Chapter 5

2-D Solid Elements

FEA MODELS

2-D Plane Stress Plane Strain Axisymmetric - All loads are applied in the plane

3-D

EX: Plate with a hole

Chapter 5

2-D Solid Elements

Plane Stress Models

Note: Strain = (Change in length) / (original length) = T / T If T is small, then T / T 0

Chapter 5

2-D Solid Elements

Plane Strain Models

Strain occurs only in the xy-plane z = 0 and shear strains xz and yz are also equal to zero. Z 0 If the plate with a hole is thick, the change in thickness compared to the original thickness will be small, and therefore, z = 0 EX:

NOTE: The thickness along the Z-direction is large, and therefore all the strains are confined in the xy-plane. The stress in the Z-direction is not equal to zero.

Chapter 5

2-D Solid Elements

Two-Dimensional Stresses and Strains

Principal Stresses o Maximum and minimum stress at a point o Do not determine failure in ductile materials

Von Mises Stresses o For Ductile materials (steel) use VMS o For Brittle materials (Cast iron, concrete) do not use VMS.

Failure occurs when VMS at a point Yield Strength of material Factor of Safety = (yield strength)/(highest value of VMS)

Chapter 5

2-D Solid Elements

2-D Plane Element

Plane Stress

Plane Strain

Axisymmetric

For Plane stress and Axisymmetric: 1

[D] =

(E/1- )

1 0

0 0 0 (1- )/2

For Plane Strain: 1- 0 1 0 0 0 (1- 2)/2

[D] =

E (1+ ) (1- 2 )

Chapter 5

2-D Solid Elements

Constant strain Elements

Element Stiffness Matrix

ui vi {d} = uj vj um vm

Chapter 5

2-D Solid Elements

Displacement Function for CST element

Unlike Spring and Beam elements, there is no deflection equation available for CST element The displacement equation is derived by assuming an equation and then boundary conditions are applied to solve the equation The displacement function is assumed to be a linear equation given by:

u(x, y) = a1 + a2 x + a3 y (6.2.2) v(x, y) = a4 + a5 x + a6 y

Chapter 5

2-D Solid Elements

Apply the boundary conditions at nodes i, j, and k

ui = u(xi, yi) = a1 + a2 xi + a3 yi uj = u(xj, yj) = a1 + a2 xj + a3 yj um = u(xm, ym) = a1 + a2 xm + a3 ym vi = v(xi, yi) = a4 + a5 xi + a6 yi vj = v(xj, yj) = a4 + a5 xj + a6 yj vm = v(xm, ym) = a4 + a5 xm + a6 ym Writing in matrix form, we get, (6.2.4)

ui uj um

1 = 1 1

xi

yi

a1 a2 a3 , and

xj yj xm y m

vi vj vm

1 = 1 1

xi

yi

a4 a5 a6

xj yj xm y m

Chapter 5

2-D Solid Elements

The equation has the form: {a} = [x]-1 {u}

Solving for the coordinates matrix, we get,

i [x]-1 = 1/(2A) i i

j j j

m m m

1 Where 2A = 1 1

xi xj xm

yi yj ym

Chapter 5

2-D Solid Elements

The values of , , i are found using the given nodal coordinates (x, y).

Now, the coefficient values can be found in terms of the nodal coordinates and the boundary conditions,

a1 a2 a3 and = 1/(2A)

i i i

j j j

m m m

ui uj um (6.2.11)

a4 a5 a6 = 1/(2A)

i i i

j j j

m m m

vi vj vm (6.2.12)

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Chapter 5

2-D Solid Elements

The deflection function or equation is,

i {u} = 1/(2A) [1 x y] i i and similarly,

j j j

m m m

ui uj (6.2.14) um

i {v} = 1/(2A) [1 x y] i i

j j j

m m m

vi vj vm

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Chapter 5

2-D Solid Elements

Stress and Strain

u/x {} = x y xy = v/y u/y + y/x

Differentiating u and v functions, we get, u/x = 1/(2A) (i ui + j uj + m um) v/y = 1/(2A) (i vi + j vj + m vm) u/y + y/x = 1/(2A) (i ui + i vi + j uj + j vj + m um + mvm) Writing the above equations in a matrix form, we get,

{} = 1/(2A)

i 0 i

0 i i

j 0 j

0 j j

m 0 m

0 m m

ui vi uj vj um vm

(6.2.30)

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Chapter 5

2-D Solid Elements

{} = [B]{d}

Where i 0 i j 0 j m 0 m

[B] =

0 i i

0 j j

0 m m

and

ui vi {d} = uj vj um vm Also, x y xy or {} = [D] [B] {d} x y xy

= [D]

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Chapter 5

2-D Solid Elements

General equation of the stiffness matrix

[k] = [B]T [D] [B] dV

Line Element: D is replaced by E dV is replaced by dL [B] = [-1/L 1/L] (see eqn. 3.10.13 pp105)

Plane element [D] is defined by Equations (6.1.8) and (6.1.10) pp 269 dV = t dA, For constant cross section dA = A [B] is given by equation (6.2.30) pp 276. For Constant Strain Triangular element [k] = t A [B]T [D] [B]

(6.2.52)

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Chapter 5

2-D Solid Elements

[k] = t A [B]T [D] [B]

i Where, [B] = 0 i

0 i i

j 0 j

0 j j

m 0 m

0 m m

For Plane stress and Axisymmetric: 0 1 0 0 (1- )/2

[D] =

(E/1- )

1 0

For Plane Strain: 1- 0 1 0 0 0 (1- 2)/2

[D] =

E (1+ ) (1- 2 )

i = y j y m j = y m y i m = yi yj

i = x m x j j = xi xm m = xj xi

15