CCNA Guide to Cisco

Networking

Chapter 9 : Advanced
Routing Protocols
 Objectives
• Describe classful and classless routing
protocols
• Describe and configure RIPv2
• Describe and configure EIGRP
• Describe and configure OSPF
• Control routing traffic
 Classful And Classless
Routing Protocols
• How the routing protocols handles subnets
masks information
• Classful routing protocols
– RIPv1
– IGRP
– Major network boundaries (Class A, B, or C)
– Don not carry subnet mask information
– Cannot use or work with
• Discontiguous subnets
• VLSM
 Classful And Classless
Routing Protocols (continued)
 Classful And Classless
Routing Protocols (continued)
Classful And Classless Routing
Protocols (continued)
Classful And Classless Routing
Protocols (continued)
Classful And Classless Routing
Protocols (continued)
Classful And Classless Routing
Protocols (continued)
 Classful And Classless Routing
Protocols (continued)
• Classless routing protocols
– RIPv2
– EIGRP
– OSPF
– BGP
– Not restricted to Major network boundaries
– Carry subnet mask information
– Work with
• Discontiguous subnets
• VLSM
Classful And Classless Routing
Protocols (continued)
Classful And Classless Routing
Protocols (continued)
Classful And Classless Routing
Protocols (continued)
Classful And Classless Routing
Protocols (continued)
 Routing Information Protocol
Version 2
• Metric
– Hops
– Max 15 hops
• 16th hop unreachable
• Carry subnet mask information
• Updates are multicast 224.0.0.9
• Ability to authenticate routing peers
Routing Information Protocol
Version 2 (continued)
Routing Information Protocol
Version 2 (continued)
Routing Information Protocol
Version 2 (continued)
Routing Information Protocol
Version 2 (continued)
Routing Information Protocol
Version 2 (continued)
 Routing Information Protocol
Version 2 (continued)
• RIPv2 authentication steps
– Define a key chain
– Define keys in the key chain
– Enable authentication on the interface by
specifying the key chain to be used
– Enable either clear text or MD5 authentication
– Manage the keys (optional key lifetimes)
Routing Information Protocol
Version 2 (continued)
Routing Information Protocol
Version 2 (continued)
Routing Information Protocol
Version 2 (continued)
 Enhanced Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol
• Cisco proprietary protocol
– Hybrid protocol
– Features both distance-vector and link-state protocols
• Classless
– Not restricted to Major network boundaries
– Carry subnet mask information
– Work with
• Discontiguous subnets
• VLSM
• Route IP, IPX, and AppleTalk
– Protocol Dependent Modules (PDMs)
 Enhanced Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol (continued)
• Routing updates are
– Non-periodic
– Partial
– Bounded
• Authentication of peers
• Backwards compatible with IGRP
• Automatically share or redistribute
between IGRP and EIGRP
 Enhanced Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol (continued)
• EIGRP components
– Protocol Dependent Modules
– Neighbor discovery and maintenance
– Reliable Transport Protocol
– Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)
• Hello packets
– Multicast packets to 224.0.0.10
• Every 5 seconds on T1 or greater links
– Unicast packets
• Every 60 seconds on less than T1 speeds
 Enhanced Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol (continued)
• Hello packets (continued)
– Hold-down timer is 3 times Hello interval
– Peer routers do not need to have same settings
– Timers are configurable on a per-interface basis
– Hello packets use the Reliable Transport Protocol
(RTP)
• EIGRP uses 5 packets types
– Hellos
– Acknowledgements
– Updates
– Queries
– Replies
 Enhanced Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol (continued)
 Enhanced Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol (continued)
• Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) key terms
– Successor
– Feasible distance (FD)
– Reported distance (RD)
– Feasible successor
– Feasible condition
– Adjacency
• EIGRP tables
– Neighbor table
– Topology table
– Routing table
 Enhanced Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol (continued)
 Enhanced Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol (continued)
 Enhanced Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol (continued)
 Enhanced Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol (continued)
 Enhanced Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol (continued)
 Enhanced Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol (continued)
EIGRP Configuration
EIGRP Configuration
(continued)
 EIGRP Configuration
(continued)
• EIGRP peer routing authentication steps
– Define a key chain
– Define keys in the key chain
– Enable authentication on the interface by
specifying the key chain to be used
– Manage the keys (optional key lifetimes)
EIGRP Configuration
(continued)
 Open Shortest Path First
• OSPF
– Open standard
– Link-state routing protocol
– Classless routing and VLSM
– Authentication of routing peers
– Share a common view of the entire network
– Sends out link-state advertisements (LSA)
• LSAs are not periodic
• Sent only when a change occurs
 Open Shortest Path First
(continued)
• Suited for large networks
• High CPU and memory demands
• OSPF creates the following
– Adjacency database
– Topology database
– Touting table
Open Shortest Path First
(continued)
 Open Shortest Path First
(continued)
• OSPF Concepts
– Link
– Link-state
– Area
– Cost
– Adjacencies database
– Topological database
– Designated router
• Router election with router ID
– Backup designated router
Open Shortest Path First
(continued)
Open Shortest Path First
(continued)
Open Shortest Path First
(continued)
 OSPF Operation
• OPSP operation
– First: Form adjacencies with neighbors
– Second: Election of DR and BDR
– Third: Flood LSAs
– Fourth: Select best routes
• Dijkstra’s Shortest Path Algorithm
– Loop-free
– Best cost path
– CPU and Memory demands
OSPF Operation (continued)
Single-Area OSFP
Configuration
 Single-Area OSFP
Configuration (continued)
 Controlling Route Traffic
• “passive-interface” command
• RIP will receive updates not send
– RouterD(config)# router rip
– RouterD(config-router)# passive-interface s0
• EIGRP and OSPF will not send or receive
updates
Controlling Route Traffic
(continued)
 Summary
• Large, complex internetworks using
variable length subnet masks require
routing protocols that can handle the task
• Several advanced routing protocols are in
common use on networks today
• These protocols are classless and carry
subnet mask information in their routing
table updates
 Summary (continued)
• RIPv2 is a classless routing protocol built as an
extension to RIPv1
• It supports modern networks’ use of VLSM and
authentication
• In addition, it provides backward compatibility
with RIPv1 when configured correctly
• Still, RIPv2 suffers from all the pitfalls of
distance-vector routing protocols
 Summary (continued)
• EIGRP is a Cisco proprietary protocol designed to
incorporate some of the features of link-state routing
protocols
• It is, however, still a distance-vector routing protocol
• EIGRP does support classless routing
• Its use of neighbor, topological, and routing tables allows
for quick convergence in the event of a link failure
• In fact, for each destination network, EIGRP keeps a
successor or best route, and if possible a feasible
successor or backup route
 Summary (continued)
• The open standards protocol OSPF is the link-
state protocol of choice in many networks; it
supports VLSM, classless routing, and fast
convergence
• In OSPF, each router uses the Shortest Path
First Algorithm to determine the best loop-free
path to each network
• Each router also uses an adjacency table,
topological table, and routing table to pick the
best route to a destination