1 + cot2 = cosec2
CYLk SUd PlT

216

sec2 tan2 = 1
cosec2 cot2 = 1
G,L, 6.8: cos4A sin4A = 1 2 sin2A
o :

cos4A sin4A

=(cos2A + sin2A) (cos2A sin2A)

= cos2A sin2A = 1 sin2A sin2A
= 1 2sin2A

G,L, 6.9: sec2A + cosec2A = sec2A . cosec2A G] L,

1
1
o : sec2A + cosec2A
= 2 +
cos A
sin2A
=

1
sin2A + cos2A
=
2
2
2
cos A . sin A cos A . sin2A

= sec2A . cosec2A
G,L, 6.10:

cosA

1 + cot2A =

cosec2A 1 G] L

1 + cot2A = cos A cosec2A = cosA . cosecA

cosA
= sinA = cotA = cosec2A 1
cb
G,L, 6.11: a sin2 + b cos2 = c Gp tan2 =
G] L
ac
o :

cosA

o :

a sin2 + b cos2 = c
C\m cos2p YdL. a tan2 + b = c sec2
a tan2 + b = c (1 + tan2)
tan2 (a c) = c b
cb
tan2 =
ac
1 cosA
1 + cosA = cosec A cotA G] L,
1 cosA
1 + cosA I GjdLsYm,
1 cosA
(1 cosA)2
1 cosA 2
=
= sinA
2
1 + cosA

1 cos A

G,L, 6.12:
o :

217

1 cosA
1
cosA
1 cosA
1 + cosA = sinA = sinA sinA
= cosec A cotA

G,L, 6.13:
If x = a cos + b sin Um y = a sin b cos Gp
x2 + y2 = a2 + b2 G] L,
x2 + y2 = (a cos + b sin)2 + (a sin b cos )2
= a2 cos2 + b2 sin2 + 2ab cos sin
+ a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 2ab sin cos
= a2 (cos2 + sin2) + b2(sin2 + cos2)
= a2 + b2
2
G,L, 6.14: sin A.tanA+cos2A . cotA+2 sinA . cosA=tanA + cotA G]
L,
sinA
cosA
o :
CPlTdLm = sin2A . cosA + cos2A . sinA + 2sinA cosA
sin3A cos3A
= cosA + sinA + 2sinA . cosA
sin4A + cos4A + 2sin2A . cos2A
=
sinA . cosA
2
(sin A + cos2A) 2
1
=
= sinA . cosA
sinA . cosA
sin2A + cos2A
= sinA . cosA
[sin2A + cos2A = 1]
sin2A
cos2A
= sinA cosA + sinA cosA
sinA cosA
cosA + sinA = tanA + cotA = YXlTdLm
G,L, 6.15: 3(sinxcosx)4+6(sinx + cosx)2+4 (sin6x+cos6x) = 13 G] L,
2
o : (sinx cosx) 4=[(sinx cosx)2] = [sin2x + cos2x 2sinx cosx] 2
= [1 2sin x cosx] 2
(i)
= 1 4sinx cosx + 4sin2x cos2x
2
2
2
(sinx + cosx) = sin x + cos x+ 2sinx . cosx
= 1 + 2sinx cosx
(ii)
o :

sin6x + cos6x = (sin2x)3 + (cos2x)3

218

= (sin2x + cos2x) 3 3sin2x . cos2x (sin2x + cos2x)

= 1 3sin2x cos2x
(i), (ii), (iii) k CPlTdLm

(iii)

= 3(1 4sin x cosx + 4sin2x . cos2x)

+ 6(1 + 2sinx cosx) + 4(1 3 sin2x cos2x)
= 3+6+4
= 13 = YXlTdLm
tan + sec 1
1 + sin
G,L, 6.16:
=
G] L
cos
tan sec + 1
o :

tan + sec (sec2 tan2)

tan sec + 1
tan + sec (sec + tan) (sec tan)
=
tan sec + 1
(tan + sec) (1 sec + tan)
= tan + sec
=
(tan sec + 1)
1
sin + 1
sin
+
=
= YXlTdLm
=
cos
cos
cos

CPlTdLm =

Tt 6.3
(1) rdLiTYL[ L,
(i) sin4A cos4A = 1 2cos2A
(ii) sin3A cos3A = (sinA cosA) (1 + sinA cosA)
(iii) (sin + cos)2 + (sin cos)2 = 2
(iv) (tan + cot)2 = sec2 + cosec2
secx + tanx
1
1
(v)
+
= 2sec2 (vi)
= (secx + tanx)2
secx tanx
1 + sin 1 sin
1
cosec
= cos
(viii)
= sec tan
(vii)
cot + tan
tan + sec
1 + cos
1
=
(ix)
sin
cosec cot
(x) (sec + cos) (sec cos) = tan2 + sin2
1
1
(2) tan + sec = x Gp. 2tan = x x , 2sec = x + x G] .
x2 1
G] L,
Ak sin = 2
x +1

219

(3) tan + sin = p, tan sin = q Um p > q Gp p2 q2 = 4 pq

G] L,
secA
cosecA
(4) (1 + cotA + tanA) (sinA cosA) =
G] L,
2
cosec A
sec2A
cosA
sinA
(5)
+
= sinA + cosA G] L,
1 tanA 1 cotA
(6) rdLiPYL[ L,
1 + sinA
1 + cosA
(i)
= secA + tanA
(ii)
= cosecA + cotA
1 sinA
1 cosA
(sinA 1)
(cosA 1)
1 sin
= sec tan
(iii)
1 + sin
(7) cos + sin = 2 cos Gp. cos sin = 2 sin G] L,
(8) (1 + tanA + secA) (1 + cotA cosecA) = 2 G] L,

6.3 hdLQeLs (Compound Angles)

6.3.1 hdLQeLs A + B Utm A B
CRt kRV AjVVjp 90 , 180 , Gu\
LQeLu LQ ReL[d LiPm, AYLp
JW J LQm Uhm CkR, CkR AjVVjp A + B, A B,
Gu\ hd LQeLu LQ ReL[A, B, .u
Xm LQlT\m,
f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) GuT GpX UnUf NoLdm
TkR, GjdLhPL GpX LQ ReLm
UtLiP RPoT l NnV,
cos (A + B) GuT cosA + cosBd NUUu,
ClT cos(A - B) = cosA cosB
+ sinA sinB Gu\ t\UVd
LiTm,

TPm. 6. 19

TPm. 6. 18

220

P, Q GuTY 1 AX BWPV YhPjp HRm CWi

sLs GuL, XOP = A and XOQ = B. P, Q u BVjRXLs
\V (cos A, sinA) Utm (cosB, sinB)
PQ2 = (cosA cosB)2 + (sinA sinB)2
= (cos2A 2cosA cosB + cos2B) + (sin2A 2sinA sinB + sin2B)
= (cos2A + sin2A) + (cos2B + sin2B) 2cosA cosB 2sinAcosB
= 1+1 2 cos A cosB 2 sinA sinB=2 2 (cosA cosB+sinA sinB) (1)
UtLiP AX YhPjRf Zt Q Gu\ sV] (1, 0) I
APYRL Gjd LsYm, CR]p PQ u [m U\,
PQ2= [cos (A B) 1]2 + [sin (A B) 0]2
= [cos2(A B) 2cos(A B) + 1] + sin2 (A B)
= [cos2(A B) + sin2(A B)] + 1 2cos (A B) = 1 + 1 2cos(A B)
= 2 2cos (A B)
(2)
(1), (2) k, 2 2cos(A B) = 2 2 (cosAcosB + sinA sinB)

cos(A B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB

AjRTVL cos(A + B) I GjdLsYm,
cos(A + B) GuT cos [A ( B)]df NUU],
cos(A + B) = cosA cos( B) + sinA . sin ( B)
B]p
cos( B) = cosB and sin(B) = sin B
cos(A + B) = cosA cosB sinA sinB.
sin(A + B)u t\UVd LQ rdLiPYt\ Sm
]oYm,

sin = cos 2

CkR t\Up d A + B G]lWP

sin (A + B) = cos 2 (A + B) = cos 2 A B

LNu jVN t\UVl TVuTjR

= cos 2 A . cosB + sin 2 A . sinB

= sinA . cosB + cosA . sinB

BLY
sin (A + B) = sinA . cosB + cosA sinB

221

Sine jVN t\UVd LQ Bd TXL B WP

Yim,
sin (A B) = sin [A + ( B)]
= sinA cos( B) + cosA . sin( B)
sin(A B) = sinA cosB cosA sinB
Tan NodV hPp t\UVd LQ sine. cosine.
t\UL[l TVuTjYm,
sin (A + B)
tan (A + B) = cos(A + B)
sinA . cosB + cosA sinB
=
cosA cosB sinA sinB
T. RL[ cosA cosBBp YdL
sinA cosB cosA sinB
cosA cosB + cosA cosB
= cosA cosB sinA sinB
cosA cosB cosA cosB
tanA + tanB
tan (A + B) =
1 tanA . tanB
CRTu.
tan
NodV
jVNjtL]
t\UVd LQXm,
tan A tan B
tan (A B) =
1 + tan . tan B
(1)
sin (A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
(2)
sin (A B) = sinA cosB cosA sinB
(3)
cos (A + B) = cosA cosB sinA sinB
(4)
cos (A B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB
tanA + tanB
(5)
tan (A + B) =
1 tanA tanB
tanA tanB
(6)
tan(A B) = 1 + tanA . tanB
G,L,6.17: (i)cos 15 (ii)cos105 (iii)sin 75 (iv)tan 15-u UlTd LiL
o :
(i)
cos15 = cos(45 30) = cos45 cos30 + sin45 sin30
1
1 1
3
3+1
3+1
2
6+ 2
=
+
=
=

=
2
2
4
2
2
2
2 2
2 2

222

(ii) cos105 = cos(60 + 45) = cos60 cos45 sin60 sin45

1 3
3 1
2 6
1 1
2
=
=
=2
4
2
2
2 2
(iii) sin75 = sin(45 + 30) = sin45 cos30 + cos45 sin30
1
1 1
3
3+1
6+ 2
=
. 2 +
.2 =
=
4
2
2
2 2
1
1
3
tan45 tan30
(iv) tan15 = tan(45 30) =
=
1
1 + tan45 tan30
1+1.
3
=

3 3
=2 3
3+ 3

3
12
G,L, 6.18: A, B GuTYLs eLQeLs sinA = 5 ;cos B= 13
Gp cos(A + B)-u UlTd LiL,
o :
cos (A + B) = cosA cosB sinA sinB
9
4
cosA = 1 sin2A =
1 25 = 5
144
5
1 169 = 13
sinB = 1 cos2B =
33
4 12 3 5
cos(A + B) = 5 . 13 5 . 13 = 65
G,L, 6.19: (i) sin(A + B) sin(A B) = sin2A sin2B
(ii) cos(A + B) cos(A B) = cos2A sin2B G] L,
sin(A +B) sin(A B) = (sin A cosB + cosA sinB) (sinA cosB cosA sinB)
= sin2A cos2B cos2A sin2B
= sin2A (1 sin2B) (1 sin2A) sin2B
= sin2A sin2B
cos(A + B) cos(A B) = (cosA cosB sinA sinB) (cosA cosB + sinA sinB)
= cos2A cos2B sin2A sin2B
= cos2A (1 sin2B) (1 cos2A) sin2B
= cos2A sin2B

223

G,L, 6.20: A + B = 45 Gp (1 + tanA) (1 + tanB) = 2 Gu L,

1
Ck tan 22 2u UlTd LiL,
o :

A + B = 45 tan (A + B) = tan45
tanA + tanB
=1
1 tanA . tanB
tanA + tan B = 1 tanA . tanB
1 + tanA + tanB = 2tanA tanB (C\m1-Id hP)

1 + tanA + tanB + tanA tanB = 2

(1 + tan A) (1 + tanB) = 2
1
A = B Gp 2A = 45 A = 22 2 = B
1 2

1 + tan 22 2
=2

1
1 + tan 22 2 = 2

1
tan 22 2 = 2 1
1
1
22 2 J eLQm, G]Y tan 22 2 J L Gi, G]Y
1
tan 22 2 = 2 1
G,L, 6.21: L
tan69 + tan66
tan (A B) + tanB
(i)
=1
(ii)
= tan A
1 tan69 tan66
1 tan(A B) tanB
cos 17 + sin17
= tan62
(iii)
cos17 sin17
o :
tan69 + tan66
= tan (69 + 66)
(i)
1 tan69 tan66
= tan (135) = tan (90 + 45) = cot45 = 1
tan (A B) + tanB
= tan [(A B) + B] = tanA
(ii)
1 tan(A B) tanB
cos 17 + sin17
(iii)
CPlTdLm =
cos17 sin17
RVm TVm cos17Bp YdL.

224

1 + tan17
tan 45 + tan17
=
( tan45 = 1)
1 tan17 1 tan45 tan17
= tan (45 + 17) = tan62 = YXlTdLm

G,L, 6.22: L (i) tan 4 + tan 4 = 1

1
(ii) If tanA = 3 and tanB = 2 , prove that A B = 4
o :

(i)
CPlTdLm = tan 4 + tan 4

1 + tan 1 tan

=

= 1 YXlTdLm tan 4 = 1
1 tan 1 + tan
1
5
32
2
tanA tanB

(ii)
tan (A B) = 1 + tanA tanB =
1 = 5 = 1 = tan 4
1+3.2 2

tan (A B) = tan 4 A B = 4
G,L, 6.23:
4
5
cos( + ) = 5 Um sin ( ) = 13 Gp tan 2u Ul LiL,
Ce ( + ), ( - ) GuTYLs eLQeLs,
o :
4
3
cos ( + ) = 5 tan ( + ) = 4
5
5
sin ( ) = 13 tan ( ) = 12
2 = ( + ) + ( )
tan2 = tan [( + ) + ( - )]
3 5
14
+ 12
4
12
56
tan ( + ) + tan( )
=
= 11 = 33
=
3
5
1 tan( + ) . tan( )
1 4 12
16
G,L, 6.24 : tan3A tan2A tanA = tanA tan2A tan3A G] L
o :
tanA + tan2A
tan3A = tan(A + 2A) =
1 tanA tan2A
CPlTdLm =

225

i.e.
i.e.

tan 3A (1 tanA tan2A) = tanA + tan2A

tan3A tanA tan2A tan3A = tanA + tan2A
tan3A tan2A tanA = tanA tan2A tan3A

Tt 6.4
(1) Ul LiL (i) sin 15 (ii) cos 75 (iii) tan 75 (iv) sin 105
(2) L,
1
1
(i) sin (45+A) =
(sinA+cosA) (ii) cos(A+45) =
(cosAsinA)
2
2
(3) L ,
(i) sin (45 + A) cos(45 + A) = 2 sinA
(ii) sin(30 + A) + sin(30 A) = cosA
(4) L (i) cos(A + B) cos(A B) = cos2B sin2A
(5)
(6)
(7)

(8)
(9)

(10)
(11)

(ii) sin(A + B) sin(A B) = cos2B cos2A

3
cos215 + cos245 + cos275 = 2 G] L
L
(i) sinA + sin(120 + A) + sin(240 + A) = 0
(ii) cosA + cos(120 + A) + cos(120 A) = 0
L
1
(i) cos15sin15=
(ii) tan15+cot15=4 (iii) cot 75+tan75 = 4
2
(i) sin45 + sin30u Ul Li sin 75u Jl,
(ii) cos45 cos30u Ul Li cos15u JlL,
L
(i) tan70 = 2 tan50 + tan 20
(ii) tan72=tan18+2tan54 (TVuTjL:tanA tanB=1, A+B= 90)
cos11 + sin11
cos29 + sin29
(iii)
= tan56
(iv)
= tan 74
cos11 sin11
cos29 sin29
sin (B C)
sin (C A)
sin (A B)
L sinA sinB + sin B sinC + sin C sin A = 0
5
1
( i) tanA = 6 , tan B = 11 Gp A + B = 45G] L,
1
1

(ii) tan = 2 Um tan = 3 Gp + = 4 G] L,

226

(12) A + B = 45 Gp (cotA1) (cotB 1) = 2 G] L, Ck

1
cot 22 2 u Ul Li,
(13) A + B + C = Gp
(i) tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC
(ii) tan2A + tan2B + tan2C = tan2A tan2B tan2C G] L,
1
1
(14) sinA = 3 , sinB = 4 Gp sin (A + B)u Ul LiL, A,
BGuTYLs eLQm,
(15) (i) sin (A + 60) + sin(A 60) = sinA
(ii) tan4A tan3A tanA + tan3A + tanA tan4A = 0 G] L,

6.3.2 UPe LQeLu t\ULs :

(Multiple angle identities)

sin2A, cos2A, tan2A GuT]Yt\ Es[PdV t\ULs
UPe
LQeLu
t\ULs
G]lTm,
CkR
t\UL[d
LQ.
u
AjVVjp
LiP
X
t\UL[l TVuTjRl T\m,
Rp sin2Au t\UVd LiTm,
sin (A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB GuTR Gjd
LsYm, Cp
B = A G]l WP
sin2A = sin (A + A) = sinA cosA + cosA sinA
= 2 sinA cosA
G]Y sin2A = 2sinA . cosA
cos2A, tan2A Es[PeV t\UL[ UtLiPY
LQXm,
cos2A = cos (A + A) = cosA cosA sinA sinA
cos2A = cos2A sin2A
G]Y cos2A = cos2A sin2A
CR Tu tan2A =

2tanA
G] APVXm,
1 tan2A

227

cos2Au Ut\ t\UL[d rd LiTm,

cos2A = cos2A sin2A = (1 sin2A) sin2A
= 1 2sin2A
cos2A = cos2A sin2A = cos2A (1 cos2A)
= 2cos2A 1
cos2A = 1 2sin2Ak SUd
1 cos2A
sin2A =
2
Um.

G]Y.

cos2A = 2cos2A 1k
1 + cos2A
cos2A =
2
1 cos2A
tan2A = 1 + cos2A
sin2A = 2sinA cosA
2 sinA
2 tanA
2tanA
= cosA cos2A =
=
2
sec A 1 + tan2A

cos2A = cos2A sin2A = cos2A 1

= cos2A (1 tan2A)
1 tan2A 1 tan2A
=
sec2A
1 + tan2A
sin2A = 2 sinA . cosA
=

BLY

cos2A = cos2A sin2A

cos2A = 1 2sin2A
cos2A = 2 cos2A 1
2tanA
sin2A =
1 + tan2A
1 tan2A
1 + tan2A
2tanA
tan2A =
1 tan2A

cos2A =

228

sin2A

cos2A

A
2 u LQ ReLs YXL Au
LQ ReL[d LQp :
6.3.3

A
(Trigonometrical ratios of A in terms of trigonometrical ratios of 2 )
A
sinA = sin2 2

A
A
= 2 sin 2 . cos 2
A
A
A
cosA = cos 2 2 = cos2 2 sin2 2

A
= 2 cos2 2 1
A
= 1 2 sin2 2
A
tan A = tan 2 2

A
2 tan 2
=
A
1 tan2 2
CRTu rdLiP t\UL[ YXm,
A
2 tan 2
sinA =
A
1 + tan2 2
A
1 tan2 2
cosA =
A
1 + tan2 2
A 1 cosA
sin2 2 =
2
A 1 + cosA
cos2 2 =
2
A 1 cosA
tan2 2 = 1 + cosA

229

A
sinA
A
1 cosA
Um tan 2 = 1 + cosA Utm tan 2 = sinA
GuTRd
LYdL,
3
G,L, 6.25: sin = 8 , J eLQm Gp. sin2u UlTd
LiL,
9
55
3
1 64 = 8
o : sin = 8 ; cos = 1 sin2 =
3
3 55
55
sin 2 = 2 sin cos = 2 . 8 . 8 = 32
G,L, 6.26: (i) sin15 (ii) tan15 BVYt\ UlL,
o :

(i)

(ii)

30
sin15 = sin 2 =

1 cos30
=
2

30 1 cos30
=
tan 15 = tan 2 =
sin30

3
1 2
=
2

3
1 2
= 2
1
2

2 3
2
3

3AI Es[PdV LQ ReLs :

(Trigonometrical ratios involving 3A)
6.3.4

sin3A = sin (2A + A) = sin2A . cosA + cos2A . sinA

= 2 sinA cos2A + (1 2sin2A) sinA
= 2sinA (1 sin2A) + (1 2sin2A) sinA
= 3sinA 4sin3A
CRTu

cos3A = 4 cos3A 3cosA

tan3A = tan (2A + A) =

tan2A + tanA
1 tan2A . tanA

2 tanA + tanA
1 tan2A

1 tanA .

2tanA
1 tan2A

3 tanA tan3A
1 3tan2A

G,L, 6.27: cos4A sin4A = cos2A G] L,

230

o :

CPl\m = (cos2A + sin2A) (cos2A sin2A)

= 1 . cos2A = cos2A = YXl\m

G,L, 6.28:
cot3A =

cot3A 3cotA
G] L,
3cot2A 1

o :
1
3
3 tanA
cot A 3cotA tan A
1 3tan2A
YXl\m =
=
=
3
3cot2A 1
3tanA tan3A
2 1
tan A
1
= tan3A = cot3A = CPl\m
G,L, 6.29:
1 cosB
tanA =
Gp. tan2A = tanB G] L, Ce A,
sinB
BGuTYLs eLQeLs,
B
B
2sin2 2
sin 2
1 cosB
B
o: YXl\m = sinB =
B
B =
B = tan 2
2sin 2 . cos 2
cos 2
B
G]Y tan 2 = tanA
B
A = 2 B = 2A
G]Y
tan2A = tanB
G,L, 6.30: 4 sinA sin (60 + A) . sin (60 A) = sin3A G] L,
o : CPl\m
= 4 sinA sin (60 + A) . sin (60 A)
3

= 4sinA { sin (60 + A) . sin (60 A)}

= 4sinA {sin260 sin2A}
3

= 4sinA 4 sin2A = 3sinA 4sin3A = sin3A

= YXl\m
1
G,L, 6.31: cos20 cos40 cos80 = 8 G] L,

231

CPl\m = cos20 cos40 cos80

= cos20 {cos (60 20) cos(60 + 20)}
= cos20 [cos260 sin220]
1
= cos20 4 sin220

1
= 4 cos20 {1 4(1 cos220)}
1
1
= 4 {4cos320 3 cos20} = 4 [cos3 20]
1
1
= 4 cos60 = 8 = YXl\m
G,L, 6.32: Ul LiL
(i) sin18
(ii) cos18 (iii) cos36 (iv) sin36 (v) sin54 (vi) cos54
o :
(i) = 18 GuL,
5 = 90 2 = 90 3
sin2 = sin(90 3) = cos3
2sin cos = 4cos3 3cos
2sin = 4cos2 3

(cos 0)

2sin = 1 4sin
4sin2 + 2sin 1 = 0
1 5
2 4 + 16
=
sin =
8
4
sin 18 is positive, sin18
1 sin218 =

(iii) cos36 = 1 2sin218 =

5+1
4

(ii) cos18 =

(iv) sin36 =

1 cos236 =

1+ 5
4

10 + 2 5
5 1 2
4
4 =

10 2 5
4

(v) sin54 = sin (90 36) = cos36 =

5+1
4

(vi) cos54 = cos (90 36) = sin36 =

10 2 5
4

232

Tt 6.5
(1) rdLiTYL[ L

1
(ii) sin 8 cos 8 =
2 2

1
(i) 2sin15 cos15 = 2
10 + 2 5
4

(iii) sin72 =

(iv) cos72 =

1
1
(v) 1 2sin 22 2 =
2
2

(vi)

51
4

1
2 tan22 2

1 =1
1 tan2 222

(2) 8 cos3 9 6cos 9 = 1 G] L

(3) tan 2 = (2 3) Gp sinu Ul LiL,

1 + sin cos

= tan 2 G] L,
1 + sin + cos
(5) L

(4)

(i) cos2 4 sin2 4 = sin2 (ii) sec2+tan2 = tan 4 +

(6) (i) tan = 3 Gp tan3I LiL

3
(ii) sinA = 5 Gp sin3AI LiL,
1
1

(7) tan = 3 Utm tan = 7 Gp 2 + = 4 G] L

1
1
1
(8) 2 cos = x + x Gp cos2 = 2 x2 + 2 G] L,
x

6.3.5TdLX.hPp ApX LjRu YYUL UtRp:

(Transformation of a product into a sum or difference)

Utm

sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB

(1)
sin(A B) = sinA cosB cosA sinB
(2)
GuT SUdj Rm

(1) Utm (2) Id hP

sin(A + B) + sin (A B) = 2 sinA cosB
(1)k (2)Id LdL

233

(I)

sin(A + B) sin(A B) = 2 cosA sinB

(II)

Um
cos(A + B) = cosA cosB sinA sinB
(3)
cos(A B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB
(4)
(3) + (4) cos(A + B) + cos(A B) = 2 cosA cosB
(III)
(4) (3)
cos(A + B) cos(A B) = 2sinA sinB
(IV)
ClT
A + B = C Utm A B = D GuL
CD
C+D
2A = C + D (OR) A = 2 and 2B = C D (OR) B = 2
G]Y A, Bu UlL[ UtLiP jWjR I, II, III
Utm IVp WP
C+D
CD
1) sinC + sinD = 2 sin 2 . cos 2
C+D
CD
2) sinC sinD = 2 cos 2 . sin 2
C+D
CD
3) cos C + cosD = 2 cos 2 . cos 2
C+D
CD
4) cosD Cos C = 2sin 2 . sin 2
G,L, 6.33: rdLiPYL[ hPp ApX LjRXLd
(i) 2sin2 . cos (ii) 2 cos2 cos
(iii) 2 sin 3A . sinA
3A
5A
(iv) cos7.cos5 (v)cos 2 .cos 2 (vi) cos3.sin2 (vii) 2cos3A . sin5A
o :
(i)
2 sin 2 . cos = sin(2 + ) + sin (2 ) = sin3 + sin
(ii) 2 cos2 . cos = cos(2 + ) + cos (2 ) = cos3 + cos
(iii) 2 sin3A . sinA = cos(3A A) cos(3A + A) = cos2A cos4A
1
1
(iv) cos7 . cos5 = 2 [cos(7 + 5) + cos(7 - 5)] = 2 [cos12 + cos2]
3A
5A 1
3A 5A
3A 5A
(v) cos 2 . cos 2 = 2 cos 2 + 2 + cos 2 2

1
1
= 2 [cos4A + cos(A)] = 2 [cos4A + cosA]
1
1
(vi)
cos3 . sin2 = 2 [ sin (3 + 2) sin(3 2)] = 2 [sin 5 sin ]
(vii) 2 cos3A . sin5A = sin(3A + 5A) sin(3A 5A) = sin8A sin(2A)
= sin8A + sin2A

234

G,L, 6.34: rdLiTYL[ TdLXLd :

(i) sin4A + sin2A
(ii) sin5A sin3A
(iii) cos3A + cos7A
(iv) cos2A cos4A (v) cos60 cos20
(vi) cos55 + sin55
o :
4A + 2A
4A 2A
(i)
sin4A + sin2A = 2 sin
2 cos 2 = 2sin3A cosA
5A + 3A
5A 3A
(ii) sin5A sin3A = 2cos
2 sin 2 = 2 cos4A sinA
3A + 7A
3A 7A
(iii) cos3A + cos7A = 2 cos
2 cos 2
= 2cos5A cos (2A)=2cos5A cos2A
2A + 4A
2A 4A
(iv) cos2A cos4A = 2sin
2 sin 2
= 2sin3A sin(A)=2sin3A sinA
(60 + 20)
60 20
(v) cos60 cos20 = 2 sin
sin
2
2

= 2sin40 sin20
(vi) cos55 + sin55=cos55 + cos(9055) = cos55 + cos35
55 35
55 + 35
cos
= 2cos45 cos10
= 2 cos
2
2
1
cos10 = 2 cos10
= 2
2
3
G,L, 6.35: sin 20 sin40 sin80 = 8 G] L,
1
o : CPl\m = sin20 sin40 in80 = sin20 2 {cos40 cos120}
1
1

= 2 sin20 cos40 + 2

1
1
= 2 sin20 cos40 + 4 sin20
1
1
1
= 4 (sin60 sin20) + 4 sin20 = 4 sin60
3
= 8 = YXl\m
G,L, 6.36: 4(cos6 + sin24) = 3 + 15 G] L,
o :
CPl\m=4(cos6+sin24)=4(sin84+sin24) [cos6=cos(9084)= sin84]

235

84 + 24
84 24
cos
= 4 . 2sin
2
2

= 8 sin54 . cos30 = 8
=

5 + 1 3
4 . 2

15 + 3 = YXl\m

G,L, 6.37:
(i) cos20+cos100 + cos140 = 0
L,

(ii) sin50sin70+sin10= 0 G]

o :
(i) CPl\m = cos20 + (cos100 + cos140)
100 + 140
100 140
= cos20 + 2cos
. cos
2
2

1
= cos20 + 2cos120 cos( 20) = cos20 + 2 2 cos20

= cos20 cos20 = 0 = YXl\m

(ii) CPl\m = sin50 sin70 + sin10
50 + 70
50 70
= 2 cos 2 . sin 2 + sin10

1
= 2 cos60 . sin( 10) + sin10 = 2 2 ( sin10) + sin10
= sin10 + sin10 = 0 = YXl\m

6.3.6 TkR]dhThP t\ULs :

(Conditional Identities)
G,L, 6.38:
A + B + C = Gp sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC G]
L,
o :
CPl\m = sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = (sin2A + sin2B) + sin2C
= 2sin(A + B) cos(A B) + sin2C
= 2sin( C) cos(A B) + sin2C
= 2sinC cos(A B) + 2sinC cosC
= 2sinC {cos(A B) + cosC}

236



= 2 sinC cos(A B) + cos(180 A + B)
= 2 sinC {cos(A B) cos(A + B)} = 2sinC {2 sinA sinB}
= 4 sinA sinB sinC = YXl\m

G,L, 6.39:
A + B + C = 180 Gp cos2A + cos2Bcos2C = 14sinA sinB cosC G]
L,
o :
CPl\m = cos2A + (cos2B cos2C)
= 1 2sin2A + {2 sin(B + C) sin(B C)}
= 1 2sin2A 2sin(180 A) sin(B C)
=
=
=
=
=

1 2sin2A 2sinA sin(B C)

1 2 sinA [sinA + sin (B C)]
1 2sinA [sin(B + C) + sin(B C)] , [ A = 180 (B + C)]
1 2sinA [2sinB cosC]
1 4sinA sinB cosC = YXl\m

G,L, 6.40: A+B+C = Gp cos2A + cos2B cos2C = 1 2sinA sinB cosC

G] L,
o :
CPl\m = cos2A + cos2B cos2C = (1 sin2A) + cos2B cos2C
= 1 + (cos2B sin2A) cos2C
= 1 + cos(A + B) . cos(A B) cos2C
= 1 + cos( C) cos(A B) cos2C
=
=
=
=

1 cosC. cos(A B) cos2C

1 cosC [cos(A B) + cosC]
1 cosC [cos(A B) cos (A + B)] = 1 cosC [2sin A sinB]
1 2sinA sinB cosC = YXl\m

Tt 6.6
(1) uYY]Yt\ hPp ApX LjRXLd
(i) 2sin4 cos2
(ii) 2cos8 cos6
(iii) 2cos7 sin3
(iv) 2sin3A sinA
(v) 2cos6A sin3A
(vi) cos4 sin9
3A
A
7A
5A
5
4
(vii) cos 2 sin 2
(viii) sin 2 cos 2
(ix) cos 3 cos 3

237

(2) uYY]Yt\ TdLXLd :

(i) sin13A + sin5A
(iv) cos13A cos5A
(vii) sin80 cos70
(x) cos35 + sin72

(ii) sin13A sin5A

(v) sin52 sin32
(viii) sin50 + cos80

(iii) cos13A + cos5A

(vi) cos 51 + cos23
(ix) sin20 + cos50

3
(3) sin20 sin40 sin60 sin80 = 16 G] L,
1
(4) cos20 cos40 cos60 cos80 = 16 G] L,
(5) sin50 sin70 + cos80 = 0 G] L,
+
(6) (cos + cos)2 + (sin sin)2 = 4cos2 2 G] L,

cos2A cos3A
A
sin3A sinA
= cot2A (ii) sin2A + sin3A = tan 2 G] L,
(7) (i)
cosA cos3A
(8) A + B + C = Gp sin2A sin2B + sin2C = 4 cosA sinB cosC G]
L,
(9) A + B + C = 180 Gp
sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 2 + 2cosA cosB cosC G] L,
B
B
C
C
A
A
(10) A+B+C = Gp tan 2 tan 2 +tan 2 tan 2 +tan 2 tan 2 = 1 G]
L,
sin2A + sin2B + sin2C
= cot A cot B G]
(11) A + B + C = 90 Gp
sin2A + sin2B sin2C
L,
B
C
A
(12) A + B + C = Gp sin2 2 + sin2 2 + sin2 2
B
C
A
= 1 2 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 G] L,

6.4 LQ NUuTLs :
(Trigonometrical Equations)
LQ NoL[ Es[PdV NUuT LQ
1
1
NUuT G]lTm, cos = 2 , tan = 0, cos2 2sin = 2 GuTYLs
LQ NUuTLdf X GjdLhL[m, CkR
LQ NUuTL[j odL Sm Gu\ Ud TX
UlLh LdLlThP NUuTL[f NTod\m,

238

J LQju GmUlLs LdLlThP NUuThP

\ Nnu\]Y AmUlLs AfNUuThu oL[m,
J LQ NUuTht GiQt\ oLs CdLXm, J
op Es[ LQju R UlLp (absolute value) G
\Y]R AY RuU o (principal solution) G]lTm,
LQ
NUuTLs
GuTY
LQ
t\ULk (Trigonometrical identities) YThPY, X
LQ NUuTLdj oLs CpXUm CdLXm,
GjdLhPL cos = 4 Gu\ NUuThtj oLs CpX, n
Gu\ GiQ Es[PdV LY LQ NUuThu
Tjo G]lTm, C AfNUuThu GpXj oL[m
Rm,

6.4.1 sin = 0 ; cos = 0 ; tan = 0u TjoLs

O(0,0) I UVULd LiP KWX BWPV YhPjR
Gjd LsYm,
OXk tm L OP B] XOP = Gu\ LQjR
EiPd\, OXd NejRL PM YWL,
(1) sin = 0
NeLQ dLQm OMPp OP = 1 AX
MP
sin = OP sin = MP
sin = 0 Gp MP = 0 ARY OP GuT
OX ApX OX Tkm,
TPm 6.20
XOP = = 0, , 2, 3, [CPgVL]
ApX = , 2, 3, [YXgVL]
ARY = 0 ApX u L ApX \ Gi UPe,
G]Y sin = 0 u Tj o = n, n Z Ce Z GuT
GiLu LQm,
(2) cos = 0
OM
NeLQ dLQm OMPp cos = OP = OM (OP = 1AX)
cos = 0 Gp OM = 0
ARY OP GuT OY ApX OY Tkm,

239

ARY = 2 , 2 , 52 , . . [CPgVL)

3
5
= 2 , 2 , 2 [YXgVL]

ARY = ( 2 u Jt\ UPe)

BLY u Tjo = (2n + 1) 2 , n Z

(3) tan = 0
MP
NeLQ dLQm OMPp tan = 0 Gp OM = 0 ApX MP
= 0 C. X (1)-Il Tus[Rp
(1)k = n, n Z G]d Pd\,
CqY\L. (1) sin = 0 Gp = n, n Z

(2) cos = 0 Gp = (2n + 1) 2 , n Z

(3) tan = 0 Gp = n, n Z
J LQf NUuThPj odmT Pdm

GpX oLm Nu Nod 2 , 2 m LNu od

[0, ]m Pu Nod 2, 2 m Es[ o AfNou

RuU Ul (Principal value) Bm,

G,L, 6.41: rdLiPYLu RuU UlTd LiL :
2
3
3
(ii) cos = 2
(iii) cosec =
(i) cosx = 2
3
(iv) cot = 1 (v) tan = 3
3
o : (i) cosx = 2 > 0
xu Ul Rp ApX SuLY Lp Tp AU\,
xu RuU Ul [0, ]ds CdL Yim. cosx GuT
LVL ClTRp ARu RuU Ul Rp LpTp
AUm,

3
cosx = 2 = cos 6 Um 6 [0, ]

G]Y xu RuU Ul 6 .

240

3
(ii) cos = 2 < 0
cos GuT \ GiQL ClTRp GuT CWi
ApX u\Y LpTp AU\. CRu RuU Ul
[0,]p i.e. Rp ApX CWiPY Lp Tp AUV Yim,
G]Y u RuU Ul CWiPY LpTp AUm,
3
cos = 2 = cos (180 30) = cos150.
5
u RuU Ul = 150 = 6 .
2
3
sin = 2 < 0
3
G]Y u\Y ApX SuLY LpTp AUm,

RuU Ul 2, 2 p ARY Rp ApX SuLY

LpYhPjp AUVYim, = 3
(iv) cot = 1 tan = 1 < 0
u Ul CWi ApX SuLY LpYhPjp

AU\, RuU Ul 2, 2 p AU\, u Ul

SuLY LpTp AU\,

(iii) cosec =

cot 4 = 1 = 4 2, 2

6.4.2 sin = sin ; cos = cos ; tan = tan u TjoLs :

(1) sin = sin ;

2 2

i.e. 2, 2

sin sin = 0
+

2 cos 2 . sin 2 = 0

cos 2 = 0 or sin 2 = 0

2 = (2n + 1) 2 , or 2 = n, n Z
+ = (u Jt\ UPe) ApX

241

 = (u CWhP UPe)
= (u Jt\ UPe)

(1)

ApX = (u CWhP UPe) +

(1)Im (2)Im JuNoj,
(2) cos = cos

(2)

= n + ( 1)n., Ce n Z
0 i.e. [0, ]
cos cos = 0
+

2sin 2 . sin 2 = 0

sin 2 = 0 ApX sin 2 = 0

+
2 = n ; n Z ApX 2 = n ; n Z
= 2n ApX = 2n +
G]Y = 2n n Z.

(3) tan = tan

2 <<2

i.e. 2, 2

sin sin
=
cos cos
sin cos cos sin = 0
sin ( ) = 0
= n, n Z
= n + , n Z

CqY\L sin = sin

= n + ( 1)n ; n Z
cos = cos = 2n ; n Z
tan = tan = n + ; n Z, G] AP\m,
G,L, 6.42: rdLiTYLu Tjo LiL :
1
4
1
(i) sin = 2 (ii) sec = 2 (iii) cos2 = 4 (iv) cot2 = 3 (v) sec2 = 3
1
o : (i) sin = 2
1

sin = 2 = sin 6 C sin = sinu J YYm Ce = 6

242


Tj o = n + ( 1)n . 6 ; n Z
1
<0
2
u RuU Ul [0, ]ds CdL Yim,

(ii) sec = 2 cos =

cos GuT \ GiQL ClTRp u RuU Ul

CWiPY LpTp AUm,
3
1

cos 4 = cos 4 = cos 4 =

2
3
= 2n 4 ; n Z
(iii)

(iv)

(v)

cos2 = 2cos2 1 GuT AkRR,

1
1

2
1
= 2 4 1 = 2 1 = 2 = cos 3 = cos 3

2
2 = 2n 3 ; n Z

= n 3 ; n Z
1 + cot2 = cosec2 1 + 3 = cosec2
GuT SUdj Rm
1
cosec2 = 4 or sin2 = 4
1

1
cos2 = 1 2 sin2 = 1 24 = 2 = cos 3

2 = 2n 3 ; n Z

= n 6 ; n Z
1
4
tan2 = sec2 1 = 3 1 = 3
GuT SUdj Rm,
1 2
13 3
1 tan2
1
cos 2 =
=
1 =4 =2
1 + tan2
1+3 3

243

cos 2 = 2 = cos 3

2 = 2n 3 ; n Z

= n 6 ; n Z
3
l : o : sin = 2
CRt CWi oLs 0 < 2p Ei,

4
ARY = 3 and 3
Tj o

= n + ( 1)n 3 ; n Z G]m (1)

4
Utm = n + ( 1)n 3 ; n Z G]m
(2)

GjdLiPm Ul JuRu, YYm Uhm
Y\],
Ce (1), (2) m NUU]Y, B]p TolTRt Y\]YVLj
Rum,
4
GjdLhPL n = 1 Gp (1)k = 3
4
n = 0 Gp (2)k = 3
TjoY YWV\ NnmT u \kR Uh
UlT u UlTL (RuU Ul) Gjd LsY YZdLm,
G,L, 6.43: o : 2cos2 + 3sin = 0
o :
2cos2 + 3sin = 0

2 (1 sin2) + 3 sin = 0
2sin2 3sin 2 = 0
(2 sin + 1) (sin 2) = 0
1
( sin = 2 is not possible)
sin = 2

sin = sin 6

244


sin = sin 6

=6

= n + ( 1)n . 6 ; n Z

G,L, 6.44: o: 2tan cot = 1

o :
2 tan cot = 1
1
2 tan
= 1
tan
2 tan2 + tan 1 = 0
(2 tan 1)(tan + 1) = 0
2 tan 1 = 0 or tan + 1 = 0
1
tan = 2 or tan = 1

tan = 1 Gudm T = tan 4

tan = tan 4

= n + 4

= n 4 ; n Z
1
tan = 2 = tan (-RuU Ul)
= n +
1
= n + tan1 2

1

G]Y
= n 4 or = n + tan 1 2 ; n Z

G,L, 6.45: o : sin2x + sin6x + sin4x = 0
o : sin2x + sin6x + sin4x = 0 or (sin6x + sin2x) + sin4x = 0
ApX 2sin4x . cos2x + sin4x = 0
sin4x (2 cos2x + 1) = 0

245

n
sin4x = 0 4x = n or x = 4 ; n Z
1
2 cos2x + 1 = 0 cos 2x = 2
2

= cos 3 = cos 3 = cos 3

2
2x = 2n 3 or x = n 3
n

G]Y x = 4 or x = n 3 ; n Z
G,L, 6.46: o : 2sin2x + sin22x = 2
o :

2 sin2x + sin22x

sin 2x

2 2sin2x

sin22x

=
=

2(1 sin2x)
2 cos2x

4sin2x cos2x 2 cos2x = 0

2(1 cos2x) cos2x cos2x = 0
2cos4x cos2x = 0
cos2x (2 cos2x 1) = 0
cos2x = 0

cos2x = cos2 2

x = n 2 , n Z

1
1 2
cos2x = 2 =
2

cos2x = cos2 4

x = m 4 , m Z

G,L, 6.47: o : tan2 + (1 3) tan 3 = 0

tan2 + tan 3 tan 3 = 0
tan (tan + 1) 3 (tan + 1) = 0
(tan + 1) (tan 3 ) = 0
tan = 1
tan = 3

tan = tan 4
tan = tan 3

m + 3 , m Z
= n 4 , n Z

246

6.4.3 a cos+b sin = c Gu\ NUuThPj ojRp, Ce c2a2+ b2

(Solving equation of the form a cos + b sin = c where c2a2 + b2)

a cos + b sin
2

(1)

a + b Bp C\m YdL
b
c
a
cos +
sin =
2
2
2
2
2
a +b
a +b
a + b2
a
b
c
cos =
; sin =
and cos =
G] GdL
2
2
2
2
2
a +b
a +b
a + b2
NUuT (1) cos cos + sin sin = cos
cos ( ) = cos
= 2n
= 2n + , n Z
G,L, 6.48: o : 3 sin x + cosx = 2
o : C a cosx + b sinx = c, Ce c2 a2 + b2 Gu\ Yp Es[,

( 3)2 + 12

ApX 2Bp NUuThP YdL

1
3

SUd 2 sin x + 2 cosx = 1 sin 3 . sinx + cos 3 . cos x = 1

ARY cos x 3 = 1

cos x 3 = cos 0

x 3 = 2n 0

i.e. x = 2n + 3 , n Z

Tt 6.7
(1) rdLm NUuTLp RuU UlL[d LiL:
1
(i) sin =
(ii) 2 cos 1 = 0
(iii) 3 cot = 1
2
1
3
(v) sinx = 2
(vi) tan =
(iv) 3 sec = 2
3
(vii) sec x = 2

247

(2) rdLm NUuTLu TjoYd LiL :

1
(i) sin2 = 2

(ii) tan = 3

(iii) cos 3 =

1
2

(3) rdLiTYL[j o :
(i) sin3x = sinx
(ii) sin 4x + sin2x = 0
(4) rdLiTYL[j o:

(iii) tan2x = tanx

1
(i) sin2 2cos + 4 = 0

(ii) cos2x + sin2x + cosx = 0

(iii) cosx + cos2x + cos3x = 0

(5) rdLiTYL[j o :

(iv) sin2x + sin4x = 2sin3x

(i) sin + cos = 2

(ii) sin cos = 2

(iii) 2 sec + tan = 1

(iv) cosec cot = 3

6.5 dLQju TiLs (Properties of Triangles) :

dLQm ABCV Gjd LsYm,
A, B, C GuTY u LQeLs,
A, B, C Gu\ LQeLu GolTdLeLs
\V a, b, c G]d d\m,
G]Y a = BC, b = CA, c = AB.
TPm. 6.21
dLQju u TdLeLs Utm u LQeL[d
Li Sm TX jWeL[ EYdLXm,
I. Nu jWm :
a
b
c
dLQm ABCp sinA = sin B = sinC = 2R. Ce R GuT
dLQm ABCu tYhP BWm,
TPm (6.22)p O GuT dLQm ABCu
tYhP UVm, RGuT tYhPju
BWm, OD GuT BCd Nej.
a
ClT BC = a, BD = 2
ClT
BOC
J
CNUTdL
TPm 6.22
dLQm,
BOC = 2 BAC = 2A GuT SUdj Rm,

248

 BOD = A
NeLQ BODp
sinA

2R sinA

b
sinB
a
sin A

CRTu

=
=

BD
a/2
a
R = R = 2R
a
a or sinA = 2R
c
sinC = 2R G] YXm
b
c
sin B = sin C = 2R

II. SlVu jWm :

dLQm ABCp
(1)

tan

ab
C
AB
= a + b cot 2
2

(2)

tan

bc
A
BC
= b + c cot 2
2

CA
ca
B
= c + a cot 2 GuTY EiU Bm,
2
UtLiPY SlVu jWeLs G]lTm,
(3)

(1):
TQm:

tan

tan

ab
C
AB
= a + b cot 2
2

Nu jWjk
C
ab
a + b cot 2 =

2R sinA 2R sinB
C
2R sinA + 2RsinB cot 2

sinA sinB
C
sinA + sinB cot 2

AB
A+B
2 sin 2
C
cot 2
A+B
AB
2 sin 2 cos 2

AB
C
A+B
cot 2 tan 2 cot 2

C
AB
C
cot 90 2 tan 2 cot 2

2 cos

249

C
AB
C
AB
tan 2 tan 2 cot 2 = tan 2

=
tan

ab
C
a + b cot 2

AB
=
2

CRTu Ls(2) Utm (3)I dLXm,

III. LNu jWm :
YZdLU] Lp ABCp rdLm Ls EiU
Bm,
Ls:
(1) a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cosA

(2) b2 = c2 + a2 2ca cosB

(3) c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cosC

CYLs LNu jWeLs G]lTm,
(1): a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cosA
TQm :
ABd NejRL CD YWL
a2 = BC2 = CD2 + BD2
2

= (AC AD ) + (AB AD)

2

= AC AD + AB + AD 2AB AD
Fig. 6.23

= AC + AB 2AB (AC cosA)

2

a = b + c 2bc cosA
CRTu Ls (2) Utm (3)I dLXm,
LNu jWeL[ rdLiPY Ut GRXm,
2

cosA =

b +c a
c +a b
a +b c
; cosB =
; cosC =
2bc
2ca
2ab

IV. Zp jWeLs :
dLQm ABCp
(1) a = b cos C + c cosB (2)b = c cosA + a cosC (3) c = a cosB + b cosA
GuTY YZdLU] Lp EiU Bm, CY Zp
jWeLs G]lTm,

250

 (1): a = b cosC + c cosB

TQm :
dLQm ABCp, AD GuT BCd
Nej.
NeLQ
dLQeLs
ABD,
ADCk.
Fig. 6.24
BD
cosB = AB BD = AB cosB
DC
cosC = AC DC = AC cosC
B]p
BC = BD + DC = AB cosB + AC cosC
a = c cosB + b cosC
ApX
a = b cosC + c cosB
CRTu Ls (2) Utm (3) I dLXm,
V. AWdLQ jWeLs :
dLQm ABCp rdLm Ls EiU Bm,
A
(1) sin 2 =

(s b) (s c)
bc

B
(2) sin 2 =

(s c) (s a)
ca

C
(3) sin 2 =

(s a) (s b)
ab

A
(4) cos 2 =

s(s a)
bc

B
(5) cos 2 =

s(s b)
ca

C
(6) cos 2 =

s(s c)
ab

A
(7) tan 2 =

(s b) (s c)
s(s a)

B
(8) tan 2 =

(s c) (s a)
s(s b)

(s a) (s b)
s(s c)
a+b+c
Ce s =
2
UtLiP Ls AWdLQ jWeLs G]lTm,

C
(9) tan 2 =

A
(1): sin 2 =

(s b) (s c)
bc

TQm : cos2A = 1 2sin2A GuT SUdj Rm,

2sin2A = 1 cos2A

251

A
A Y 2 Gu Ut GR
= 1
=
=
=
A
2sin2 2 =
A
sin2 2 =

A
2 sin2 2 = 1 cosA
b2 + c2 a2
2bc b2 c2 + a2
=
2bc
2bc

(a + b c) (a b + c)
a2 (b c) 2
=
2bc
2bc
(a + b + c 2c) (a + b + c 2b)
2bc
(2s 2c) (2s 2b)
a + b + c = 2s
2bc
2(s c) 2(s b)
2bc
(s b) (s c)
bc

(s b) (s c)
bc
A
A
2 J eLQm GuTRp sin 2 GlTm J L Gi,
A
sin 2 =

A
(s b) (s c)
sin 2 =
bc
CR Tu NPu RPoPV jWeLs (2) Utm
(3)I dLXm,
BLY

s(s a)
bc

(4):

A
cos 2 =

TQm :

cos2A = 2cos2A 1 GuT SUdj Rm,

2cos2A = 1 + cos2A
A
A
A GuTR 2 G] Ut GR 2 cos2 2 = 1 + cosA
= 1+

b2 + c2 a2
2bc + b2 + c2 a2
=
2bc
2bc

(b + c)2 a2 (b + c + a) (b + c a)
=
2bc
2bc
(b + c + a) (b + c + a 2a) 2s(2s 2a)
=
=
2bc
2bc
=

252

2s 2(s a)
A
2 cos2 2 =
2bc
s(s a)
A
cos2 2 = bc
A
s(s a)
cos 2 =
bc
CR Tu LNPu RPoPV jWeLs (5)
Utm (6)I dLXm,
(7):

TQm :

(s b) (s c)
s(s a)
A
(s b) (s c)
sin 2
bc
A
tan 2 =
=
A
s(s a)
cos 2
bc

A
tan 2 =

(s b) (s c)
s(s a)
CR Tu tan EPu RPoPV jWeLs (8) Utm(9)I
dLXm,
=

VI.TWlfjWeLs(GuT dLQju TWlTd d\) :

dLQm ABCp
1
1
1
(1) = 2 ab sinC (2) = 2 bc sinA
(3) = 2 ca sinB
abc
(4) = 4R (5) = 2R2 sinA sinB sinC (6) = s(s a) (s b) (s c)
GuTYLs YZdLU] Lp EiU Bm, CYLs
TWlf jWeLs G]lTm,
1
(1): = 2 ab sinC
TQm :
BCd NejRL AD YWL
= dLQm ABCu TWl
1
1
= 2 BC AD = 2 BC AC sinC
AD
1
= 2 ab sinC [ sinC = AC AD = AC sinC]
TPm 6.25
CRTu Ls (2) Utm (3)I dLXm,

253

abc
(4): = 4R
TQm :
1
= 2 ab sinC GuT SUdj Rm
c
c
1
sinC = 2R
= 2 ab 2R
abc
= 4R
(5): = 2R2 sinA sinB sinC
1
TQm :
= 2 ab sinC GuT SUdj Rm
1
( a = 2R sinA
= 2 2R sinA 2R sinB sinC
= 2R2 sinA sinB sinC
(6) : =
TQm :

b = 2R sinB)

s(s a) (s b) (s c) G] L
1
= 2 ab sinC GuT SUdj Rm
C
C
1
= 2 ab 2sin 2 cos 2
= ab

(s a) (s b)
ab

s(s c)
ab

= s(s a) (s b) (s c)
G,L, 6.49: ABCp a sinA b sinB = c sin(A B) G] L,
o : Nu jWjuT
b
c
a
sinA = sinB = sinC = 2R
a = 2R sinA, b = 2R sinB, c = 2R sin C
a sinA b sinB = 2RsinA sinA 2R sinB sinB
= 2R (sin2A sin2B)
= 2R sin(A + B) sin(A B)
= 2R sin(180 C) sin (A B)
= 2R sinC sin(A B)
= c sin (A B)

254

sin(A B) a2 b2
G,L, 6.50: sin(A +B) =
G] L,
c2
o :
b
c
a
Nu jWjuT sinA = sinB = sinC = 2R
a2 b2
(2R sinA)2 (2R sinB)2
=
(2R sinC)2
c2
=

4R2 sin2A 4R2 sin2B sin2A sin2B

=
4R2 sin2C
sin2C

sin(A + B) sin(A B)
sin2C

sin(A + B) sin(A B) sin(A B)

= sin(A + B)
sin2 (A +B)

[sinC = sin(A+ B)]

G,L, 6.51: a sin (B C) = 0 G] L,

o :
a sin (BC) =
=
sinA =
=

a sin(B C) + b sin(C A) + c sin (A B)

2R sinA sin(BC) + 2R sinB sin(C A) + 2R sinC sin(A B)
sin(B + C), sinB = sin(C + A) ; sinC = sin(A + B)
2R sin(B + C) sin(B C) + 2R sin(C + A) sin(C A)
+ 2R sin(A +B) sin(A B)

= 2R [sin2B sin2C + sin2C sin2A + sin2A sin2B]

=0
A
BC b+c
sin 2 G] L,
G,L, 6.52: cos 2 = a
b+c
A
2R sinB + 2R sinC
A
o :
sin 2
a sin 2 =
2R sinA
A
sinB + sinC
sin 2
=
sinA
BC
B+C
2 cos 2
A
sin 2
A
A
2 sin 2 cos 2

2 sin
=

255

sin
=

BC
B+C
2 cos 2
A
cos 2

BC
180 A
sin 2 cos 2

=
A
cos 2
A
BC
sin 90 2 cos 2

=
A
cos 2
= cos

BC
2

A
A
sin 90 2 = cos 2

G,L, 6.53: ABCp

a2 sin (B C) b2 sin(C A) c2 sin(A B)
+
+
= 0 G] L,
sinA
sinB
sinC
o :

a2 sin (B C)
(2R sinA)2 sin(B C) 4R2 sin2A sin (B C)
=
=
sinA
sinA
sinA
= 4R2 sinA sin(B C) = 4R2 sin(B + C) sin(B C)
= 4R2 (sin2B sin2C) = 4R2 sin2B 4R2 sin2C
= b2 c2

CRTu

b2 sin(C A)
= c 2 a2
sinB

c2 sin(A B)
= a2 b2 G]d LhPXm,
sinC

a2 sin (B C) b2 sin(C A) c2 sin(A B)

+
+
sinA
sinB
sinC

= b2 c2 + c2 a2 + a2 b2
=0
Tt 6.8
dLQm ABCp rdLiTYL[ L,
A
A
(1) a2 = (b + c) 2 sin2 2 + (b c) 2 cos2 2

256

(2) a(b2 + c2) cosA = 3abc

(3) a(sinB sinC) = 0
(4) (b + c) cosA = a + b + c
(5) a3 sin(B C) + b3 sin(C A) + c3 sin(A B) = 0
(6) a(b cosC c cosB) = b2 c2
(7)

cosA cos B cos C a2 + b2 + c2

a + b + c =
2abc

c2 + a2 b2
tanA
(8) tanB = 2
b + c2 a2
(9) a cosA = b cosB Gp ABC J CNUTdL dLQm
ApX NeLQ dLQm G] L,

6.6 dLQeLu oLs (Solution of triangles) :

J dLQjt u TdLeLm u LQeLm
Ei GuT SUdj Rm, CqY\L J dLQm B
TLeL[d LiP, dLQm ABCV Gjd LsYm,
YZdLU] Lp a, b, c GuTY dLQju
TdLeL[m. A, B, C GuTYLs dLQju LQeL[m
du\],
J dLQju RVR TLeL[d
Lidm Nn\V dLQeLu
oLs LQp Gu\m, J dLQju
u TLeLs LdLlThkRp Ut\
TLeL[
SmUp
LidL
m,
(RWlThP u TLeLp Ju\Y J
TPm 6.26
TdLUL CdL Yim)
Ce rdLiP u YLV] o LQXl Tt BWnYm,
1) u TdLeLs (SSS)
2) J TdLm CWi LQeLs (SAA)
3) HRm CWi TdLm. AYtt CPlThP LQm
(SAS)
YL I: J dLQju u TdLeLs LdLlThs[]
(SSS) Ut\ TLeL[d LQp :
CkR YL LQdL[ rdLiP HRm J jWjRl
TVuTj odLXm,

257

(a) LNu jWm (b) Nu jWm (c) AWdLQ jWm

J dLQju RWlThP TLeLu A[Ls V
GiL[L CkRp LNu jWjRm. A[Ls TVRL
CkRp AWd LQ jWjRm TVuTjj olT SpX,
G,L, 6.54: a = 8, b = 9c = 10 GuT dLQm ABCu TdL A[Ls
Gp dLQju LQeL[d LiL,
o : AGu\
TVuTjYm,

LQjRd
a2 =
cosA =
A=

LQ

LNu

jWjRl

b2 + c2 2bc cosA
b2 + c2 a2 81 + 100 64 117
=
= 180
180
2bc
49 28

CRTu
83
c2 + a2 b2 100 + 64 81
=
= 160
160
2ca
B = 58 51
B]p A + B + C = 180
C = 180 (49 28 + 58 51)
= 71 41
BLY
A = 49 28, B = 58 51, C = 71 41
l : UtLiP LQdp dLQju TdLeLu A[Ls
V]RL CkRRp LNu jWm TVuTjRlThP,
G,L, 6.55: a = 31, b = 42, c = 57 Gp dLQju GpX
LQeL[m LiL,
o :
dLQju TdLju A[Ls TVRL ClTRp
AWdLQ jWjRl TVuTjL,
a+b+c
s=
= 65
2
1
(s b) (s c) 23 8 2
A
=
tan 2 =

s(s a)
65 34
A
1
log tan 2 = 2 [log23 + log8 log65 log34]

cosB =

258

=
=
=

A
2 =
B
tan 2 =
B
log tan 2 =

=
=

1
2 [1.3617 + 0. 9031 1.8129 1.5315]
1
1
2 [ 1.0796] = 2 [2 + 0.9204]
1

= 1 .4602
2
+
0.9204
2
16 6 A = 32 12
1
(s c) (s a)
8 34 2

s(s b)
65 23
1
2 [log8 + log34 log65 log23]
1
1
2 [ 0.7400] = 2 [2 + 1.2600]
1

2 2 + 1.2600 = 1 .6300

B
2 = 23 6 B = 46 12
C = 180 (A + B) = 101 36
G]Y
A = 32 12 B = 46 12 C = 101 36
YL II: J TdLm HRm CWi LQeLm RWlThPp
(SAA) dLQju Ut\ TLeL[d LQp :
CkR YL dLQjRj odL Nu jWjRl TVuTjR
Yim,
G,L, 6.56: dLQm ABCp, A = 35 17, C = 45 13, b = 42.1 Gp
dLQjRj odL,
o :
LQYiV TLeLs B, a, c
B = 180 (A + C) = 180 (35 17 + 45 13)
= 99 30
TdLeL[d LQ Nu jWjRl
TVuTjR
Fig. 5.27
a
b
c
sinA = sinB = sinC

259

log a

=
=

=
=
=

Again

log c

=
=

BLY

c
B

=
=
=
=

b sinA 42.1 sin35 17

sinB =
sin99 30
log 42.1 + log sin35 17 log sin99 30

1.6243 + 1 .7616 1 .9940

1.3859 1 .9940
1.3859 [ 1 + 0.9940] = 1.3919
24.65
b sinC 42.1 sin45 13
sinB =
sin99 30
log 42.1 + log sin45 13 log sin99 30

1.6243 + 1 .8511 1 .9940

1.4754 1 .9940
1.4754 [ 1 + 0.9940] = 1.4814
30.3
99 30, a = 24.65, c = 30.3

YL III: J dLQju CWi TdLeLm AYtt

CPlThP LQm (SAS) LdLlThPp. Ut\ TLeL[d
LQp :
CWi
TdLm
AYtt
CPlThP
LQm
LdLlThPp LNu jWjRl TVuTj u\Y
TdLjRd
LijPXm,
u
Nu
jWjRl
TVuTj Ut\ CWi LQeLm LidLXm,
G,L, 6.57: dLQm ABCp a = 5, b = 4, C = 68.
o :
cId LQ, c2= a2+b22ab cosC Gu\ jWjRl TVuTjYm,
c2

25 + 16 2 5 4 cos 68
41 40 0.3746 = 26.016
5.1
LQ Nu jWjRl TVuTjR
b sinC 4 sin68
=
c =
5.1

=
=
c =
Ut\ CWi LQeL[d

sinB

260

log 4 + log sin68 log 5.1

0.6021 + 1 .9672 .7075

0.5693 0.7075 = 0.1382

1 .8618

46 40

180 (B + C) = 180 (114 40)

65 20

46 40, A = 65 20, c = 5.1

log sinB

BLY

l : A, B Gu\ LQeL[d LQ SlVo jWm

tan

AB
2

ab
C
a + b cot 2 Id P TVuTjRXm,

6.7 SoU LQ NoLs :

(Inverse Trigonometrical functions)
sin1x, cos1x, tan1x, GuT]YL[ SoU YhPfNoLs
ApX SoU LQf NoLs Gu\m, sin1x GuT
J LQm Bm, ARu Nu Ul x Bm. CRTu
cos1x GuTR J LQm Bm, ARu LNu Ul x Bm, J
SoU YhPf Nou RuU Ul (Principal value) GuT
T UlLp GiQ[p V, C L ApX \
GiQL CdLXm, J SoU YhPf Nod Ju L.
Ut\u \UlTL Ck GiQ[p NUUp. L
GiRu RuU Ul BL GjdLs[lTm,
GjdLhPL

1
cos1 2 u

RuU

Ul

Bm,

cos 3 = 2 BL CkRm. RuU Ul 3 BL,

l :
GuT (sinx) 1 GuTRt U\], sin1x GuT
1
SoU YhPf No, (sinx) 1 GuT sinx Bm,
sin1x

261

SoU LQ NoLu NoTLm (Domain), f

(Range) BVYtu ThVp Z LdLlThs[,
No

NoTLm

f (RuU Ul)

1.

y = sin1x

1x1

2 y 2

2.

y = cos1x

1x1

0y

3.

y = tan1x

2 <y<2

4.

y = cosec1x

x 1 or x 1

2 y2 , y0

5.

y = sec1 x

x 1 or x 1

0<y; y2

6.

y = cot1 x

0<y<

AhPYQ 6.6
G,L, 6.58: rdLiTYLu RuU Ul LiL :
1
1
2
(iii) tan1 (iv) sin1 ( 1)
(i) Sin1 2 (ii) sec1

3

3
1
(v) cos1 2
(vi) cosec1 ( 2)

o :

1
(i)
sin1 2 = y GuL, Ce 2 y 2 .

1
1

G]Y
sin1 2 = y sin y = 2 = sin 6 y = 6

1
sin1 2 u RuU Ul 6

2
(ii)
sec1 = y GuL, Ce 0 < y < 2 ,
3
2

2
= sec 6 y = 6
sec1 = y sec y =
3
3

2
sec1 u RuU Ul 6
3

262

1
= y GuL, Ce 2 < y < 2
3
1

= tan 6 y = 6
tan1 = y tany =

3
3
1

tan1 u RuU Ul 6
3

(iv)
sin1 ( 1) = y GuL, Ce 2 x 2

(iii)

tan1

sin1 ( 1)

y siny = 1

1 = sin 2 y = 2

sin1 ( 1) u RuU Ul 2
1
(v)
cos1 2 = y GuL, Ce 0 y , then

1
1
cos1 2 = y cosy = 2

cos y = cos 3 cos y = cos 3 y = 3

2
1
cos1 2 u RuU Ul 3

(vi)
cosec1 ( 2) = y GuL, Ce 2 y < 0

cosec1 ( 2) = y cosec y = 2 = cosec 6 y = 6

cosec1 (2) u RuU Ul 6

G,L, 6.59:
1
(i) cot1 7 = Gp cosu Ul LiL,

1
(ii) sin1 2 = tan1x Gp xu Ul LiL,

o :
1
1
(i)
cot1 7 = cot = 7 tan = 7

=

263

 sec = 1 + tan2 = 1 + 49
sec = 5 2
1
cos =
5 2

1
(ii) tan1x = sin1 2 = 6 tan1x = 6

1
1

x = tan 6 =
x=
3
3
SoU LQf NoLu TiLs :

(Properties of inverse Trigonometric functions)

Ti (1) :
(i) sin1(sinx) = x
(iv) cot1 (cotx) = x
TQm :

(ii) cos1 (cosx) = x

(iii) tan1 (tanx) = x

(v) sec1 (sec x) = x

(vi) cosec1 (cosec x) = x

(i) sinx = y GuL, G]Y x = sin1(y)

(1)

x = sin (sinx) by (1)

CRTX Ut\ L[m dLXm,
Ti (2):
1
1
(i) sin1 x = cosec1x
(ii) cos1 x = sec1x


1
1
(iv) cosec1 x = sin1x
(iii) tan1 x = cot1x


1
1
(vi) cot1 x = tan1x
(v) sec1 x = cos1x


TQm :
1
1
(i)
sin1 x = sin = x GuL

cosec = x
= cosec1(x)
1
sin1 x = cosec1x

CRTu Ut\ L[m YXm,
Ti (3):
(i) sin1 ( x) = sin1x

(ii) cos1 ( x) = cos1x

264

(iii) tan1 ( x) = tan1x

(v) sec1 ( x) = sec1x
TQm :
(i) sin1 ( x) = GuL,

(iv) cosec1 ( x) = cosec1x

(vi) cot1 ( x) = cot1x
x = sin
x = sin
x = sin( )

= sin1 x
= sin1x
sin1( x) = sin1x
x = cos
x = cos = cos ( )
= cos1x
= cos1x
cos1( x) = cos1x
dLXm,

(ii)
cos ( x) = GuL,

CR Tu Ut\ L[m
Ti (4):

(i) sin1x + cos1x = 2 (ii) tan1x + cot1x = 2 (iii) sec1x + cosec1x = 2

o :

(i)
sin1x = GuL x = sin = cos 2

cos1x = 2

cos1x = 2 sin1x

sin1x + cos1x = 2
CR Tu (ii) Utm (iii)I dLXm,
Ti (5):
x+y
xy < 1, Gp tan1x + tan1y = tan1
1
xy
1

o : tan1x = 1, tan1y = 2 GuL,

G]Y then tan1 = x and tan2 = y

265

tan1 + tan2
x+y
=
1 tan1 . tan2 1 xy
x+y
1 + 2 = tan1
1 xy
x+y
tan1x + tan1y = tan1
1 xy
xy
l : CRTu tan1x tan1y = tan11 + xy G]d LhPXm

tan (1 + 2) =

Ti (6): sin1x + sin1y = sin1 [x

o :

1 x2]

1 y2 + y

1 = sin1x Utm 2 = sin1y G]m LsL

G]Y sin1 = x Utm sin2 = y
sin(1 + 2) = sin1 cos2 + cos1 sin2

1 sin22 +

= sin1
= [x

1 y2 + y

1 + 2 = sin1 [x

1 sin21 sin2

1 x2]

1 y2 + y

1 x2]

sin1x + sin1y = sin1 [x 1 y2 + y 1 x2]

G,L, 6.60:
2
4
3
27
1
1
L (i) tan1 7+tan1 13 = tan1 9 (ii)cos1 5 + tan1 5 = tan1 11


o :
1 1
7 + 13
1
1
1 20
1 2
(i) tan1 7 + tan1 13 = tan1
1 1 = tan 90 = tan 9


1 7 . 13
4
4
3
3
(ii) cos1 5 = cos = 5 GuL, tan = 4 = tan1 4
4
3
cos1 5 = tan1 4
3 3
4 + 5
4
3
3
3
27
= tan1 11
cos1 5 + tan1 5 = tan1 4 + tan1 5 = tan1
3
3
1 4 5

266

x + y + z xyz
G] L
1 yz zx xy

G,L, 6.61: tan1x + tan1y + tan1z = tan1

o :
tan1x + tan1y + tan1z = tan1

x+y
+ tan1z
1 xy
x + y + z xyz
x+y
+z
1 xy
1
xy

1
=
tan
= tan1
(x + y)z
1 xy xz yz
1
1 xy
1 xy

x + y + z xyz

1 xy yz zx

= tan1

G,L, 6.62: o tan12x + tan13x = 4

2x + 3x
1
tan12x + tan13x = 4 tan1
= tan (1)
1 6x2
5x
= 1 1 6x2 = 5x 6x2 + 5x 1 = 0
1 6x2
1
A,, (x + 1) (6x 1) = 0 x = 1 or 6
x-u \UlT Gjd LiPp YXl\m
1
GiQm, G]Y xu \Ul JdLlT\, x = 6
G,L, 6.63:
UlTd LiL :
3
4
3
1
(i) sincos1 5 (ii) cos tan1 4 (iii) sin 2 cos1 5

o :
3
3
(i) cos1 5 = GuL, G]Y cos = 5
9
4
3
1 25 = 5
sin cos15 = sin = 1 cos2 =

3
3
(ii) tan1 4 = GuL, G]Y tan = 4

3
1
1
4
=
=5
cos tan1 4 = cos =
2

sec
1 + tan

267

4
4
(iii) cos1 5 = GuL, G]Y cos = 5
4

1
sin 2 cos1 5 = sin 2 =

1
1 cos
=
2
10
3
5
cos sin1 5 + sin1 13

3
4
= A GuL sinA = 5 cosA = 5
5
12
= B GuL sinB = 13 cosB = 13

G,L, 6.64: UlTd LiL :

3
sin1 5

o :

5
sin1 13

3
5
cos sin1 5 + sin1 13 = cos (A + B) = cosA cosB sinA sinB

33
4 12 3 5
= 5 . 13 5 . 13 = 65

Tt 6.9
(1) rdLiTYLu RuU Ul LiL,
3
(i) sin1 2

1
(ii) cos12

(iii) cosec1 ( 1)

(iv) sec1 ( 2)

(v) tan1 ( 3)

(vi) cos1

(2) L :
3
1
(i) 2tan1 3 = tan1 4

(ii) 2tan1x = sin1

2x
1 + x2

4
1

(iii) tan1 3 tan1 7 = 4

(3) UlTd LiL :
5
3
(i) cossin1 13
(ii)cos sin1 5

8
1
(iv) sin cos1 2
(iii) tan cos1 17

(4) L :

(i) tan1

1 cosx x

1 + cosx = 2

(ii) cos1 (2x2 1) = 2cos1x

268

1
2

3x x3
1
(iii) tan1
(iv) sin1 (2x
2 = 3tan x
1 3x
2
12
(5) 2tan1 3 = tan1 5 G] L,

1 x2) = 2sin1x

m
mn

(6) tan1 n tan1 m + n = 4 G] L

x 1
x+1
+ tan1 x + 2 = 4
x 2
2x
1 x2
1

(8) o tan1
+
cot

2x = 3 , Ce x > 0
1 x2

(7) o : tan1

4
(9) o : tan1 (x + 1) + tan1 (x 1) = tan1 7
(10) rdLiTYL[ L :
(i) cos1x + cos1y = cos1

[xy 1 x2 1 y2 ]
(ii) sin1x sin1y = sin1 [x 1 y2 y 1 x2 ]
(iii) cos1x cos1y = cos1 [xy + 1 x2 . 1 y2 ]

269

dLs ]dLs
HtPV P] GjRL,
(1) B = [1 2 5 7] Gu\ Au YN
(1) 1 4

(2) 4 1

(3) 2 1

(4) 1 1

(2) 2 3 YNPV J Ap Es[ ElLu GidL

(1) 5
(3) A =

(2) 2

(3) 3

2 1 4 , X + A = 0 Gp X GuT
3 2 1
2 1 4

3 2 1

(1)

2 1 4
3 2 1

(2)

(3)

2 1 4
3 2 1

(4)

(4) [7 5 3]

(1) [70]

(7)

(8)
(9)

2 1 4
3 2 1

7
3 -u TdLp

2
(2) [49]

(3) [15]

2
(5) 0

(6)

(4) 6

(4) 70

0 0
3 0 Gu\ AV]

0 3
(1) N A
(2) XhP A
(3) AX A
(4) XhP Utm N A
0

[2 x 1] x = [13] Gp x-u Ul

3
(1) 5
(2) 2
(3) 3
(4) 4
A, B Gu\ ALu YNLs \V 2 3, 3 2 Gp BAu YN
(1) 3 3
(2) 2 3
(3) 2 2
(4) 3 2
[3 1 2]B = [5 6] Gp. B-u YN
(1) 3 1
(2) 1 3
(3) 3 2
(4) 1 1
rdLm tLp EiUV] tLs

270

(i) JqY AX Am N AVm, B]p

N AV] AX AVL CdL YiV
AYVpX,
(ii) JqY N Am J XhP AVm,
B]p XhP A N AVL CdL
YiV AYVpX,
(iii) JqY XhP Am J NW AVm,
B]p NW A J XhP AVL CdL
YiV AYVpX,
(1) (i), (ii), (iii)
(2) (i), (ii)
(3) (ii), (iii)
(4) (iii), (i)
8 5 7
(10) 0 6 4 Gu\ A

0 0 2
(1) Up dLQ A
(2) r dLQ A
(3) NW A
(4) fV A
(11)

2 3 -p 2-u t\d LYu Ul

6 0

(1) 0
2 3
(12) 6 0

1 5
(1) 18
a1
(13) A =

a
2
a3

(2) 1
(3) 2
5
4 -p 7-u CQdLWu Ul

7
(2) 18
(3) 7
b1 c1

,|A|=2
c3

b2 c2
b3

(4) 3

(4) 7

Gp | 3 A |-u Ul

(1) 54
(2) 6
(3) 27
(4) 54
(14) J u YN AdLYp a23 Gu\ Elu
t\d LYm. CQdLWm NUm Gp ARu
t\d LYu Ul
(1) 1
(2)
(3)
(4) 0
2x
3

= 0-u o
(15)
2 3
(1) x = 1
(2) x = 2
(3) x = 3
(4) x = 0

271

1 1 1
(16) 2x 2y 2z -u Ul

3x 3y 3z
(1) 1

(2) xyz
(3) x + y + z
(4) 0
1
2
3
3
1
2

(17) = 3 1 2 Gp 1 2 3 =

2 3 1
2 3 1
(1)
(2)
(3) 3
(4) 3
1 2 3
(18) 7 6 5 -u Ul

1 2 3
(1) 0
(2) 5
(3) 10
(4) 10
(19) A GuT 3 YNPV NW A Gp | kA | GuT
(1) k| A |
1 4
(20) = 1 1

3 2
(1) 1 = 2

(2) k | A |
3
2

5 , 1 = 2

6
1
(2) 1 = 4

8
2
4

(3) k3 | A |

(4) k3 | A |

6
10 Gp

2
(3) 1 = 8

(4) = 81

7 6 1
7 6 1

(21) 1 = 5 3 8 , 2 = 8 2 4 Gp

8 2 4
10 6 16
(1) 1 = 22

(2) 2 = 21

(3) 1 = 22

(4) 1 = 22

(22) Gu\ AdLYp x = a Gu\ WPd C

WLs NoY NUm Gp. -u J LW
(1) x + a
(2) x a
(3) (x + a)2
(4) (x a)2
6
1
x
(23) 2 3x x 3-u J LW

3 2x x + 2
(1) x + 2
(2) x 3
(3) 2x 1
(4) x + 3
(24) Gu\ 3 YN AdLYp x = a Gu\ WPd 3
WpLm NoYNUm Gp. -u J LW
(1) x a

(3) (x a)2

(2) x + a

272

(4) (x + a)2

b
c
x + a

a
x
+
b
c Gu\ AdLYu J LW
(25)

a
b
x + c
(1) x

(2) x + b

(3) x + c

(4) x a + b + c

a 0 0
(26) 0 b 0 -u Ul

0 0 c
(1) abc
(2) 0
(3) a2b2c2
1 2 2 0 Gu\ TdLu Ul
(27)
3 1 1 4
(1) 56
(2) 56
(3) 1
b
c
a
1
1
1

(28) = a2

a 3

b2
b3

(4) abc

(4) 63

c2 Utm A , B , C GuTY \V
1 1 1

c3

a1, b1, c1 BVYtu CQdLWLs Gp

a1A2 + b1B2 + c1C2 =
(1)
(2) 0
(3)
(4) 2
(29) J 3 YNs[ AdLYu Ul 11 Gp ARu
CQdLWL[l TVuTj Gm AdLYu
Ul
(1) 11
(2) 121
(3) 1331
(4) 0

(1 + ax)2
(1 + bx)
(1 + cx)2
2

(30)

LW
(1) x + y

2
(1 + cz)

(1 + ay)2

(1 + az)2

(1 + by)2

(1 + bz)2

(1 + cy)2

Gu\

AdLYu

(3) x y

(2) a + b

(4) a + b + c

(31) A Gu\ su ,Y,

2 i + 3 j + 4 k , AB = 5 i + 7 j + 6 k Gp B-u ,Y,

(1) 7 i + 10 j + 10 k
(2) 7 i 10 j + 10 k

(3) 7 i + 10 j 10 k
(4) 7 i + 10 j 10 k

273



(32) a J fVUpX YdPo. k a = 1 GmT k Gu\
Nu Ul

1
1
(4)
(2) 1
(3)
(1) a

a
a
(33) ABCDEF Gu\ J Je ALQju AjRjR


CTdLeL[] AB , BC ] \V a , b G]d

lhPp EF GuT

(1) a b
(2) a + b
(3) 2 a
(4) b

(34) AB = k AC Gp (k J N)
(1) A, B, C J LhPUl sLs
(2) A, B, C JW R[ sLs

(3) AB , AC -u GiQ[YLs NUm
(4) A, B, C BVY JW sVd d\

(35) A, B Gu\ sLu ,Y, a , b GuL, AB-I P Gu\ s
3 : 1. Gu\ Rjp d\, Q GuT AP.u Sls
Gp Q-u ,Y,

5a +3b
(1)
8

3a +5b
(2)
2

5a +3b
(3)
4

3a + b
(4)
4

(36) ABC Gu\ dLQju G GuT SfNk, O GuT

HRm J s Gp OA + OB + OC =

(1) O

(2) OG

(4) 4 OG

(37) ABC Gu\ dLQjp G SfNk Gp GA + GB + GC =

(1) 3 a + b + c

(3) 3 OG

(3) O

(2) OG

274

a + b + c
(4)
3

(38) ABC, A B C BV dLQeLu SfNkLs \V

G, G Gp AA + BB + CC =

(1) GG

(2) 3 GG

(3) 2 GG

(4) 4 GG

(39) 2 i 3 j Gu\ YdPu RPdLls ( 1, 5, 8) Gp

lsu ,Y,

(1) 3 i + 2 j + 8 k
(2) 3 i + 2 j + 8 k

(3) 3 i 2 j 8 k
(4) 3 i + 2 j 8 k

(40) i 2 j Gu\ YdPu Nd CQV] YdPo

(1) i + 2 j
(2) 2 i + 4 j (3) 3 i + 6 j
4) 3 i 6 j

(41) a = i + j 2 k , b = i + 2 j + k , c = i 2 j + 2 k ,

Gp a + b + c -d CQV] KWX YdPo



2i + j + k
i 2 j + k
i j + k
(1)
(2)
(3)
6
3
6

i + j + k
(4)
3

(42) a =2 i + j 8 k , b = i + 3 j 4 k Gp a + b -u Uh
(1) 13

(2) 13/3
(3) 3/13
(4) 4/13

(43) P, Q-u ,Y, 2 i + 3 j 7 k , 4 i 3 j + 4 k Gp PQ -u

Nd LNuLs
(1)

6
11
2
,
,
161
161
161

(2)

2
6
11
,
,
161
161
161

(3) 2, 6, 11
(4) 1, 2, 3
ax
2
3
(44)
=
+
Gp a =
(x + 2) (2x 3) x + 2 2x 3
(1) 4
(2) 5
(3) 7
(45) nPr = 720 nCr Gp r =
(1) 6
(2) 5
(3) 4

275

(4) 8
(4) 7

(46) ENGINEERING Gu\ YojRs[ GjL[ Ut

AUj GRlTm YojRLu GidL
11!
11!
11!
(1) 11!
(2)
(3) 3! . 2!
(4) 3!
(3!)2 (2!)2
(47) CXdLeLs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 0 BVYt\ im
TVuTjRRY EYdm 4 CXdL GiLu GidL
(1) 720
(2) 840
(3) 280
(4) 560
(48) J Gi LQju (octagon) EflsL[ CQj
Pdm XhPeLu GidL
(1) 28
(2) 48
(3) 20
(4) 24
(49) J TX LQjt 44 XhPeLs Es[Rp ARu
TdLeLu GidL
(1) 11
(2) 7
(3) 8
(4) 12
(50) J kt 20 To AZdLlThs[]o, Cp lhP
CYo. k LlTYd C TdLjm AUU
GpXm YhP YYUL EhLW Es[ YLu
GidL
(1) 18! 2!
(2) 18! 3!
(3) 19! 2!
(4) 20! 2!
(51) n J L GiQ]p (x + a)n-u YdLjp Es[
ElLu GidL
(2) n 1

(1) n

(3) n + 1

(4) n + 2

(52) nC0 nC1 + nC2 nC3 + ( 1) . nCn-u Ul

(1) 2n + 1

(3) 2n

(2) n

(4) 0

10

(53) (1 x) -u YdLjp Es[ ElLu QLeLu

Rp
(1) 0

(3) 102

(2) 1

(4) 1024

24

(54) (1 + x) -u YdLjp Es[ ElLu QLeLu

LlTV
(1) 24C24
(2) 24C13
(3) 24C12
(4) 24C11
(55)

[(a + b)2]18-u YdLjp Es[ ElLu GidL

(1) 11
(2) 36
(56) Dl QLeLu Rp
2
(1) 2n
(2) n

276

(3) 37
(3) 2

(4) 35
(4) n + 17

(57)

(2 +
(1) 81

3) -u LP El
(2) 27

(3) 3

(4) 3

(58) a, b, c GuTY A.P.p CkRp 3a, 3b, 3c GuTY ,,,,,, RPp

Cdm,
(1) A.P.
(2) G.P.
(3) H.P.
(4) A.P. Utm G.P.
(59) J hj RPo \u nY El (2n 1) Gp
n-YWX] Ru Ul
(1) n2 1
(2) (2n 1)
(3) n2
(4) n2 + 1
(60) J hj RPo \u n YWX] ElLu Rp
n2 Gp. T jVNm
(1) 2
(2) 2
(3) 2
(4) 1
(61) 1 + 2 + 3 Gu\ RPu Rp 25 ElLu Rp
(1) 305
(2) 325
(3) 315
(4) 335
(62) 3 + 7 + 13 + 21 + 31 + Gu\ RPp nY El
(1) 4n 1
(2) n2 + 2n
(3) (n2 + n + 1)
(4) (n3 + 2)
(63) 5, 13, 29 BV GiL[ GkR GiQp h]p AY
G.P-u ElL[L Um?
(1) 2
(2) 3
(3) 4
(4) 5
(64) J G.P.-p
3Y El 5, Gp Rp 5 ElLu
TdLp
(1) 25
(2) 625
(3) 3125
(4) 625 25
(65) J G.P.u Rp El 1. u\Y Utm 5-Y
ElLu Rp 90 Gp ARu T Rm
(1) 2
(2) 10
(3) 3
(4) 3
(66) J G.P.u ElL[ YXk CPUL Ut\d Pdm
RPo \
(1) A.P.
(2) G.P.
(3) H.P.
(4) A.P. and H.P.
(67) A, G, H GuTY \V A.M., G.M., H.M. Gp
(1) A > G > H (2) A < G > H
(3) A < G < H
(4) A > G < H
(68) C GiLd CPV Es[A.M. 5 BLm G.M. 4 BLm
Clu H.M.
1
(1) 3 5

(2) 1

(3) 9

277

1
(4) 1 4

(69) a, b, c GuTY A.P. BLm G.P. BLm Clu

(1) a = b c
(2) a b = c
(3) a b c
(4) a = b = c
(70) a, b BVYtu A.M., G.M. Utm H.M. BVY NUUL
Clu
(1) a = b

(2) ab = 1
2

(3) a > b

(4) a < b

x
x
(71) ex = 1 + x + 2! + 3! + GuT GkR UlLd EiU,
(1) 1 < x < 1 (2) 1 x 1 (3) GpX UnViLs x
(72) elogx-u Ul
(1) x
(2) 1

(4) x > 0

(4) log ex

(3) e

(73) x-Afu NUuT

(1) x = 0
(2) x = 0, y = 0
(3) y = 0
(74) 2x 3y + 1 = 0 Gu\ SodLhu Nn
2
(1) 3

3
(2) 2

(4) x = 4

2
(3) 3

3
(4) 2

(75) 3x + 2y 1 = 0 Gu\ SodLhu y Yhj i

1
1
(1) 2
(2) 3
(3) 2
(4) 2
(76) rdLiTYLu GRu y-Yhjiu [m ALUL
Es[?
(1) 2x + 3y = 4

(2) x + 2y = 3

(3) 3x + 4y = 5

(4) 4x + 5y = 6

(77) y = 3 x + 4 Gu\ SodL x-Afu HtTjm LQm

(CPgVL)
(1) 45
(2) 30
(3) 60
(4) 90
(78) a1x + b1y + c1 = 0, a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 Gu\ SodLLs
JudLu NejRp.
b1
a1 b1
a1 b 1 c 1
a1
(2) a = b
(3) a1 a2 = b1b2 (4) a = b = c
(1) a = b
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(79) 3x + 4y + 5 = 0 Gu\ SodLP] rdLm GkR
SodLht CQV]?
(2) 3x 4y + 6 = 0
(4) 3x + 4y + 6 = 0

(1) 4x + 3y + 6 = 0
(3) 4x 3y + 9 = 0

278

(80) rdLm GkR SodL x + y = 0 Gu\ SodLht

NejUpX. CQUpX?
(1) y = x

(2) y x + 2 = 0

(3) 2y = 4x + 1

(4) y + x + 2 = 0

(81) 4x 2y = 3 Gu\ Lht CQV]m ( 2, 1) Gu\

sVm EPV SodLhu NUuT
(1) y = 2x + 5

(2) y = 2x 1

(3) y = x 2

1
(4) y = 2 x

(82) CWi CQLLu NUuTLs GkR Elu Xm

YT\?
(1) x-El

(3) U El (4) xy-El

(2) y-El

(83) J Lhu Nn

2
3 Gp ARu Nejd Lhu

Nn
2
(1) 3

2
(2) 3

3
(3) 2

3
(4) 2

(84) xy = 0 GuTRu YWTPU]

(1) J s
(2) J SodL
(3) J N YhdLsm SodLLs
(4) J N CQ SodLLs
(85) ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 Gu\ NUuThPPV NV]
SodLLs JudLu Nej Gp
(1) ab = 0

(3) a b = 0

(2) a + b = 0

(4) a = 0

(86) h = abBL CdmT ax + 2hxy + by = 0-I NUuTPLd

LiP N SodLLu CPV Es[ LQju
A[

(1) 4

(2) 6

(3) 2

(4) 0

(87) 2x2 + 3yx cy2 = 0 Gu\ NUuT J N Nejd

LLu NUuTPu. c =
(1) 2

1
(2) 2

(3) 2

279

1
(4) 2

(88) 2x2 + kxy + 4y2 = 0 Gu\ NUuT J N CQdLLu

NUuTL[u. k =
(1) 32
2

(2) 2 2

(3) 4 2

(4) 8

(89) ax + 2hxy + by + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 Gu\ NUuT J N

SodLLu NUuTPL CdL YiV TkR]
(1) abc + 2fgh bf2 ag2 ch2 = 0

(2) abc 2fgh ag2 bf2 ch2=0

(3) abc + 2fgh ah2 bg2 cf2 = 0

(4) abc + 2fgh af2 bg2 ch2=0

(90) (2, 1)-I UVlsVLm ( 2, 1) Gu\ s YVLm
NpXdV YhPju hPm
(1) 4
2

(2) 8

(3) 4 5

(4) 2

(91) x + y + ax + by 9 = 0 Gu\ NUuThPPV YhPju

UVls (1, 1) Gp ARu BWm
(3) 11
(4) 11
(1) 3
(2) 2
(92) (0, 0)-I UVlsVLm (5, 0) Gu\ s YVLm
NpXdV YhPju NUuT
(1) x2 + y2 10x = 0 (2) x2 + y2 = 25
(3) x2+ y2 + 10x = 0

(4) x2 + y2 10y = 0

(93) x2 + y2 2x + 4y 4 = 0 Gu\ NUuTh]PV YhPju

BWm
(1) 1
(2) 2
(3) 3
(4) 4
(94) x2 + y2 + 2x 4y 4 = 0 Gu\ NUuTh]PV YhPju
UVls
(1) (2, 4)
(2) (1, 2)
(3) ( 1, 2)
(4) ( 2, 4)
(95) 2x + 3y = 0, 3x 2y = 0 GuTY J YhPju CWi
hPeLu NUuTLs Gp ARu UVls
(1) (1, 2)
(2) (2, 3)
(3) (0, 0)
(4) ( 3, 2)
(96) y = 2x c Gu\ L x2 + y2 = 5 Gu\ YhPjt RL
Gp c =
(1) 5 (2) 5

(3) 5 5

(4) 5 2
2

(97) (4, 5) Gu\ sk x + y2 = 25 Gu\ YhPjt

YWVlTm RLhu [m
(1) 5
(2) 4
(3) 25
(4) 16

280

(98) Ko AX BWs[ J YhPjt x, y AfLs

RLL[L AUUu. AqYhPju NUuT
(1) x2 + (y 1) 2 = 1

(2) x2 + y2 = 1

(3) (x 1)2 + (y 1)2 = 1

(4) (x 1)2 + y2 = 1

(99) x2 + y2 4x+2y 5=0 Gu\ NUuTh]PV YhPjs

Es[ s
(1) (5, 10)
(2) ( 5, 7)
(100) J
sk
J
RLLu GidL

(3) (9, 0)
YhPjt

(4) (1, 1)
YWVlTm

(1) 1
(2) 2
(3) 3
(101) CWi
YhPeLs
(r1,
r2-BWPV)
Ju\Vu
RhdLiPp
UVlsLd CPVV] Wm

(4) 4
Yl\UL
AYtu

r1
(2) r

(1) r1 r2

r2
(3) r

(4) r1 + r2

(102) CWi YhPeLs Eh\UL GjR] sLp Rhd

Lsm?
(1) 1
(2) 2
(103) J WVu GuT (TLp)
180
(1) 11

(2)

180

(3) 0

(3)

(104) 0k 90 YWX]
Cdm LpT

180

LQeLu

(4) 3

(4)

11
180

lTdLm

(1) Rp Lp T

(2) u\m Lp T

(3) SuLm Lp T

(4) CWiPm Lp T

1
(105) J ftp 360 TV YXlTdLUL LQdhPp
PlT
(1) 1
(2) 360
(3) 90
(4) 1
(106) lTdLm
RPdLlTdLm
JW
SodLhp
GojNp AUkRp AYtu CPlThP LQm
(1) 0

(2) 90

(3) 180

281

(4) 270

(107) dLQm ABC-u TWlT[

1
1
1
(2) 2 ab sinC
(3) 2 ab cosC
(1) 2 ab cosC
(108) s(s a) (s b) (s c) =
(1)

(2) 2

(3) 2

(109) ABC Gu\ dLQjp. =

abc
abc
(1) abc
(2) 4R
(3) 2R
(110) ABC Gu\ dLQjt. sinA sinB sinC =

(1) 2R
(2) 4R
(3) 2
2R
(111) cosB =
c2 + b2 a2
a2 + b2 c2
c2 + a2 b2
(2)
(3)
(1)
2ca
2bc
2ab

282

1
(4) 2 bc sinB

(4) s
abc
(4) R
(4)

4R2

(4)

a2 + b2 + c2
2ab

PLs
Tt 1.1
2 3 4
(1) (i) 3 4 5

4 5 6

1 2 3
(ii) 2 4 6

3 6 9
5
1
3
(3) x = 2 , y = 2 , z = 1, w = 2

(2) x = 0, y = 7, z = 3

2 7
12 4
(ii)

6 10
2 12

4 4
4 4
(iii)
(iv)

6 4
6 4

(4) (i)

6 1
6 1
(vi)

5 2
5 2

(v)

(6)

2
X = 2
2

(10) x = 1, 3

2 1
3
1

2
3 , Y = 1
0
3

0
9

14 16

0 8
(viii)

18 7

(vii)

5 1
1

(8) k = 1

1 9 3
(13) 5

6 7

(11) x = 2, 5

(14) x = 1, y = 4

Tt 1.2
(1) 0

(2) (i) fVpX A (ii) fV A

27
(3) (i) x = 8

(ii) x = 9

(4) (i) 0 (ii) 0

(6) a3 + 3a2

Tt 1.3
(3) x = 0, 0, (a + b + c)

(4) (a b) (b c) (c a) (ab + bc + ca)

Tt 2.1

(1) AC = a + b , BD = b a

Tt 2.2

(1) 5 i + 5 j + 5 k , 5 3

(2) 185

283

(3) AB = 3 i j 5 k

BC = 4 i 7 j + 7 k ;

CA = i + 8 j 2 k

AB = 35 , BC = 114 , CA = 69

i + 3 j
3 i 7 j +6k
(5) m = 9
(6)
(7)
2
94

17 i 3 j 10 k
(12) 2 i + j + k
(8)
398

11
4
5
(13) PQ = 4 i 5 j + 11 k ;
,
,

9
9
2
2
2
9

(16) JW R[ YdPoLs ApX,

Tt 3.1
1
20
13
1
2(x + 1)
(2)

(1)
x3
x2
2(x 1)
3
7
13
1
1
1
(3)

+
(4) 9(x + 1) 9(x + 2)
2(x 1)
x2
2(x 3)
3(x + 2)2
4
1
2
3
2
4

(6)
+

(5) 9(x + 2) +
9(x 1) 3(x 1)2
25(x 2) 5(x 2)2 25(x + 3)

9
7 1
(7) 2x + 2 + 2(x + 2)
x

2
3
9
+

(x 2) (x 2)2 (x 2)3
4x 8
1
(x 3)
1
(10) 2(x + 1)
(9) 5(x + 2) +
2
5(x + 1)
2(x2 + 1)
4
1
1
x5
+
(12) 1 x + 1 +
(11) 2
x 2x 1 3x 2
(x + 1)2
Tt 3.2
(1) 378
(2) 42
(3) 600
(4) 1320
(5) 42840
(6) 512
(7) 153
(8) (i) 27216 (ii) 90000
(9) 5 5! (10) 21
5
(12) 9000 (13) (i) 125 (ii) 60
(14) 25
(11) 2
Tt 3.3
25!
(v) 15120
(1) (i) 60 (ii) 2730 (iii) 120 (iv) 5!
(2) 23
(3) 4
(8)

284

(4) 41

(7) 172800

(12) (i) 840 (ii) 20

(8) 5040
(13) 9000

(9) 60

(10) 93324 (11) 34650

19!
(15) (i) 8! (ii) 7!
(16) 2

(14) 45

Tt 3.4
(1) (i) 45 (ii) 4950
(5) (i) 12 (ii) 8

(iii) 1

(2) 23
(6) 19

(3) 3
(7) 7

(4) 45

Tt 3.5
(1) 66

(2) 200

(3) 210

(6) 780 (7) (i) 40 (ii) 116

(4) 425

(5) (i) 15C11

(ii) 14C10 (iii) 14C11

(8) 1540

(9) 817190
Tt 3.7

(1) (i) 243a5 + 2025a4b + 6750a3b2 + 11250a2b3 + 9375ab4 + 3125 b5

(ii) a5 10a4b + 40a3b2 80a2b3 + 80ab4 32b5
(iii) 32x5 240x6 + 720x7 1080x8 + 810x9 243x10
(iv) x11 +

11x10 55x9 165x8 330x7 462x6 462x5 330x4

y + y2 + y3 + y4 + y5 + y6 + y7
+

11x
1
165x3 55x2
+ 9 + 10 + 11
y
y
y8
y

(v) x12 + 12x10y3 + 60x8y6 + 160x6y9 + 240x4y12 + 192x2y15 + 64y18

(vi) x4y2 + 4x7/2 y3/2 + 6x3y3 + 4x5/2y7/2 + x2 y4
(ii) 152 (iii) 352
(2) (i) 58 2
(iv) 128a3 + 4320a2 + 9720a + 1458
(3) (i) 1030301 (ii) 970299
(5) (i) 8C4 24x12

(ii) 16C8

(v) 5822 3
(4) 0.9940
(iii)

16C8 .a8
x4

1
1
(iv) 13C6 .26x7y6 and 13C7 . 27x6y7 (v) 17C8.28 7 and 17C9.29 10
x
x
(7) 165 (8) (i) 7920

(ii) 2268

b 4
(iii) 12C4 c 98 (9) r = 3 (10) 7, 14

Tt 4.1
9
21
75
3
(ii) 2 , 2 , 2 , 21, 2
3
4
5
6
2
(iv) 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7

(1) (i) 25, 125, 625, 3125 Utm 15625

(iii) 1, 12, 23, 34, 45

285

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

(1)
(4)

2
2
1
4
1
16
25
2
(vi) 3 , 9 , 3 , 81 , 243
(v) 3 , 0, 3 , 0, 3
15
64
121
11
(ii) 1, 0 (iii) 7 , 10
(iv) 64, 512
(i) 5 , 7
17
37
5
0, 2 , 8, 2 , 24, 2
(i) 2, 2, 1, 0, 1 (ii) 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 (iii)1, 2, 6, 24, 120 (iv) 1, 1, 5, 13, 41
1
5
1
1
(6) 4 [5n 1]
(7) 200 (2100 1)
2 1 3n
2
Tt 4.2
(i) 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 (ii) 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15
(2) (i) 10 (ii) 1 (iii) p
1
(6) 6, 24
(10) 2, 3, 6 (or) 6, 3, 2
19
Tt 4.3

40
160
1
(1) (i) 5 x 8 + x 2 +
x
x

(2) (i) 10.01 (ii) 0.02

(6)

(5)

(ii)

1
3

x x2 7x3

1 + 6 + 18 + 324 +

11.9.7.5 12
x
4!

(r+1) (r+2) (r+3) r

x
1.2.3

Tt 5.1
2

(2) 3x + y = 2
(1) x + y 2x + 8y 19 = 0
(3) (i) t = 1 (ii) P(1, 2)
(4) y2 24x2 = 0
(7) (i) x2 + y2 + x 3y + 2 = 0 (ii) 15x2 + 15y2 + 66x 96y + 207 = 0
(1) 4x 7y 10 = 0
(4) 11x y = 27
(7)
(9)
(11)
(12)

Tt 5.2
(2) y = 3x + 4
(5) 2x + y = 6 ; x + 2y = 6

(3) x y = 6
(6) x + 3y = 8
14
3x 2y = 0 ; 2x y = 0 Utm 5x 3y = 0
(8)
AXLs
13
2x 3y + 12 = 0
(10) 9x 8y + 10 = 0 ; 2x y = 0
2x 3y = 6; 3x 2y = 6
6
x-Yhji 7 ; y- Yhji2

(13) (8, 0) Utm ( 2, 0)

(14) 3 2 AXLs

286

Tt 5.3

(1) 4

(3) 3x + 2y + 1 = 0

(4) x y 1 = 0

(5) (1, 2)

(6) k = 9

5 5
(7) 2 AXLs

(8) p = 1 ; p = 2

(9) 28x + 7y 74 = 0

(10) 5x + 3y + 8 = 0

(11) x + y = 1 (12) 5x + 3y + 5 = 0

16
(18) a = 9

(17) a = 5

5
(19) 2 , 3

(21) (1, 12)

(14) 4 ; 4
(22) ( 4, 3)

Tt 5.4
(1) a = 2 ; c = 3

(2) /3

(6) 2x2 3xy 2y2 = 0

(4) 1

(7) 3x2 + 7xy + 2y2 4x + 7y 15 = 0

(8) k = 1 ; 4x 3y + 1=0 Utm 3x + 4y 1=0 ; /2
(9) C = 2 ; 6x 2y + 1 = 0 Utm 2x y + 2 = 0 ; tan1 (1/7)
(10) k = 10 ; 3x 2y + 1 = 0 Utm 4x + 5y + 3 = 0
Tt 5.5
(1) (i) (0, 0) ; 1
2 2 2 5
(iv) 3 , 3 ; 3

(ii) (2, 3) ; 22

(iii) (4, 3) ; 7

(v) (4, 4) ; 10

(2) a = 4 ; b = 2 ; 2x2 + 2y2 + 4x + 4y 1 = 0 (3) x2 + y2 4x 6y + 11 = 0

(4) x2 + y2 6x 4y 12 = 0

(5) x2 + y214x + 6y + 42 = 0

(6) x2 + y2 + 8x 10y + 25 = 0
2

(7) 2 10 AX;10 N,AXLs

2

(8) x + y 12x + 11 = 0 ; x + y + 4x 21 = 0
(9) x2 + y2 3x 6y + 10 = 0

(10) x2 + y2 = 1

(11) x2 + y2 5x y + 4 = 0
(13) x2 + y2 4x 2y 5 = 0
3
3
(15) x = 2 cos ; y = 2 sin

(12) x2 + y2 6x 8y + 15 = 0
(14) 16x2 + 16y2 = 1

Tt 5.6
(3) y 1 = 0
(4) YV
(1) 2 5 AXLs
(5) (0, 0), (4, 3) Es[ Es[]; ( 2, 1) YV Es[

287

(7) 2x + y = 3 5

(6) (0, 2) ; (2, 0)

2

(8) 5 2 AXLs

(9) (i) x + y 10x 12y + 25 = 0 (ii) x + y 10x 12y + 36 = 0

(10) 4x + 3y + 6 = 0
(11) (i) x + y = 4 2 (ii) x y = 4 2
5
1
(12) x 5y + 19 = 0
(13) 40
(14) 4 , 4

Tt 5.7
(3) x2 + y2 2x 6y 39 = 0

(4) x2 + y2 8x + 12y 49 = 0

(6) (i) x2 + y2 2x + 2y + 1 = 0 (ii) x2 + y2 6x 4y 44 = 0

(7) x2 + y2 16x 18y 4 = 0
(8) 3x2 + 3y2 14x + 23y 15 = 0
Tt 6.1

(1) (i) 6

5
(ii) 9

10
(iii) 9

(iv)

16
9

17
(v) 36

(2) (i) 22 30 (ii) 648 (iii) 17148 (app.)

(3) (i) Q1 (ii) Q3 (iii) Q1

(vi) 24

(iv) 105

Tt 6.2
(1)

1331
276

(2) (i) sin 60 (ii) cos40 (iii) tan10 (iv) tan60

(v) cosec 60 (vi) sin30 (vii) cos 30

(5) (i) cosec A (ii) sec A (iii) cotA (iv) cosA (v) tan A
(8) (i)

1
2
1
3
3
(ii) 2 (iii) 2 (iv) 2 (v) 1 (vi)
(vii) 1 (viii)
2
3
3

13
(10) (i) 3 (ii) 1
(viii) 11

(iii) 0

25
(ix) 12

(iv)

2 6
4

(v) 5 (vi) 2

7
(vii) 3

149
(x) 120

Tt 6.4
(1) (i)

6 2
4

(8) (i)

2+1
6+ 2
,
2
4

(12)

2 +1

(ii)

(14)

6 2
4
(ii)

(iii) 2 + 3
2 3
,
2

15 + 2 2
12

288

6+ 2
4

(iv)

6+ 2
4

Tt 6.5
1
(3) 2

9
(6) (i) 13

117
(ii) 125

Tt 6.6
(1) (i) sin6 + sin2

(ii) cos 14 + cos2

(iv) cos2A cos4 A

(v) sin9A sin3A

(iii) sin10 sin4

1
(vi) 2 [sin13 + sin5]

1
1
1
(vii) 2 [sin2A sin A] (viii) 2 [sin6A + sin A] (ix) 2 [cos3+cos /3]
(2) (i) 2sin9A cos4A

(ii) 2 cos9A sin4A

(iii) 2cos9A cos4A

(iv) 2sin 9A sin4A

(v) 2 cos42 sin10

(vi) 2 cos37 cos14

(vii) 2 cos50 sin30

(viii) 2 sin30 cos20

(ix) 2 sin30 cos10

53
17
(x) 2 cos 2 cos 2

Tt 6.7

(1) (i) 4

(ii) 3

(iii) 3

(2) (i) 2 + ( 1)n 12

(3) (i) n 4 , n

(4) (i) 2n 3

(iv) 6

(v) 3

(ii) n 3

(vii) 3

2n
(iii) 3 4

(ii) 3 , (2n + 1) 2

(ii) 2n

(vi) 6

(iii) n

(iii) 2n 3 , (2n + 1) 4

n
(iv) 3 , 2n

(5) (i) 2n + 4 (or) n + ( 1)n 2 4

(ii) 2n 4

2
(iii) 2n 4 (iv) 2n, 2n + 3

Tt 6.9

(1) (i) 3

(ii) 3

(iii) 2

3
(iv) 4

(v) 3

3
(vi) 4

3
12
4
15
1
1
(3) (i) 13 (ii) 5 (iii) 8 (iv) 2 (7) x =
(8) 2 3 (9) x = 2
2

289

dLs ]dLs - PLs

(1) 1

(2) 4

(3) 2

(4) 1

(5) 2

(6) 4

(7) 1

(8) 3

(9) 1

(10) 1

(11) 1

(12) 2

(13) 1

(14) 4

(15) 1

(16) 4

(17) 2

(18) 1

(19) 3

(20) 3

(21) 2

(22) 1

(23) 4

(24) 3

(25) 1

(26) 3

(27) 2

(28) 2

(29) 2

(30) 3

(31) 1

(32) 4

(33) 4

(34) 1

(35) 1

(36) 3

(37) 3

(38) 2

(39) 2

(40) 4

(41) 4

(42) 1

(43) 1

(44) 3

(45) 1

(46) 2

(47) 1

(48) 3

(49) 1

(50) 1

(51) 3

(52) 4

(53) 1

(54) 3

(55) 3

(56) 3

(57) 1

(58) 2

(59) 3

(60) 1

(61) 2

(62) 3

(63) 2

(64) 3

(65) 3

(66) 2

(67) 1

(68) 1

(69) 4

( 70) 1

(71) 3

(72) 1

(73) 3

(74) 3

(75) 3

(76) 2

(77) 3

(78) 3

(79) 4

(80) 3

(81) 1

(82) 3

(83) 4

(84) 3

(85) 2

(86) 4

(87) 3

(88) 3

(89) 4

(90) 2

(91) 3

(92) 1

(93) 3

(94) 3

(95) 3

(96) 1

(97) 2

(98) 3

(99) 4

(100) 2

(101) 4

(102) 1

(103) 3

(104) 4

(105) 1

(106) 3

(107) 2

(108) 2

(109) 2

(110) 3

(111) 1

290

ToY pLs
(1) Calculus and Analytical Geometry,
George B.Thomas and Ross L. Finney (Ninth edition) Addison-Wesley.
(2) Topics in Algebra,
I.N. Herstein, Vikas Publishing Company.
(3) Elementary Treatise on the Calculus,
George A. Gibson, Macmillan & Co. New York.
(4) Mathematical Analysis,
S.C. Malik, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
(5) Differential and Integral Calculus,
N. Piskunov, Mir Publsihers, Moscow.
(6) Methods of Real Analysis,
Richard R. Goldberg, Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi.
(7) Elementary Calculus, Vol. I,
V.I. Smirnov, Addison Wesley Publish Company, Inc.
(8) Calculus (Volume 1 and II),
Tom. M. Apostol, John Wiley Publications.
(9) Mathematical Statistics,
John E. Freund and Ronald D. Walpole, Prentice Hall of India.
(10) Mathematical Statistics,
Saxena and Kapoor
(11) Analytical Geometry, (2 Dimensional),
P. Duraipandian and others
(12) Vector Algebra,
A.R. Vasistha
(13) Trigonometry,
S.L. Loney.
(14) A Text Book of Trigonometry,
Raisingania and Aggarwal
(15) Matrices,
H.R. Swarup Sharma and H.B. Pandey
(16) Introduction to Matrices,
S.C. Gupta

291