Chapter 10 Outline Renaissance and Discovery (RS = Renaissance) Middles Ages: chaos, but also rebirth a.

Two Dutch scholars used one word Herfsttij to describe the time period differently i. John Huizinga says decline ii. Heiko Oberman says harvest By late 15th century, Europe was recovering from 2 (Out of 3) Middle Age crises a. Demographics Population up after Plague b. Politics Able monarchs were imposing a new political order c. Religion Solution would have to wait till the Reformation in 16th century City states of Italy fared better than N. Europe between 1300 and 1450. a. Due to strategic location to Eurasian trade b. Wealth = arts, government, education. i. All that wealth means RS has the biggest impact in Italy ii. Divine Art iii. Recovery of Classic knowledge c. Italy started to decline after fall of Constantinople in 1453 i. Limits trading empire d. France invades Italy in 1490, city states begin warring against each other i. By this time, RS is over. Europe starts to develop national IDs a. Using vernaculars instead of Latin b. Listening to government instead of church c. Nations voyage to Far East and America instead of Rome Late 15th to 16th centuries = expansion and experimentation a. Permanent colonies = international trade = slaves b. Social engineering, political planning (newly centralized government), and long range economic plans (mercantilism)

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The Renaissance in Italy (1375-1527) 1. RS was the prototype for the modern world a. May be exaggerated, but Renaissance was a transition from medieval to modern times. i. Pre RS economy: fragmented society with agriculture ii. Post RS economy: national urban based economy 2. Italy shows signs of RS more than any where else. 1375-1527 a. Humanism spreads and sparks this movement after the death of Petrarch in 1374 (father of humanism), and Giovanni Boccacio in 1375 (author of Decameron) b. Creative expansion ends in 1527 when Spanish imperial troops loot and burn Rome The Italian City-State 1. RS first starts in merchant cities of Italy a. Cultural advantage due to location between east and west. b. Trade = Money = Rich Italians with nothing to do but paint

Chapter 10 Outline c. By 15th century the Italians are so rich and well versed in business and bookkeeping they are all of Europes bankers Growth of City-States 1. Warfare between Pope (supported by Guelf) and emperor (supported by Ghibelline) assisted growth of cities and culture a. Factions weakened each other, left power vacuum for merchants to take over 2. Merchants take control, little overarching national govt., so states are free to expand a. Cities assimilate local nobility and country side, 5 powerful CSs emerge i. The duchy of Milan, the republics of Florence and Venice, the Papal States, and the Kingdom of Naples 3. Competition for political power is intense, so govt. evolved into despotism a. Exception is Venice, which was ruled by merchant oligarchy i. Patrician senate of 300 members and ruthless, opponent suppressing judiciary body Social Class and Conflict 1. Florence is example of social division and anarchy a. 4 social groups i. Grandi old rich (nobles) ii. Popolo grosso fat people, new rich (merchants, bankers) (1) Begin to challenge old rich in 13th, 14th century iii. Middle-burgher guild masters, shop owners, professionals, small business (1) Side with new rich against conservative old iv. Popolo minuto little people in 1457 one third of population is listed as paupers, having no wealth 2. Social divisions lead to conflict at every level of society a. 1378 Ciompi Revolt uprising of the poor i. 3 Causes (1) Feuds between new rich and old rich (2) Social anarchy for black plague (3) Collapse of great banking houses of Bardi and Peruzzi leave poor vulnerable ii. Revolt leads to 4 year period of power for Florentine lower class power (1) Stability doesnt return until ascent to power of banker Cosimo de Medici Despotism and Diplomacy 1. Medici was wealthy and natural statesman a. Controlled city behind the scenes, influenced the six man council known as the Signoria i. 6 (later 8) Signoria members came from powerful economic guilds (1) Medici, as the head Office of Public Debt, got his grandson Lorenzo the Magnificent in power who ruled in totalitarian fashion for the last quarter of the 15th century (2) Rival family assassinated Lorenzos brother, which made Lorenzo a cautious leader

Chapter 10 Outline 2. Elsewhere, groups in power cooperated to install despots to prevent social conflict and foreign influence i. Despot had supreme executive, military and judiciary authority ii. Despots couldnt rely on divided populace, so relied on mercenary armies obtained through military brokers known as condottieri 3. Despot is a hazardous job but high rewards a. Subject to dismissal by oligarchies, often assassinated b. Access to great power and wealth 4. Political turbulence and war led to diplomacy a. Embassies and ambassadors rise i. Keep an eye on other governments, militaries to gain an advantage 5. All groups support thought and culture, which makes city states ideal for RS a. Despots, merchants, Pope, republicans i. Everybody supports because the requirement for RS was wealth Humanism 1. Much debate on what humanism actually mean 2. Book defines humanism as the scholarly study of the Latin and Greek classics and the ancient Church Fathers, both for its own sake and in hope of reviving respected ancient norms and values. 3. Humanists support studia humanitatis: a liberal arts program of study embracing grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy. a. Subjects were enjoyable, but also celebrated the dignity of humankind i. Term of humanitatis coined by Leonard do Bruni. Bruni was a student of the Byzantine scholar Manuel Chrysoloras who opened Greek scholarship to Italian humanists 4. First humanists were orators and poets a. Wrote literature in classic and vernacular, taught rhetoric 5. Study of Roman antiquity predates Italian RS a. None really compare to the magnitude of the RS, obviously. b. RS was more broad and secular 6. Humanists werent tied to tradition, took the past and moved forward Petrarch, Dante, and Boccaccio 1. Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) was the father of humanism a. Left law to pursue letters and poetry b. Spent life around Avignon c. Involved in popular revolt in Rome (1347-1349) d. Later in life served the Visconti family 2. Left legacy of critical textual studies, elitism, and contempt for Scholastics (focused on simply last works, not moving forward) 3. Combined Classical and Christian values, but less secular than near-contemporary Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) 4. Petrarchs student Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375) also pioneered human studies a. Decameron (100 tales of social commentary), and Greek/Roman mythology

Chapter 10 Outline Educational Reforms and Goals 1. Humanists desired extensive knowledge of past to apply to current problems 2. Humanists want well rounded, morally good, well rounded people. a. Roman orator Quintilians Education of the Oratory became the basic classical guide i. Vittorino da Feltre (d. 1446) embodied humanist teachings. (1) Taught Pliny, Ptolemy, Terence, Plautus, Livy and Plutarch but also physical exercises and games ii. Guarino da Verona (d. 1460) streamlined study of classical languages iii. Baldassare Castigliones Book of the Courtier shows humanists want to known language, history, athletics, military, music, moral character 3. Noblewomen promoted education at royal courts a. Christine de Pisan The Florentine Academy and the Revival of Platonism 1. Revival of Greek studies, Plato, in mid 15th century Florence a. Many factors make the revival possible i. Manuel Chrysoloras comes from Constantinople to promote Greek learning 1397 ii. Reunion of Eastern and Western churches in 1439 iii. After fall of Constantinople in 1453, Greek scholars flee to Florence. 2. RS thinkers liked Platonic tradition, and Plato + Chirstian teaching a. Influential Floretine humanists make up academy, simply informal gathering of scholars 3. Platonism Philosohpy of Plato that posits preexistent Ideal Forms of which all earthly beings are imperfect models a. Influences Neoplatonists: Plotinus, Proclus, Porphyry, Dionysius the Areopagite i. The appeal? Flattering view of human nature b. Picos Oration on the Dignity of Man famous RS Platonic address Critical Work of the Humanists: Lorenzo Valla 1. Humanists review the past, so naturally becomes critics 2. Leads to critiques on the medieval church a. Lorenzo Valla (1406-1457) was a good Catholic, but his writings later influenced Protestant movements which he supported i. Attacks the Donation of Constantine in a scholarly way through textual analysis and logic (1) Didnt make Valla less loyal to the church, but his criticism lead the way for young religiously critical humanists such as Martin Luther Civic Humanism 1. Major critique of Scholastic education was that much of its content was useless a. Humanists believed in education in civic humanism: learning that promotes individual virtue and public service. i. 3 Examples in Florence: Coluccio Salutati (1331-1406), Leonardi Bruni (ca. 1370-1444) and Poggio Bracciolini (1380-1459)

Chapter 10 Outline (1) Served as chancellors of Florence, used rhetorical skills to exercise their power b. Toward the end of the RS, humanists become snobby i. In reaction to elitist trends, humanist historians Niccolo Machiavelli (14691527) and Francesco Guicciardini (1483-1540) made contemporary history their subject matter. (1) Shows 2 sides of humanism: deep scholarship and practical politics Renaissance Art 1. Common people (not those associated with the church) establish leading roles in education, culture and religion a. Possible due to churchs loss of international power 2. National governments staffed by laymen, not clerics a. More people were education than ever before outside of the church i. Medieval Christian values were adjusted accordingly 3. High RS art (1450-1527) embraced the natural world and human emotions a. Symmetry reflecting harmony of the universe 4. Artists were aided by new technical skills a. Oil paint b. Chiaroscuro the use of shadow to enhance naturalness c. Linear perspective 5. Giotto (1266-1336) was father of RS painting, signaled new direction. Many follow Leonardo da Vinci 1. Master of many skills a. Great painter, advised Italians and French on military engineering, supported scientific experimentation, foresaw future technology (submarine, airplane), Mona Lisa. Raphael 1. Painter of sensitivity a. Loved for his work and personality, tender madonnas and the great fresco in the Vatican Michelangelo 1. Excelled in a variety of arts and crafts a. David (sculpture), 4 different popes commissioned his work, 10,000 square feet of Vatican covered. 2. Style change marks end of High RS painting and start of mannerism: where artists express their own manners instead of focusing on harmony/symmetry Slavery in the Renaissance 1. Slavery flourishes as much as art a. Starts as early as 12th century when Spanish sell Muslim slaves to Italians 2. Slavery is merciful, better than killing captives

Chapter 10 Outline 3. Plantation slavery joins domestic slavery during the High RS following East Asian plantation model 4. Black Death reduces the population, need even more slaves 5. Owners had complete dominion, and slaves could be had for a reasonable, worth while price. a. Africans and Tatars were treated the worst, but slaves were generally accepted as family members i. In owners interest to keep slaves healthy and happy Italys Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494-1527) 1. City-states work together to prevent foreign invasion, mostly from the Turks a. Political alliance: Treat of Lodi (1454-1455) maintained protection i. Brought long time enemies Milan and Naples into alliance with Florence (1) 3 stood for decades against Venice, who often allied with the Papal states to keep balance of power (a) However, if a foreign enemy presented itself, all 5 states united. 2. Ability to repel foreign enemies is ended when Milanese despot Ludovico il Moro invited French to fight Naples who was supported by Florence and Pope Alexander VI. a. Dangerous to invite in France back to Italy, French very hungry for new territory. Charles VIIIs March Through Italy 1. King Louis XI kept claims to Naples without invading. 2. His successor, Charles VIII responded to Ludovicos call for help in Italy eagerly a. Crossed the Alps in August 1494 b. Florence tries to appease French king by hanging over Pisa i. Citizens then exile ruler who gave away Pisa, Piero de Medici, under instruction of Dominican preacher Girolamo Savonarola (1452-1498) (1) Convinced Florentines that French king should be welcomed, justified by divine vengeance. Savonarola flatters Charles, Florence pays large ransom and avoids destruction. ii. After Charles leaves, Savonarola rules for 4 years (1) His policies are too antipapal, and once Charles, who Savonarola supported, was forced out of Italy, he lost all supported and was imprisoned and executed. c. In response to Charles invasion, Ferdinand of Aragon formed the League of Venice i. Venice, Papal States, Emperor Maximilian I (r. 1493-1519) together with Ferdinand against French. Milan later joins, realizes the foreign intervention of France was a bad idea. (1) Constant conflict between Spain and France until 1559 Pope Alexander VI and the Borgia Family 1. French returned to Italy under Louis XII (r. 1498-1515) a. Supported by corrupt Pope Alexander VI i. Used power of pope to support his children politically in Romagna

Chapter 10 Outline b. French alliance would allow Romagna to reclaim lost territory, so Pope needs to make it happen i. Annuls Louis XIIs marriage to Charles VIIIs sister so Louis could marry Charles widow, Anne of Brittany (1) Was done to keep Brittany as French. ii. Makes Louis favorite cleric a bishop to win him over iii. Abandons League of Venice 2. Scandalous trade, but made Pope and French king happy. a. Pope and Borgias conquers around Romagna b. French invaded Milan, Louis and Aragon divide Naples between them Pope Julius II 1. Next Pope: Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere = Pope Julius. a. Suppressed Borgias, paced newly conquered lands under papal control b. Known as the warrior pope due to high point of papal military and diplomatic intrigue i. Seemed very secular instead of religious, Erasmus writes humors Julius Excluded from Heaven, mocking at Pope 2. Drove Venetians out of Romagna in 1509, fully securing Papal States 3. Drives out French by forming Holy League a. Julius, Ferdinand of Aragon, Venice b. French are in full retreat by 1512 4. France invades again, avenging themselves by killing many soldiers of the Holy League a. Brutal victory lead to pope granting the Concordat of Bologna i. Gave France control over French clergy in exchange for French recognition of papal superiority over church councils and collecting money (1) Keeps France Catholic in a time of Protestant reformation ii. Allowed France access to Spain, lead to 4 wars with Spain, none of which are successful. Niccolo Machiavelli 1. Invasions of Italy cause Machiavelli (1469-1527) to realize importance of Italian unity 2. Impressed by ancient Roman rulers and citizens ability to defend homeland. a. Wrote romantic accounts of Ancient Roman history, upset by lack of passion of his contemporaries 3. Held Republican ideals, upset with internal feuding 4. His ideas make him the famous cynic which advocated for far sighted political strong men. 5. Wrote The Prince, some claim as a satire, but Machiavelli did advocate fraud and brutality as a means to unify Italy. 6. Machiavelli hoped that the Medici family would fulfill The Prince, but they failed to unite Italy and foreign invaders sacked Rome in 1527, the year Machiavelli died.

Chapter 10 Outline Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe 1. After 1450, shift from feudal monarchy to national monarchy a. Dynastic and chivalric views from feudal monarchy remained 2. High RS feudal monarchy division of power between king and semi-autonomous vassals a. Nobility act through representative assembles (English Parliament, French Estates General, Spanish Cortes 3. After Great Schism and Hundred Years War the church is too weak to stop national monarchies a. Towns begin allying with king, broke bonds of feudal society 4. In new sovereign states, national governments tax, war, and make laws, not vassals a. Monarchs are able to legislate without calling in representative bodies to meet due to unity b. Monarchs are employing bureaucrats and actually meeting with the governed more than ever. 5. Monarchs create standing national armies, composed mostly of mercenaries from Switzerland and Germany. Paid soldiers are more efficient than nobles fighting for honor 6. Growing cost of warfare leads to need for new income a. Greatest obstacle was that the nobility thought they were immune to taxes, despire taxation i. Expenses then had to come from those less wealthy b. Several options for raising money i. Collect rent for loyal domains ii. Levy national taxes, such as a salt tax (known as Gabelle in France), or 10% sales tax in Spain known as Alcabala iii. Direct taxes on peasantry (Taille in France) iv. Creative ways: Sale of public offices, high interest bonds France 1. Charles VII (r. 1422-1461) made great by those who served him a. Professional army created, inspired by Joan of Arc b. Strong economy, diplomatic corps, and national administration created by banker Jacques Couer i. These tools allowed ruthless Louis XI (r. 1461-1483) to make France a power 2. French nation building had two political cornerstones a. Collapse of English empire after Hundred Years War b. Defeat of Charles the Bold (r. 1467-1477) and strong political power of Burgundy i. With those 2 gone, left Louis XI free to secure monarchy (1) With acquisition of new Burgundy lands, doubled size of empire, used the institution of Couer to create a powerful nation 3. Power went to the heads of next French rulers, and by the mid 16th century Frnace was divided again Spain 1. Castile and Aragon were divided until union of Isabella and Ferdinand in 1469

Chapter 10 Outline a. Dynastically united Aragon and Castile, although they remained constitutionally separate i. Castile is stronger, 5 million population and strong econ vs. Aragons 1 mil. Together, Ferdinand and Isabella could secure their borders, venture abroad militarily, and Christianize Spain a. Conquered Granda between 1484 and 1492 b. Naples 1504 c. Navarre (N. Spain) 1512 King and Queen also won allegiance of Hermanadad, which was a powerful league of cities End of religious toleration of Judaism and Islam, state controlled Christianity by Isabella a. Appointed Tomas de Torquemada (d. 1498) ran a national agency which watched closely converted Jews (conversos) and Muslims (Moriscos) b. Those who didnt convert in Granda were exiled Arranged marriages for their children in a way to weaken France Promoted overseas exploration, Christopher Columbus

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England 1. 2nd half of 15th century was tough for England a. After Hundred Years War, civil war breaks out between House of York and House of Lancaster i. Keeps England in turmoil from 1455-1485 2. Edward IV (r. 1422-1461), son of the duke of York, seizes the throne, rules for 20 years a. Richard III (r. 1483-1485) villain, usurps throne from Edwards son, allowed the exiled Henry the Tudor to return to England b. Henry the Tudor rules as Henry VII (r. 1485-1509), started Tudor dynasty dominates 16th century i. Controls nobles with Court of Star Chamber, 1487 ii. Used law to strengthen monarchy The Holy Roman Empire 1. Did not achieve national monarchy - late 15th century Germany divided into 300 kingdoms 2. An attempt, Golden Bull, an agreement between Charles IV and the German territorial leaders established a 7 member electoral college/administrative body a. Many limits on power, emperor was ruler in law, but still little power 3. Try to stop feuding with Reichstag, national assembly of 7 electors, nonelectoral princes, and 65 cities a. Resulted in ban on private warfare, Supreme Court of Justice, Council of Regency i. Reforms are still not as good as national unity The Northern Renaissance 1. Humanists create climate that welcomes religious and educational reofmr a. Humanism started by contact with Italian traders

Chapter 10 Outline i. Northern Humanists had distinct culture (1) Devoted to religious reform, wrote for the lay audience The Printing Press 1. Schools and universities increase literacy 2. Demand for books is very high, Johann Gutenberg (d. 1468) invented movable type a. Books are produced rapidly, topics like religion, calendars, almanacs, how-tos 3. Printing press is profitable, large audiences of humanists 4. Literacy increased self-esteem, intelligence, cant be fooled by church/govt. Erasmus 1. Famous northern humanist, Catholic but expressed need for reform via printing press 2. Wrote Colliquoes and Adages, which had religious satire and proverbial common expressions 3. Wanted to unite humanity and Christianity, philosophia Christi 4. Republished the New Testament, edited it to make it ideal like he desired 5. Left the tools for future reformers, Erasmus laid the egg, Luther hatched it Humanism and Reform Germany 1. Rudolf Agricola (1443-1485) introduced Italian learning to Germany a. Ulrich von Hutten (1488-1523) German humanism = hostile to foreign culture i. Combined humanism, German nationalism, and Lutheran religious reform ii. Von Hutten supported scholar Johann Reuchlin and his Jewish writing in the name of humanism (1) Northern humanists later support Martin Luther England 1. Humanism came to England via scholars and merchants visiting Italy a. English humanists i. John Colet (1467-1519) promoted religious reform ii. Thomas More (1467-1519) wrote Utopia, social commentary, rivaled Shakespeare in popularity (1) Became a trusted diplomat of Henry VIII (a) Fell out of favor do to disapproval of Anglican Church and kings marriage of Anne Boleyn, eventually executed b. Humanists paved the way for English Reformation France 1. French invasions of Italy bring humanism a. Guillaume Bude (1468-1540) and Jacques Lefevre dEtaples (1454-1536) lead French humanism i. Exemplified critical scholarship, influenced young minds (1) Produced John Calvin

Chapter 10 Outline Spain 1. Catholic Church uses humanism a. Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros (1437-1517) , The Grand Inquisitor i. Complutensian Polyglot Bible, six volume work that placed Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions of the Bible side by side. Voyages of Discovery and the New Empire in the West and East 1. America expands the horizons of Europe 2. Battle for commercial supremacy shifts from Europe to America The Portuguese Chart the Course 1. Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) captures North African city of Ceuta a. Motives were mercenary and religious, starts Portuguese exploration i. Later motives are slaves, and then trade routes to Asia 2. Portuguese broke up Venetian spice monopolies with trade routes, won the church as allies (exploration leads to converts) a. Bartholomew Dias made it to the Cape of Good Hope, Vasco de Gama all the way to Italy 3. Portuguese focused on going west instead of east The Spanish Voyages of Columbus 1. Lands in Bahamas, thinks he is in Japan, Indians a. Met by friendly, easy to enslave natives 2. Later, Amerigo Vespucci (1451-1512), Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521), figured out Americas were not Asia Intended and Unintended Consequences 1. Discovery leads to conquest 2. Founding of colonies leads to European trade = economic expansion 3. Colombian Exchange The Spanish Empire in the New World 1. Aztecs dominated Mesoamerica, Incans dominate South America when Spanish arrive, both rich empires The Aztecs in Mexico 2. Aztecs rule almost all of central Mexico when Spanish come 3. Hernan Cortes lands in 1519, possibly Aztec think he is a god. Cortes begins to take advantage of Aztecs, relations break down, lead to conflict and conquest The Incas in Peru 1. Francisco Pizarro lands in 1532, lures Incan leader into conference, kidnaps King Atahualpa, kills followers. Pizarro eventually executes Atahualpa a. Capture Cuzco, but Inca resistance doesnt end until 1570 2. Conquests of Mexico and Peru are brutal, small pox, destruction of culture, abuse

Chapter 10 Outline The Church in Spanish America 1. Priests accompany the conquistadors, want to bring Christianity 2. Without a conflict, priests cant convert but priests hate the conditions of the wars a. Bartolome de Las Casas criticizes conquests, led to new regulations for Indians after 1550 3. By end of 16th century, Church upholds the colonial status quo 4. America quickly became a conquered world The Economy of Exploitation 1. Europeans exploit American lands and people for purpose of economy 2. 3 major components, mining, agriculture, shipping Mining 1. Early conquistadors wanted gold, but silver mining turned out to be more profitable a. Great silver mine Potosi, Spain took 1/5 of all mining profit Agriculture 1. Hacienda system, plantations, owned by peninsulares or creoles a. Provided food and leather products, but both farming and ranching were inferior to mining 2. Shipping was dominated by the peninsulares, trading of goods and slaves Labor Servitude 1. The economy need labor. How? i. Encomienda: formal grant of labor of Indian, declined because Spanish monarchs feared holders would become too powerful ii. Repartimiento, mita, aka the labor tax, required labor for Indian males on a certain number of days iii. Debt peonage: the labor is techinically unforced, but work for free, have to buy supplies from the people they are working for iv. Black slavery The Impact on Europe 1. If traditional knowledge on geography was so incorrect, what else was it wrong about? 2. Columbus backlash for treatment of natives 3. Supply of goods, bullion, and coined money led to inflation, but gradual a. Wages lagged even farther behind inflation though 4. Excess wealth allows government to sponsor mining, textile, printing, shipping and weapons research a. Rise of capitalist institutions (1) Leads to the social problems of capitalism ii. Divisions in society

Chapter 10 Outline