Worked Examples for Eurocode 2

Draft Version

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Columns

5.1

General
The calculations in this section illustrate:
5.2 Design of a non-slender column using design charts.
5.3 Design of a perimeter column using iteration of equations to determine reinforcement
requirements.
5.4 Design of an internal column with high axial load.
5.5 Design of a slender column requiring a two hour fire resistance.
In general axial loads and first order moments are assumed to be available. The designs
consider slenderness in order to determine design moments, MEd. The columns are designed
and checked for biaxial bending. The effects of allowing for imperfections are illustrated.
A general method of designing columns is as follows:
1. Determine design life.
2. Assess actions on the column.
3. Determine which combinations of actions apply.
4. Assess durability requirements and determine
concrete strength.
5. Check cover requirements for appropriate fire
resistance period.
6. Determine cover for fire, durability and bond.
7. Analyse structure for critical combination moments
and axial forces.
8. Check slenderness and determine design moments.
9. Determine area of reinforcement required.
10. Check spacing of bars and links.

5.2

<BS EN 1990 & NA Table NA

2.1>
<BS EN 1991 (10 parts) & UK
NAs>
<BS EN 1990 & NA Tables NA
A1.1 & NA A1.2(B)>
<BS 85001>
<Approved Document B
BS EN 199212>
<BS EN 199211 Cl. 4.4.1>
<BS EN 199211 Section 5>
<BS EN 199211 Section 5.8>
<BS EN 199211 Section 6.1>
<BS EN 199211 Sections 8 & 9>

Edge column
The intention of this calculation is to show a typical hand calculation.
A 300 mm square column on the edge of a flat slab structure supports an axial load of 1620 kN
and first order moments of 38.5 kNm top and 38.5 kNm bottom in one direction only. Using
fck = 30 MPa and cnom = 25 mm. The 250 mm thick flat slabs are at 4000 mm vertical centres.

Figure 5.1
Forces in edge column

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5.2.1

Check slenderness,
*

Effective length , l0 = factor l

where
factor = from Concise EC2 Table 5.1, condition 2 each end
= 0.85
l
= clear height = 3750 mm
l0 = 0.85 3750 = 3187 mm

<5.8.3.2>

Slenderness = l0 / i
where
i
= radius of gyration
= h / 120.5 for rectangular sections
= 3187 3.46 / 300

<Exp. (5.14)>

<Concise EC2 Table

5.1, PD 6687: 2.10>

= 36.8

5.2.2 Limiting slenderness, lim

lim = 20 ABC / n0.5
where
A
B
C
n

= 0.7 (default)
= 1.1 (default)
= 1.7 rm
= NEd / Acfcd

lim = 20 ABC / n0.5

<Exp. (5.13N)>

= 1.7 M01/M02
= 1.7 38.5 / ( 38.5) = 2.7
= 1620 103 / (3002 0.85 30 / 1.5)
= 0.81

= 20 0.7 1.1 2.7 / 0.810.5

In this example lim = 46.2 i.e. > 36.8

<5.8.3.1(1)>
<5.8.3.1(1)>
<5.8.3.1(1)>

column not slender.

5.2.3 Design moments

MEd = max[M02, M0Ed + M2, M01 + 0.5M2]
where
M02
= M + eiNEd e0NEd
where
M
= 38.5 kNm
= l0 / 400
ei
e0
= max[h/30; 20] = max[300/30; 20] = 20 mm
M02
= 38.5 + 1620 3.187 / 400 0.02 1620
= 38.5 + 12.9 32.4 kNm
= 51.4 kNm
M0Ed = (0.6M02 + 0.4M01) 0.4M02
= 0.6 51.4 + 0.4 ( 38.5 + 12.9) 0.4 51.4
= 20.6 20.6
= 20.6
M2
= 0 (column is not slender)
M01
= M02
max[M02, M0Ed + M2, M01 + 0.5M2] = 51.4 kNm
MEd = 51.4 kNm

<5.8.8.2(1)>
<5.8.8.2
6.1.4>
<5.2.7, 5.2.9>
<6.1.4>

Effective lengths are covered in Eurocode 2 Section 5.8.3.2 and Exp (5.15). The effective length of most columns
will be l/2< l0 < l < Figure 5.7f)>. PD 6686[ref to] Cl 2.10 suggests that using the procedure outlined in
Eurocode 2 and <5.8.3.2(3) 5.8.3.2(5)> leads to similar effective lengths to those tabulated in BS 8110[ref
to] and reproduced in Table 5.1 of Concise EC2. For simplicity tabular values are used in this example. However,
experience suggests that these tabulated values are conservative.

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5.2.4 Design using charts

d2 = cnom + link + / 2 = 25 + 8 + 16 = 49
d2 / h = 49 / 300 = 0.163
interpolating between d2 / h = 0.15 (Figure 15.5c) and 0.20 (Figure 15.5d)
for:NEd / bhfck
= 1620 103 / (3002 30) = 0.60
2
MEd / bh fck
= 51.4 106 / (3003 30) = 0.063
= 0.24
Asfyk / bhfck
As = 0.24 3002 30 / 500 = 1296 mm2

<Concise EC2 Figs

15.5c, 15.5d>

Try 4 no. H25 (1964 mm2)

5.2.5 Check for biaxial bending

<5.8.9
Exp. (5.38a)>

y / z 1.0
i.e. y / z 2.0 OK but check Exp. (5.38b)
As a worst case MEDy may coexist with e0NEd about the orthogonal axis:
(MEdz / NEd) / h
38.5
ey / heq
=
=
= 1.19 i.e > 0.2 and <5.0
ez / beq
(MEdy / NEd) / b
32.4
biaxial check required
Check whether
(MEdz / MRdz)a + (MEdy / MRdy)a 1.0
where
MEdz = 38.5 kNm
MEdy = 32.4 kNm
MRdz = MRdy
To determine MRdz, find MEd / bh2fck (and therefore moment capacity) by
interpolating between d2 / h = 0.15 (Concise EC2 Figure 15.5c) and 0.20
(Concise EC2 Figure 15.5d) for the proposed arrangement and coexistant
axial load
Assuming 4 no. H25,
Asfyk / bhfck = 1964 500 / (3002 30) = 0.36
Interpolating for NEd / bhfck = 0.6,
MEd / bh2fck = 0.094
MRdz = MRdy = 0.094 3003 30 = 76.1 kNm
A is dependent on NEd / NRd
where
NRd = Acfcd + Asfyd

<6.1(4)>
<Exp. (5.38b)>
<5.8.9(4)>
<Exp. (5.39)>

<Concise EC2 Figs

15.5c, 15.5d>

= 3002 0.85 30 / 1.5 + 1964 500 / 1.15

= 1530.0 + 853.9

= 2383.9 kN
NEd / NRd = 1620 / 2383.9 = 0.68
a

= 1.48 by interpolating between values given for NEd / NRd= 0.1 ,(1.0) and NEd /
NRd = 0.7, (1.5)

(MEdz / MRdz)a + (MEdy / MRdy)a

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= (38.5 / 76.1)1.48 + (32.4 / 76.1)1.48

= 0.36 + 0.28
= 0.64 OK.

17 Sep. 07

<5.8.9(4), Notes to
Exp. (5.39)>
<Exp. (5.39)>

4 no. H25 OK.

Page 4 of 25

5.2.6 Links
Diameter min. / 4 = 25 / 4
Max. spacing = 0.6 300

= 8 mm
= 180 mm
Links at say 175 mm cc

5.2.7

<9.5.3 & NA>

<9.5.3(3)
9.5.3(4)>

Design summary

Figure 5.2
Design summary: edge column

5.3

Perimeter column (internal environment)

This example is intended to show a hand calculation for a non-slender internal column using
iteration (of x) to determine the reinforcement required.
This 300 300 mm perimeter column supports three suspended floors and the roof of an
office block. It is to be designed at ground floor level where the storey height is 3.45 m and
the clear height in the NS direction (z direction) is 3.0 m and 3.325 m in the EW direction
(y direction). One hour fire resistance is required and fck = 30 MPa.
From first order analysis, load case 1:
NEd = 1129.6 kN; M02yy = 89.6 kNm; M02zz = 0
Load case 2:
NEd = 1072.1 kN; M02yy = 68.7 kNm; M02zz = 6.0 kNm

5.3.1

Cover
cnom = cmin + cdev
where
cmin
= max[cmin,b, cmin,dur]
where
= diameter of bar. Assume 32 mm bars and 8 mm links
cmin,b
= 32 mm to main bars, 32 8 = 24 mm to links
= say 25 mm
cmin,dur = minimum cover due to environmental conditions. Assume XC1.
cmin,dur = 15 mm
= 25 mm
cmin
cdev = 10 mm
Therefore cnom = 25 + 10 = 35 mm to links
cnom= 35 mm to links

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<Exp. (4.1)>

<4.4.1.2(3)>

<4.4.1.3(3)>

Page 5 of 25

Figure 5.3
Perimeter column (internal environment)

5.3.2 Fire resistance

Check validity of using Method A and Table 5.2a:
l0,fi 0.7 3.325 i.e. < 3.0 m OK.
e = M02yy / NEd = 89.6 106 / 1129.6 103 = 79 mm
emax = 0.15h = 0.15 300 = 45 mm no good.

<BS EN 199212: 5.3.3>

Check validity of using Method B and Table 5.2b:

emax = 0.25b = 75 mm no good.
Use BS EN 199212 Annex C Tables C1 C9.
2

<BS EN 199212: Annex C>

Assume min. 4 no. H25 = 1964 mm ( 2.2%)

= Asfyd / Acfcd = 0.022 (500 / 1.15) / (0.85 30 / 1.5)
= 0.56
e 0.25b and 100 mm
= l0 / i
where
l0 = 0.7 3.325 = 2327 mm
i
= radius of gyration = (I / A)0.5 = h / 120.5
= 300 / 120.5 = 87 mm
=
2327
/ 87 = 276

n = N0Ed,fi / 0.7(Acfcd + Asfyd)

= 0.7 1129.6 / 0.7(3002 0.85 30 / 1.5 + 1964 500 / 1.15)
= 1129.6 / 2383.9
= 0.47
interpolate for = 30 and n = 0.47 between
Table C5 ( = 0.5, e = 0.25b) bmin = 235, a = 35 mm

<BS EN 199212: 5.3.2,

Table 5.2a>
<BS EN 199212: 5.3.3(3)>
<BS EN 199212: 5.3.2 &
NA>

<BS EN 199212: 5.3.3(2)>

<BS EN 199212: 5.3.3(2),

5.3.3(3)>

<BS EN 199212: 5.3.3(2)>

Using 4 no. H20 gives = 0.34, n = 0.54 and bmin = 310 mm no good!

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and
Table C8 ( = 1.0, e = 0.25b) bmin = 185, a = 30 mm
bmin = 228, a = 35 mm
for = 0.56:
OK to use Method B but use min. 4 no. H25.

5.3.3 Structural design: check slenderness

Effective length, l0
l0 = 0.5l [1 + k1 / (0.45 + k1) ]0.5 [1 + k2 / (0.45 + k2) ]0.5
where
k1, k2 = relative stiffnesses top and bottom
But conservatively, choose to use tabular method. For critical direction condition 2
at top and condition 3 at bottom (pinned support).
l0 = 0.95 3325 = 3158 mm
Slenderness ratio,
= l0 / i
where
i = radius of gyration = (I / A)0.5 = h / 120.5
= 3158 120.5 / 300 = 36.5

<Exp. (5.15)>
<Concise EC2 Table
5.1>
<5.8.3.2(1)>

= 36.5

Limiting slenderness ratio, lim

lim = 20 ABC / n0.5
where
A = 1 / (1 + 0.2ef). Assume 0.7
B = (1 + 2 Asfyd / Acfcd)0.5
= (1 + 2)0.5
Assuming min. 4 no. H25 (for fire)
= 0.56 as before
B = (1 + 2 0.56)0.5 = 1.46
C = 1.7 rm
where
rm = M01 / M2
Assuming conservatively that M01 = 0
rm = 0
C = 1.7
n = NEd / Acfcd
= 1129.6 103 / (3002 0.85 30 / 1.5)
= 0.74
lim = 20 0.7 1.46 1.7 / 0.740.5
= 40.4
lim = 40.4
as < lim column is not slender and 2nd order moments are not required.
Column is not slender

<5.8.3.1(1) & NA>

<5.8.4>
<5.8.3.1(1)>

<5.8.3.1(1)>

5.3.4 Design moments, MEd

<5.8.8.2(1), 5.8.8.2(3)
6.1.4>

MEd = MOEd + M2 e0NEd

= M + eiNEd e0NEd
where
M
= moment from 1st order analysis
eiNEd = effect of imperfections

See Section 5.2.1

The effects of imperfections need only be taken into account in the most unfavourable direction.
<5.8.9(2)>

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where
ei = l0 / 400
e0 = h / 30 > 20 mm

<5.2(7), 5.2.9, 5.8.8.2(1)>

<6.1.4>

Load case 1:
MEdy = 89.6 + (3158 / 400) 1129.6 103 > 0.02 1129.6
= 89.6 + 8.9 > 22.6 = 98.5 kNm
Load case 2:
MEdy = 68.7 kNm
MEdz = 6.0 + (l0 / 400) 1072.1 103 > 0.02 1072.1
where l0 = 0.9 3000
= 13.2 > 21.4 = 21.4 kNm

<Concise EC2 Table 5.1>

5.3.5 Design using iteration of x

For axial load
AsN / 2 =
(NEd ccfckbdc / C) / (sc st)

<Concise EC2 Sec.

6.2.2, Appendix A3>

For moment
[MEd ccfckbdc(h / 2 dc / 2) /C]
AsM / 2 =
(h / 2 d2) (sc + st)
where
MEd
= 98.5 106
NEd
= 1129.6 103
= 0.85
cc

= 1.0 for fck 50 MPa

fck
= 30
b
= 300
h
= 300
= depth of compression zone
dc
= x
= 0.8x < h
where
x = depth to neutral axis
d2
= 35 + 8 + 25 / 2 = 55 mm assuming H25
= 1.5
C
= stress in reinforcement in compression (tension)
sc, (st)

Figure 5.4
Section in axial compression and bending

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<Concise EC2 Sec.

6.2.2, Appendix A3>

<3.1.6(1) & NA>

<Exp. (3.21)>

<Exp. (3.19)>

<Table 2.1N>

<Fig. 6.1>

17 Sep. 07

Page 8 of 25

Try x = 200 mm.

= cu2 = 0.0035
cu
0.0035 (x d2)
x
= 0.0025

sc

0.0035 (200 55)

200

sc

= 0.0025 200000 fyk / S

= 500 500 / 1.15
= 434.8 MPa

st

= 0.0035(h x d2) / x = 0.0035(300 200 55) / 200

= 0.0008

st

= 0.0008 200000 500 / 1.15

= 160 MPa

AsN / 2

AsM / 2

1129.6 103 0.85 1.0 30 300 200 0.8 / (1.5 103)

434.8 160
(1129.6 816.0) 103
=
= 1141 mm2
274.8

98.5 106 0.85 1.0 30 300 200 0.8 (300 / 2 200 0.8 / 2) / (1.5 103)
(300 / 2 55) (434.8 + 160)
(98.5 57.1) 106
=
= 733 mm2
95 594.8

Similarly for x = 210 mm

cu
sc
st

=
=
=

0.0035
0.0026;
0.0006;

AsN / 2

(1129.6 856.8) 103

434.8 120

AsM / 2

(98.5 56.5) 106

95 554.8

sc = 434.8
st = 120 MPa
= 866 mm2
= 796 mm2

Similarly for x = 212 mm

sc

434.8

st

0.00054;

AsN / 2

(1129.6 865.0) 103

434.8 109

st = 109.MPa
= 812 mm2

(98.5 56.3) 106

= 816 mm2
95 543.8
as AsN/2 AsM/2,, x = 212 mm is approximately correct and AsN AsM, 1628 mm2
AsM / 2

Try 4 no. H25 (1964 mm2).

5.3.6 Check for biaxial bending

[Proof:

By inspection,, not critical.

Section is symmetrical and MRdz > 98.5 kNm.
Assuming ey / ez > 0.2 and biaxial bending is critical, and assuming
exponent a = 1 as a worst case for load case 2:
(MEdz/MRdz)a + (MEdy/MRdy)a = (21.4/98.5)1 + (68.7/98.5)1
= 0.91 i.e. < 1.0 OK.]

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<5.8.9(3)>

<Exp. (5.39)>

Page 9 of 25

5.3.7

Links
Minimum size links = 25 / 4 = 6.25, say 8 mm
Spacing: minimum of
a) 0.6 20 25
b) 0.6 300
c) 0.6 400

<9.5.3(3), 9.5.3(4)>

= 300 mm
= 180 mm
= 240 mm
Use H8 @ 175 mm centres

5.3.8 Design summary

Figure 5.5
Design summary: perimeter column

5.4

Internal column
The flat slab shown in Example 3.5 (reproduced as Figure 5.6) is part of an eight-storey
structure above ground with a basement below ground. The problem is to design column C2
between ground floor and 1st floor. The design forces need to be determined. This will
include the judgement of whether to use Exp. (6.10) or the worse case of Exp. (6.10a) and
Exp. (6.10b) for the design of this column.
The suspended slabs (including the ground floor slab) are 300 mm thick flat slabs at 4500
mm vertical centres. Between ground and 5th floors the columns at C2 are 500 mm square;
above 5th floor they are 465 mm circular. Assume an internal environment, 1 hour fire
resistance and fck = 50 MPa.

Figure 5.6 Part plan of flat slab

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5.4.1

Design forces
In order to determine design forces for this column it is first necessary to determine vertical loads
and 1st order moments.

5.4.2 Load take-down

Actions:
Roof: gk = 8.5, qk = 0.6

<BS EN 1991-1-1 6.3.4,

NA & Table NA.7>
<Sec. 3.4>

Floors: gk = 8.5, qk = 4.0

<Sec. 3.4>
<Concise EC2 EC2 Table
15.3>

In keeping with Section 3.5 use coefficients to determine loads in take down.
Consider spans adjacent to column C2:
Along grid C to be 9.6 m and 8.6 m and internal of 2-span
elastic reaction factor = 0.63 + 0.63 = 1.26
Along grid 2 to be 6.0 m and 6.2 m and internal
elastic reaction factor = 0.5 + 0.5 = 1.00
Load take-down for column C2.
Gk
@ level
[1.0 (6.0 + 6.2) / 2 ] [1.26 (9.6 + 8.6) / 2 ] (8.5 + 0.6) =
= 69.9 (8.5 + 0.6) =
Col 8 R ( 0.465 / 2) 2 (4.5 0.3) 25
8th
1.0 (6.0 + 6.2) / 2 1.26 (9.6 + 8.6) / 2 (8.5 + 4.0) =
Col 7 8 As before
7th
a.b.
Col 6 7 a.b.
6th
a.b.
Col 5 6 a.b.
5th
a.b.
Col 4 5 0.5 0.5 (4.5 0.3) 25
4th
a.b.
Col 3 4 a.b.
3rd
a.b.
Col 2 3 a.b.
2nd
a.b.
Col 1 2
a.b.
1st
a.b.
Col G 1
a.b.
At above ground floor

Qk
@ level

Roof

594.5
17.9
594.5
17.9
594.5
17.9
594.5
17.9
594.5
26.3
594.5
26.3
594.5
26.3
594.5
26.3
594.5
26.3

42.0
612.4

42.0
279.7

1224.8

321.7
279.7

1837.2

601.4
279.7

2449.6

881.1
279.7

3070.4

1160.8
279.7

3691.2

1440.5
279.7

4312.0

1720.2
279.7

4932.8

1999.7
279.8

5553.6
5553.6

2279.5
2279.5

5.4.3 Design axial load, ground 1st floor, NEd

Axial load to Exp. (6.10)
<BS EN 1990 Exp. (6.10) & NA>
NEd = GGk + QQk1 + 0QQki
where
G = 1.35
<Table 2.5, BS EN 1990:
Q = 1.50
A1.2.2 & NA>
0,1 = 0.7 (offices)
<BS EN 1991-1-1, 6.3.1.2
Qk1 = leading variable action (subject to reduction factor A or n)
(10), 6.3.1.2 (11), & NA>
Qki = accompanying action (subject to A or n)
where
A = 1 A / 1000 0.75

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= 1 9 69.9 / 1000 = 0.37 0.75

= 0.75
n = 1.1 n / 10 for 1 n 5
= 0.6 for 5 n 10 and
= 0.5 for n > 10
where
n = number of storeys supported
**

n = 0.6 for 8 storeys supported

as n < A, use n = 0.6

Assuming the variable action of the roof is an independent variable action:

NEd = 1.35 5553.6 + 1.5 (2279.5 42.0) 0.6 + 0.7 1.5 42.0
= 1.35 5553.6 + 1.5 2237.5 + 0.7 1.5 42.0
= 7497.4 + 2013.8 + 44.1
= 9555.3 kN
To Exp. (6.10), NEd= 9555.3 kN
Axial load to Exp. (6.10a)
NEd = GGk + 0,1QQk1 + 0,1QQki
= 1.35 5553.6 + 0.7 1.5 0.6 ( 279.8 + 1999.7)
= 7497.4 + 1436.1
= 8933.4 kN
To Exp. (6.10a), NEd= 8933.4 kN

<BS EN 1990 Exp.

(6.10a) & NA>

Axial load to Exp. (6.10b)

<BS EN 1990 Exp. (6.10) & NA>
NEd = GGk + QQk1 + 0,1QQki
assuming the variable action of the roof is an independent variable action:
= 0.925 1.35 5553.6 + 1.5 (2279.5 42.0) 0.6 + 0.7 1.5 42.0
= 1.25 5553.6 + 1.5 2237.5 0.6 + 0.7 1.5 42.0
= 6942.1 + 2013.8+ 44.1
= 9000.0 kN
To Exp. (6.10b), NEd= 9000.0 kN

5.4.4 First order design moments, M

Consider grid C to determine Myy in column

Modified
diagram
required

Figure 5.7
Subframe on column C2 along grid C
**

According to BS EN 199111 6.3.1.2(11) the imposed load on the roof is category H and therefore
does not qualify for reduction factor n.

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Actions:
gk = (6.0 + 6.2) / 2 8.5 = 51.9 kN / m
qk = (6.0 + 6.2) / 2 8.5 = 24.4 kN / m
Relative stiffness of lower column:
Assuming remote ends of slabs are pinned, relative stiffness
blcdlc3/Llc
=
3
3
blcdlc /Llc + bucduc /Luc + 0.75 b23d233/L23 + 0.75 b 21 d 21 3/L 21
where
b = breadth
d = depth
L = length
lc = lower column uc = upper column
21 = beam 21
23 = beam 23
=

0.54 / 4.5
2 0.5 / 4.5 + 0.75 6.1 0.33 / 8.6 + 0.75 6.1 0.33 / 9.6
4

= 0.0139 / (0.0278 + 0.0144 + 0.0129) = 0.252

1st order moment using Exp. (6.10)
FEM 23 = 1.35 51.9 8.62 / 12 = 431.8 kNm
FEM 21 = (1.35 51.9 + 1.5 24.4) 9.62 / 12
= 106.7 9.62 / 12 = 819.5 kNm
Mlower,yy = 0.252 [819.5 431.8] = 97.7 kNm
1st order moment using Exp. (6.10a)
FEM 23 = 1.25 51.9 8.62 / 12 = 399.8 kNm
FEM 21 = (1.25 51.9 + 1.5 24.4) 9.62 / 12
= 101.5 9.62 / 12 = 779.5 kNm
Mlower,yy = 0.252 (779.5 399.8) = 95.7 kNm
1st order moment using Exp (6.10b)
FEM 23 = 1.35 51.9 8.62 / 12 = 431.8 kNm
FEM 21 = (1.35 51.9 + 0.7 1.5 24.4 ) 9.62 / 12
= 95.7 9.62 / 12 = 735.0 kNm
Mlower,yy = 0.252 (735.0 431.8) = 76.4 kNm
Exp. (6.10a) critical
Consider grid 2 to determine Mzz in column.

Modified
diagram
required

6200

Figure 5.8
Subframe on column C2 along grid 2

FEM 23 = Fixed end moment in span 23 at 2

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Actions:
gk = 0.63 (8.6 + 9.6) 8.5
= 11.47 8.5 = 97.5 kN/m
qk = 11.47 4.0 = 45.9 kN/m
Relative stiffness of lower column:
Assuming remote ends of slabs are fixed, relative stiffness
0.54 / 4.5
=
4
2 0.5 / 4.5 + 11.47 0.33 / 6.2 +11.47 0.33 / 6.0
= 0.0139 / (0.0278 + 0.0500 + 0.0516) = 0.107
1st order moment using Exp. (6.10)
FEM CB = (1.35 97.5 + 1.5 45.9) 6.22 / 12
= 200.5 6.22 / 12 = 642.3 kNm
FEM CD = 1.35 97.5 6.02 / 12 = 394.9 kNm
Mlower,zz = 0.107 (642.3 394.9) = 26.5 kNm
1st order moment using Exp. (6.10a)
FEM CB = 1.25 97.5 6.02 / 12 = 365.6 kNm
FEM CD = (1.25 97.5 + 1.5 45.9) 6.22 / 12
= 190.7 6.22 / 12 = 611.0 kNm
Mlower,zz = 0.107 (611.0 365.6) = 26.3 kNm
1st order moment using Exp. (6.10b)
FEM CB = (1.35 97.5 + 0.7 1.5 45.9) 6.22 / 12
= 190.7 6.22 / 12 = 576.0 kNm
FEM CD = 1.35 97.5 6.02 / 12 = 394.9 kNm
Mlower,zz = 0.107 (576.0 394.9) = 19.4 kNm
Exp. (6.10a) critical again.

5.4.5 Summary of design forces in column C2 ground 1st

Design forces.
Method
Using Exp. (6.10)
Using Exp. (6.10a)
Using Exp. (6.10b)

NEd
Myy
9555.3 kN
97.7 kNm
8933.4 kN
95.7 kNm
9000.0 kN 76.4 kNm

Mzz
26.5 kNm
26.3 kNm
19.4 kNm

Note: To determine maximum 1st order moments in the column, maximum out-of-balance moments
have been determined using variable actions to one side of the column only. The effect on axial load
has, conservatively, been ignored.
It may be argued that using coefficients for the design of the slab and reactions to the columns does
not warrant the sophistication of using Exp. (6.10a) and Exp. (6.10b). Nevertheless, there would
appear to be some economy in designing the column to Exp. (6.10a) or Exp. (6.10b) rather than Exp.
(6.10). The use of Exp. (6.10a) or Exp. (6.10b) is perfectly valid and will be followed here.
However, to avoid duplicate designs for both Exp. (6.10a) and Exp. (6.10b), a worse case of their
Myy = 95.7 kNm, Mzz = 26.3 kNm
design forces will be used, thus:
NEd = 9000 kN,

5.4.6 Design: cover

cnom = cmin + cdev
where
cmin
= max[cmin,b , cmin,dur]
where

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<Exp. (4.1)>

17 Sep. 07

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cmin,b
cmin,dur
cmin,dur

= diameter of bar. Assume 32 mm bars and 8 mm links

= minimum cover due to environmental conditions. Assume XC1.
= 15 mm

= 32 mm to main bars, 8 link

= 24 mm, say 25 mm to link
cdev = 10 mm
cnom = 25 + 10 =

<4.4.1.2(3)>
<BS 85001 Table
A4>

cmin

5.4.7

<4.4.1.3 & NA>

35 mm

Design: fire resistance

Check validity of using Method A and Table 5.2a

<BS EN 199212
5.3.2, Table 5.2a>

a) Check l0,fi 3.0 m

where
= effective length of column in fire
l0
= 0.5 clear height
= 0.5 (4500 300)
= 2100 mm

OK.

b) Check e emax = 0.15h = 0.15 500 = 75 mm

e = M0Ed,fi / N0Ed,fi
= M0 / NEd
= 99.5 106 / 8933 103 = 11 mm

OK.

c) Check amount of reinforcement 4%

= 0.7
Assuming fi
bmin = 350 with
ami n = 40 mm

OK.

OK.
For fire using Method A and Table 5.2a is valid

<BS EN 199212
Table 5.2a>

5.4.8 Structural design: check slenderness

Effective length, l0
l0 = 0.5l [1 + k1 / (0.45 + k1)]0.5 [1 + k2 / (0.45 + k2)]0.5
<Exp. (5.15)>
where
k1 and k2 are relative stiffnesses top and bottom of the column as before
(See Section 5.4.4)
Critical direction is where k1 and k2 are greater i.e. on grid C where k1 = k2 = 0.252
l0 = 0.5 (4500-300) [1 + 0.252 / (0.45 + 0.252)]0.5 [1 + 0.252 / (0.45 + 0.252)]0.5
l0 = 0.5 4200 1.36
= 0.68 4200 = 2856 mm
Slenderness ratio,
= l0 / i
where
i = radius of gyration = (I / A)0.5 = h / 120.5
= 3570 120.5 / 500 = 24.7

<5.8.3.2(1)>

Limiting slenderness ratio, lim

lim = 20 ABC / n0.5
where
A = 1 / (1 + 0.2ef). Assume 0.7 as per default
B = (1 + 200)0.5. Assume 1.1 as per default
C = 1.7 rm
where

<5.8.3.1(1) & NA>

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rm = M01 / M2 = 84.9 / 109.3 = 0.78

= 1.7 + 0.78 = 2.48
= NEd / Acfcd
= 8933 103 / (5002 0.85 50 / 1.5)
= 1.26
= 20 0.7 1.1 2.48 / 1.260.5 = 34.0
as < lim column is not slender
and 2nd order moments are not required.

C
n

lim

5.4.9 Design moments, MEd

MEd = M + eiNEd e0NEd
where
M
= moment from 1st order analysis
eiNEd = effect of imperfections
where
ei = l0 / 400
e0NEd = minimum eccentricity
where
e0 = h / 30 20 mm
MEdyy

MEdzz

<5.8.8.2(1), 6.1(4)>

<5.8.8.2(1)>
<5.2.7>
<6.1(4)>

= 95.7 + (3570 / 400) 8933 103 0.02 8933

= 95.7 + 79.7 178.7
= 175.4 < 178.7 kNm
= 18.8 + 79.7 178.7
= 178.7 kNm
Both critical.

However, imperfections need only be taken in one direction where they have the
most unfavourable effect
use MEdzz = 178.7 with MEdyy = 95.7 kNm.

5.4.10 Design using charts

<5.8.9(2)>

<Concise EC2 Figs 15.5a to 15.5e>

MEdyy / bh2fck = 178.9 106 / (5003 50) = 0.03

NEd / bhfck = 9000 103 / (5002 50) = 0.72
Choice of chart based on d2 / h
where
= depth to centroid of reinforcement in half section
d2
assuming 12 bar arrangement with H32s
d2
= 35 + 8 + (32 / 2) + (2 / 6) [500 + 2 (35 + 8 + 32 / 2 ) / 3]
= 59 + (1 / 3) 127
= 101
Use Concise EC2 Figure 15.5d
d2 / h = 101 / 500 = 0.2

Figure 5.9 Depth, d2, to centroid of reinforcement in half section

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From chart in Concise EC2Figure 15.5d)

Asfyk / bhfck = 0.30
As = 0.29 500 500 50 / 500
= 7500 mm2

<Concise EC2 Fig. 15.5d>

Try 12 no. H32 (9648 mm2)

5.4.11 Check biaxial bending

<5.8.9>

Slenderness: y z OK.

<5.8.9(3)>

Eccentricities: as h = b check ey / ez
MEdz critical. (Imperfections act in z direction.)
95.7 106 / 9000 103
ey / ez =
178.7 106 / 9000 103
= 0.54 i.e. > 0.2 and < 5

<5.9.3(3), Exp. (5.38b)>

design for biaxial bending.

Figure 5.10 Eccentricities

5.4.12 Design for biaxial bending

Check (MEdz / MRdz)a + (MEdy / MRdy)a 1.0
For load case 2 where:
MEdz
= 178.7 kNm
= 95.7 kNm
MEdy
= MRdy = moment resistance. Using charts:
MRdz
From chart 15.5d, for d2 / h = 0.20 and
Asfyk / bhfck
= 9648 500 / 500 500 50
= 0.39
= 9000 x 103 / (5002 x 50)
NEd / bhfck
= 0.72
MRd / bh2fck = 0.057
MRd
0.057 5003 50
= 356.3 kNm
a
=
where

exponent dependent upon NEd / NRd

<5.9.3(4)Exp. (5.39)>

<Concise EC2 Fig. 15.5d>

<5.8.3(4)>

Using design actions to Exp (6.10) would have resulted in a requirement for 8500 mm2.

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NRd

= Acfcd + Asfyd
= 500 500 0.85 50 / 1.5 + 9648 500 / 1.15
= 7083 + 3216
= 10299 kN
NEd / NRd = 9000 / 10299 = 0.87.
Interpolating between values given for NEd / NRd= 0.7 (1.5) and
for NEd / NRd= 1.0, (2.0)
a
= 1.67
Check (MEdz / MRdz)a + (MEdy / MRdy)a 1.0
= 0.32 + 0.11
(178.7 / 356.3)1.67 + (95.7 / 356.3)1.67
= 0.43 i.e. < 1.0
OK
Use 12 no. H32

<Notes toExp. (5.39)>

5.4.13 Links
Minimum diameter of links:
Spacing: either
a) 0.6 20
b) 0.6 h
c) 0.6 400

= / 4 = 32 / 4
= 8 mm

<9.5.3 & NA>

= 12 32 = 384 mm
= 0.6 500 = 300 mm or
= 240 mm

<9.5.3(3), 9.5.3(4)>

use H8 links at 225 mm cc.

Number of legs:
Bars at 127 mm cc i.e. < 150 mm no need to restrain bars in face but good
practice suggests alternate bars should be restrained
use single leg on face bars both ways @ 225 mm centres.

<9.5.3(6)
SMDSC 6.4.2>

5.4.14 Design summary

Figure 5.11 Design summary: internal column

5.5

Small perimeter column subject to two hour fire requirement

This calculation is intended to show a small slender column subject to a requirement for 2
hours fire resistance.

The middle column, B, in Figure 4.5, is subject to an axial load of 1722.7 kN and from
analysis moments of 114.5 kNm in the plane at the beam and 146.1 kNm perpendicular to
the beam (i.e. about the z axis).
The column is 350 mm square, 4000 mm long, measured from top of foundation to centre of
slab. It is supporting storage loads, in an external environment (but not subject to de-icing
salts) and is subject to a 2 hour fire resistance requirement on three exposed sides. Assume
the base is pinned.

Gk = 562.1; Qk = 755.6 n = 755.6 0.9; NEd = 562.1 1.25 + 755.6 0.9 1.5 = 1722.7 kN

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Figure 5.12
Perimeter column

5.5.1

Cover
Nominal cover, cnom
cnom = cmin + cdev
where
= max[cmin,b, cmin,dur]
cmin
where
= diameter of bar. Assume 32 mm main bars and 10 mm links
cmin,b
cmin,dur
= minimum cover due to environmental conditions. Assuming
primarily XC3 / XC4, secondarily XF1, cmin,dur = 25 mm
cdev = allowance in design for deviation
= 10 mm
= 32 + 10 = 42 mm to main bars
try cnom
or
= 25 + 10 = 35 mm to 8 mm links
Try cnom = 35 mm to 8 mm links

<Exp. (4.1)>

<4.4.1.2(3)>
<BS 85001 Table
A4>

5.5.2 Fire resistance

a) Check adequacy of section for R120 to Method A.
Axis distance available = 43 mm + / 2
Required axis distance to main bars, a for 350 mm square column
For fi = 0.5, a = 45 mm; and
for fi = 0.7, a = 57 mm, providing:
8 bars used OK but check later
l0,fi 3 m OK but check
e emax = 0.15h = 0.15 350 = 52 mm
but e
= 146.1 106 / 1722.7 103
= 85 mm no good.

<BS EN 199112:
5.3.1(1) & NA
5.3.2, Table 5.2a>

Try Method B.
b) Check adequacy of section for R120 to Method B.
Determine parameters n, , e and check fi.

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<BS EN 199212:
5.3.3, Table 5.2b>

Page 19 of 25

Assume 4 no. H32 + 4 no. H25 = (5180 mm2 : 4.2%)

(say 4.2% OK integrity OK)
n = N0Ed,fi / 0.7(Acfcd + Asfyd)

<9.5.2(3)>
<BS EN 199212:
Exp. (5.8a)>

= 0.7 1722.7 103 / 0.7 (350 350 cc fck / C + 5180 500 / S)

= 1205.9 103 / 0.7 (350 350 0.85 30 / 1.5 + 5180 500 / 1.15)
= 1205.9 103 / 0.7 (2082.5 + 2252.0)
= 0.40
OK

= Asfyd / Acfcd 1.0

= 2252 / 2082
= 1.08 1
But say within acceptable engineering tolerance use = 1.0

<BS EN 199212:
5.3.3(2)>
OK

e = M0Ed,fi / N0Ed,fi
= 0.7 146.1 / 0.70 1722.7
= 85 mm
OK
0.24h.
fi = l0,fi / i
where
l0,fi
= 0.7l = 0.7 4000 = 2800 mm
i
= radius of gyration
= h / 3.46 for a rectangular section
fi = 2800 / (350 / 3.46)
= 27.7 < 30
OK.
Table 5.2b valid for use in this case
Interpolating from BS EN 199212 Table 5.2b for n = 0.40 and = 1.0, column
width = 350 mm and axis distance = 48 mm
Axis distance = 43 mm + / 2 is OK
c) As additional check, check adequacy of section to Annex B3 and Annex C.
Using BS EN 199212 Table C.8
For = 1.0, e = 0.25b, R120, = 30
and interpolating between n = 0.3 and n = 0.5,
bmin = 350 mm, amin = 48 mm.
Axis distance = 43 mm + / 2 is OK
4 no. H32 + 4 no. H25 with 35 mm cover to 8 mm links
(a = 55 mm min.) OK.

<BS EN 199212:
Exp. (5.8b)>
<BS EN 199212:
2.4.2(3)>

<BS EN 199212:
5.3.3(1), Annex C &
NA>
<BS EN 199212:
Annex C(2)>

5.5.3 Structural design: check slenderness about z axis

Effective length, l0, about z axis
l0z = 0.5l [1 + k1 / (0.45 + k1) ]0.5 [1 + k2 / (0.45 + k2) ]0.5
where
l
= clear height between restraints
= 4000 300 / 2 = 3850 mm
k1, k2 = relative flexibilities of rotational restraints at ends 1 and 2
respectively
k1
= EIcol / lcol / [2EIbeam1 / lbeam1 + 2EIbeam2 / lbeam2] 0.1

<Exp. (5.15)>
<PD 6687 2.10>

<5.8.3.2(3)
PD 6687>

Treating beams as rectangular and cancelling E throughout:

Icol / Pcol
= 3504 / (12 3850) = 3.25 105
Ibeam1 / lbeam1
= 8500 3003 / 12 6000
= 31.8 105

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 l0z

Ibeam2 / lbeam2 = 0
k1
= 3.25 / (2 31.8) = 0.051 0.1
= 0.1
k1
k2
= by inspection (pinned end assumed) =
= 0.5 3850 [1 + 0.1 / (0.45 + 0.1) ]0.5 [1 + / (0.45 + ) ]0.5
= 0.5 3850 1.087 1.41
= 0.77 3850 = 2965 mm

Slenderness ratio, z
z = l0z / i
where
i = radius of gyration = h / 3.46
z = 3.46l0z / h = 3.46 2965 / 350

<5.8.3.2(1)>

= 29.3

Limiting slenderness ratio, lim

limz = 20 ABC / n0.5
where
A = 0.7
B = 1.1
C = 1.7 rm
where
rm = M01 / M02
say rm = 0
C = 1.7 0 = 1.7
n = relative normal force = NEd / Acfcd
= 1836 103 / (3502 0.85 30 / 1.5)
= 0.88
limz = 20 0.7 1.1 1.7 / 0.880.5

<5.8.3.1(1)>
<Exp. (5.13N)

= 27.9
As z > limz column is slender about z axis.

Figure 5.13
First order moments

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5.5.4 Check slenderness on y axis

Effective length, l0, about z axis
l0y = 0.5l [1 + k1 / (0.45 + k1) ]0.5 [1 + k1 / (0.45 + k2) ]0.5
where
ly = clear height between restraints
= 4000 + 300 / 2 750 = 3400 mm
k1
Icol / lcol = 3504 / 12 3400 = 3.68 105
Treating beams as rectangular
Ibeam1 / lbeam1
= 350 7503 / [12 (9000 350)]
= 14.2 105
Ibeam2 / lbeam2 = 350 7503 / [12 (8000 350)]
= 16.1 105
k1
= 3.68 / (2 (16.1 + 14.2) = 0.060 0.1
k1
= 0.1
k2
= (pinned end assumed)
l0y
= 0.5 3400 [1 + 0.1 / (0.45 + 0.1) ]0.5 [1 + / (0.45 + ) ]0.5
= 0.5 3400 1.087 1.41
= 2620 mm
= 0.77 3400
Slenderness ratio, y
= 3.46l0y / h

= 3.46 2620 / 350

Limiting slenderness ratio, lim

= limz

limy

<Exp. (5.15)>

<Exp. (5.15)>

= 25.9

= 27.9
As y < limy, column not slender in y axis.

5.5.5 Design moments: MEdz about z axis

MEdz = max[M02, M0Ed + M2, M01 + 0.5M2]
where
M02 = Mz + eiNEd e0NEd
where
Mz
= 146.1 kNm from analysis
eiNEd = effect of imperfections
where
ei = l0 / 400
e0 = 20 mm
= 146.1 + (2965 / 400) 1836 0.02 1836
M02
= 146.1 + 13.6 > 36.7
= 159.7 kNm
= equivalent 1st order moment at about z axis at about mid height may
M0Ed
be taken as M0ez where
M0ez = (0.6M02 + 0.4M01) 0.4M02
= 95.8 kNm
= 0.6 159.7 + 0.4 0 0.4 159.7
M2 = nominal 2nd order moment = NEde2
where
e2 = (1 / r) l02 / 10
where
1/r
= curvature = KvK[fyd / (Es 0.45d)]
where
= (nu n) / (nu nbal)
Kv
where

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<5.8.8.2>
<5.8.8.2(1)
6.1.4>

<5.2.7>

<5.8.8.2(3)>
<5.8.8. 3>
<Exp. (5.34)>

Page 22 of 25

nu
=1+
where
= Asfyd / Acfd

= 1.08 as before
= 2.08
nu
n
= NEd / Acfcd
= 1722.7 / 2082 = 0.83
nbal = 0.40
= (2.08 0.83) / (2.08 0.40)
Kv
= 1.25 / 1.68 = 0.74
K = 1 + ef
where

= 0.35 + (fck / 200) ( / 150)

= 0.35 + 30 / 200 29.3 / 150
= 0.35 + 0.15 0.195
= 0.305

ef

***

where

<5.8.4(2)>

= effective creep coefficient

= (,t0) M0Eqp / M0Ed

(,t0)

K
fyd
Es

<3.1.4(2)>
= final creep coefficient
= from Figure 3.1 for inside conditions
<Fig. 3.1a>
h = 350 mm, C30/37, t0 = 15
2.4
M0Eqp = 1st order moment due to quasi permanent loads
Gk + 2 Qk
Mz + eiNEd

GGk + 0QQk
63.3 + 0.8 46.0
=
Mz + eiNEd
1.25 63.3 + 1.5 46.0
100.1
=
146.1 + 13.6
148.1
= 112.3 kNm
M0Ed
= M02
= 159.7 kNm
= 1 + 0.305 2.4 112.3 / 159.7
= 1.51
= 500 / 1.15 = 434.8 MPa
= 200000 MPa
<3.2.7(3)>

= effective depth
= 350 35 8 16 = 291 mm

= 0.74 1.51 434.8 / (200000 0.45 291)

= 0.0000186
l0
= 2965 mm as before
e2
= (1 / r) l02 / 10
= 0.0000186 29652 / 10
= 16.3 mm
M2 = 1722.7 103 16.3
M01
MEdz = max[M02z, M0Edz + M2, M01 + 0.5M2]
= max[159.7, 95.8 + 28.1, 0 + 28.1 / 2]
1/r

= 28.1 kNm
=0
= 159.7 kNm

***

With reference to Exp. (5.13N), ef may be taken as equal to 2.0. However, for the purpose of
illustration the full derivation is shown here.

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5.5.6 Design moments: MEdy about y axis

MEdy = max[ M02y, M0Edy + M2, M01 + 0.5M2]
where
M02y
= My + eiNEd e0NEd

M0Edy

M2

5.5.7

= 114.5 + 13.6 36.7 kNm

= 128.1 kNm
= (0.6M02y + 0.4 M01y) 0.4M02y
= 0.6 114.5 + 0.4 0
= 68.7 kNm
0: column not slender.

MEdy = 128.1 kNm

Design in each direction using charts

= 1722.7 103 / (3502 30)
= 0.47
MEd / bh2fck
= 159.7 106 / (3503 30)
= 0.124
Assuming 8 bar arrangement, centroid of bars in half section:
d2
35 + 8 + 16 + (350 / 2 35 8 16) 1 / 4
59 + 29 = 88 mm
d2/h
= 0.25

In z direction:

NEd / bhfck

From Figure 15.5e

Asfyk / bhfck = 0.45
As = 0.45 3502 30 / 500 = 3308 mm2
4 no. H32 + 4 no. T25 (5180 mm2) OK.
In y direction:

MEd / bh2fck

<Concise EC2 Fig.

15.4>
<Concise EC2 Fig.
15.5e>

= 128.1 106 / (3503 30)

= 0.10
= 0.47

NEd / bhfck
From Figure 15.5e
= 0.31
Asfyk / bhfck
As
= 0.31 3502 30 / 500 = 2279 mm2
4 no. H32 + 4 no. T25 (5180 mm2) OK.

5.5.8 Check biaxial bending

y z OK.

ez = MEdy / NEd
ey = MEdz / NEd
ey / heq
=
ez / beq

<Exp. (5.38a)>

MEdz
MEdy

159.7
128.1

= 1.25

need to check biaxial bending.

<Exp. (5.39)>
(MEdz/MRdz)a + (MEdy/MRdy)a 1.0
where
MRdz
= MRdy = moment resistance
Using Concise EC2 Figure 15.5e
Asfyk / bhfck
= 5180 500 / (3502 30)
= 0.70
= 0.47
for NEd / bhfck
= 0.162
<Concise EC2 Fig. 15.5e>
MEd / bh2fck

Imperfections need to be taken into account in one direction only.

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<5.8.9(2)>

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 MRd
a
where
NRd

= 0.162 3503 30
= 208.4 kNm

depends on NEd / NRd

= Acfcd + Asfyd
= 3502 0.85 30 / 1.5 + 5180 500 / 1.15
= 2082.5 + 2252.2
= 4332.7 kN
= 1722.7 / 4332.7 = 0.40

NEd / NRd
= 1.25
a
(159.7 / 208.4)1.25 + (114.5 / 208.4)1.25

<5.8.9(4)>

= 0.72 + 0.47
= 1.19
No good.

Try 8 no. T32 (6432 mm2).

For Asfyk / bhfck
= 6432 500 / (3502 30)
= 0.88
for NEd / bhfck
= 0.47
MEd / bh2fck
= 0.191
= 245.7 kNm
MRd
Check biaxial bending
(159.7 / 245.7)1.25 + (114.5 / 245.7)1.25

= 0.58 + 0.39

<Concise EC2 Fig.

15.5e>

= 0.97 OK.

5.5.9 Check maximum area of reinforcement

As / bd = 6432 / 3502 = 5.2% > 4%

<9.5.2(3)
& NA>

However, if laps can be avoided in this single lift column then the integrity of
the concrete is unlikely to be affected and 5.2% is considered OK.

OK

<PD 6687 2.19>

5.5.10 Design of links

Diameter min. = 32 / 4 = 8 mm
Spacing max. = 0.6 350 = 210 mm
Use H8 @ 200 mm cc

<9.5.3 & NA>

<9.5.3(3)
9.5.3(4)>

5.5.11 Design summary

Figure 5.14
Design summary: small perimeter column

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