Teachers Resource Manual

Contents
Specic Instructional / Teaching Objectives .................................................................................................................... iv Preface ................................................................................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1: Chapter 2: Chapter 3: Chapter 4: Chapter 5: Chapter 6: Chapter 7: Chapter 8: Chapter 9: Solutions to Quadratic Equations .................................................................................................................1 Indices and Standard Form ........................................................................................................................ 18 Linear Inequalities........................................................................................................................................ 33 Coordinate Geometry .................................................................................................................................. 47 Matrices ......................................................................................................................................................... 59 Application of Mathematics in Practical Situations ................................................................................ 65 Linear Graphs and their Applications ....................................................................................................... 76 Congruent and Similar Triangles............................................................................................................... 91 Area and Volume of Similar Figures and Solids ................................................................................... 109

Chapter 10: Trigonometrical Ratios .............................................................................................................................. 123 Chapter 11: Further Trigonometry ............................................................................................................................... 134 Chapter 12: MensurationArc Length, Sector Area, Radian Measure ................................................................... 161 Chapter 13: Geometrical Properties of Circles ............................................................................................................ 173

Week Term 1

Topic Chapter 1

Specic Instructional Objectives Solve quadratic equations by factorisation (revision). Form a quadratic equation when the roots are given Complete a given expression of the form (x2 + kx) to obtain a perfect square. Solve a quadratic equation by completing the square method. b ! b 2 4ac Solve a quadratic equation by using the formula x = 2a Solve a non-quadratic equation by reducing it to a quadratic equation. Solve problems involving quadratic equations. Use the Multiplication Law of Indices to simplify terms that involve positive indices. Use the Division Law of Indices to simplify terms that involve positive indices. Use the Power Law of Indices to simplify terms that involve positive indices. Use the various Laws of Indices to simplify terms that involve positive indices. State the Laws of Indices involving zero and negative indices, and use them to evaluate numerical expressions with zero and negative indices. State the Law of Indices involving fractional indices, and use it to evaluate and simplify expressions involving them. Solve equations involving indices. Use the standard form to express very large or very small numbers. Use a calculator to evaluate numbers involving the standard form and the power of a number. State the properties of inequalities: (1) if x > y and y > z, then x > z (2) if x > y, then x + z > y + z, and x z > y z x y (3) if x > y and z > 0, then xz > yz and z > z x y (4) if x > y and z < 0, then xz < yz and z > z , use them to solve simple inequalities. Distinguish the dierence between < and ; use a number to represent them. Solve problems involving inequalities. Solve linear inequalities involving one variable. Locate the position of a coordinate point on a graph; nd the length of a line segment. Find the gradient of a line joining two given points. Find the equation of a straight line, given its gradient m and one point on the line. Find the equation of a straight line joining two given points. Solve related problems involving equations of straight lines.

Weeks Solutions to 1, 2, and 3 Quadratic Equations

Term 1 Weeks 4 and 6

Chapter 2 Indices and Standard Form

Term 1 Weeks 7 and 8

Chapter 3 Linear Inequalities

Term 1 Weeks 9 and 10 Chapter 4 Coordinate Geometry

iv

Exercises 1a 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 2a 2b 2c 2c 2d 2e 2f 2g 2h 3a

Maths Maths Investigation Communication Discuss why we have COE and ERP, and whether they are necessary and eective.

Problem Solving Pg 5, 14

NE Pg 14 Example 14 Pg 17 Exercise 1f Q16

IT Pg 3, 10 Refer to TG

Resources Textbook

Discuss the need Pg 33, 36, 4142, for taxes, and 44 how taxes are used in Singapore.

Pg 32, 36, 39, Pg 22 43 Introduction Pg 49 Exercise 2h Q27 Pg 52 Review Question 2 Q6

Textbook

Discuss and give Pg 55, 63 examples of how inequalities are used in everyday-life situations.

Pg 57, 59, 60, Pg 61 62 Example 6 Pg 63 Exercise 3c Q1 & Q2 Pg 70 Review Question 3 Q10

Textbook

3b 3c 3d 4a 4b 4c 4c 4c Ask pupils to Pg 79, 85 cite examples of how coordinate geometry is used in everyday-life situations.

GSP: Pg 83, 84 Refer to TG

Textbook

Week Term 2 Weeks 1 and 2

Topic Chapter 5 Matrices

Specic Instructional Objectives State the properties and characteristics of Row, Column, Square, Equal, and Null Matrices. State the order of a matrix. Add and subtract two matrices of the same order. Multiply a matrix by a real number. Multiply two matrices. Solve everyday-life problems using matrices. Solve problems involving prot and loss. Solve problems involving further examples of percentages. Solve problems involving simple interest. Solve problems involving compound interest. Solve problems involving hire purchase. Convert one currency to another. Calculate simple taxation problems. Solve problems involving personal and household nances. Interpret and use tables and charts in solving problems. Use dierent problem-solving strategies to solve everyday-life problems.

Term 2 Weeks 3 and 4

Chapter 6 Application of Mathematics in Practical Situations

Term 2 Weeks 5 and 6 Term 2 Weeks 7 and 8

Chapter 7

Linear Graphs and their Applications Chapter 8 Congruent and Similar Triangles

Interpret and use conversion graphs. Interpret and use travel graphs. Draw graphs to represent practical problems. Solve problems involving linear graphs, such as travel graphs and graphs in practical situations. Identify congruent triangles. State and use the congruency tests: SSS, SAS, AAS, and RHS to test if two triangles are congruent. Apply the congruency tests to solve given triangles. Identify similar triangles. State the tests for similarity between two triangles. Use the rules for similarity between two triangles to solve problems involving similar triangles.

vi

Exercises 5a 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 6g 6h 6i

Maths Maths Investigation Communication Discuss how the Pg 109, 110 idea of matrices is being used in spreadsheets, and how these programs are useful in our everyday lives. Discuss the Pg 135, 137, power of 139140, 149, compound interest. Ask pupils to calculate the amount to pay if one owes money to a credit-card company where the interest is charged at 24% per annum and compounded monthly. Ask why many people go bankrupt because of credit card debts. Pg 171

Problem Solving Pg 95

NE

IT

Resources Textbook

Pg 132, 151

Pg 134 Exercise 6b Q8 & Q9 Pg 147 on taxation Pg 153 Exercise 6h Q12 & Q13

Textbook

7a 7b 7c 7d 8a 8a, 8b 8c 8d 8e Discuss how congruent and similar gures are found, and used, in everyday-life situations.

Pg 176, 183

Textbook

Pg 204205, 209210, 220221

Pg 206, 216, 217, 219, 220, 227

Textbook

vii

Week Term 3

Topic Chapter 9

Specic Instructional Objectives State that the ratio of the areas of any two similar gures is equal to the square of the ratio of any two corresponding lengths of the gures. Use the above rule to solve problems involving the areas and lengths of two similar gures. State that the ratio of the volumes of any two similar solids is equal to the cube of the ratio of any two corresponding lengths of the solids. Use the above rule to solve problems involving the volumes, areas, and lengths of two similar solids. Dene the three basic trigonometrical ratios in terms of the lengths of the hypotenuse side, opposite side, and adjacent side, with respect to an acute angle of a right-angled triangle. Find the value of a trigonometrical ratio using a calculator. Find the length of a side of a right-angled triangle using trigonometrical ratios. Find the value of an angle of a right-angled triangle using trigonometrical ratios. Solve problems involving the angles and lengths of a right-angled triangle. Solve practical everyday-life problems using trigonometrical ratios. Solve more complicated problems using trigonometry. Find the value of trigonometrical ratios of an obtuse angle. State the formula for nding the area of a triangle: 1 1 1 Area of ABC = 2 ab sin C = 2 bc sin A = 2 ac sin B, and use it to solve the angles or sides of a triangle. a b c State the sine rule sin A = sin B = sin C and use it to solve a triangle given two sides and one non-included angle, or one side and two angles. Identify whether the ambiguous case occurs for a particular triangle and solve a triangle involving the ambiguous case. State the cosine rule a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A and use it to solve a triangle given two sides and an included angle, or given three sides. Find the bearing of one point from another; use the sine and cosine rules to solve problems involving bearing. Solve simple problems involving 3-D gures in the form of a cube, cuboid, right pyramid, circular cone, and cylinder. Find the angle of elevation and depression in simple 3D problems. Find the area and circumference of a circle, a quadrant, and a semicircle. Find the arc length and area of a sector. Dene a radian, and how to convert an angle in radian to degrees and vice versa. 1 Use the formula s = r and A = 2 r 2 to solve problems involving arcs and sectors, with angles expressed in radians.

Weeks Area and 1, 2, and 3 Volume of Similar Figures and Solids Term 3 Chapter 10

Weeks Trigono4, 5, and 6 metrical Ratios

Term 3

Chapter 11

Weeks Further 7, 8, and 9 Trigonometry

Term 3

Chapter 12

Weeks 10 MensurationArc Length, and Sector Area, Radian Term 4 Measure Week 1

viii

Exercises

Maths Maths Investigation Communication Pg 242, 250

Problem Solving Pg 245, 251 Pg 241, 242, 244, 251

NE

IT

Resources Textbook

9a

9b 10a 10b 10c 10d 10e 10f 10g 11a 11b Pg 304, 308309, 311 Pg 321, 322 GSP: Pg 306- Textbook 307 Pg 261, 273, 278 Pg 262, 273 Pg 272 GSP: Pg 265- Textbook 266

11c 11c 11d 11e 11f 11g 12a 12b 12c 12d Pg 338, 340341 Pg 341, 343, 352 Textbook

ix

Week Term 4

Topic Chapter 13

Specic Instructional Objectives State the symmetric properties of a circle: (i) a straight line drawn from the centre of a circle to bisect a chord is perpendicular to the chord, (ii) equal chords are equidistant from the centre of a circle or centres of equal circles. Calculate the perpendicular distance between the centre of a circle and a chord, and solve related problems. State the angle properties of a circle: (i) an angle at the centre of a circle is twice any angle at the circumference subtended by the same arc, (ii) a triangle in a semicircle, with the diameter as one of its sides, has a right angle at the circumference, (iii) angles in the same segment of a circle are equal, and use the above properties to solve related problems. State that angles in opposite segments of a circle are supplementary and use the property to solve problems involving angles of a quadrilateral on a circle and related problems on the property. Use all the above properties to prove mathematical statements involving angle properties of circles. State the property that a tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the point of contact. State the properties regarding tangents drawn from an external point: (i) tangents drawn to a circle from an external point are equal in length, (ii) tangents subtend equal angles at the centre, (iii) the line joining the external point to the centre of the circle bisects the angle between the tangents. Use the above properties to solve problems involving tangents to a circle.

Weeks Geometrical 2, 3, and 4 Properties of Circles

Exercises 13a

Maths Maths Investigation Communication Pg 371, 377378, 382

Problem Solving Pg 373

NE

IT GSP: Pg 365367

Resources Textbook

13a 13b

13c 13d 13e

xi

Preface
The New Syllabus Mathematics 6th Edition is a series of four textbooks and workbooks. The whole series covers the complete syllabus for Cambridge GCE O Level Mathematics 4024/1, 2 for 2009. The sixth edition of New Syllabus Mathematics retains the goals and objectives of the previous edition, but it has been revised to meet the needs of the users of the fth edition and to keep materials up to date as well as to give students a better understanding of the contents. All topics are comprehensively dealt with to provide students with a rm grounding in the subject. The explanations of concepts and principles are precise and written clearly and concisely with supportive illustrations and examples. The teachers resource manual has been especially designed to complement the textbook. The manual contains the following features: A list of Specic Instructional or Teaching Objectives for each chapter. The teachers must ensure that the objectives are attained at the end of a particular chapter Answers to all the enrichment activities present in the textbook General notes at the beginning of each chapter, identifying dicult concepts that need to be dealt with tactfully Additional practice questions which can be used as reference, by teachers, to prepare test papers Multiple-Choice Questions to stimulate quick thinking

xii

CHAPTER 1 Book 3 Mathematics Chapter 1 Solutions to Quadratic Equations

ANSWERS FOR ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES Just For Fun (pg 5) Take A and B across, time taken = 2 minutes Take A back, time taken = 1 minute Take C and D across, time taken = 10 minutes Take B back, time taken = 2 minutes Take A and B across, time taken = 2 minutes Total time taken = 2 + 1 + 10 + 2 + 2 = 17 minutes

XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: Book 3 IT Worksheet Chapter 1 Solutions to Quadratic Equations Textbook Page 3 Thinking skills used: Inferring, Comparing, and Contrasting. Step 1 Open from the icon on the screen OR from Start, then Program, then Graphmatica Step 2 Go to View, Graph Paper to select Rectangular; go to View again to select Grid Range. Select range from 5 to 5 for left and right, and from 8 to 12 for top and bottom. You can change these later, on your own, to see the dierent eects. Step 3 For the curve y = 2x2 7x, type y = 2x^2 7x and press Enter to see the graph. Write down the coordinates of the point where the graph cuts the x-axis. ( , ), ( , ) What is the approximate value of y when x = 3.5? (You can do this by selecting coord curso from the tool bar and move the cursor to the point on the graph where x = 3.5). ( ) Date: Time allowed: min

Sketch the graph in the space below.

The solutions of the equation 2x2 7x = 0 are x = Step 4

or

Type y = 3x^2 5x 8 for the curve y = 3x2 5x 8 and press Enter to see the graph. Write down the coordinates of the point where the graph cuts the x-axis. ( , ), ( , ) Sketch the graph in the space below.

The solutions of the equation 3x2 5x 8 = 0 are x =

or

Step 5

Type y = 2x^2 5x 3 and press Enter to see the graph. Write down the coordinates of the point where the graph cuts the x-axis. ( , ), ( , ) Sketch the graph in the space below.

The solution of the equation 2x2 5x 3 = 0 are x =

or

We can also solve the equation (2x 1)(x 2) = 5 by nding the points of intersection of the curve y = (2x 1) (x 2) and y = 5. The x-coordinates of the points of intersection of these two graphs will give the solutions of the equation. Step 6 Type y=(2x 1)(x 2) and press Enter to see the graph. Type y=5 and press Enter to see the graph. Write down the coordinates of the points where the two graphs intersect. ( , ), ( , ) The solution of the equation (2x 1)(x 2) = 5 are x = or

You can change the colour of the grid line, or the x and y-axes, by selecting View, colors, and selecting the desired colours for your graphs, gridlines, and background etc. Conclusion We can nd the solution of the equation 3x2 5x 8 = 0 by drawing the graph of y = 3x2 5x 8 and nding the points of intersection of the graph and of the line y = 0, i.e. the x-axis.

XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: Chapter 1 Book 3 IT Worksheet Solutions to Quadratic Equations Textbook Page 10 ( ) Date: Time allowed: min

Thinking skills used: Inferring, Comparing, and Contrasting. Step 1 Open Graphmatica from the icon on the screen OR from Start, then Program, then Graphmatica Step 2 Go to View, Graph Paper to select Rectangular; go to View again to select Grid Range. Select range from 6 to 6 for left and right, and from 20 to 20 for top and bottom. You can change these later on to see the dierent eects. Step 3 For the curve y = 3x2 5x 7, we have a = 3, b = 5, c = 7 What is the value of (b2 4ac)? Type y = 3x2 5x 7 and press Enter to see the graph. At how many points does the graph cut the x-axis? What is the approximate value of y when x = 3.5? [You can do this by selecting coord curso from the tool bar and moving the cursor to the point on the graph where x = 3.5. The bottom of the screen shows the coordinates of where the cursor is placed. Clicking the mouse one more time will take you out of this function.] Sketch the graph in the space below.

Step 4

For the curve y = 9x2 12x + 4, we have a = 9, b = 2, c = 4 What is the value of b2 4ac? Type y = 9x^2 12x + 4 and press Enter to see the graph. At how many points does the graph cut the x-axis? What is the approximate value of y when x = 2? Sketch the graph in the space below.

(Refer to Step 3 above).

Step 5

For the curve y = 2x2 8x + 9, we have a = 2, b =8, c = 9 What is the value of b2 4ac? Type y = 2x^2 8x + 9 and press Enter to see the graph. At how many points does the graph cut the x-axis? What is the approximate value of y when x = 0.5? Sketch the graph in the space below.

You can change the colour of the grid line, or the x and y-axes, by selecting View, colors, and selecting the desired colours for your graphs, gridlines, background etc. Before you do the next few graphs, clear the screen by selecting Clear from the tool bar. Step 6 For the curve y = 4x2 + 13 x 2, we have a = 4, b = 13, c = 2 What is the value of b2 4ac? Type y = 4x^2 + 13x 2 and press Enter to see the graph. At how many points does the graph cut the x-axis? What is the approximate value of y when x = 2.5? Sketch the graph in the space below.

Step 7

For the curve y = 4x2 20 x 25, we have a = 4, b = 20, c = 25 What is the value of b2 4ac ? Type y = 4x^2 20x 25 and press Enter to see the graph. At how many points does the graph cut the x-axis? What is the approximate value of y when x = 0.8? Sketch the graph in the space below

Step 8

For the curve y = 6x2 + 11x 8, we have a = 6, b = 11, c = 8 What is the value of b2 4ac? Type y = 6x^2+11x 8 and press Enter to see the graph. At how many points does the graph cut the x-axis? What is the approximate value of y when x = 2.4? Sketch the graph in the space below.

You may explore further about the shapes of quadratic graphs, by creating and typing in equations of your own.

XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: Chapter 1 Similarity Between y = 3x2 + 5x 1 y = 3x2 + 2x + 3 Book 3 IT Worksheet Solutions to Quadratic Equations ( ) Date: Time allowed: min

Dierences Between y = 3x2 + 5x 1 y = 3x2 + 2x + 3

Conclusion:

Similarity Between y = x2 + 3x + 7 y = x2 + 7x 13

Dierences Between y = x2 + 3x + 7 y = x2 + 7x 13

Conclusion:

Book 3 Mathematics Chapter 1 Solutions to Quadratic Equations

GENERAL NOTES Teachers should revise, with the pupils, the method of solving quadratic equations by factorisation. Although solving quadratic equations by completing the square method will not be examined in the GCE O level examinations, its procedure will greatly help pupils to conceptually understand the derivation of the formula. It will also help pupils doing Additional Mathematics to better understand the topic on quadratic functions. To stress the importance of the completing the square method, the teacher may wish to set a question on it in the class test. To help pupils memorise the formula for solving quadratic equations, the teacher may wish to ask pupils to write down the formula for each question they do in Exercises 1d and 1e. The teacher may nd it useful to use the CD-ROM on quadratic equations, produced by CDIS. It will be a good and stimulating IT lesson, as the contents are relevant to our syllabus, and it is tailored for local use. To promote creative thinking, the teacher may ask pupils to set word problems that will lead to quadratic equations, pair o pupils to solve these equations in class, and encourage them to point out any aws or errors in the questions set. Common Errors It is very common for pupils to assign wrong values for a, b, and c in quadratic equations. Emphasise that the general form of a quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0. For instance, in the equation x2 3x 5 = 0, a = 1 (not 0), b = 3 (not 3) and c = 5 (not 5). For the equation 5x 3x2 7 = 0, a = 3 (not 5), b = 5 (not 3 or 3) and c = 7. At the end of the chapter, the teacher could point out to the pupils that the easiest method to solve a quadratic equation, if the equation can be factorised easily is by factorisation. Otherwise, the use of formula is their choice. Completing the square method is only used when a question specically asks for its use. After learning the formula, some pupils may simply memorise its use, so missing equations can be solved by easier methods. For example, Question 14 of Exercise 1d will lead to 32x2 + 18 = 26 which can be solved easily when 1 1 expressed as x2 = 4 and x = 2 . But, some pupils may use the formula to solve this with a = 32, b = 0 and c = 8.

XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: Book 3 Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 1 Solutions to Quadratic Equations 1. The roots of the equation x2 11x + 30 = 0 are (a) 5, 6 (b) 6, 5 (c) 5, 6 (d) 5, 6 (e) no real roots. ( ) ( ) Date: Time allowed: 35 min Marks: 8

2. What must be added to 3x2 6xa to make it a perfect square? (a) a2 (b) 3a2 (c) 6a2 (d) 12a2 (e) 6 ( )

3. Solve the equation 5x2 2x + 1 = 0, giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places where possible. (a) 0.69 or 0.29 (d) 0.69 or 0.29 (b) 0.29 or 0.69 (e) no real roots (c) 0.69 or 0.29 ( )

4. Solve the equation 3x2 3x 5 = 0, giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places where possible. (a) 1.88 or 0.88 (d) 1.88 or 0.88 (b) 1.88 or 0.88 (e) no real roots (c) 1.88 or 0.88 ( )

5. Solve the equation 7 5x 6x2 = 0, giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places where possible. (a) 0.74 or 1.57 (d) 1.57 or 0.74 (b) 0.74 or 1.57 (e) no real roots (c) 1.57 or 0.74 ( )

6. The roots of the equation 2 + 6x x2 = 0 are (a) 3 + 11 (b) 3 11 (c) 3 + 11 (d) 3 11 (e) 3 11 ( )

7. Two pipes, P and Q, ll a pool at a constant rate of 60 litres per minute and 40 litres per minute, respectively. The pool can be lled in 50 minutes, 75 minutes, or 30 minutes, depending on whether pipe P alone, pipe Q 1 alone, or both pipes P and Q are used. If the pool is lled using pipe P alone for 3 of the time and both pipes for the rest of the time, how many minutes does it take to ll the pool? 1 (a) 30 min (b) 37 2 min (c) 35 min (d) 40 min (e) None of these ( ) 8. Thomas, John, and Larry each drives 150 km of a 450 km journey from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur at speeds of 80, 100, and 120 km/h, respectively. What fraction of the total time does Thomas drive? 15 4 15 3 5 (a) 74 (b) 15 (c) 37 (d) 5 (e) 4 ( )

Answers 1. c 8. c 2. b 3. e 4. d 5. b 6. e 7. e

10

XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: Book 3 Mathematics Test Chapter 1 Solutions to Quadratic Equations 1. Factorise completely: (a) ab a b + 1 (b) b (b + 1) c (c + 1) (c) 54 6y2 2. Factorise each of the following completely: (a) x3y 4xy3 (b) y2 x2 + 6x 9 3. (a) Factorise 4a2 b2. (b) Factorise 3x2 2x 1. 9v 21 (c) Simplify 2 9v 49 4. Solve the following equations: (a) (x + 2) (x 2) = 5 (b) (4x + 1)2 = 9 (c) 4x2 + 4x 63 = 0 5. Solve the equations: (a) 4x2 9x = 0 (b) 8x 22 x 2 2x 14 [4] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [1] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] ( ) Date: Time allowed: Marks: min

6. Solve the following equations where possible: (a) 3x2 + 4x = 8 (b) 8x 3 = x2 (c) 2x2 3x + 5 = 0 7. Factorise each of the following completely: (a) (b) (c) (d) (x y + 3) (x y) 4 4x2 + 8x 6x2 + 7x 5 3a3 12ab2 [2] [1] [2] [2] [3] [3] [3]

8. Factorise the following expressions completely: (a) 2x2 8x (b) 2x2 + xy 3y2 (c) x2 2xy 35y2 [1] [2] [2]

11

9. Solve the following equations, giving your answers correct to 2 decimal places where necessary: (a) x2 10x = 24 (b) 3x2 2x = 7 (c) (x + 2) (x + 3) = x + 11 10. (a) Simplify x 2 5x + 6 (x 2) (3x + 4) (b) Solve the equations (i) x2 = 3x (ii) 3x2 + 13x = 10 (iii) x2 x = 6 11. Solve the following equations, giving your answers correct to 3 signicant gures where necessary: (a) 12x2 x = 20 (b) 2x2 7x = 7(5 x) (c) 5x2 4x = 3(x 7x2) [2] [2] [2] [2] [3] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2]

12. (a) Factorise 2x3 32x completely. [2] (b) Factorise x2 12x + 35. Hence, or otherwise, solve the equation x4 12x2 + 35 = 0, giving your answers correct to 2 decimal places. [6] 13. Given that 4x2 + 12x + k is a perfect square, nd the value of k. 14. (a) Given that x + 3y = 5 and x 3y = 2, nd the value of 2x2 18y2. (b) Factorise 4a2 (3b c)2 completely. [2] [2] [2]

15. In the diagram, ABCD is a rectangle in which AB = x cm and BC = 8 cm. ARSD and PQBR are squares, and the area of PQCS is 15 cm2. Find the length of PQ in terms of x, and form a quadratic equation in x. Solve this equation to nd the possible values of the length AB. [6] A R P B Q

C [2] [3] [3]

16. Given that x + y = 6 and x2 y2 = 20, nd the value of 4x 4y. 17. Solve the equation t2 7t 3 = 0, giving your answers correct to 2 decimal places. 18. Given that x + y = 8 and x2 y2 = 20, nd the value of 3x 3y.

19. Solve the equation 2x2 + 9x 17 = 0 by completing the square method, giving your answers correct to 2 decimal places. [4] 20. Solve the equation x2 7x 13 = 0 by completing the square method, giving your answers correct to 2 decimal places. [4]

12

21. Express y = 3x2 12x + 7 in the form y = a (x + b)2 + c. State the values of a, b, and c.

[4]

22. (a) Solve the equation 6x2 + x 35 = 0 by factorisation. [2] (b) Solve the equation 3x2 6x 13 = 0 by completing the square, giving your answers correct to 2 decimal places. [4] 2 (c) Solve the equation 5x 14x 17 = 0 by using the formula. Give your answers correct to 3 signicant gures. [3] 23. Solve the following equations, giving your answers correct to 2 decimal places where necessary. (a) 2x (x 3) = 3 (2x 5) 17 (b) 2x 3 = 3x 1 5 24. Solve the equation 3x + 9 = x , giving your answer correct to two decimal places. 25. Factorise 2x2 + 8x + 6. Hence, write down the prime factors of 286. [3] [3] [4] [3]

26. A car travels from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur, covering a distance of 390 km, in x hours. A slow train travels the same distance and it takes 4 hours more to reach the destination. Write down, in terms of x, (a) the average speed of the car in km/h, [1] (b) the average speed of the train in km/h. [1] (c) If the average speed of the train is 55 km/h faster than the train, form an equation in x and show that it reduces to 11x2 + 44x 312 = 0. [4] Solve the above equation to nd (d) the average speed of the car for the journey, [3] (e) the time taken by the slow train to travel from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur, giving your answer correct to the nearest minute. [2] 27. A motor boat can sail at a constant speed of x km/h in still water. When it sails with the current in a river, its 1 1 speed is increased by 3 2 km/h, and when it sails against the current, its speed is decreased by 3 2 km/h. The boat sails from village A to village B against the current and from village B to village C with the current on its way back. Given that the distance from village A to village B is 12 km, that from village B to village C is 9 km, and that the total time taken for the whole journey of 21 km is 75 minutes, (a) write down expressions, in terms of x, for the time taken by the boat to travel from (i) village A to village B, [1] (ii) village B to village C, [1] (b) form an equation in x, and show that it reduces to 20x2 336x = 413, [4] (c) solve the above equation giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places; state the time taken for the boat to travel from village B to village C, giving your answer correct to the nearest minute. [4] 28. An aircraft ew a distance of 3 800 km from Singapore to Perth in Australia at an average speed of v km/h. (a) Write down an expression in terms of v for the time taken in hours, for the journey. [1] The aircraft returned by the same route at an average speed of (v + 50) km/h. (b) Write down an expression in terms of v for the time taken, in hours, for the return journey. [1] (c) Given that the dierence in time between the two journeys is 20 minutes, form an equation in v and show that it reduces to v2 + 50v = 570 000. [3] (d) Solve the above equation, giving your answer correct to 1 decimal place. Hence, write down the time taken for the journey from Perth to Singapore, giving your answer correct to the nearest minute. [4]

13

29. A community club chartered a bus for $1200 to take a group of people for a sightseeing-cum-shopping trip to Johor. It is agreed that each member of the group would pay an equal share for the hire of the bus. The group initially consisted of x people. (a) Write down an expression, in terms of x, for the amount of money each member of the group had to pay initially. [1] (b) On the day of departure, four members of the group could not make it for the trip. The club decided to contribute $30 from its fund, and each of the remaining members had to pay an additional $5 in order to cover the cost of $1200. (i) Write down an expression, in terms of x, for what each member had to pay when the four members could not make the trip. [1] (ii) Form an equation in x, and show that it reduces to x2 + 2x 960 = 0. [3] (iii) Solve the above equation to nd the actual amount each member paid for the trip. [2] 30. Solve the following equations, giving your answer correct to three signicant gures where necessary: (a) x2 10x + 9 = 0 (c) 2x2 x 10 = 0 (e) (g) (i) (k) x2 + 7x 5 = 0 2x2 13x + 7 = 0 4x2 = 12x + 1 5x2 2x = 5x + 9 (b) 6x2 + x 12 = 0 (d) 3x2 22x 16 = 0 3 (f) x + 1 = 4 (1 x) (h) 3x2 11x 17 = 0 (j) 5x2 7x = 78 (l) 6xy + 8x 9y = 12

[36]

31. A craftsman and his apprentice working together can complete a project in 4 days. If each works on the project individually, the apprentice would have taken 6 days more than the craftsman. How long would it take for the apprentice to do the job alone? [6] 32. A water tank can be lled by two pipes together in 6 minutes. If the tank is lled by the pipes individually, it would take the smaller pipe 5 minutes longer than it would take the larger pipe. Find the time in which each pipe alone would ll the tank. [6] 33. A man bought a toy car for $x and sold it for $78, thus making a prot of 12 x%. Find the value of x. [4]

34. A rectangle has a diagonal 15 cm long. If the length of the rectangle is 3 cm longer than its width, nd the length of the rectangle. [4] 35. The product of two consecutive even integers, plus twice their sum, is 164. Find the integers. [4]

36. The speed of a boat in still waters is 12 km/h. The boat travels 18 km upstream, and 40 km downstream, in a total time of 4 hours 40 minutes. Calculate the speed of the current of the river. [4] 37. The area of a triangle is 15.4 cm2; its height is 3.2 cm longer than its base. Find the length of the base. [4]

38. A piece of wire 48 cm long is bent to form the perimeter of a rectangle of area 72 cm2. Find the lengths of the sides of the rectangle. [4] 39. A rectangular photograph is placed on a sheet of vanguard paper measuring 25 cm by 18 cm. There is a border of uniform width x cm around the photograph. If the total area of the border is 272 cm2, nd the value of x. [4]

14

40. A farmer uses 80 m of fencing to make three sides of a rectangular enclosure. The fourth side is a straight hedge. Find the length and width of the enclosure if the area enclosed is 600 m2. [4]

x y 41. If a train had travelled 8 km/h faster, it would have taken 45 minutes less to travel 350 km. Find the original speed of the train, giving your answer correct to the nearest km/h. [5] 42. The hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is 22 cm, and the sum of the other two sides is 30 cm. Find the lengths of the other two sides. [4] 43. A man made a car journey from Johor Bahru to Segamat, a distance of 195 km. For the rst 150 km, his average speed was x km/h; for the last 45 km, his average speed was 10 km/h more than that for the earlier part. If the total time taken for the journey was 3 hours 15 minutes, form an equation in x and show that it reduces to 13x2 650x + 6000 = 0. Solve this equation and hence nd the average speed for the last 45 km. [7] Answers 1. (a) (a 1) (b 1) 2. (a) xy (x + 2y)(x 2y) 3. (a) (2a + b) (2a b) 4. (a) 3 or 3 1 5. (a) 0 or 2 4 6. (a) 1.10 or 2.43 (b) (b c) (b + c + 1) (b) (y + x 3) (y x + 3) (b) (3x + 1) (x 1) (b) 1 or 0.5 (b) 2 or 4 (b) 7.61 or 0.39 (c) no real roots (c) (2x 1) (3x + 5) (c) (x 7y) (x + 5y) (c) 1 or 5 3 (c) 3v + 7 (c) 3.5 or 4.5 (c) 6 (3 + y) (3 y)

7. (a) (x y 1) (x y + 4) (b) 4x (x + 2) (d) 3a (a + 2b) (a 2b) 8. (a) 2x (x 4) 9. (a) 12 or 2 x3 10. (a) 3x + 4 (b) (i) 0 or 3 1 1 11. (a) 1 3 or 1 4 12. (a) 2x (x + 4) (x 4) (b) (2x + 3y) (x y) (b) 1.90 or 1.23

2 (ii) 3 or 5 (b) 4.18

(iii) 2 or 3 (c) 0 or 0.269

(b) (x 5) (x 7); 2.24, 2.65

15

13. k = 9 14. (a) 20 (b) (2a 3b + c) (2a + 3b c)

15. x 8, x2 24x + 143 = 0, AB = 11 or 13 1 16. 13 3 17. 7.41 or 0.41 1 18. 7 2 19. 1.43 or 5.93 20. 8.52 or 1.52 21. a = 3, b = 2, c = 5 1 1 22. (a) 2 3 or 2 2 23. (a) 4.22 or 1.78 24. 0.48 or 3.48 25. 2(x + 1) (x + 3); 2, 11, 13 26. (a) 390 x 390 (b) x + 4 9 1 x +32 3800 (b) v + 50 (ii) (d) 105.7 km/h (c) x = 17.95, 25 min (d) 730.4, 4h 52min (e) 7h 41min (b) 3.31 or 1.31 1 (b) 1.5 or 3 (c) 3.72 or 0.915

12 1 x 32 3800 28. (a) v 27. (a) (i) 29. (a) 1200 x

1200 (b) (i) x 4 30. (a) 1, 9 (e) 0.653, 7.65 (i) 3.08, 0.0811 31. 12 days 32. 10 min, 15 min

(ii)

1200 1170 x +5= x4

(iii) x = 30; $45 1 (c) 2 2 , 2 (g) 5.91, 0.593 (k) 2.21, 0.813 2 (d) 3 , 8 (h) 4.84, 1.17 1 1 (l) 1 2 , 1 3

1 1 (b) 1 3 , 1 2 1 1 (f) 2 , 2 (j) 4.71, 3.31

16

33. 60 34. 12 cm 35. 10,12 36. 3 km/h 37. 4.37 cm 38. 3.51, 21.49 39. 3.85 40. 30, 10 41. 57 km/h 42. 19.1, 10.9 43. x = 49.3 or 0.72; 59.3 km/h

17

CHAPTER 2 Book 3 Mathematics Chapter 2 Indices and Standard Form

ANSWERS FOR ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES

Just For Fun (pg 32) 1 + 9 9 + 2 = 1 199+2=2 1+99+2=3 1+99+2=4 1+ 9 + 9 2=5 1+9 9 +2=6 Thinking Time (pg 39) The rule a = b a is only applicable when a and b are positive integers. b 1+9 9 2=7 19 9 2 = 8 1+ 9 + 9 +2=9 (1 + 9 ) 9 2 = 10 1 9 9 + 2 = 11 1 + 9 9 + 2 = 12

GENERAL NOTES This will be the rst time that pupils will be studying indices, although they will have encountered indices with base 10 in Sec 2. Teachers can initiate a discussion regarding the convenience of using indices, and the application of this knowledge i.e. for very large or very small quantities. The mass of the Earth, and that of an atom, are two examples that students can comprehend easily. Other examples are the number of people on planet Earth, the number of air molecules in a typical classroom, etc. Teachers may also wish to introduce some of the terms found in the British and American systems of numbers, that are used to count extremely large and extremely small numbers. One common dierence is the value of billion which is dierent in the British and American vocabulary, although the American version is now commonly adopted. You may wish to introduce this story of how a rich Chinese miser learned to count: The miser engaged a tutor to teach him how to write numerals. The tutor taught him how to write one, I, then the number two, II, which the miser learnt very quickly and then the number three, III. As the miser found this way too simple, he saw no need to study further or pay more, and so dismissed the tutor. One day, he wanted to write ten thousand. What a big and long piece of paper he needed! Index notation is a simple and short representation of the multiplication of the same number. Exploration on page 41 gives opportunities for students to practise looking for a pattern. Questions of this nature are common in mathematics competitions.

18

Common Errors Made By Students Students have learnt index notation in their primary school days and so should nd the rst two laws easy to comprehend. However, many students tend to confuse the rules as they do the exercises. Some of the common errors involving indices are: 1. a2 a3 = a6 2. a10 a2 = a5 3. a3 + a2 = a5 4. a8 a2 = a6 5. (34)2 = 98 6. (2x3)3 = 2x9 7. 2x-3 = 1 2x3

8.

3 a 4 = a4 3

9. 3 104 + 4 104 = 7 108 10. (2a + b)7 = 14a7 + b7

19

XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: ( ) Date: Time allowed: 35 min Marks: 14

Book 3 Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 2 Indices and Standard Form 1. Simplify (2xy2)3 (x2y)4 (a) 6x11y10 2. Simplify (b) 6x24y24 (c) 8x11y10 (d) 8x24y24 (e) 8x11y24 ( )

(2x 2) 4 x2 2 ' 3xy 2y 3 4 16x9 (a) 3 x9y5 (b) 3y 5 (a) 3xy2 (b) 4xy2

16 (c) 3 x7y5 (c) 4x5y

32 (d) 5 x5y (d) 3x5y2

64 (e) 3 x5y (e) 8xy2

3. Simplify (2xy)3 2x2y ( )

4. Solve the equation 32x = 16 1 (a) 2 5. Simplify 4 (b) 5 1 (c) 1 4 1 (d) 4 (e) Cannot be solved ( )

(x 2 y3) 2 x 2 y 1 (a) x2y7 (b) x6y2

(c) x6y6

(d) x6y7

(e) x6y4

6. Simplify 210 310. (a) 510 (b) 520 (c) 610 (d) 620 (e) 6100 ( )

7. Simplify 4x + 2 82x (a) 12 8. Simplify (a) xy 2 3xz3 (b) 122 10xy 4 30x 2 y 2 z3 (b)
2 3

(c) 1210 x

(d) 43 x

(e) 2x

2xy 2 3x 2 z 3

(c)

y2 3xz3

2y 2 (d) 6xy

(e)

y2 3xz 2

1 9. Evaluate b 8 l (a) 4

(b) 4
2 1

1 (c) 4 2 (c) 3

1 (d) 4 1 (d) 1 2

1 (e) 2 3 (e) 1 4

10. Solve the equation 8 3 = (24x) 2 1 (a) 6 1 (b) 2 ( )

20

11. Simplify 22x 43x 6464 2 x (a) 2x

1

(b) 2x

(c) 4x

(d) 42x

(e) 8x

12. (x 3) 3 is equal to (a) x 3 3

1

(b) x 9
2

(c) x

(d) x0

(e) x1

1 3 13. Find the value of b 27 l (a) 9 (b) 9

1 (c) 9 (b) x = 4, y = 1 (e) x = 3, y = 1

1 (d) 9

1 (E) 3 (c) x = 3, y = 1

14. Solve the simultaneous equations 4x + y = 16; 3x y = 81 (a) x = 4, y = 0 (d) x = 3, y = 0 ( )

Answers 1. c 8. c 2. d 9. d 3. b 10. c 4. b 11. b 5. d 12. c 6. c 13. b 7. c 14. e

21

XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: Book 3 Mathematics Test Chapter 2 Indices and Standard Form 2 1. Evaluate 23 + 32 (1 3 )1 2. Simplify (2x3y2)4 8x2y3 1 2 3 0 5 2 3. (a) Find the value of b 2 l b 4 l b 6 l (b) Simplify the following and leave your answer in positive indices only: (2x3y2)2 (3x3y2)2 4. Evaluate each of the following: (a) (80)14 + 21 2 1 2 2 5 (b) b 3 l b 5 l 8 5. Evaluate each of the following: (a) 42 4 40 1 2 (b) b 4 l 2 3 3 0 (c) b 3 l ' b 4 l 6. Simplify: 23 (x) 3 (a) (3x3) 2 (b) (2xy2)3 (4x2y3)2 7. Simplify and express your answer in terms of positive indices only:
(a) _ x 8 y 6 z 4i 2 (b) (a2b3)3 a4b7 3

Date: Time allowed: Marks:

min

[2] [2] [2] [2]

[2] [2]

[1] [1] [1]

[1] [2]

[2] [2]

8. Simplify the following, expressing your answer in positive index form: x 3 y 2 (a) 1 3 x y (b)

[1] [2]

]a 2 b3g4
ab 4

9. Simplify the following: (a) 2m4 3m5 m2 (2ab) 2 8ab 4 (b) ' 21a 4 b5 7a5 b3 [2] [2]

22

10. Given that a = 2 103 and b = 4 105, calculate the following. Leave your answers in standard form: (a) ab a (b) b 1 (c) a + b 11. (a) Express 0.005 724 in standard form. (b) Evaluate (8 103) (3.2 102), giving your answers in standard form. 12. Evaluate the following, leaving your answers in standard form: (a) 3.42 108 9.6 107 (b) (5.84 104) (2.0 1015) 13. Evaluate the following, giving your answers in standard form: (a) 7 (1.23 104) (b) 0.46 105 + 75.8 104 14. Given that a = 6 108 and b = 4 106, nd the value of each of the following in standard form: 3a (a) 2b (b) a 3b 15. Given that x = 2.8 105 and y = 7 103, nd (a) 5xy2 2y (b) x , leaving your answers in standard form. 16. (a) Rewrite 84.37 10-4 as a decimal. (b) Express 8.3674 104 in ordinary notation, correct to the nearest thousand. [4] [3] [4] [4]

[6] [4]

[4]

17. The population of Singapore is recorded as 3 947 000 in 2005. Express 0.000 045 23 cm in standard form, correct to 2 signicant gures. [2] 18. The radius of a micro-organism is 0.000 045 23 cm. Express 0.000 045 23 cm in standard form correct to 3 signicant gures. [2] 19. Given that p = 9.5 107 and q = 5.0 106, calculate, expressing each answer in standard form, the value of (a) 2pq p (b) 4q 20. Evaluate each of the following: (a) (4.2 107) (2.5 103) (b) (8.74 105) + (8.6 104) (c) (6.4 105) (20 103) 21. Given that x = 6 103 and y = 5 104, calculate the following leaving your answers in standard form: x (a) y 2 (b) x + y [4]

[4]

[4]

23

A 22. If A = 3.4 107 and B = 0.374 109, nd the value of B A , giving your answers in standard form. 23. A rectangular eld measures 4.5 102 m by 3.6 102 m. Calculate its (a) area, (b) perimeter, giving your answers in standard form. 24. If the area of a circle is 2.54 106 cm, nd the (a) radius, (b) perimeter of the circle, giving your answers in standard form correct to 3 signicant gures. (Take = 3.142).

[4]

[4]

[4]

25. The population of Singapore was recently estimated to be three million, eight hundred and eighty thousand. (a) Write the number in standard form. (b) The total land area of Singapore is approximately 640 km2. Calculate the average number of people per square kilometre of the land area, giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places. [4] 26. Express the following in standard form: (a) 324 kg in g (b) 1.2 km/min in cm/s 27. Evaluate 28. Simplify 3 4 6 5 5 6 without using a calculator. 4 10 5 (2x3 y 4) 3 (xy 1) 2 (4x 2 y 3) 2 an + 4 a 2 b 5 [4] [3] [3] [2] [2]

29. Simplify an + 1b3 30. Simplify 31. Evaluate: (a) 71 2 7 4 ' 71 4 4 2 7 1 4 (b) 7 1 4 3
1 3 1

(2x3 y) 2 giving your answer in positive indices. 6xy 3

[2] [2]

32. Evaluate each of the following, simplifying your answers as far as possible. 0 1 0 (a) (1997)1 + b 1997 l ^ 1997 h 84 27 3 3 0 (b) b 5 l + c 4 m c 3 m 2 9 42 57 37 (c) 15 7 33. Simplify the following: (a) (3a4b7) (5a1b6) 72m 1 n3 (b) 288m3 n 4 34. Simplify e x 2 y 3 x 3 y 1 o , giving your answer in postive indices. 5 2 o e x y x2 y3
2 3

[1] [2] [2]

[1] [1] [3]

24

1 35. Solve the equation 52x 3 = 25 36. Find the value of x when 6x 362x 5 = 1 37. Solve the equation 92x 5 = 1 38. Given that 3x = 5 and 3y = 7, nd the value of 34x 2y 39. Solve the equations: (a) 2x 4x + 2 8x 1 = 64 (b) 5x 25x 1 = 125 40. Solve the following equations: (a) 2x 4x 1 = 16 1 x (b) b 3 l 9x = 81x + 2 41. Find the value of x given that 4 32x 1 = 108 42. (a) Simplify 72x + 1 4(72x). (b) Use the result from (a) or otherwise, and solve the equation 72x + 1 4 (72x) = 1029 1 43. Solve the equation 2x 4x + 1 83x 4 = 32 44. Evaluate (0.1)2 0.22 45. (a) Evaluate (0.027) 3 + 160.75 + d
1 0 1 n + (3)1 2 1

[2] [2] [2] [3]

[2] [2]

[2] [3] [2] [1] [2] [3] [2] [2] [2]

(b) Simplify (16a ) 46. (a) Evaluate:

1 4 4

(0.001a )

1 6 3

4 1 256 l4 b2l (i) b 81 (ii) 3 (b) Solve the equation 27x = 9

[2] [1]

47. Evaluate each of the following: (a) 6555 645 1 1 1 (b) 2 2 2 2 2 2 48. Evaluate: (a) 23 + (32) 1 2 (b) 4 3 41 3 49. Evaluate: 2 2 (a) b 3 l 5 (b) 8 3 3 (c) 5 5 2
1 5

[1] [2] 2 0 + b3l

[2]

[3]

25

50. Simplify

45x 4 y3 15x3 y5 ' 4z 5 8x 2 z 3

[2] [2]

51. Given that x2y = 3, nd the value of 3x6y 9 52. Simplify each of the following: (a) (a 2 b 2) 4 (a 2 b 4) 4 1 (b) 3 125x9 (81x 4) 2 53. (a) Given that 92x = 3 , nd the value of x. 2 x 3 (b) Express x2 d 4 n with positive indices. y (a3 b 3) 2 (c) Simplify and express your answer with negative indices. ab 1 54. (a) Solve the equation 9x = 27 5 a 4 3 a4 (b) Simplify giving your answer with positive index. a 3 55. Evaluate (a) 32 5
4 1 1 3 1

[2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2]

9 1 2 1 0 (b) 23 b 4 l b7 2 l 56. Evaluate each of the following.: 1 0 (a) b 7 l (b) (0.14)2 3a 4 # 2a 2 57. Simplify 12a 2
3 2 2 58. (a) Evaluate 16 4 + b 3 l (b) Given that x3 = 4, nd the value of x3 1 1 1

[1] [2]

(c) 64 3

[3] [2] [2] [1] [1] [2] [2]

59. (a) Simplify 4x5 5x4 (b) Find the smallest integer value of x forwhich 3x > 10 2x 3 5 x 1 1 (c) Express 6 3 + 4 as a single fraction in its lowest terms. 60. Simplify the following and leave your answer in positive indices: (a) (x 6) 2 2 (b) (x 12 y36) 3 61. Simplify each of the following, giving your answer in positive indices only: (a) (c) (e) (g) x3 x2 x4 2a2 5a3 6a2 (2a)3 4a 2(pq2)4 4q1 (b) (d) (f) (h) y2 y3 y7 5a3 2a3 a4 (2p2q3) 4pq (a2)3 a4 a1
1

[1] [2] [8]

26

62. Simplify each of the following, giving your answer in positive indices only: (3xy) 2 ' 4x 2 y 8a 3 b 2 4 a (a) (b) 3 (2ab) (2xy) 3 ' 8xy3 63. Simplify each of the following, giving your answer in negative indices only: (a) x x x (c) (m4 m1)2
4 5 6

[4]

[4]

(b) a a a (d) (2d4)3 4d1

7 2 4

64. Simplify each of the following, giving your answer in negative indices only: (a) (7a4 2a3)2 4a5 a3 b (2ab 4) 4 (c) 4 a 1 b 4 (b) (ab4)5 a1b5 3a (2b) 3 ' 8ab (d) 2a3 (3b) 3

[6]

65. Simplify each of the following, giving your answer in negative indices only: (2xy) 2 ' 4x3 y 2 a 2 (ab3) 6 (a) (b) 4 1 4 (2ab ) 8a (4x 2 y) 2 x5 y 6 66. Express each of the following as a fraction or an integer: (a) 23 52 (c) 42 81 162 (b) 230 33 21 1 2 3 2 (d) b1 2 l b 4 l (2)2

[4]

[6]

67. Express each of the following as a fraction or an integer: 1 0 (a) 101 52 62 (b) 43 (5)2 b7 2 l (c) (32)2 (41)2 (d) (2)3 (3)2 1 4 (e) (23)4 (81)2 (f) 72 49 3 b 7 l 68. Solve the following equations: (a) 3x = 243 (c) 23x = 1 69. Solve the following equations: (a) 5x4 = 405 70. Solve the following equations: (a) x = 36
2

[12]

1 (b) 2x = 64 (d) x7 = 1

[4]

[6] (b) 27x3 = 1 1 (c) 5x = 125 [6] (b) 2 8 = 0.25

3 x

(c) 2 4 = 2
10

71. Simplify the following, giving your answer with positive indices: 1 (xy 3) 1 a2 (a) c 2 m (b) 1 2 3 b (x y ) 72. Simplify the following, giving your answer with negative indices: p 4 q 5 p5 q6 a2 b abc 1 (a) 3 1 2 3 (b) 2 2 1 3 2 (a b) pq (a c ) q p 73. Simplify the following expressions: (a) (2x ) (6x ) 1 4 (c) (2a1)4 (8a 2 ) 3
1 2 3 2

[4]

[6]

[4]
4 1 2 1 1 4

(b) 5x 4x 2 (d) 3a2 (27a) 3

27

74. Evaluate the following: (a) 169

3 2

[3] (b) 100

1 2

(c) (8)

2 3

75. Evaluate the following: 3 1 1 (a) b3 8 l b 8 l

1 3

[6] 1 (b) b 64 l + (3)2

1 3

1 1 1 (c) b1 2 l b2 4 l (c) 4x = 0.125

1 2

76. Solve the following equations: (a) x7 = 70 77. Solve the following equations: (a) 82x + 1 = 32 (b) 105x 1 = 0.001 (c) 3x 1 9x + 3 = 272x 4 (b) 5
2 3

[5] 5 = 5x

[6]

78. Solve the following equations: (a) 42x 1 = 8x + 3 (b) 16

1 2x+3

[6] = 8x + 1

79. Given that a = 4.2 105 and b = 8.3 104, nd the value of the following, expressing your answer in standard form: [4] (a) a + b (c) ab (b) a b a (d) b [2] [4]

80. Given that x-3 = 4, nd the value of x3 81. If p2 = 5q 3 , calculate the value of (a) p when q = 125, 2 (b) q when p = 5 x + 10 4
1

82. Given that x = 1.2 106, evaluate

[2] [3]

1 2 3 83. Given that (ab)2 = x 2 , nd the value of x when a = 5 and b = 3 4

84. Evaluate each of the following, without the use of a calculator, giving your answer in standard form correct to 4 signicant gures: [10] (a) (c) (e) (g) (i) 3.12 104 + 2.6 102 7.91 109 + 6.14 108 1.02 105 + 3.19 106 5.48 108 76.4 106 76.34 105 + 183.4 104 (b) (d) (f) (h) (j) 4.76 104 6.13 103 3.24 108 9.86 107 8.59 1010 + 16.7 109 324 106 1.86 107 36.8 1018 485 1015

85. Use your calculator to evaluate each of the following, giving your answer in standard form correct to 4 signicant gures: [10] (a) (c) (e) (g) (i) 3.18 104 6.45 102 5.43 109 (3.27 108) 4.95 105 (3.14 106) 32.65 108 4.59 107 34.95 105 672.6 104 (b) (d) (f) (h) (j) 4.59 103 8.674 107 3.58 1010 (7.61 109) 6.45 102 (3.27 107) 5.149 107 3.26 104 19.79 108 (39.76 103)

28

Answers 2 1. 16 5 2. 2x10y11 7 3. (a) 2 9 1 4. (a) 1 2 5. (a) 64 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 8 9x 3 x12 y9 z6 x4 y5 (b) 9x12 4y 8

(b) 15 (b) 16 (b) (b) (b) (b) x7 2y12 1 a2 b2 b12 a9 a2 6b 4 (c) 2.7 104 3 (c) 6 4

9. (a) 6m 10. (a) 8 103 11. (a) 5.724 103 12. (a) 2.46 108 13. (a) 8.61 104 14. (a) 2.25 102 15 (a) 6.86 103 16. (a) 0.000 843 17. 3.9 106 18. 4.52 105 19. (a) 9.5 102 20. (a) 1.05 105 21. (a) 1.2 107 22. 1.0 101 23. (a) 1.62 105 m2

(b) 5 107 (b) 2.56 102 (b) 2.92 1011 (b) 8.04 105 (b) 5.88 108 (b) 5 108 (b) 84 000

(b) 4.75 1012 (b) 9.6 105 (b) 1.0 104 (c) 3.2 107

(b) 1.62 103 m

29

24. (a) 8.99 102 cm2 25. (a) 3.88 106 26. (a) 3.24 105 1 27. 60 28. 29. x11 2y 4 1 ab 2

(b) 5.65 103 cm (b) 6.06 103 (b) 2.0 103

2x 5 30. 3y 31. (a) 7 32. (a) 1997 33. (a) 15a3b13 34. x29y2 1 35. 2 36. 2 1 37. 2 2 37 38. 12 49 1 39. (a) 1 6 40. (a) 2 41. x = 2 42. (a) 3(72x) 1 43. 3 6 44. 4 45. (a) 12 1 46. (a) (i) 1 3 (b) 5 a3 1 (b) 3 (b) x = 1.5 (b) 1 1 (b) 1 7 1 (b) 12 4 (b) 230 (b) n7 4m 4 (c) 16

1 (ii) 5 16

30

47. (a) 6 1 48. (a) 9 2 1 49. (a) 2 4 50. 6x 3 z2 y2

(b) 8 (b) 16 (b) 32 (c) 25

51. 72 52. (a) a 8 b 2 2 1 53. (a) 8 3 54. (a) 4 1 55. (a) 16 56. (a) 1 1 3 57. 2 a1 4 1 58. (a) 10 4 59. (a) 20x9 60. (a) 1 x3 1 (b) 4 (b) x = 3 (b) x8 y 24 (c) 10a5 p4 (g) 2q 7 10 a4 1 (h) a (d) (c) 1 16x 12
1 1

5 (b) 9 x5 (b) (xy)8 (b) a512 1 (b) 27 (b) 0.0196 1 (c) 4

7

(c)

a 7 b 5

61. (a) x9 (e) 12a4 62. (a) 4a b

(b) y6 2q 8 (f) p7 (b) (b) (b) 9y 4x 2 1 a 5 b 15 a 6

63. (a) x3 64. (a) 65. (a) 14 a 9 1 a 13 b 22

(c) m10 (c) 4 a b 21

8

(d) 2d11 (d) a 3 b 1 18

(b) 16x2y5 (b) 432 25 (b) 64 (f) 1 (c) 2 16 (c) 81 (d) 1 (d) 72

1 66. (a) 3 8 67. (a) 90 1 (e) 64

31

68. (a) 5 69. (a) 3 1 70 (a) 6 1 a2 b2 1 72. (a) q 1 71. (a) 73. (a) 12x2 74. (a) 2197 3 75. (a) 16 76. (a) 1 1 77. (a) 12 78. (a) 11 79. (a) 5.03 105 1 80. 4 1 81. (a) 5 82. 1.1 103 16 83. 81 84. (a) 3.146 104 (e) 1.339 105 (i) 9.468 106 85. (a) 2.051 108 (e) 1.576 109 (i) 2.351 107

(b) 6 1 (b) 3 2 (b) 1 3 (b) (b) y3 x4 c 7 a 5

(c) 0 (c) 3 (c) 8

(d) 1

5 1 (b) 4 x 3 4 1 (b) 10 1 (b) 4 9 1 (b) 1 6 2 (b) 5 (b) 9 (b) 3.37 105

(c) a 3 3 (c) 4 (c) 3 1 (c) 1 2 2 (c) 5 3

1 1 (d) 3 a 1 3

(c) 3.486 1010

(d) 1.976 101

(b)

5 4

(b) 4.147 104 (f) 1.026 1011 (j) 3.632 1019 (b) 3.981 105 (f) 1.972 105 (j) 4.977 1010

(c) 8.524 109 (g) 7.635 105 (c) 1.661 102 (g) 1.449 1013

(d) 2.254 108 (h) 3.054 108 (d) 4.704 102 (h) 1.679 104

32

CHAPTER 3 Book 3 Mathematics Chapter 3 Linear Inequalities

ANSWERS FOR ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES

Just For Fun (pg 55) 1. + 68411 2904 71315

2. A = 1, B = 4, C = 2, D = 8, E = 5, F = 7 Just For Fun (pg 57) ( 10 + 29 )2 = 10 + 29 + 2 10 29 = 39 + 2 290 but 172 = 289 and 73 = 39 + 2 17 29 )2 > 73 and 10 + 29 > 73

39 + 2 290 > 39 + 2 17. Thus ( 10 + Just For Fun (pg 59)

Take a cap from the one labelled black and white. If the cap taken is say, black, then we know that both caps in the bag must be black. Now that we have identied one bag, we can tell the contents of the bag labelled white to be the bag with one black and one white cap and the last bag containing white caps only. Just For Fun (pg 60) The 8 buns can be divided into 24 parts. The rst traveller originally has 15 parts and the second traveller has 9 parts. The two travellers each ate 8 parts and the Arab ate the other 8 parts, thus the rst traveller had given the Arab 7 parts and the second traveller had only given 1 part. Thus the rst traveller must be entitled to 7 gold coins and the second traveller to get 1 gold coin. Just For Fun (pg 62) 1+5+5+7=2+4+4+8 12 + 52 + 72 = 22 + 42 + 42 + 82 7 + 11 + 11 + 13 = 8 + 10 + 10 + 14 1 + 5 + 5 + 7 + 8 + 10 + 10 + 14 = 2 + 4 + 4 + 8 + 7 + 11 + 11 + 13 12 + 52 + 52 + 72 + 82 + 102 + 102 + 142 = 22 + 42 + 42 + 82 + 72 + 112 + 112 + 132 13 + 53 + 53 + 73 + 83 + 103 + 103 + 143 = 23 + 43 + 43 + 83 + 73 + 113 + 113 + 133 is correct.

33

Book 3 Mathematics Chapter 3 Linear Inequalities

GENERAL NOTES This chapter is moved from Secondary 2 to Secondary 3. It will be new to the Secondary 3 pupils. It provides a refreshing change from solving equations. The teacher may like to discuss the various examples of inequality in real-life situations. There is inequality in every society, every family and every organization. Some people are born with a silver spoon in their mouths while others are not so fortunate. Some are born physically stronger than others and others are more intellectually inclined than their friends, etc. It could develop into a lively scene if teachers encourage students to name and discuss the many inequalities and social injustices in life. After introducing the inequality signs, teachers may like to ask the pupils to nd out from the library or the Internet as an extra exercise, the person in history who rst introduced these signs. One way of introducing inequalities is by using concrete examples to lead pupils to arrive at the desired result. We know that 5 > 3. Is 5 + 2 > 3 + 2? Students normally will be quick to respond with an armative answer to which the teacher can proceed. From the above, we see that the inequality is still true when we add a positive number to both sides of an inequality. If x > y, then x + a > y + a where a is a positive number. (Use the same technique to introduce subtraction, multiplication, and division of positive numbers to an inequality.) We know that 5 > 3. Is 5 2 > 3 2? Thus if x > y, then x a > y a where a is a positive number. We know that 7 > 4. Is 7 3 > 4 3? Thus if x > y, then xa > ya where a is a positive number. 8 4 We have 8 > 4. Is 2 > 2 ? y x Thus, if x > y, then a > a where a is a positive number. After introducing the above, the pupils may be asked to have some practice on the use of the above where only multiplication and division of positive numbers are involved. The teacher may now introduce the concept that when we multiply or divide both sides of an inequality by a negative number, we must change the inequality sign. 8 4 We have 8 > 4. Is 8 (2) > 4 (2)? Is 2 > 2 ? y x Thus, if x > y, then x(a) < y(a) and a < a where a is negative. The Students should be asked to work out some sums based on the above rules before the shortcut method is introduced, i.e. the inequality sign may be treated as an equal sign where a single term may be transferred from the L.H.S. to the R.H.S. by changing the sign of the term. Common Errors Made By Students The most common error made by students is when an inequality is multiplied or divided by a negative number, they tend to forget to change the inequality sign. One way of overcoming the above is to ask the pupils to transfer the unknown terms to one side, so that later on only multiplication and division by positive numbers are involved. For example, may be done as follows: 3x 5 > 6x + 4 3x 5 > 6x + 4 3x 6x > 4 + 5 5 4 > 6x 3x 3x > 9 9 > 3x x < 3 i.e. x < 3

34

XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: ( ) Date: Time allowed: 35 min Marks: 16

Book 3 Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 3 Linear Inequalities 1. Solve the inequality: 2x + 3 > 5x 7 (a) x < 3 1 (b) x < 3 3 1 (c) x > 3 3 (d) x > 3 (e) None of these ( )

1 1 2. If 5 < x and x < 0, then 1 (a) 0 < x < 5 (b) 5 < x < 0 (c) 0 < x < 5 3. Simplify the inequality 2y 5 > 2x + 4y + 3 (a) y x > 4 (b) y x < x

(d) x < 5

1 (e) 5 < x < 0

(c) y + x + 4 > 0 (d) y + x + 4 < 0 (e) y + x < 1

4. Solve the inequality 2x 3 > 3x 10 (a) x > 7 (b) x < 7 (c) x > 7 (d) x < 7 13 (e) x < 5 (e) 17 ( )

5. If 3x 4 > 5x 17, one possible value which is a prime number is (a) 3 (b) 7 (c) 11 (d) 13 ( )

6. The largest integral value of x satisfying the inequality 3x + 7 7x 54 is (a) 6 (b) 14 1 (c) 15 4 (d) 15 (e) 16 ( )

7. The smallest integral value of x satisfying the inequality 5x 7 2x 21 is 2 (a) 4 3 (I) 3 > 2 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 4 (e) 5 ( )

8. Which of the following is/are true? (II) 2 > 3 (III) 0 < 2 I only II only III only II and III only I and III only

9. If x + 6 > 3 and 2x 3 < 7, then (a) 3 < x < 5 (b) 5 < x < 3 (c) 3 < x < 10 (d) 3 < x <2 (e) 3 < x < 5 ( )

35

1 1 10. If x < 5 and x > 3, then 1 1 (a) 3 < x < 5 (b) x < 5 and x > 3 (d) 5 < x < 3 (e) None of these

1 1 (c) 5 < x < 3

11. If a > 0 and b < 0, which of the following is true? (a) a + b > 0 (b) a b < 0 (c) a2 b2 < 0 (d) a b < 0 (e) ab > 0 ( )

12. If a > c and b > c, then (a) a > b (b) b > c (c) a >1 b (d) a <1 b (e) None of these ( )

x 13. Given that 1 < x < 5 and 4 < y < 2, then the greatest value of y is 5 5 1 (a) 4 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 4 (e) Not possible to nd 14. Given that 0 < x < 1, which of the following expressions will be the greatest? 3 (a) x + x2 + x3 (b) x (I) > 3 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (c) 3 x2 3 1 (d) x + 3x + x (e) x4 + x2 + 2 x

15. Which of the following is/are true? (II) ()2 > (3)2 (III) 22 > (3)2 I only II only I and II only II and III only I and III only 2x 7 x + 1 3 (x + 4) 4 < 2 4 (b) x 29 (c) x 28 (d) x 5

16. Solve the inequality 3 (a) x 5

(e) x 9

Answers 1. b 8. b 15. c 2. b 9. e 16. b 3. d 10. c 4. b 11. d 5. a 12. e 6. d 13. e 7. d 14. c

36

XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: Book 3 Mathematics Test Chapter 3 Linear Inequalities 1. Fill in the blanks for each of following: (a) If 6 2x 8 x (b) If 2 2 4 (c) If 9 3x 15 x (d) If 1 2 3 then then then then x x x x . . . . [1] [1] [1] [1] ( ) Date: Time allowed: Marks: min

2 1 2. Given that 4 3 2k 17 3 , write down (a) the smallest integer value of k (b) the largest prime value of k (c) the largest rational value of k

[1] [1] [1]

3. Given that x is an integer, nd the largest possible value of x which satises the following inequality: 2 6 x 3 (x 8) 1 4. Given that 4x 3 3 (2x + 22), state the greatest possible value of x if x is (a) a rational number (b) a prime number 5. List all the possible integer values of x such that 2 x < 14 and 15 x > 8 6. Solve the inequality x 2 3x + 1 15 2x and illustrate your solution with a number line. 4 < 5 5

[2]

[2] [1] [3] [4]

7. Given that x is an integer such that x + 3 < 15 < 4x 3, nd the largest and smallest possible values of x. [3] 8. Solve the inequality 5(2x 3) 14 x and state the smallest possible value of x if x is an integer. 3x 1 1 9. Given that 4 8 3x 9 2 , state the smallest value of x when (a) x is an integer (b) x is a prime number 10. Solve the inequality x3 x5 2 4 6 < 3 [3]

[2] [1] [3] [3] [2] [2]

2 11. Solve the inequality 3 ( x 7) > 6 2 x and show your answer on a number line. 1 12. (a) Find the smallest integer x such that 4 x < 3 (b) Find the largest prime number y such that 5y 45 + 2y

37

13. Solve the inequality

x3 x5 4 7 >4

[3] [3]

2 5 14. Solve the inequality 3 (x + 2) 6 and illustrate your answer on a number line. 15. Given that 3x + 2 24 , solve the inequality and state (a) the greatest integer value of x (b) the greatest prime number of x 16. Find the largest prime number k for which 3k + 2 < 95 17. Solve the following inequality: 5(x + 2) < 3(x 1) + x 18. Solve the following inequalities, illustrating each solution with a number line. (a) 2x + 9 5 (b) 2(3 + x) < 6x 9 3 19. Solve the following inequality: 9 2 x 12 20. (a) Solve the inequality 5x 2 3 > 2 3x and indicate your answer on the number line given below. 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

[4] [2] [2]

[2] [2] [2] [3]

(b) If x is a prime number, state the smallest possible value of x 1 21. Given that 5(8 3x) 1 2 , nd the smallest possible value of x if (a) x is an integer (b) x is an odd number (c) x is a factor of 32

[1]

[2] [1] [2]

22. Given that 17 4x x 11, nd (a) the least possible value of x (b) the smallest integer value of x 1 1 23. Solve the inequality 2x 1 2 11 4 + 5x and write down the largest integer value of x 24. Given that 3(x + 4) 7(x 1) 2(x + 1), state the greatest possible value of x if x is (a) a rational number (b) an integer (c) a prime number 25. Solve the inequality 5(2x 3) > 6(3x 1). State the largest possible value of x if x is an integer. 26. Solve the following inequality and illustrate your answer with a number line 2x + 3 4x 9 3 < 5 [2] [1] [1] [4] [3] [2] [1] [3]

27. List all the possible values of x, where x is a prime number and satises both of the following inequalities: 2x > 19, 3x + 2 < 81 [3]

38

28. Solve the following inequalities and illustrate your answers with a number line respectively. (a) 5 2x 3x + 14 1 1 (b) 3 (2x 3) 3 (x + 7) [2] [3]

2 3x 1 29. Solve the inequality 2 3 2 2x and draw a number line to illustrate your answer. If x is an integer, state the smallest possible value of x. [4] 1 30. Given that 3x + 5 3 (2 x + 48), nd (a) the greatest rational value of x (b) the greatest value of x, if x is a prime number 31. Given that 2x + 5 3x + 2 4x 3 3 4 + 3 , solve the inequality and state (a) the greatest rational number of x (b) the greatest value of x if x is a perfect square

[2] [1]

[2] [2]

32. Solve the following inequalities: (a) 5 3x 4x + 12 3 2 1 1 (b) 5 3 x > 1 4 x + 6 33. Given that 5 x 1 and 1 y 4, nd (a) the greatest possible value of 2x y 2x (b) the least possible value of y 34. Given that x and y are integers and 1 x 6 and 5 y 4, nd (a) the greatest possible values of (b) the least possible values of (i) x y (i) x + y (ii) x2 y2 y (ii) x [2] [3] [1] [2] [2] [3]

35. x and y are integers such that 5 x < 4 and 5 y 5. Calculate (a) the greatest value of 2x y (b) the least value of 2xy (c) the greatest value of x2+ y2 (d) the least value of 2x2 y2 36. If 0.5 x 5 and 2 y 2 , nd the greatest and least values of y (a) 2x y (b) x [1] [1] [1] [1]

[4]

37. Two sides of a triangle are 10 cm and 6 cm and the third side has a length of x cm. Write down an inequality that must be satised by x. [2] 38. A fruit seller bought a case of 113 oranges for $22.50. If he sells each orange for 40 cents, what is the least number of oranges that he must sell in order to make a prot of not less than $6? [3] 39. The perimeter of an equilateral triangle is not more than 90 cm. What is the largest possible side of the triangle? [2]

39

40. Yousuf and his brother wanted to buy a present for their father. Yousuf volunteered to pay $5 more than his brother. If the cost of the present was not more than $24, what was the greatest possible amount paid by Yousuf? [4] 41. Shahida wants to buy hamburgers for her friends. Each hamburger costs $1.30. What is the maximum number of hamburgers she can buy with $22. What change will she receive? [4] 42. Salman and Fozia went shopping. During their shopping spree, Fozia spent $25 more than Salman. Together they spent at least $120. What is the least amount spent by Fozia? [4] 43. Find the odd integer which satises the inequalities 2x + 1 5 and 3x + 15 > 5x 1 44. Given that 2 x 3 and 3 y 1, calculate (a) the smallest value of x y (b) the largest value of xy 45. Given that 5 4x + 1 2x + 9 and 6 2y 2 8, nd (a) the greatest value of x y (b) the smallest value of (x + y) (x y) 1 1 46. Given that x is a rational number and that 2 x 39 4 , write down (a) the greatest value of x (b) the smallest value of x such that x is a prime number (c) the greatest integer value of x which is exactly divisible by 2 and 5 47. Solve the inequality x+3 2 >2 [1] [2] [1] [2] [2]

[3] [2]

48. Solve the inequalities 2x x 5 (a) 3 2 6 x + 1 x + 3 3x 5 (b) 2 4 8 49. If 12 7x 5 2x, nd the least possible value of x 50. Solve the following inequalities and illustrate your answer on a number line. 1 (a) 3 (x + 2) 3x + 2 (b) 7 + 3x < 5 x 6 3x 1 51. Given that 2 x 3 2 and 2 y 5 (a) list the integer values of x (b) write down the largest rational value of x (c) calculate the smallest possible value of (i) (x y)2 (ii) x2 y2 2x (iii) y

[2] [2] [2]

[2] [3]

[1] [1] [1] [1] [1]

40

52. Given that 5 4x 1 2x + 7 and 6 3y 15, nd (a) (b) (c) (d) the greatest possible value of x + y the smallest possible value of x y the greatest possible value of x2 y2 the smallest possible value of x2 + y2

[6]

53. A woman buys x oranges at 50 cents each and (2x + 1) pineapples at $1.20 each. If she wishes to spend not more than $25 on these produce, (a) form an inequality in x, and (b) nd the largest number of x 54. Given that 1 x 8 and 5 y 1, nd (a) the greatest possible value of x y (b) the smallest possible value of x2 + y2 1 55. Given that 3x 42 2 , state the largest possible value of x if (a) x is an integer (b) x is a prime number (c) x is a real number [1] [2] [2] [1]

[1] [1] [1] [3]

56. Find the smallest integer value of x that satises the inequality 2x 3(1 x) > 7 57. Given that 3 x 5 and 1 y 3, nd (a) the largest value of 3x y 1 1 (b) the smallest value of x + y 58. Find the integer values of x for which 21 < 3(x + 1) < 30 3 2 59. Solve the inequality 4 x 3 (1 x) < 7 22 60. Find the possible values of x for which x is a positive integer and 3.5 < 7 x2 < 143 61. Solve each of the following inequalities, illustrating your answers with number lines. (a) (d) (g) (j) 2x 3 > 4 4x + 1 > 3 3x + 24 7x 7x 13 > 3x 5 x + 1 2x 7 (m) 10 < 15 2x 6 x 2 (p) 35 + 7 > 5 5 (b) (e) (h) (k) 3x + 4 < 7 3x + 2 11 5x 12 2x 6x 9 2x 7 x3 x7 (n) 21 > 14 1 x 1 2x 1 (q) 2 + 2 > 7 + 14 (c) (f) (i) (l) 7x 12 < 9 5x 4 21 8x 4 3x + 16 15 3x < x + 4 x 13 x 1 (o) 11 + 44 5 11 x 1 13 13 5x (r) 3 5 > 30 10

[1] [2] [2] [2] [3] [36]

1 62. Given that x 9 2 state the smallest possible value of x if (a) x is a prime number (b) x is a mixed number (c) x is an integer. [3]

41

63. Given that 4x 3 18, nd the greatest possible value of x if (a) x is an integer (b) x is a rational number (c) x is a prime number 64. Find (a) the smallest integer x such that 7x > 18 3x (b) the largest prime number x such that 4 < 18 2 (c) the smallest mixed number x such that 5 x 13 1 2 (d) the largest rational number such that 3 x 5 14 5 x

[4]

[5]

65. An apple costs 45 cents while oranges are 35 cents each. A man wishes to buy 27 apples and 46 oranges.What is the minimum number of $10 notes he must have to make the purchase? [3] 66. A woman is organising a barbecue party for her friends. She intends to buy 8 kg of beef costing $ 9.80 per kg, 12 kg of mutton costing $12.50 per kg, 16 kg of chicken wings costing $4.20 per kg and 17 kg of prawns at $15.50 per kg. What is the minimum number of $50 notes she must have for all these purchases? [4] 67. A music shop is having a sale and each compact disc is priced at $12.49. A man has $97 in his pocket. What is the maximum number of compact discs that he can buy? [3] 68. Solve the following inequalities: (a) x + 5 < 5x 9 2x x 4 (c) 3 2 5 (e) x + 17 < 3(x + 5) < 45 (g) 4x 4 > 3x > 4x 6 (b) 2(3x 1) (4 x) x + 3 x 1 3x + 8 (d) 2 4 8 (f) 3x 10 > 4x 19 > x + 2 x 1 2x + 2 (h) 3 < 5 4 [16]

69. Given that 5 x 1 and 1 y 6, nd (a) the greatest possible value of 2x y (b) the greatest possible value of y 4x y (c) the least possible value of x x (d) the least possible value of y 70. List the integer values of x, where x is prime, which satises both of the following inequalities: 2x > 14, 3x 2 < 67 71. List the integer values of x which satisfy 3x 5 < 26 4x 5 72. Find the integer x for which 3 < x 3 < 7 and 11 < 2x + 3 < 20 73. Solve the inequality 3x + 5 4x + 1 3x + 8 74. Given that 7 < 2x 8, write down (i) the greatest integer value of x (ii) the smallest integer value of x [4] [3] [3] [3] [3]

[8]

42

Answers 1. (a) 3, 4 2. (a) 2 1 4. (a) 3 10 5. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 4 6. 2 < x 2 5 7. Largest possible value of x = 11 Smallest possible value of x = 5 7 8. x 2 11 , 3 9. (a) 5 10. x < 7 11. x > 4 12. (a) 0 2 13. x > 37 3 3 14. x 4 15. (a) 7 16. 29 17. x < 13 18. (a) x 2 19. x 2 20. (a) x > 1 21. (a) 3 3 22. (a) 5 5 1 23. x 4 4 ; 4 (b) 2 (b) 3 (b) 6 (c) 4 3 (b) x > 3 4 (b) 7 (b) 13 (b) 5 (b) 6, 8 (b) 7 (b) 7 (c) 5, 3 2 (c) 8 3 (d) 6, 2

43

1 24. (a) 10 2 1 25. x < 1 8 , 2 26. x > 21 27. 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 4 28. (a) x 1 5 29. x 5; 5 30. (a) 9 9 31. (a) 1 17 32. (a) x 1 33. (a) 3 34. (a) (i) 11 (b) (i) 4 35. (a) 13 36. (a) 12, 1 37. 4 < x < 16 38. 72 39. 30 cm 40. $14.50 41. 16; $1.20 42. $72.50 43. 3, 5, 7 44. (a) 1 45. (a) 6 1 46. (a) 39 4 47. x > 1

(b) 10

(c) 7

1 (b) x 1 3

(b) 7 (b) 1 26 (b) x < 115 (b) 10 (ii) 36 (ii) 5 (b) 50 (b) 4, 4 (c) 50 (d) 50

(b) 2 (b) 25 (b) 2 (c) 30

44

48. (a) x 5 2 49. 1 5 1 50. (a) x 2 51. (a) 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3

(b) x 3

1 (b) x 4 1 (b) 3 2 (c) (i) 0 (ii) 25 (iii) 2 (c) 16 (d) 0

52. (a) 9 53. (a) 2.9 x 23.8 54. (a) 13 55. (a) 14 56. 3 57. (a) 16 58. 7, 8 7 59. x < 5 17 60. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 1 61. (a) x > 3 2 (e) x 3 (i) x 4 (m) x > 17 1 (q) x > 3 62. (a) 11 63. (a) 5 64. (a) 3 65. 3

(b) 6 (b) 8 (b) 1 (b) 13

1 (c) 14 6

4 (b) 5

(b) x < 1 (f) x 5 (j) x > 2 (n) x < 15 (r) x < 4 1 (b) 9 2 1 (b) 5 4 (b) 23

(c) x < 3 (g) x 6 1 (k) x 2 13 (o) x 3 24

(d) x > 1 (h) x 4 3 (l) x > 2 4 4 (p) x < 8 5

(c) 10 (c) 5 1 (c) 32 2 10 (d) 25 11

45

66. 12 67. 7 1 68. (a) x > 3 2 (e) 1 < x < 10 69. (a) 3 70. 11, 13, 17, 19 71. 7, 8, 9, 10 72. 7, 8 73. 4 x 7 74. (i) 4 (ii) 4 (b) x 1 (f) 7 < x < 9 (b) 26 4 (c) x 4 5 (g) 4 < x < 6 (c) 6 (d) x 6 (h) 11 < x 9 (d) 5

46

CHAPTER 4 Book 3 Mathematics Chapter 4 Coordinate Geometry

IT Activities Geometers Sketchpad WS 341 using GSPPage 83 j = 7.1 cm slope j = 1.00 k: y = x + 5.00 G: (2.5, 2.5) I: y = x + + + + + + + +

E m

+ l G +

1. Select Create Axes and then Show Grid from the Graph Menu. A Grid showing two points A at (0, 0) and B at (1, 0) will be shown. 2. Select and drag the point A if you want to change the position of the axes. Dragging the point B will change the scale of the axes. 3. Use to draw a line segment joining the points C(1, 1) and D(5, 2). Using select line segment CD, you can measure the Length and the Slope of the line segment from the Measure Menu. 4. To nd the equation of the line you need to use to draw a line(one with double arrow) and select Equation from Measure Menu. Use to draw a line starting from the point (1, 3) and ending at the point (6, 1).

47

5. You can use to drag the point E and observe the change in the displayed equation. Do the same for the point F. 6. To nd the point of intersection of the two lines, use to mark the point as G and choose Coordinates from the Measure Menu. 7. Use to drag point C and observe the change in the coordinates of G. WS 342 using GSPPage 84 DE: y = 0.7x + 5.0 FG: y = 1.5x 1.5 E: (3, 3) D: (0, 5) G: (1, 3) F: (1, 0)

+ + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + E + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + F + + +

+ + + + + + O + + + D

+ + + + + + + B + + G

+ + + + + + + + + + +

1. Use Graph Menu to select Create axes and then Show grid 2. Re-label the origin as O with . Double click on point and a Re-label panel will appear. Type O in the blank and click OK. 3. Use to select 2 points and label them D and E 4. Use (double arrowhead) to draw a line passing through the points D and E 5. Use to select line DE and choose Equation from the Measure Menu. 6. Use to select D and E and choose Coordinates from the Measure Menu and label them F and G. Draw the line through F and G. 7. Choose two more points by using 8. Use to select line FG and Equation from the Measure Menu to nd its equation. 9. Use to drag the point D and see how the equation changes. 10. Repeat the dragging with other points and see the eect for yourself.

48

Book 3 Mathematics Chapter 4 Coordinate Geometry

GENERAL NOTES Teachers should revise with pupils the naming of coordinate points on a graph. It is not uncommon to nd even Secondary 4 pupils being confused by the naming of coordinate points. Many pupils have diculty distinguishing equations parallel to the x- and y- axes. Many incorrectly refer to the equation of the x-axis as x = 0 and the equation of the y-axis as y = 0. Constant revision over the year may help to correct this common mistake. To facilitate easy understanding of a problem in coordinate geometry, teachers may insist that pupils draw a sketch of the points for every question they are attempting. The sub-topic on mid-point of two end points is moved to the additional mathematics syllabus. Although the concept of parallel lines implying that the gradients are the same is not mentioned in the syllabus; it is in the additional mathematics syllabus. Teachers can mention this fact to the students, as many of them take additional mathematics nowadays.

49

XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: ( ) Date: Time allowed: 35 min Marks: 9

Book 3 Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 4 Coordinate Geometry 1. Find the equation of the straight line that passes through the points A(0, 3) and B(1, 0). (a) y = 3x 3 1 (d) y = 3 3x (a) 2x y 2 = 0 (d) x 2y + 2 = 0 (b) y = 3x 3 (e) y = x 3 1 (c) y = 3 x 3 ( )

2. A straight line has a gradient of 2 and passes through the point (3, 4). The equation of the straight line is: (b) 2x y + 2 = 0 (e) 2x y 10 = 0 (c) x 2y 2 = 0 ( )

3. Which of the following lines is parallel to the line 4y = 6x + 5? (a) 2y + 3x = 5 (d) 4y + 6x = 13 (b) 2y 3x = 57 (e) None of these (c) y = 6x + 5 ( )

4. The length between points (2, 5) and (1, 2) is (a) 3 2 (d) 58 (b) 10 (c) 5 2 ( ) (e) 2 13

5. The equation x = 15 represents a straight line (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) parallel to the x-axis parallel to the y-axi. passing through the origin having a gradient of 15 having a y-intercept of 15

6. The equation y + 15 = 0 represents a straight line (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) parallel to the x-axis parallel to the y-axis passing through the origin having a gradient of 15 having a gradient of 15

50

7. In the diagram, the line l has the equation 2y = mx + 2c. The length of OA is: (a) 2 units (b) 1 unit (c) 2c units (d) c units
y A B 2 x

m (e) 2 units

8. The distance between the points P(a, 5) and Q(3, 2) is 5 units. The value of a must be (a) 1 (b) 7 (c) 7 (d) 1 or 7 (e) 7 or 1 ( )

9. The equation of the line AB in the diagram is (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) x + 3y 3 = 0 x 3y 3 = 0 3x + y 3 = 0 3x y 3 = 0 x 3y + 3 = 0
y O B(0, 1) A(3, 0) x

Answers 1. b 8. d 2. a 9. b 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. a 7. d

51

XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: Book 3 Mathematics Test Chapter 4 Coordinate Geometry 1. If (3, 7) is a point on the line kx + 3y = 37, nd the value of k. Using separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of [2] (a) y = kx2 k (b) y = x , where k is a positive constant and x is not equal to zero in (b). 2. A straight line passes through the points (0, 5) and (2, 13). Find (a) its gradient (b) its equation [1] [2] [4] ( ) Date: Time allowed: Marks: min

3. The coordinates of P, Q, and R are P(8, 12), Q(9, 4), and R(5, 4), respectively. M is the mid-point of QR. Calculate the distance of PM. [4] 4. Find the equation of the straight line (a) passing through the point (5, 7) and parallel to the x-axis. (b) passing through the point (2, 5) and parallel to the y-axis. [1] [1]

5. Find the equation of the straight line l which passes through the points (0, 1) and (2, 4). If the point (k, 9) lies on l, nd the value of k. [3] 6. A straight line with gradient m and y-intercept c passes through the points (2, 5) and ( 4, 9). Find the values of m and c. [3] 7. The points (3, 2), (2, 5) and (5, k) lie on a straight line. Find the value of k. y x 8. The equation of the line l is 3 + 4 = 1 (a) Find its gradient. (b) The line cuts the x-axis at A and the y-axis at B. Find the area of OAB where O is the origin. [2]

[1] [2]

9. Find the equation of the straight line which passes through the point (2, 4) and is parallel to the line y = 2x + 5 [3] 10. Find the equation of the straight line which has a gradient of 2 and which passes through the point (2, 1).[3] 11. (a) Given that the line 2x + 3y = k passes through the point (2, 4), nd k. (b) The line 5x + 7y = 15 is parallel to the line 2y = kx + 13. Find the value of k. 12. The point (2, t) lies on the line 3y + 2x = 7. Find the value of t. [1] [2] [2]

52

13. The equation of a straight line is 2x + y = 8 (a) Find the gradient of the line. (b) Given that the point (3, k) lies on the line, nd the value of k. [1] [2]

1 14. The coordinates of the three points are A(0, 3), B(t, 0) and C( 2 t, t). If AB = 2AC, nd the possible values of t. [3] 15. Given that the three points A(0, 1), B(k, 2.5) and C(2k, 4) lie on a straight line, nd the value of k. [3]

y x 16. (a) Find the gradient of the line 3 + 5 = 1 [2] 1 (b) The straight line y = mx + c is parallel to the line 3x + 2y = 13 and passes through the point (1, 1 2 ). Find the values of m and c. [3] 17. The points (2, 0) and (2, 7) lie on the line kx + ky + 5 = 0. Find the values of h and k. 18. Write down (a) the gradient of the straight line 3x + 5y = 17 (b) the coordinates of the point on the line 4x 5y = 13 which has y = 1 as its y coordinate. [1] [1] [3]

19. In the diagram, the coordinates A and C are (0, 6) and (5, 2), respectively. The line AC produced cuts the xaxis at B, and D is a point on the x-axis where CD is parallel to the y-axis. (a) (b) (c) (d) Find the gradient of the line AC. Find the equation of the line AB. Find the coordinates of B. Calculate the area of BCD.
y A

[1] [1] [1] [2]

20. The diagram shows a line segment AB where A is the point (0, 4) and B is the point (3, 0). (a) Find the equation of the line AB. (b) If the line AB is reected in the y-axis, nd the equation of the image of the line.
y

[2] [2]

(0, 4)

(3, 0) x B

53

21. (a) If the straight line 3y = k 2x passes through (1, 5), nd k. [1] (b) If the gradient of the straight line (2k 1)y + (k + 1) x = 3 is parallel to the line y = 3x 7, nd the value of k. [2] (c) Find the equation of the line joining the points A(1, 5) and B(7, 2). [2] 22. The coordinates of ABC are A( 4, 2), B(5, 0), and C(4, 4). (a) Calculate the lengths of AB, BC, and AC. (b) Show that ABC is a right-angled triangle. (c) Calculate the area of ABC. (d) Calculate the perpendicular length from C to AB.
y C(4, 4)

[3] [2] [2] [2]

A(4, 2) 0 B(5, 0)

23. The coordinates of the points O, A, and B of the parallelogram OABC are (0, 0), (6, 3) and (10, 8) respectively. Calculate (a) (b) (c) (d) the mid-point of OB, the coordinates of C, the areas of OAM, OBN and the trapezium ABNM, the area of the parallelogram OABC.
y B C A x

[1] [2] [4] [2]

24. The equation of a straight line is 2x + 5y = 20. Find (a) the gradient of the line, (b) the coordinates of the point where the line crosses the y-axis, [1] [1]

1 (c) the coordinates of the point at which the line intersects the line x = 2 2 , [1] (d) the equation of the line which is parallel to 2x + 5y = 20 and which passes through the point (1, 7). [2] 25. l is the line passing through the point (3, 8) and parallel to the line 2x 3y + 5 = 0. Find the equation of the line l. [3] 26. (a) Given that the points A(2, 3), B(2, 2) and C(6, 1) are three vertices of the parallelogram ABCD, nd the coordinates of the point D. [3] (b) Given that point E has coordinates E(5, k) and that A, B, and E are collinear, nd the value of k. [2] (c) Find the equation of the line passing through C and parallel to the line 5x 7y = 84 [3] 2 (d) Given that the area of ABC is 16 units , calculate the perpendicular distance from B to AC, giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places. [4]

54

2 27. The diagram shows part of the graph of y = x 3 (a) A point P is on the curve with coordinates (1, k). Find the value of k. [1] (b) Given that the straight line y = 2x + h passes through P, nd the value of h. [1] (c) Another straight line l, parallel to y = 2x + h, passes through the point Q. Find the equation of the line l. [2]
y

0 P

2 28. The gradient of the line joining the points (5, k) and (k, 3) is 3 . Calculate the value of k. 29. Given that the coordinates of A and B are (1, 3) and (7, 1), respectively, nd (a) the gradient of AB (b) the equation of AB

[3]

[4]

4 30. A line passes through the points (2, k) and (5, 9). If the gradient of the line is 7 , nd the value of k. This line cuts the x-axis at P and the y-axis at Q. Find the area of OPQ, where O is the origin. [3] 31. (a) A straight line passes through P(1, 1), Q(4, 1) and R(k, 3). Find the value of k. (b) Find the equation of a straight line passing through the points A(4, 3) and B(0, 5). [4]

2 32. (a) Find the equation of a line which has gradient 3 and passes through the point (2, 5). Give your answer for the equation in the form y = mx + c (b) Find the equation of the line on which both the points (0, 3) and (2, 5) lie. [6] 33. The straight line y = x + 2 cuts the x-axis at point A and the y-axis at point B. Calculate the area of AOB where O is the origin. [3] 34. Write down the gradient of the straight line 2x + 3y = 4 and nd the equation of the line which is parallel to 2x + 3y = 4 and which passes through the point (1, 7). [4] 35. For all values of m, the line 2y = mx + 6 passes through a xed point K. State the coordinates of K. 36. Find the equation of the line parallel to 3x + 4y + 15 = 0 and passing through the point (3, 7). [2] [3]

37. The straight line 3y = mx + c is parallel to the line 2y 3x = 5 and passes through the point (1, 12). Find the value of m and of c. [3]

55

y x 38. Given that line 4 6 = 1, nd (a) its gradient (b) the coordinates of the point at which it cuts the line x = 8 39. The lines ky 2x + 5 = 0 and 6y (k + 1)x 3 = 0 are parallel. Find the value(s) of k.

[4] [2]

40. Three of the vertices of a parallelogram ABCD are A(1, 5), B(5, 1), and C(6, 2). Find the coordinates of the fourth vertex D. [3] 41. The curve x2 + y2 6x 8y = 0, cuts the x-axis at points O and A and the y-axis at O and B. (a) (b) (c) (d) Find the coordinates of O, A and B. Find the gradient of the line AB. Write down the equation of the line AB. OAB is rotated through 90 clockwise about O to OPQ. Write down the coordinates of P and Q.

[8]

42. P, Q, and R are the points (8, 3), (6, k) and (3, 8), respectively. (a) If P, Q, and R are collinear, nd k. (b) With this value of k, nd the ratio PQ : QR. (c) RQ is produced to T so that RQ = 2QT. Find the coordinates of T.

[7]

Answers

1. (a)

(b)

2. (a) 4 3. 180 = 13.4

(b) y = 4 x + 5

4. (a) y = 7

(b) x = 2

56

1 5. 2y + 3x = 2 ; k = 5 3 2 1 6. m = 3 , c = 6 3 4 7. k = 4 5 1 8. (a) 1 3 9. y = 2x + 8 10. y =2x 3 11. (a) k = 8 2 12. t = 3 3 13. (a) 2 1 1 14. t = 4 2 or 1 2 15. k = 3 2 16. (a) 1 3 1 3 17. h = 2 2 , k = 1 7 3 18. (a) 5 4 19. (a) 5 20. (a) 3y + 4x = 12 21. (a) 17 22. (a) 85 , 17 , 68 (b) (2, 1) (b) 5y + 4x = 30 (b) 3y = 4x + 12 2 (b) 7 (c) 17 (b) (4.5) (b) (0, 4) (c) 2y + x = 11 (d) 3.69 (c) 9.40, 22 1 (c) (2 2 , 3) (d) 18 (d) 2 x + 5y = 33 (c) (7.5, 0) (d) 2.5 units2 1 (b) m = 1 2 ; c = 3 (b) k = 14 3 (b) k = 1 7 (b) 6

23. (a) (5.4) 2 24. (a) 5 25. 3y = 2x + 5 26. (a) D(2.6) 27. (a) 5

3 (b) k = 5 4 (b) 3

(c) 7y = 5 x 23 (c) 3y = 6x 4

(d) 3.88 units

57

1 28. 5 1 29. (a) 3 1 30. k = 5, 33 56 31. (a) 7 2 1 32. (a) y = 3 x + 6 3 33. 2 units2 2 34. 3 , 3y + 2x = 23 35. (0, 3) 36. 4y + 3x + 37 = 0 1 37. m = 1 2 , c = 9 1 38. (a) 1 2 39. 3, 4 40. (0, 2) 41. (a) (0, 0), (6, 0), (0, 8) 42. (a) 1 1 (b) 1 3 (b) 2 : 9 (c) 3y + 4x = 24 1 1 (c) (10 2 , 5 2 ) (d) P (0, 6), Q (8, 0) (b) (8, 6) (b) y = 7x 5 (b) y = x + 3 (b) 3y + x = 10

58

CHAPTER 5 Book 3 Mathematics Chapter 5 Matrices

GENERAL NOTES In this syllabus, only addition, subtraction, multiplication of two matrices will be involved. The sub-topic of using inverse matrix to solve a pair of simultaneous equations will be covered in the additional mathematics syllabus. The topic of using matrices to solve practical problems is brought from the additional mathematics syllabus to the O level mathematics syllabus. Pupils are normally weak at recognising the order of a matrix and this normally leads to the error of multiplying two incompatible matrices for matrix multiplication. It is worth emphasizing the importance of rst determining whether two matrices may be multiplied.

59

XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: Book 3 Mathematics Test Chapter 5 Matrices 2 1. Given that A = e o and B = (1, 4), find 3 (a) AB (b) 2BA 2. Given that A = e (a) 3A 2X = B (b) YB = A 6 16 1 5 o and B = e o , find the matrices X and Y such that 13 9 4 6 [5] [3] [4] [4] [3] ( ) Date: Time allowed: Marks: min

[4]

3. Given that (1 4. Given that e 5. Given that e 6. Given that e 7. Given that e 8. Given that e 2 2 3 1

JxN K O x 3) e o = (1 3 1) K 2x O, find the value of x. 3 K3O L P J3N 4 t K O 9 o 1 = e o , find the value of s and t. 0 1 K O s K2O L P x 0 a b oe o = e o (2 1), find the values of a, b, c, and x. 4 c 4 4

2x 0 3 6 2x 0 5 10 o e o = e o and e oe o=e o , find the values of x, y, and z. 3y z 4 11 3y z 15 15 2 0 x 8 o e o = e o , find the values of 4x y. 3 4 y 16 a 2 3 7 o e o = e o , find the value of a and of b. 4 1 b 15

[2] [3] [4] [3]

3 0 k 0 6 0 9. Given that e o e o=e o , find the values of h, k, and m. 5 2 3 3h m 2h 7 10. Given that A = e 1 1 o , find the matrices A2 and A3. Hence, write down the matrices A5 and A7. 3 3 x y) e o = 13, find the possible values of x and y. y

11. Given that x and y are positive integers and that (x 12. Solve the following matrix equations: J1 N 1 3 2 K O 5 (a) e o K aO = e o 0 1 2 K O b 2 L P 0 1 a 4 2 3 0 3 (c) e oe o=e o+e o 2 0 b 0 1 0 6 2c

x 2 1 2 3 (b) e o = e oe o+e o y 3 0 5 2 (d) 3 e 1 3 1 2 2 3 a b o+e oe o=e o 1 2 3 2 3 0 c d

60

(e) e

1 7 2 0 a b 5 7 oe o = f 3p e o 3 4 0 5 0 c 3 7

[10]

1 2 2 1 1 4 13. If A = e o , B= e o and C = e o, 3 4 3 4 3 2 (a) is A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C ? (b) is A (B C) = (A B) C ? (c) is A + B = B + A ? (d) is A B = B A ? (e) is A (B + C) = (A B) + (A C) ? Can you give the name of this rule? (f) is A + (B C) = (A + B) (A + C) ? 14. If A = e

[6]

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 and D = e o, B = e o, C = o , work out each of the following and express your answers in 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 (c) C2 (g) BC (d) D2 (h) CB

terms of A, B, C, and D. (a) A2 (b) B2 (e) DB (f) BD

[16]

2 1 1 3 4 1 15. Use the matrices A = e o, B = e o , and C = e o to verify the distributive law of multiplication over 3 4 4 2 2 3 addition, that is, A (B + C) = AB + AC (B + C) A = BA + CA 16. Solve the following matrix equations: 2 0 a 6 (a) e oe o=e o 2 1 b 25 (b) ^a bh e 5 6 o = ^10 55h 0 3 [6]

[4]

17. Find the unknowns in each of the following matrix equations: 3 0 a b 1 15 (a) ^ p qh e (b) e o = ^ 3 6h oe o=e o 4 2 3 2a 4 11 (c) e (e) e x 2 4 2 oe o=e o 2z 0 1 8 1 0 x 3 4 y oe o=e o 1 4 1 x 0 1 3 x x y (d) e oe o=e o 5 0 x 10 (f) e x y x y x y oe o=e o 8 4 8 4 8 4 [12]

18. Find the value of each of the unknowns in the following: 3 2 7 5 b c 1 1 3 a b c 6 7 3 (a) e (b) e o + 3e o=e o oe o=e o h k t 1 4 1 a d 2a 2 3 4 4 3 9 J 2 1 N J x yN J x 6 N J1N K O K O K O 4 a b K O 7 (c) K 4 6O + K 1 4 O = K h 2k O (d) e o 2 = e o 1 a 2 K O 7 K 3 8 O K 9 2 O K 3t 14 O K3O L P L P L P L P 7 2 p q 1 0 a 2 1 11 (e) e (f) e oe o=e o oe o=e o 10 3 r s 0 1 5 1 b 10 (g) e 3 1 2 c 2b 6 oe o=e o a b 4 3 22 d (h) e 2 1 k t x 7 6 5 oe o=e o 3 h 1 2 3 5 t 3k [16]

61

19. Simplify each of the following: 3 5 2 3 3 5 (a) e oe o+e o 8 4 1 1 7 9 (c) e (e) e 2 3 1 3 1 3 o 2 e o 32 5 41 5 2 4 3 3 2 1 o+e o 5 7 4 1 4 5

20. Solve the following matrix equations: 2 1 3 5 (a) X + e o=e o 4 3 7 9 (c) Z + 2 e 3 1 6 10 o=e o 4 5 12 3 1 2 5 4 7 9 o=e o 4 6 7 13 12 21

2 2x x y 2x y oe o+e o 3 3y x y 3y x J2 5 N J 5 2N K O K O (d) K 3 4O + K 3 0O K 7 5 O K 1 4 O L P L P J1 7 N J 3 2N K O K O (f) K 6 2 O K 4 1 O K 3 4O K 3 5 O L P L P (b) e (b) Y e 2 4 1 7 o=e o 9 3 5 6 1 3 5 7 o = 2e o 4 2 3 4 1 3 9 7 3 5 o=e o 5 8 10 8 9 4

[12]

(d) P 3 e

(e) Q + 3 e

(f) R 2 e

[12]

21. Evaluate each of the following matrix products where it exists: 2 3 1 2 1 3 1 (a) e (b) e oe o oe o 1 4 5 5 3 2 5 (c) e 7 9 o ^1 3h 3 2 (d) e 2 3 3 5 oe o 4 7 7 9

1 2 (e) e o e o 3 5 3 (g) e o ^2 4h 1 J1N K O (i) ^3 1 2h K 3 O K 1O L P J2 N 1234 K O (k) e o 3 7895 K O K 1O L P J2 1N K O 2 1 (m) K 3 5O e o K 4 2O 1 3 L P

2 (f) ^1 5h e o 1 2 (h) ^1 2 3h e o 1 J2N K O (j) K 5 O^1 5 7h K 1O L P J1N 2 1 3 K O (l) e o 4 4 1 2 K O K 1O L P J1 4N K O 1 2 4 (n) K 1 3O e o K 4 2 O 3 1 2 L P

[28]

22. Evaluate each of the following matrices where possible: 2 5 (a) e o ^4 1h (b) ^1 6h e o 3 3 23. (a) Given that e 3 0 x 9 o e o = e o , find the value of x + y. 2 3 y 12 2 k 4 8 (b) Given that the square of the matrix e o is e o , find the value of k. 0 0 0 0

[4]

[4]

62

J 4 N K O 24. (a) Evaluate ^ 2 3 1h K 6 O. K5O L P 2 3x x 8 (b) Given that e o e o = e o , find the values of x and y. 1 2 1 y 25. Given that A = e 26. Given that e 2 0 x 0 o and B = e o , find the value of x when AB = BA. 3 4 2 1

[4] [3] [2]

3 5 h 2 o e o = e o , find the value of h and of k. 4 8 k 0 Answers

1. (a) e

2 8 o 3 12

(b) (20) (b) e 2 1 o 3 4

1 17 43 2. (a) 2 e o 35 21 3. 2 4. s = 8, t = 2 5. a = 24, b = 12, c = 8, x = 36 7 7 6. x = 1, y = 13 , z = 1 13 7. 15 1 8. a = 4 3 , b = 3 3 9. h = 1 4 , k = 2, m = 16 10. A2 = e

2 2 4 4 16 16 64 64 o , A3 = e o , A5 = e o , A7 = e o 6 6 12 12 48 48 192 192

11. x = 2, y = 3 or x = 3, y = 2 12. (a) a = 0, b = 4 (b) x = 12, y = 8 (d) a = 1, b = 12, c = 9, d = 15 1 (e) a = 2, b = 0, c = 1 4 13. (a) Yes (e) Yes, distributive law 14. (a) A (e) C 16. (a) a = 3, b = 19 (b) Yes (f) No (b) B (f) B 1 (b) a = 2, b = 14 3 1 (b) a = 3, b = 2, c = 3 2

(c) Yes (c) C (g) B

(d) No (d) A (h) C

63

17. (a) p = q = 3 1 (e) x = 2 , y = 3

1 (b) a = 1, b = 3 2 1 (f) x = 5, y = 2 2

(c) x = 0, z = 1

(d) x = y 2

18. (a) a = 4, b = 24, c = 17, d = 2 (b) a = 5, b = 6, c = 0, h = 2, k = 6, t = 5 2 (c) x = 1, y = 1 3 , h = 7, k = 3, t = 8 2 (d) a = 0, b = 3 3 (e) p = 3, q = 2, r = 10, s = 7 (f) a = 1, b = 5 (g) a = 1, b = 5, c = 1, d = 16 (h) h = 4, k = 3, t = 2, x = 1 4 7 19. (a) e o 14 4 J7 7 N K O (d) K 6 4O K 6 1O L P 1 4 20. (a) e o 3 6 13 5 (d) e o 18 14 13 21. (a) e o 19 (d) e (g) e 15 17 o 61 83 6 12 o 2 4 (b) e (e) e (b) e (e) e (b) e 2+x 2x 2y o 3 x + 3y 4 y + x 5 2 4 o 6 3 9 3 3 o 4 3 1 1 24 o 25 30 0 8 7 o 21 20 4 1 5 o 5 0 5 J2 9 N K O (f) K 10 1 O K 0 9O L P (c) e (c) e 0 12 o 20 7

5 3 23 (f) e o 18 7 16 (c) NA (f) (7) (i) (8) (l) e 3 o 2

(e) NA (h) NA (k) NA J11 2 4N K O (n) K 8 1 2 O K 2 6 12 O L P (b) ^2 3h (b) 4 (b) x = 8, y = 6

J 2 10 14 N K O (j) K 5 25 35 O K 1 5 7O L P J3 5 N K O (m) K 1 18O K 6 10O L P 8 2 22. (a) e o 12 3 23. (a) 5 24. (a) (31) 1 25. x = 3 26. h = 4, k = 2

64

CHAPTER 6 Chapter 6 Book 3 Mathematics Application of Mathematics in Practical Situations

ANSWERS FOR ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES Just For Fun (pg 132) 1 11 9 % improvement Just For Fun (pg 151) 59 years old

GENERAL NOTES Most of the topics in this chapter were formally in the Sec 1 syllabus. One important change is that percentage prot or loss must be qualied as to whether it is based on the cost price or the selling price. This is due to the fact that many companies reported their prot as a percentage of their revenue, i.e. based on their sales. Other sub-topics that pupils will be introduced here are the simple and compound interests, hire purchase, money exchange, taxation, and interpretation of tables and charts. Money exchange is one topic that is relevent to many pupils as more and more Singaporeans travel abroad. You can ask students to ascertain the various exchange rates oered by the money changers or banks. Why is it that there is a dierence between the selling and buying rate? Would it be better if the ASEAN countries adopted a common currency, as the European countries have done? Will this work for the ASEAN countries? It is good to introduce students to some principles at this age. The following are possible projects for them to work on. (a) Compare the various home-loan packages oered by six banks, for a home loan of $300 000 to be repaid over 20 years. (b) Compare the various car-loan packages oered by six nancial institutions, for a car loan of $50 000 to be repaid over 7 years. (for a new car) (c) Compare the various car-loan packages oered by six nancial institutions for a car loan of $50 000 to be paid over 7 years. (For a used car) (d) Suppose you have $50 000 to put into a xed deposit at one of the banks. Find out which of the banks oer the best rate. (e) Ask the students to invest $100 000 in foreign currencies for six months, and see who emerges as the winner. We can appoint a few group leaders to help the pupils calculate the transactions they make through the months whenever they want to switch their investment. The following is a worksheet for reference. Money Exchange Each of you are to help invest $100 000 in foreign currencies over the next six months. You are to use your foresight and prediction so as to select the best currency/currencies so adding to the value of the original sum.

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The following are the rates of currencies for your reference. Interest Rate 5.5 4.2 5.8 6.7 5.5 3.7 4.2 5.2 7.7 0.2

Currency

Rate on 13 Oct. 2006 Buying 1.5740 2.9260 1.1820 1.0340 1.3890 0.4297 1.9760 0.1990 0.04190 0.013196 Selling 1.5920 2.9580 1.1960 1.0570 1.4050 0.4304 1.9980 0.2030 0.04270 0.013341

Rate on 23 Nov. 2006 Buying 1.5450 2.9570 1.1970 1.0340 1.3530 0.4268 1.9990 0.1970 0.04220 0.013232 Selling 1.5630 2.9910 1.2110 1.0570 1.3690 0.4273 2.0220 0.2010 0.04300 0.013380

US dollar Sterling pound Australian dollar New Zealand $ Canadian dollar Malaysian RM Euro Chinese Reminbi Thai baht Japanese Yen

You are to make careful investments based on the above information. Enter, into the following table, your investments based on the exchange rates quoted on (23/11/2006) and the interest rates given. AMOUNT INVESTED SING$ EQUIVALENT INTEREST EARNED AMOUNT AT 23/11/2006 SING$ EQUIVALENT

CURRENCY

You may modify the above table to take in the latest gures and to set your own conclusion e.g. the investment can only be reviewed at the end of month etc. (f) We can also introduce pupils to the stock market by giving each of them $50 000 virtual money to invest in the Singapore stock market. Students should form groups of ve students, with a leader to decide which stocks to invest in and to record the prot or loss made in every transaction, including a 0.5% brokerage. They are to base their trade on the losing prices of the day by referring to the newspaper-quoted prices the next day. (g) The interest rate charged by credit-card companies for outstanding amounts due to them is at an annual rate of 24%. Ask the students to calculate the amount due if $5000 is not repaid for 5 years. (h) As Singaporeans are allowed to invest their CPF money for shares and unit trusts etc, you can ask pupils to calculate the percentage of people who make money investing in the stock market, unit trusts etc. as compared to keeping their money in CPF earning 2.5% interest.

66

XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: ( ) Date: Time allowed: 35 min Marks: 10

Chapter 6

Book 3 Multiple-Choice Questions Application of Mathematics in Practical Situations

1. Abel bought a mini hi- set for $600. He sold it to Bob at a loss of 20%. Bob sold it to Charles and made a prot of 5%. How much did Charles pay for it? (a) $456 (b) $504 (c) $684 (D) $750 (E) $756 ( )

2. A man bought x balloons at y cents each. He sold all of them at z cents each. If x, y, and z are all increased by 10%, nd the percentage increase in prot. (a) 10% (b) 15% (c) 21% (d) 30% (e) 40% ( )

3. After the price of fuel went up by 10%, a man reduced his fuel consumption by 10%. What is the percentage change in his fuel bill? (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) decreased by 1% increased by 1% increased by 9% decreased by 9% unchanged

4. The simple interest on $680 for 5 years is $119. What is the rate of interest per annum? (a) 3.5% (b) 7% (c) 14% (d) 42% (e) 49% ( )

5. A dealer allows 30% discount on his listed prices and then makes a prot of 25% on his cost price. What is the listed price of a camera on which he gains $91? (a) $76 (b) $109.20 (c) $148 (d) $520 (e) $650 ( )

6. A mixture of coee is made of grade A and grade B coee powder in equal parts by weight. Grade A coee costs $20 per kg. and grade B coee costs $40 per kg. At what price per kg. must the mixture be sold to make a prot of 10%? (a) $30 (b) $31 (c) $33 (d) $36 (e) $66 ( )

7. The number of students in a school increases by 15% each year. If there are 1058 students this year, what was the enrolment for the year before last? (a) 920 (b) 800 (c) 900 (d) 1 000 (e) 1 028 ( )

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8. The length and breadth of a cube are measured 10% too big, and the height is measured 10% too small. What is the resulting percentage error in the volume? (a) 30 more (b) 30 less (c) 10 more (d) 8.9 more (e) 8.9 less ( )

1 9. Each year a car depreciates by 22 2 % of its value at the beginning of the year. What will the value of the car be at the end of two years if its value at the beginning of the rst year, is $80 000? (a) $62 000 (b) $48 050 (c) $40 000 (d) $18 000 (e) $40 500 ( )

10. A Filipino trader exported 7 908 692 pesos worth of goods to Singapore. If the exchange rate was S$4.8702 to 100 pesos, estimate how much the importer in Singapore paid for the goods in S$. (a) 40 000 000 (b) 350 000 (c) 400 000 (d) 4 000 000 (e) 320 000 ( )

Answers 1. b 8. d 2. c 9. b 3. a 10. c 4. a 5. e 6. c 7. b

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XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: Book 3 Mathematics Test Application of Mathematics in Practical Situations ( ) Date: Time allowed: Marks: min

Chapter 6

1. If 15 kg of rambutans cost $25.00, calculate (a) the cost of 24 kg of rambutans, (b) the quantity of rambutans (in kg) that can be bought for $30.00. [2] [2]

2. A shopkeeper bought an article for $400. By selling it at a discount of 18% off the list price, he made a profit 1 of 22 2 % on the cost. Find the list price. [3] 3. A car depreciates in value by 12% during the first year, and by 5% of its value during each succeeding year. If its initial value was $125 000, find (a) its value at the end of three years, [3] (b) the percentage value of the initial value at the end of three years, giving your answer correct to the nearest whole number. [2] 4. (a) A shopkeeper usually sells VCD players for $360 each. He disposes of a display set by reducing the price 1 by 12 2 %. Calculate the selling price of the display set. [2] 2 (b) When he sells the VCD player at the usual price of $360, the shopkeeper makes a profit of 16 3 %. Calculate the price paid by the shopkeeper. [2] (c) Find the percentage profit the shopkeeper makes on the display set. [2] 5. Peter bought some pens for $72. On checking, he found that 8 pens were defective. He sold the remaining pens at 30% above the cost price, and made a profit of $16.40. How many dozens of pens did he buy? [3] 6. In a city, electricity is charged at $0.15 per unit for the first 440 units, and at $0.20 for each subsequent unit. (a) In June, Mrs Foong used 640 units of electricity. What was her electricity bill for the month of June? [2] 1 (b) Her electricity consumption for the month of July was reduced by 22 2 %. What was the corresponding percentage decrease in her bill? [3] 7. (a) A manufacturer produced 18 000 pens, and sold them in packets of 5 at $1.60 per packet. Calculate the total selling price. [2] (b) The cost of production consisted of expenditure on administration, labour, and materials. The cost of administration was $2 100. Labour and materials cost 15 cents per pen. Calculate the total cost of production, and express the profit made as a percentage of this total cost. [4] (c) A further 45 000 pens were produced and sold at the same price of $1.60 per packet of 5 pens. In this case, 1 the profit made was 33 3 % of the cost of producing them. Calculate the cost of producing the 45 000 pens. [3]

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8. (a) The perimeter of a quadrilateral is 132 cm, and the sides are in the ratio 5 : 8 : 15 : 17. Calculate how much longer the longest side is when compared to the shortest side. [2] (b) John heard the sound of a gun 3.8 seconds after it was fired. Taking the speed of sound to be 330 metres per second, calculate the distance between John and the gun, giving your answer in kilometres. [2] 9. Mrs Tay, Mrs Chen, and Madam Rosnah each decided to buy a photocopying machine that was priced at $6400. 1 (a) Mrs Tay offered her old machine in part exchange, and the salesman allowed her 27 2 % off the cost of the new machine. Calculate how much more Mrs Tay had to pay for her new photocopying machine. [2] (b) Mrs Chen paid for the new photocopying machine in cash and was given a discount. Given that she paid $5 488 for her new photocopying machine, calculate the percentage discount she received. [2] (c) Madam Rosnah agreed to pay 45% of $6 400 as a deposit, and the balance in equal monthly instalments over a period of two years. Given that each monthly instalment is $176, calculate how much Madam Rosnah paid for her photocopying machine altogether. [2] (d) The salesman had hoped to sell each new photocopying machine for $6 400 so that he would make a profit of 28% on the cost price. Calcualate the cost price of each new machine. [2] 10. The amount of money Peter, Paul, and Jane have, respectively, are in the ratio of 3 : 5 : 7. If Jane gives Paul $198, the ratio of the amounts of money Paul and Jane have becomes 7 : 5. How much money do Peter, Paul, and Jane have altogether? [3] 11. A bicycle shop bought 20 bicycles for $4 000. On checking, the shopkeeper found that 5 of the bicycles were slightly damaged. He sold the remaining bicycles at the normal selling price, and each of the slightly damaged 3 bicycles at 4 of the normal selling price. What was the normal selling price of each bicycle if he made 35% profit on the whole transaction? [4] 12. In a trapezium, the ratio of the lengths of the two parallel sides is 3 : 2. While keeping the height of the trapezium constant, the length of the shorter parallel side is increased by 30%, and the length of the longer side is decreased by 30%. What is the percentage increase or decrease in the area of the trapezium? [4] 13. The selling price of a television set is $854. Mr Koh paid cash for a set, and was given a 10% discount. Mr Chow bought a set from the same shop, by instalments, and was charged 12% more than the selling price. Find the difference between the prices Mr Koh and Mr Chow paid for their television sets. [3] 14. A credit-card company charges 2.5% interest per month on amounts not paid in previous months. If Mr Lee pays off $145.00 of his November account of $336.82, what interest charges will be added to his December account? [2] 15. John has a passbook account which earns him 2.5% per annum for minimum monthly balances up to $5 000, and 3.25% per annum for balances over $5 000. Calculate the December interest John receives if the minimum monthly balances in the 6 months up to December were: $5 428, $4 906, $4 269, $5 548, $4 946, and $5 967. [5] 16. A 29-inch colour television set is advertised at $1 999 at full price or $67.50 per month. (a) If $67.50 per month is the only amount to be paid, approximately how many months will it take to pay off the cost of the television set? [2] (b) If the actual terms stated are a 10% deposit and 36 monthly payments of $67.50, what is the total cost of the television set? [3] (c) How much more than the full price will be paid to buy the telvision set on monthly payment terms? [1]

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17. Payroll tax is due from companies paying wages. It is calculated as follows: 4% of payroll for amounts up to 1 $500 000 and 5 2 % of payroll for amounts greater than $500 000. Calculate the payroll tax due on the following payrolls: (a) $357 000 (b) $950 000 [2]

18. Mortgage duty on money borrowed to purchase a property is calculated as follows: $75 on the first $150 000, plus 0.6% of the remaining amount. Calculate the mortgage duty payable on the following loans: (a) $125 000 (b) $560 000 [3]

1 19. The rate of commission on the sale of a house is 4% on the first $150 000, 2% on the next $450 000, 1 2 % on the next $400 000 and 1% thereafter. A real-estate agent sells two properties, during the month of June, with values of $587 500 and $1 209 500. (a) Calculate the commision due on each property. [4] (b) What was the total commission received from the sale of the two properties? [1] (c) If the agent gets 25% of the total commission received from the sales, how much does the agent earn in June? [2] 20. A man invests a sum of money at simple interest. Each year he receives $128 interest on the amount invested. When the rate of interest rises by 0.75%, the annual interest is raised to $140. Calculate the sum of money invested, and the new percentage rate of interest. [5] 21. Coffee powder costing $9 per kg is mixed with coffee powder costing $13.50 per kg. The mixture is sold at $12 per kg, thereby making a profit of 20%. Find the ratio in which the two types of coffee powder are mixed. [4] 22. A shopkeeper sold an article for $160. How much must he sell the article for to make a profit of 20%? [2]

23. Sugar costing $1 per kg is mixed with sugar costing $1.20 per kg in the ratio 3 : 1. Find the selling price per kg of the mixture, to make a 20% gain. [3] 24. Peter has $30 000 for investment. He can choose to deposit the sum of money in the bank which pays a simple 1 interest of 7 2 % per annum or invest it in a building society which pays simple interest at a rate of $7.50 for every $1000 invested per month. Find the difference in interests paid by the bank and the building society after 1 year. [3] 25. Mr Kwan borrowed money from a fianance company to buy a second-hand car. He paid back the loan through monthly instalments for a period of 4 years. In the first year, each monthly instalment was $1 000. For each subsequent year, the monthly instalment is reduced by 10% from the previous year. Find the amount of money Mr Kwan paid for the car. [4] 26. Three persons, A, B, and C, enter into a business together by contributing $50 000, $45 000, and $60 000 for periods of 10 months, 12 months, and 8 months, respectively. At the end of the year, the gross profit is $100 000 and the expenses amount to 24% of the gross profit. The net profit is shared among A, B, and C in proportion to their contributions. Find the profit A receives. [5]

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27. A shopkeeper bought a watch for US$60 and sold it for $102.60, Find his percentage of profit. (Take US$ 1 = S$ 1.425).

[3]

28. Mr Beaver travels from A to B on a bus at a speed of 40 km/h and then walks from B to C at a speed of 5 km/h. Given that the distance between A and C is 55 km, and he takes 4 hours for the whole journey, find the ratio of the distance between B and C. [4] 29. It takes 3 men and 5 women 17 days to complete a job, and 5 men and 3 women do the same job in 15 days. What is the ratio of the work rates of a man and a woman? [5] 30. It takes 40 workers to complete half of a certain job in 15 days. If the remaining job needs to be completed in 2 days, how many workers must to be deployed? [2] 31. Raymond drives from Town A to Town B, 120 km apart, at an average speed of 50 km/h. Find his average speed on the return journey if the round trip takes 5 hours and 24 minutes altogether. [2] 32. Mrs Chua makes stuffed toys and is paid according to the following differential rates: 080 toys 81150 toys 151200 toys 201 (or over) toys $ 3.10 per toy $ 3.75 per toy $ 4.60 per toy $ 5.80 per toy [3]

During a month when Mrs Chua makes 242 toys, how much does she earn?

33. Simon places $3 684 in an investment account, earning 8.25% per annum from May 28th to August 27th (including both days). Calculate the interest earned. [3] 34. (a) A train leaves Town A at 09:00 hours and is scheduled to reach Town B at 12:30 hours. What is its average speed if the distance is 273 kilometres? [2] (b) On a certain day, the train travels at this speed for 2 hours and is then delayed for three-quarters of an hour. If its average speed is 60 km/h for the rest of the journey, when does it arrive at Town B? [3] 35. The daily wages of a skilled worker, Kevein and an apprentice, John, were $45 and $18, respectively. Working separately, Kevein received $900 when he had completed a piece of work and John received $540 when he had finished the same type of work. If they did the work together, and assuming that they were working at their own individual rates, how much would each receive when the work was completed? [5] 36. An alloy of zinc and tin contains 33% of the zinc, by weight. Find the weight of the zinc that must be added 1 to 600 kg of this alloy, if the final percentage of tin is to be 33 3 [4] 37. In what proportion must a chemist mix two solutions of a certain chemical, which cost him $24 and $36 per litre, respectively so that by selling the mixture at $35 per litre, he is able to make a 25% profit on his outlay? [3] 38. Goods in a shop are marked at 35% above the cost price. What profit per cent is made if 20% is taken off for cash? What is the greatest percentage that can be taken off without causing a loss to the shopkeeper? [5] 39. During a sale, a shopkeeper allows customers a discount of 0.175 in the dollar on the marked price which originally gave him a profit of 40%. What must the customer now pay for goods which cost the shopkeeper $1 400? [3]

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1 40. (a) Find a mans taxable income if he paid $1 567.50 in tax when the income tax was levied at 12 2 %. (b) If $1 = US$ 0.56 and S$1 = M$ 1.57, find how many Malaysian ringgits can be exchanged for US$600? Give your answer correct to the nearest dollar. [4] 41. (a) A man buys a book for $12. His advertised selling price is 25% higher, but he gives a discount of 12% to schools. What is the selling price of the book to schools? (b) A salesman receives a basic salary of $550, and a commission of 4% of the value of goods sold in excess of $4 500. Find his income for a month in which he sells goods worth $18 000. [4] 42. Mr Chen borrows a sum of money for 5 years. For the first 3 years, the simple interest is 8% per annum and 1 amounts to $3 600. For the next 2 years, the simple interest is 10 2 % per annum. Calculate (a) the amount of money he has borrowed, (b) the amount he has to pay back altogether at the end of 5 years. [4] 43. (a) A man spends 10% of his monthly income on rent, 15% on food, 12% on clothes, 8% on income tax, 21% on other expenses, and he saves the rest. Given that he saves $1 292 a month, find his monthly income. (b) The value of a car depreciates each year by 15% of its value at the beginning of the year. If a brand new car costs $56 000, find its value at the end of 4 years, correct to the nearest 100 dollars. [4] 44. A travelling salesman receives a basic salary of $800 a month, a commission equal to 4% of the value of goods sold, plus a car allowance of 60 per km. (a) Find his income for a particular month when he sells goods worth $13 500 and travels 800 km. (b) The next month, he travels 996 km and receives a total income of $1 970. Calculate the percentage increase in the value of goods sold. [4] 45. (a) Mr Chen is entitled to a tax-free allowance of $16 000. He pays tax at the rate of 12% on his income above that figure. Calculate how much he has to pay if his income is $ 38 000. (b) Mr Lin is entitled to a tax-free allowance of $13 000 and he pays tax at 14%. Find his income if he pays $4 060 in tax. [4] 46. A manufacturer knows that 6% of the light bulbs he makes are defective. Find the number of bulbs he must produce in order to obtain 611 light bulbs that are not defective. The manufacturing cost for the light bulbs is $586.56. If he sells the non-defective light bulbs at a profit of 25%, find the selling price of each light bulb. [4] 3 1 47. (a) The interest on a mans investment increases from 8 4 % to 11 4 % per annum. Find the value of his investment if his annual income from it increases by $75. 1 (b) The cost of manufacturing a car is $7 800. Find the selling price of the car if it is sold at a profit of 17 2 % on the cost price. [5] 48. A man buys a flat for $100 000 and rents it out. He puts 14% of each months rent aside for repairs and 1 maintenance of the flat, pays $272 in taxes per year and realises 8 2 % on his investments. Calculate the monthly rent, correct to the nearest dollar. [3]

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Answers 1. (a) $ 40 2. $578.20 3. (a) 99 275 4. (a) $315 5. 12 6. (a) 106 7. (a) $5 760 8. (a) 35.2 cm 9. (a) $4 640 10. $1 485 11. $288 12. 6% decrease 13. $187.88 14. $4.80 15. $75.31 16. (a) 30 17. (a) $14 280 18. (a) $75 19. (a) $14 # 750, $23 095 20. $1 600, 8.75% 21. 7 : 2 22. $240 23. $1.26 24. $450 (b) $2 629.90 (b) $52 250 (b) $2 535 (b) $37 845 (c) $9 461.25 (c) $630.90 (b) 27.2% (b) $4 800, 16.7% (b) 1.254 km 1 (b) 14 4 % (c) $7 104 (d) $5 000 (c) $10 800 (b) 79% (b) $300 (c) 5% (b) 18 kg

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25. $41 268 26. $25 000 27. 20% 28. 8 : 11 29. 5 : 3 30. 50 31. 40 km/h 32. $984.10 33. $76.61 34. (a) 78 km/h 35. $540, $216 36. 606 kg 37. 2 : 1 38. 8%, 25.9% 39. $1 617 40. (a) $12 540 41. (a) $13.20 42. (a) $15 000 43. (a) $3 800 44. (a) $1 820 45. (a) $2 640 46. 650 light bulbs, $1.20 47. (a) $3 000 48. $850 (b) $9 165 (b) 1 682 Malaysian ringgits (b) $1 090 (b) $21 750 (b) $29 200 (b) 6% (b) $42 000 (b) 13 42

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CHAPTER 7 Chapter 7 Book 3 Mathematics Linear Graphs and their Applications

ANSWERS FOR ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES Just For Fun (pg 173) Suppose 32 rabbit heads were counted. The number of legs would have been 32 4 = 128 This is 128 100 = 28 legs more than those counted. We can assume that these extra legs belong to the chickens and therefore, there are 28 2 = 14 fewer rabbits. the number of chickens counted = 14 and the number of rabbits counted = 32 14 = 18 Therefore, there are 14 chickens and 18 rabbits. Just For Fun (pg 176) Let x be the number of husbands who are taller than their wives, y be the number of husbands who are heavier than their wives, and z be the number of husbands who are taller and heavier than their wives. (A Venn diagram claries the problem.) 2 3 Then z = 3 x, z = 4 y and 1 000 x y + z = 120 giving x = 720

Taller than wife

Heavier than wife

Taller and heavier than wife

Just For Fun (pg 183) Let the distance for the whole journey be d km and Chonglins speed be x km/h. d d 3 d d 15 Then we have x x + 1 = 60 and x x + 6 = 60 . Hence, the solution is d = 30

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Chapter 7

Book 3 Mathematics Linear Graphs and their Applications

GENERAL NOTES

As an introduction to the topic, the teacher may spend a little bit of time introducing and discussing the many situations that make use of the idea of coordinate geometry. Some of the examples not mentioned in the text are: 1. The latitude and longitude of a place on earth, i.e. map work. 2. The seating layout in cinemas, stadiums, etc. with which most students should be familiar. 3. The display of ashcards during the National Day celebrations. Each card bearer is given a row and a column number for the coordinator to supervise. 4. Before a mural is painted on a wall, a picture is normally drawn on a piece of grid paper and then transferred on the wall. Draw their attention to the relationship between the graphs of y = x + c and y = x, and in general to the relationship between the graphs of y = mx + c and y = mx. The graph of y = x + c is the translation of the graph of y = x, c units up or down parallel to the xaxis depending on whether c > 0 or c < 0. The graph of y = mx + c is the translation of the graph of y = mx, c units up or down parallel to the xaxis depending on whether c > 0 or c < 0. Thus, lead students to the conclusion that the graphs of y = mx + c, for various values of c are parallel and cut the yaxis at dierent points corresponding to the dierent values of c. Emphasise the fact that when two quantities are related in any way, it is often useful to show the relationship by means of a graph. The purpose of a graph is to convey information visually and quickly. Stress, also, that a good graph must be neat, clear, and concise. Conversion graphs are something new for the students as, at primary level, they were exposed only to travel graphs. A conversion graph is also known as a ready reckoner. A ready reckoner relating the cost of a copper pipe to its length may be found on the chart of a building materials supplier. Using this graph, a salesman can quickly determine the cost of any length of copper piping. Besides the type of conversion graphs discussed in the textbook, teachers may ask students to suggest other types of everyday situations where conversion graphs may be useful. The Dynamic Mathematics Series on The Business of GRAPHS if your school does have these CDs, will provide extra drill and practice for the students. Choice of scale is important in this chapter. A scale will be determined by the biggest and lowest values of a given variable. The scale should be as large as possible, as this allows space for more details. Plotting or graphing should be done carefully and neatly. The scale and names of the quantities (along the respective axes) should be clearly specied. Students must also be reminded about the following precautions when reading gures o a graph: Check the scale Check the starting point of the respective axes Use a ruler

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XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: ( ) Date: Time allowed: Marks: min

Book 3 Mathematics Test Chapter 7 Linear Graphs and their Applications 1. The diagram shows the various lengths of a spring when dierent weights are attached to it. (a) What is the original length of the spring? (b) What is the length of the spring when the attached weight is 12 g? (c) Find the attached weight if the spring is extended by 2.4 cm from its original length.
Length (in cm) 5 4 3 2 1 0 10 20 30 Weight (in g)

[1] [1] [1]

2. The graph shows the dierent weights of an object on Earth and on the Moon. Use the graph to nd the weight of an object (a) on Earth if it weighs 14 kg on the Moon, (b) on the Moon if its weight on Earth is 48 kg.
Weight on the Moon (in kg) 20 15 10 15 0 20 40 60 80 100 Weight on Earth (in kg)

[1] [1]

3. The graph shows the cost, in dollars, of printing various numbers of name cards. From the graph, nd (a) the cost of printing (i) 100 cards, (ii) 150 cards, (iii) 300 cards. (b) the number of cards that can be printed for (i) $100 (ii) $250 (iii) $300 [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]

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350 The cost in dollars 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Number of cards

4. The table below displays the distance travelled by a car, and the amount of petrol remaining in the tank. Distance travelled (in km) Amount of petrol left (in litres)

0 50

20 48

40 46

80 42

160 34

320 18

(a) Draw a graph to show the relationship between the distance covered and the amount of petrol in the tank, using suitable scales. [2] (b) When the car has travelled 50 km, how much petrol is left in the tank? [1] (c) The car starts with a full tank of 50 litres. How far has it travelled before the tank was empty? [1] (d) If the car travels at a uniform speed throughout, what is the rate of consumption of petrol? [2] (e) How far has the car travelled when only 21 litres of petrol remain in the tank? [1] 5. It is given that 1 kg of soya beans is required to produce 6 litres of soya-bean milk. If x denotes the weight of soya beans needed, and y, the amount of soya-bean milk produced, draw a graph to illustrate the relationship between x and y. [2] Use your graph to nd (a) the amount of soya-bean milk produced by (i) 4 kg of soya beans (ii) 6.5 kg of soya beans (b) the weight of soya beans needed to produce (i) 12 litres of soya-bean milk (ii) 21 litres of soya-bean milk 6. The distance-time graph shows the graph of Joshuas journey when he goes to visit his teacher. (a) How far away does his teacher live? (b) What is the fastest speed at which he travelled? (c) How long did he rest altogether? [1] [1] [1]

[2] [2]

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Distance (in km)

30 25 20 15 10 5 0800 0900 1000 1200 Time

7. It is given that US$10 was equivalent to S$15 in July 1997. Draw a graph to show the relationship between American and Singapore dollars up to US$100. Use your graph to nd the conversion of the following: (a) American dollars into Singapore dollars (i) US$16 (ii) US$72 [2] (b) Singapore dollars into American dollars (i) S$30 (ii) S$96 [2] 8. The diagram shows the distance-time graph of a motorist after leaving home. Using the graph, nd (a) the speed, in km/h, during the last 30 minutes. (b) the average speed, in km/h, for the whole journey.
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time (mins)

[2] [2]

9. A restaurant owner pays a waiter an amount of $A per day. The amount is made up of a xed daily wage plus a variable amount, which depends on the number of customers he serves. The graph illustrates the relationship between $A and n, which is the number of customers he serves. Use the graph to nd (a) the xed daily wage (b) the amount of money he received the day he served 50 customers (c) the number of customers he served on the day he received $46
80 Amount ($) 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 n customers 80

Distance (km)

[1] [1] [1]

80

10. The maximum number of marks in an examination is 60. The table below shows the relationship between the actual marks obtained by some candidates and their percentage marks. Actual Marks Petcentage Marks

0 0

30 50

60 100

Using suitable scales, draw a graph to convert the actual marks to percentage marks. From your graph, nd (a) the percentage marks obtained by a candidate with (i) 15 marks (ii) 48 marks (b) the actual marks of a candidate whose percentage marks are (i) 35 (ii) 55 11. The graph shows the change in the temperature of the water in a hot-water tank after the heater is switched on. Use your graph to nd (a) the temperature of the water in the tank after (i) 28 minutes (ii) 1 hour 24 minutes (b) the time taken for the temperature to reach (i) 32C (ii) 76C
80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Time (min) 120

[1] [1]

[2] [2]

12. The diagram shows the distance-time graph of Mr Chew. (a) How far did he travel? (b) What is his speed for the rst hour? (c) Find his average speed for the whole journey.
Distance (in km)

Temperature (in C)

[1] [1] [2]

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0730 0830 0930 1030 1130 Time

81

13. The diagram shows the travel graph of a moving body after leaving a starting point. Using the graph, nd (a) the time interval during which the body is stationary, (b) the speed during the last minute, (c) the average speed for the whole journey in km/h. [1] [2] [3]

300 Distance in metres

200

100

20

40 60 80 100 Time in seconds

120

14. The diagram shows the travel graph of a car. Using the graph, nd (a) the speed of the car for the rst part of the journey, (b) the duration during which the car stopped, (c) the average speed of the car for the whole journey, (d) the fastest speed of the car during the journey.
80 60 40 20 0 1000 1030 1100 1130 1200 Time

[1] [1] [2] [1]

15. Given that 36 km/h is equal to 10 m/s, construct a graph to convert km/h in m/s. Use your graph to convert (a) 55 km/h to m/s, (b) 108 m/s to km/h. 16. Given that 5 kg = 11 pounds, construct a graph to convert pounds in kg. and vice versa. Use your graph to convert align (a) 66 pounds to kg, (b) 45 kg to pounds.

Distance (in km)

[3] [1] [1] [3] [1] [1]

82

17. The diagram shows the distance-time graph of a motorist. (a) (b) (c) (d) How far did he travel in the rst hour? What was his average speed during the rst hour? What is his speed during the last leg of his journey? What is his average speed for the whole journey?
100 80 60 40 20 0 1200 1230 1300 1330 1400 Time

[1] [1] [1] [1]

18. The graph shows Peters journey. He left home at 5 p.m. (a) (b) (c) (d) What is Peters average speed for the outward journey? For how many hours was Peter away from home? How far did Peter travel in total? What is Peters average speed for the entire journey?
Distance (km) 40 20 0 5pm 6pm 7pm 8pm 9pm Time

Speed (km)

[1] [1] [1] [1]

19. The graph shows the cost ($c) of hiring a van, to travel D km, from a rental company. Use the graph to nd (a) the cost of hiring a van to travel (i) 34 km, (ii) 68 km. (b) the distance travelled if the cost of hiring a van is (i) $52 (ii) $32
80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Distance Travelled (D km)

[1] [1] [1] [1]

20. Given that 10 gallons = 45 litres, construct a graph to convert gallons to litres, and vice versa. Use your graph to (a) convert into litres (i) 4 gallons (ii) 6 gallons (b) convert into gallons (i) 21.6 litres (ii) 39.6 gallons

Cost ($c)

[4]

83

21. It is given that S$1 was equivalent to 20 Thai baht in July 1997. Draw a graph to show the relationship between the Singapore dollar and the Thai baht, up to 200 Thai baht. [2] Use your graph to nd the conversion of the following: (a) Singapore dollars into Thai baht (i) $5.50 (ii) $8.20 (b) Thai baht into Singapore dollars (i) 140 baht (ii) 88 baht

[2] [2]

22. It is given that S$55 was equivalent to M$100 in July 1997. Draw a graph to show the relationship between the Singapore dollar and the Malaysian ringgit, up to M$100. Use your graph to convert (a) into Malaysian ringgit (i) S$22 (ii) #S$45 (b) into Singapore dollars (i) M$60 (ii) M$82

[2] [2]

23. It is given that HK$10 was equivalent to 160 in July 1997. Draw a graph to show the relationship between the Hong Kong dollar and Japanese yen, up to 800. Use your graph to convert into (a) Japanese yen (i) HK$25 (ii) HK$42 (c) Hong Kong dollars (i) 480 (ii) 640 24. The graph shows the rate at which water is emptied from a container. Use the graph to nd (a) the amount of water in the container at rst, (b) the time taken to empty the container, (c) the volume of water in the container after 3 seconds, 3 (d) the time taken to empty 4 of the tank. [1] [1] [1] [1]

[4]

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time (in seconds)

Volume (in litres)

84

25. The diagram shows Peter and Pauls travel graphs. From the graphs, nd (a) Peters speed in the rst two hours, (b) the distance between them at 12 noon, (c) Pauls speed throughout the journey, (d) the dierence between their average speeds for the entire journey.
Distance (km) 300 200 100 Peter

[1] [1] [1] [2]

Paul

0 0800 1000 1200 1400 Time

26. It is given that A$75 was equivalent to 100 German marks (DM) in July 1997. Draw a graph to show the relationship between the Australian dollars and German marks, up to DM100. Use your graph to convert (a) into German marks (i) A$39 (ii) A$63 (b) into Australian dollars (i) DM60 (ii) DM80 27. The diagram shows the travel graph of a moving body. (a) Which section would indicate that the body was resting? (b) Which section shows the body moving at its fastest speed? (c) Find the average speed, in km/h, of the body for the entire journey.
D

[4]

[1] [2] [1]

Distance (in m)

200 150 100 50 0 A 1 2 3 Time (in min) B C

28. The diagram shows the relationship between the expenses of a basketball tournament and the number of players attending the tournament. From your graph, nd (a) the expenses when the number of players is (i) 12 (ii) 48 (b) the dierence in the number of players, when the expenses dier by 100 dollars.

[2] [1]

85

800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 No. of players

29. It is given that S$24 was equivalent to 100 French francs in July 1997. Draw a graph to show the relationship between the Singapore dollars and the French francs, for up to 100 francs. Use your graph to nd the conversion of the following: (a) Singapore dollars into French francs (i) S$8 (ii) S$18 (b) French francs into Singapore dollars (i) 25 francs (ii) 80 francs 30. Given that 10 m/s is equivalent to 36 km/h, draw a conversion graph using the following scales: Horizontal: km/h, 0 to 150, 1 cm to 10 km/h Vertical: m/s, 0 to 40, 2 cm to 10 m/s Use your graph to change to (a) m/s (i) 72 km/h (ii) 126 km/h (b) km/h (i) 15 m/s (ii) 40 m/s 31.
50 40 Litres 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gallons 7 8 9 10 11

Expenses in dollars

[4]

[4]

The diagram above shows the graph for converting gallons to litres. (a) A motorist bought 5.2 gallons of petrol. Given that 1 litre of petrol costs $1.50, use the conversion graph to calculate how much the motorist paid for petrol. (b) Given that 1 gallon of milk costs $11.25, use the graph to calculate the cost of 18 litres of milk. [4]

86

32. Given that 20 m/s is equivalent to 72 km/h, draw a conversion graph using the following scales Horizontal: km/h, 0 to 100, 1 cm to 10 km/h Vertical: m/s, 0 to 30, 2 cm to 10 m/s Use your graph to change to (a) m/s (i) 36 km/h (ii) 55 km/h (iii) 75 km/h (b) km/h (i) 5 m/s (ii) 25m/s (iii) 14m/s

[8]

33. Draw a conversion graph to convert marks out of 65 in percentage marks, using suitable scales. Use your graph to convert the following marks out of 65 to percentage marks: (a) 6 (b) 26 (c) 39 (d) 54 (e) 63 [8] 34. On a certain day in 2006, the exchange rate for US$80 was S$130. Draw a graph to convert American dollars into Singapore dollars. Use your graph to (a) change to Singapore dollars (i) US$30 (ii) US$48 (iii) US$69 (iv) US$150 (b) change to American dollars (i) S$21 (ii) S$85 (iii) S$112 (iv) S$270 [10] 35. In an experiment, a rat was placed at distance d (in cm) from a goal box. The pull p (in g) of the rat towards the food, placed in the goal box, was measured. 1 The formula connecting p and d is p = 5 d + 70, 30 d 175 1 (a) Draw the graph of the equation p = 5 d + 70, 30 d 175 (b) Use your graph to nd the value of p when the value of d is (i) 35 (ii) 66 (iii) 125 (iv) 160 [7] 36. The formula connecting the cost, $ C, in producing n television sets is C = 96 000 + 80n (a) Draw the graph of this equation 0 n 1000 (b) Use your graph to nd the cost for producing (i) 50 (ii) 125 (iii) 650 (iv) 800 television sets. (c) Given that m television sets cost $132 000 to produce, use your graph to nd the value of m.

[7]

37. Train-1 travels a distance of 500 km from Town P to Town Q. It leaves Town P at 07:00 and arrives at Town Q at 13:00. Train-2 leaves Town Q at 07:00, arriving at Town P at 14 00. The diagram below shows the distancetime graphs for the two trains. Find (a) the distance travelled in the rst two hours by each train, (b) the speed of each train before the rst stop, (c) when and where the two trains passed each other, (d) the average speed of each train for the entire journey. [6]
Town Q 500 Distance (km) 400 300 200 100 Town P 0 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Time Train 1 Train 2

87

38.
Town B 60 50 Distance (km) 40 30 20 10 Town A Harry Steven

0 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 Time

Harry left Town A at 06:00 to travel to Town B, 60 km away. Two hours later, Steven left Town A to travel to Town B too. The graph above shows the distance they had travelled in a given time. Find (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) how long Steven took to reach Town B, and his speed for the journey, when, and where, Steven overtook Harry, how far Harry had travelled after 1 hour, how far Harry had travelled when Steven reached his destination, how long Steven took to travel 45 km, Harrys average speed for the whole journey.

[8]

Answers 1. (a) 2cm 2. (a) 70kg 3. (a) (i) $150 (b) (i) 50 cards 4. (b) 45 litres 5. (a) (i) 24 litres (b) (i) 2 kg 6. (a) 30 km 7. (a) (i) S$24 (b) (i) US$20 8. (a) 80 km/h 9. (a) $30 (b) 3.2 cm (b) 9.5kg (ii) $200 (ii) 200 cards (c) 500 km (ii) 39 litres (ii) 3.5 kg (b) 20 km/h (ii) S$108 (ii) US$64 (b) 51 3/7 km/h (b) $66 (c) 22 customers (c) 1 hour (iii) $350 (iii) 250 cards (d) 0.1 litre per km (e) 290 km (c) 24g

88

10. (a) (i) 25 (b) (i) 21 11. (a) (i) 28C (b) (i) 36 minutes 12. (a) 60 km 13. (a) 20 seconds 14. (a) 93 1/3 km/h 15. (a) 198 m/s 16. (a) 30 kg 17. (a) 40 km 18. (a) 13 1/3 19. (a) (i) $40 (b) (i) 54 km 20. (a) (i) 18 litres (b) (i) 4.8 gallons 21. (a) (i) 110 baht (b) (i) S$7 22. (a) (i) M$40 (b) (i) S$33 23. (a) (i) 400 (b) (i) HK$ 30 24. (a) 80 litres 25. (a) 75 km/h 26. (a) (i) DM 52 27. (a) BC 28. (a) (i) $560 29. (a) (i) 33 francs (b) (i) S$6 30. (a) (i) 20 m/s (b) (i) 54 km/h

(ii) 80 (ii) 33 (ii) 60C (ii) 112 minutes (b) 24 km/h (b) 2.5 m/s (b) 1/2 hour (b) 30 km/h (b) 99 pounds (b) 40 km/h (b) 4 hours (ii) $60 (ii) 20 km (ii) 27 litres (ii) 8.8 gallons (ii) 164 baht (ii) S$4.40 (ii) M$82 (ii) S$45 (ii) 672 (ii) HK$ 40 (b) 10 seconds (b) 50 km (ii) DM 84 (b) CD (ii) $740 (ii) 75 francs (ii) S$ 19 (ii) 35 m/s (ii) 144 km/h (c) 56 litres (c) 75 km/h (b) (i) A$45 (d) 3 3/7 km/h (b) 20 (d) 7.6 seconds (d) 25 km/h (ii) A$60 (c) 120 km/h (c) 80 km (d) 50 km/h (d) 20 km/h (c) 15 km/h (c) 9 km/h (c) 70 km/h (d) 120 km/h

89

31. (a) $36 32. (a) (i) 10 (b) (i) 18 33. (a) 9 (e) 97 34. (a) (i) 49 (b) (i) 13 35. (b) (i) 63 36. (b) (i) 100 000 (c) 450

(b) $45 (ii) 15 (ii) 90 (b) 40 (ii) 78 (ii) 52 (ii) 57 (ii) 106 000 (iii) 21 (iii) 50 (c) 60 (iii) 112 (iii) 69 (iii) 45 (iii) 148 000 (d) 83 (iv) 244 (iv) 166 (iv) 38 (iv) 160 000

37. (a) 100 km, 150 km (b) 80 km/h, 100 km/h (c) 10 18, 270 km from Town P 1 3 (d) 83 3 km/h, 71 7 km/h 38. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 1 hour 30 min, 40 km/h 08 42, 27 km from Town A 10 km 35 km 1 hour 6 min 10 km/h

90

CHAPTER 8 Book 3 Mathematics Chapter 8 Congruent and Similar Triangles

ANSWERS FOR ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES Just For Fun (pg 206) The 6 toothpicks can be joined to form a tetrahedron, so creating 4 congruent triangles. This encourages students to view a problem by using non-conventional methods, switching from 2-dimensional to 3-dimensional solutions. Just For Fun (pg 216)

Just For Fun (pg 219) 1. (a) (b) 2.

GENERAL NOTES In this chapter, some simple applications of congruent triangles, and similar triangles, are discussed. (Teachers may ask their students to come up with some other applications.) Many students enjoy eld activities in mathematics. They can also try using the methods mentioned in Questions 10 and 11 (pg 233) to determine the height of a tree on the school grounds. The puzzles, and exploration, at the beginning of the chapter will help students grasp the concept of congruency. It may be useful, here, to reiterate the way the concept of congruency is used in everyday situations, such as in the replacement of worn-out parts with the same part number. In discussing the tests for similarity between two triangles, lead up to the idea that two triangles are similar if they can be made congruent by enlargement or reduction. The geoboard ( shown below) can serve as an excellent aid in illustrating this idea. It can also be used to illustrate congruency tests. For example, teachers can ask their students to form another triangle that has sides equal to the three sides of the triangle shown below. This can be repeated by having them form a triangle so that the triangle formed, and the given triangle have two sides and the included angles equal. In each case, students should note whether the triangle formed, and the given triangle, are congruent or not.

91

XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: ( ) Date: Time allowed: 35 min Marks: 9

Book 3 Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 8 Congruent and Similar Triangles 1. In the diagram, PQ is parallel to BC, AP = PB, and QC = CR. Given that BC = 8 cm, the length of SC in cm is: 2 1 (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 2 3 (D) 6 (E) 5 3 ( )

2. In the diagram, PQ = 4 cm, QR= 2 cm, OQ = 6 cm, and QS = 3 cm. We say that (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) triangles RSQ and POQ are similar, triangles SOP and PQO are similar, RP and SO intersect at right angles, triangles SQP and RQO are congruent, O, P, R, and S are points on the circumference of a circle.

3. In the diagram, XMY = XNZ = 90. If XY = XZ, then (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) XYZ is equilateral. Triangles XMY and XNZ are congruent. Triangles XNZ and YMZ are similar. XYZ = 90 YZ = YM = ZN

92

t t 4. In the diagram, ABC = BDC = 90, BC = 5 cm, and DC = 3 cm. The length of AD, in cm, is 1 1 (a) 8 3 (b) 5 (c) 5 3 (d) 2 (e) 12

t t t 5. In the diagram, ABC = ACE = CDE = 90, AB = 6 cm, BD = 14 cm, and DE = 8 cm. Calculate BC. (a) 6cm only (b) 7cm only (c) 8cm only (d) 9cm only (e) 6cm or 8cm

6. In the diagram, PQ // BC. If PR = 6 cm and RC = PB = 14 cm, then AP is: 2 1 (a) 6cm (b) 32 3 cm (d) 14cm (d) 10 2 cm (e) 20cm
A

P 14 B

6 R

Q 14 C

7. In the diagram MN // XY, MN = 25 cm, MO = 20 cm, and YO = 70 cm. What is the length of XY? 1 1 1 (a) 87 cm (b) 87 2 cm (c) 88 cm (d) 88 2 cm (e) 89 2 cm
M 25 20 O 70 N

93

8. Which of the following cases represents a pair of congruent triangles? (a) i only i

(b) ii only ii

(c) iii only

(d) i and ii only (e) i and iii only iii

t t t t 9. In the diagram PRQ = TSQ , PQR = TQS = 90, PR = 8 cm and PQ = ST = 6 cm. Find the length of QT. 1 2 (a) 3cm (b) 4 2 cm (c) 6 cm (d) 8 cm (e) 9 cm ( )

Answers 1. b 8. e 2. a 9. b 3. b 4. c 5. a 6. d 7. b

94

XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: ( ) Date: Time allowed: Marks: min

Book 3 Mathematics Test Chapter 8 Congruent and Similar Triangles 1. Copy and complete the following: In PQR and TSR, PQ = = TR QR = PQR TSR ( PR = and Q = PR
T R Q

[3]

2. Copy and complete the following: In ABC and ADC, AB = BC = AC = ABC = ADC ( BC = and AB = 3. Given that A B, copy and complete the following: a= b= x= y= z=

[3]

y cm

12 cm 8 cm 40

2 cm b

a x cm

9 cm 50

[3]

4. Given that A B, copy and complete the following: a= b= x= y=

2 cm

70 A a b 3 cm

y cm 40 B 3 cm x cm

[2]

95

5. Copy and complete the following: In ABC and BAD, AB = BC = AB = ABC BAD ( AC = and BC =

[3]

6. In the diagram, ABCD is a rectangle and AE // FC. Copy and complete the following: In ADE and CBF, ADE = DE = AD = ADE = CBF ( ) DE = and AE =

[3] [4]

7. In the gure, PQR and PMN are similar. Find the values of x and y.
P x cm M 7 cm Q 16 cm 12 cm 7 cm N y cm R

8. In the diagram, AB is parallel to PR. Given that QB = 4 cm, BR = 6 cm, PR = 15 cm, and the area of PBR = 9a cm2, nd (a) the length of AB, (b the area of PQR in terms of a. [2] [2]

9. In the diagram, M is the mid-point of AC, AMB =DMC, and MB=DM. Name a pair of congruent triangles and state the case for congruency. [2]

96

10. In the diagram, AD // MC, MD // BC, and M is the midpoint of AB. Prove that AMD MBC by copying and completing the following: DM = AMD = AM = AMD = MBC (

[4]

11. In the diagram, AP BP, BQ AQ, and AP = AQ. Prove that ABP ABQ by copying and completing the following: = APB = AP = AB = ABP ABQ (

[4] [2]

12. In the diagram, given that PRS and QRT are similar, nd the length of TR.

13. In the diagram shown, PQ // BC. Calculate the values of x and y.

[4]

14. In the diagram, the radii of the two circles touching each other are 5 cm and 3 cm, respectively. Calculate the length of BC. [3]

15. In the diagram, all lengths are given in cm. Find the length of the side marked with the letter x.
3 5 2 4 x

[4]

97

16. In the diagram, DE // AC. Find (a) the lengths of the sides marked with x and y, (b) the ratio of the parameters of ABC and DBE.
A D 8 B E x y

[3] [2]

17. At 10:00 a.m., a boy and a tree cast shadows of lengths 2.5 m and 15 m, respectively. If the boys height is 150 cm, nd the height of the tree. [3] 18. The diagram below shows a child (PQ), 120 cm tall, standing at a distance from a 4.8m-tall pole (AB). If his/her shadow on the ground is 1.5 m, nd the distance, BQ, of the child from the pole. [3]

19. The diagram shows a building AB, an electrical pole CD and a tree EF in a row. The tree, 5 m away from the building, is 6 m tall and casts a shadow of 8 m. Find (a) the height of the building AB, (b) the distance FD of the pole from the tree if the pole is 9 m tall.
A C E

[3] [3]

6m G 8m F D 5m

9m B

98

20. The diagram shows a ladder, 5 m long, reaching the top of a building from ground level. A worker has climbed 4 5 of the ladder so that his horizontal distance from the building is 40 cm. Find the distance RQ from the foot of the ladder to the foot of the building. [3]
P A 40 cm 5m

21. Give a reason why the pair of triangles in (a) are not similar, and those in (b) are similar.

[2]

(a)

(b)

22. In the diagram S = PQR, STP = QPR. If PT = 6 cm, QR = 14 cm, and PS = 6 cm, nd the length of QT. [2] PT

23. In the diagram, TS // NP and SR // PQ. If MR = 5 cm, RQ = 3 cm, MS = 6 cm, and MN = 12 cm, nd the length of MT. [3]

24. In the diagram, PW = WU = US = SQ and PX = XV = VT = TR. If QR = 8 cm, ST = a cm, UV = b cm, and WX = c cm, nd the value of a + b + c [4]
P W c cm X U S Q b cm a cm 8 cm V T R

99

25. The diagram shows ST a 10 m tall agpole, and PQ a 30 m tall building. Alvin stands between the pole and the building at the point R, so that RT = R . Find his distance from the agpole. PQ [3]

26. The diagram shows two similar triangles. Calculate the value of l1 + l2
10

[3]

24

26

l1

l2

27. In the diagram, ON = NM, PN = LM, and ONP = L MN = 90 (a) Prove that OPN = NLM. t (b) If LNM = 32 , nd OPN .

[3] [1]

1 28. In the diagram, ABC is a right-angled triangle, and LNBM is a square. If BC = 12 cm and AB = 7 5 cm, nd the area of the square LNBM. [4]

100

29. In the diagram, DE // GH // BC, and DE : GH : BC = 5 : 7 : 10 (a) If FH = 21 cm, nd the length of DF. (b) If GB = 12 cm, nd the length of FG. [1] [2]

30. In the diagram, PQRS is a parallelogram, and ABCD is a straight line. Given that AQ = 5 cm, QP = 7 cm, 1 PC = 6 cm, and BR = 5 2 cm, calculate the length of (a) QB, [2] (b) CS, [1] (c) SD. [3]
A 5 cm Q 7 cm P 6 cm B 5 1 cm 2

R S

C D

31. In the diagram, OR // PQ // ST. Given that OP = x units, PS = 2.5x units, OR = 4y units, and OQ = x + 2y units, express (a) PQ in terms of y, (b) ST in terms of y, (c) express QT in terms of x and y.
2.5x P x + 2y O 4y R Q

[2] [2] [2]

t t 32. In the diagram, ABC = CDE . Find the value of the ratio x : y.
A 2 3x 5 B 2y E x D 7 C

[3]

101

33. In the diagram, PR // BC, PQ // BR, AP = 8 units, PB = x units, PR = 12 units, BC = 16 units, AR = 6 units and QR = y units. Calculate the value of the product xy. [6]
A 8 P x B 16 C Q y

12

34. In the diagram, AB // PQ, AC // PR, BQ = x units, QS = 4 units, SR = 5 units, and RC = 6 units. Find the value [4] of x.
A

35. In the diagram, AB // CD // PQ, AC = 6 units, CP = 12 units, AX = 16 units, XQ = x units, BD = 7 units and [6] DQ = y units. Find the value of x + y.
A

B 16 X x 7 D y

6 C 12 P

36. In the diagram PQ // BC, QR // CD, AP = 10 cm, PB = 3 cm, QC = 4 cm, AR = x cm, and AD = 12 cm. Calculate the value of x.
A x 10 R D 3 B P Q 4

102

37. In the diagram, PQ // BC, QR // AD, AP = 10 cm, PB = 5 cm, DR = x cm, and RC = 4 cm. Find the value of x. [5]
A 10 P 5 B Q x R 4 C D

4 5 38. In APR, PD = 5 PR and PA = 6 PQ. AR and DQ meet at B and AQ // DC. Prove that 1 (a) DC = 6 PQ, (b) ABQ and DBC are congruent.
P

[2] [3

B C

39. In the diagram, AC // QR, PQ = PR = 28 cm, AC = PC = 20 cm, and QR = 14 cm. (a) Prove that PQR and ACP are similar. (b) Calculate the length of AQ.
P

[2] [3]

40. In the diagram, PQR is a triangle, right-angled at P. PS is the perpendicular from P to QR. (a) Prove that RSP and PSQ are similar. (b) Given that QS = 36 cm and RS = 25 cm, nd the length of PS.
R S

[3] [2]

41. The sides of a triangle are 9 cm, 7 cm, and 6 cm long. The longest side of a similar triangle is 6 cm. Find the lengths of the other sides of the second triangle. [3]

103

42. In the diagram, SR is parallel to PQ, SP = 3 cm, TS = x cm, TR = y cm, and RQ = 4cm. Write down an equation connecting x and y. Given that PQ = 2SR, write down the values of x and y. [5]
T x S 3 P y R 4 Q

43. A cone has a height of 12 m and a base radius of 5 m. Find the diameter of the circular section, cut out from the cone by a plane parallel to the base and 3 m away from it. [3] 44. ABC is right-angled at A. Given that AD is perpendicular to BC, prove that AB AD = BD AC.
C D

[4]

45. In the diagram, ABCD is a parallelogram, and EDA and EFGB are straight lines. If EF = 10 cm and FG = 8 cm, calculate the length of GB. [4]
E 10 D F 8 G C

46. In the diagram, AB // QR, BC // PS, PA = 3 cm, AQ = 1 cm, and BC = CS = 2cm. Calculate the length of (a) PS, (b) RC.
S P 3 A 1 Q B 2 C R 2

[4]

104

47. In the diagram, DF is parallel to BC, EF is parallel to DC, BC = 6 cm, DE = 2.4 cm, CF = 2 cm, and AF = 8 cm. Calculate the length of (a) AE, (b) DB, (c) DF.

[6]

E 2.4 D 6 B

F 2 C

48. In the diagram, ACB = APQ, AP = 5 cm, PQ = 4 cm, and BC = 6 cm. Calculate the length of AC.
C Q 4 A 5 P B

[3]

49. In the diagram, PA // NM // BC, M is the mid-point of AC, PA = 5 cm, and PC = 4PQ. Find the length of MN. [4]
P 5 Q N R M A

50. In the diagram, PR // YZ, PR = 6 cm, RS = 3 cm and SQ = 7 cm. (a) Calculate the length of SY. (b) If XZ = 5RZ, nd the length of YZ.
R 6 X P Y 3 Z S 7 Q

[5]

105

51. Find the value of x in the diagram.

4 cm

12 cm x

[4]

6 cm 15 cm

52. Find the value of y in the diagram.

B 10 y

[4]

52

10 A 48
C

53. In the diagram, XY is parallel to PQ, OP = OQ = 24 cm, XY = OY = 16 cm, and PQ = 9 cm. (a) Prove that triangles OPQ and YXO are similar. (b) Calculate the length of XP.
O

[5]

t t 54. In the diagram PQR = PRQ , PM is perpendicular to QR, and XY is perpendicular to PQ. Given that 1 [4] PQ = 13 cm, QR = 10 cm, PM = 12 cm, and XY = 2 2 cm, nd the length of QY.
P

Y X

Answers 1. TS, P QR , SR, SAS, TR, STR 2. AD, DC, AC, SAS, DC, ACD 3. a = 90, b = 40, x = 12, y = 9, z = 8

106

4. a = 40, b = 70, x = 2, y = 3 5. BDA, ABD, AB, AAS, BD, AD 6. CBF, BCF, BC, AAS, BF, CF 1 7. x = 21, y = 2 3 8. (a) 6 cm 9. AMB CMD, SAS 10. C MB, MBC, MB, AAS 11. AQB, 90, AQ, AB, RHS 1 12. 11 4 cm 13. x = 4.2, y = 3.2 14. 4 cm 15. 1.6 cm 16. (a) x = 11.2, y = 4 17. 9 m 18. 4.5 m 3 19. (a) 9 4 m 20. 2 m 18 10 25 21. 9 = 5 = 2 ! 12 22. 8 cm 23. 7.5 cm 24. 12 25. 5 m 26. 25 27. (b) 58 1 28. 20 4 cm2 8 12 10 2 12 = 18 = 15 = 3 (b) 4 m (b) 7 : 5 (b) 15a cm2

107

29. (a) 15 cm 1 30. (a) 2 2 cm 20 31. (a) 7 y units 32. 5: 8 33. 4 34. 4.8 35. 46 36. 9.2 37. 8 39. (b) 18 cm 40. (b) 30 cm 2 41. 4 3 cm, 4 cm 42. 4x = 3y; x = 3, y = 4 1 43. 7 2 m 45. 12cm 46. (a) 8 cm 47. (a) 9.6 cm 1 48. 7 2 cm 1 49. 7 2 cm 1 50. (a) 4 5 cm 1 51. 13 5 cm 3 52. 9 13 53. 18 cm 54. 7 cm

(b) 28 cm (b) 2 cm (b) 10y units (c) 4 cm 5 (c) 2 x +5y units

2 (b) 3 cm (b) 3 cm 3 (c) 9 5 cm

1 (b) 7 2 cm

108

CHAPTER 9

Chapter 9

Book 3 Mathematics Area and Volume of Similar Figures and Solids

ANSWERS FOR ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES

Just For Fun (pg 241)

Just For Fun (pg 241)

Just For Fun (pg 242) (2) : 2 Just For Fun (pg 244) The diagonal joining the ends of the rectangle consists of two ne lines, with a small gap in between forming an area of one square unit. Teachers can ask students to construct the gures, using graph paper, to let them discover the solution. Just For Fun (pg 251) The dwarfs will have 10 times our body-surface area, and will lose heat and water at 10 times our normal rate. They will die easily due to dehydration and heat loss. The giants will be 1 000 times heavier than us, but their surface area will be only 100 times larger. The ability of their legs to support their weights depends on the cross-sectional area of their legs. As the cross-sectional area of their legs will be only 100 times as great, they would be unlikely to support heavier weights. Do you notice that fat people have diculty standing up for long? Have you noticed how thick the legs of an elephant are?

109

Chapter 9

Book 3 Mathematics Area and Volume of Similar Figures and Solids

GENERAL NOTES

A scale model of a building is made, very often, before the building is actually built. Some students may have visited places like mini-Siam in Bangkok, mini-China in Taiwan, and so on during their vacations. They can discuss the models they saw. In addition, they can bring any photographs to show to the class. Teachers can also ask them if they know the scales that were used in making the models that they saw. Teachers can draw the students attention to commercial products that come in a range of sizes, such as mineral water, toothpaste, and hair shampoo. Teachers can also ask them whether they are aware of the fact that the bottles or containers for each product are similar (dierent sizes but the same shape). Students can also calculate whether the price is proportional to the net volume of the product or not. Some students may possess toy cars which are miniature models of real cars. They can bring them to class, especially those with inscriptions of the scales used in making the models. Using the available scale factors, teachers may want students to answer some hypothetical questions, like: If the area of the windscreen of the model is x cm, what will the area of the windscreen of the actual car be? If the capacity of the petrol tank of a real car is y litres, what will the capacity of the petrol tank of the model be? Teachers may also want to relate the present topic to the scales and map problems. Teachers can help students recall that if a map is drawn to a scale of 1 : n, then the ratio of the area on the map, to the corresponding area on the ground, is 1 : n

110

XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: ( ) Date: Time allowed: 35 min Marks: 12

Chapter 9

Book 3 Multiple-Choice Questions Area and Volume of Similar Figures and Solids

1. In the diagram, ABCD is a parallelogram. Given that OC = 4 cm, O XD = 90 and the area of BCD = 12 cm2, the length of DX in cm is: (a) 4 (b) 12 (c) 8
D

(d) 3

(e) 48
C

O X A B

2. In the diagram, PQRS is a parallelogram. Given that M and N are the midpoints of PQ and QR Area of the 3 QMN respectively, the value of is: Area of PQRS (a) 1 4 (b) 1 6 (c) 1 8
1 (d) 10 1 (e) 12
R

3. If the area of a face of a cube is increased by 44%, then its volume will be increased by (a) 44% (b) 173% (c) 73% (d) 199% (e) 299% ( )

4. The tents that Peter and Paul made are similar in shape. If Peter uses 9 times the amount of canvas as Paul, nd the ratio of the volume of Peters tent to Pauls tent. (e) 1 : 27 (b) 1 : 3 (c) 3 : 1 (d) 9 : 1 (e) 27 : 1 ( )

111

5. In the diagram, PQ is parallel to BC, QR is parallel to AB, and BR : RC = a : b. Find the ratio of the area of PQR to the area of ABC. (a) a : (a + b) (b) ab : (a + b) (c) ab : 2 (a + b) (d) 2ab : (a + b) (e) ab : (a + b)
B A P Q

(
R C

6. If a spherical balloon is inated so that its diameter is tripled, then the volume is increased by a factor of (a) 3 (b) 9 (c) 15 (d) 21 (e) 27 ( )

7. If each edge of a cube is increased by 140%, the percentage increase in the surface area is: (a) 176 (b) 276 (c) 376 (d) 476 (e) 576 ( )

8. In the diagram, ABCD is a parallelogram. If YZ = 1 AB, what fraction of the area of ABCD is the area 2 of XYZ? (a) 1 2 (b) 1 3 (c) 1 4
D Y

(d) 1 5
Z

(e) 1 6
C

9. In the diagram, PQRS is a trapezium in which SR is parallel to PQ. Given that SR = 5 cm, RQ = 7 cm, PQ = 12 cm, and the area of PQR is 21 cm, the area of SQR is: (a) 15 cm
3 (b) 8 4 cm 2 (c) 12 1 cm (d) 50 5 cm (e) 36cm 4
S 5 cm R 7 cm

12 cm

112

10. In the diagram, AB // CD // YZ. If XA = 2 cm, AC = 4 cm, CY = 6cm and the area of XYZ is 54 cm, then the area of the shaded region is: (a) 27 cm (b) 18 cm (c) 20 1 cm (d) 12 cm 4
X 2 A 4 C 6 Y Z D B

(E) 24cm

11. In the diagram, triangles ABC and PQR are similar, PQ = 6 cm, and AB = 3cm. If the area of PQR is 40 cm, the area of ABC is: (a) 80 cm (b) 18 cm (c) 8 cm
P A 6 cm 3 cm B C R

(d) 10 cm

(e) 20

12. In the diagram, ABCD is a trapezium in which AB : CD = 2 : 5. If the area of CDE is 75 cm, then the area of ABCD is: (a) 100 cm (b) 147 cm (c) 195 cm
A

(d) 300 cm
B

(e) 317 cm

Answers

1. d 8. c

2. c 9. b

3. c 10. d

4. e 11. d 113

5. a 12. b

6. e

7. d

XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: Book 3 Mathematics Test Area and Volume of Similar Figures and Solids [3] ( ) Date: Time allowed: Marks: min

Chapter 9

1. If a sphere of radius 1.5 cm weighs 135 g, nd the weight in grams of a sphere with radius 2 cm.

2. The lengths of the sides of three cubes are in the ratio 3:2:1 (a) If the total surface area of the smallest cube is 22 cm2, nd the total surface area of the largest cube. [2] (b) If the volume of the largest sphere is 81 cm3, nd the volume of the second largest cube. [2] 3. A bottle of height 8 cm has a volume of 120 cm3. Find the volume of a similar bottle of height 24 cm. 4. John has two spheres. If the ratio of the radii of the two spheres is 2:3, nd the ratio of their (a) surface areas, (b) volumes. 5. The ratio of the surface areas of two similar cones is 0.72:3.92. Find the ratio of their (a) base diameters, (b) volumes. [2] [2] [3]

6. A model of a building is made to a scale of 1:300. The building has a volume of 5 400 m3. Calculate the volume of the model, in cubic metres, giving your answer in standard form. [3] 7. (a) A cylindrical tower is 200 m high, and its diameter is 20 m. Taking = 3.14, nd its volume. [2] (b) Peter is making a clay model of the tower with a height of 20 cm. Find the volume of the clay needed in m3. [3] 8. A small bottle is geometrically similar to a large one. The heights of the two bottles are 15 cm and 45 cm, respectively. Write down (a) the ratio of the volume of the smaller bottle to that of the larger bottle, (b) the capacity of the larger bottle, in litres, if the capacity of the smaller bottle is 500 ml. [3] 9. A small trac marker is geometrically similar to a large one, and the diameters of the two markers are 12 cm, and 24 cm, respectively. Write down (a) the ratio of the total surface area of the small marker to that of the large marker, (b) the total surface area of the small marker if the total surface area of the large marker is 196 cm2. [3] 10. The area of two quadrilaterals are 49 cm and 64 cm. Find the ratio of their corresponding sides if they are similar. [2] 11. In the diagram, PQ is parallel to BC. Given that AQ = 6 cm, AC = 15 cm and the area of APQ = 16 cm2, nd A (a) the area of ABC, [2] (b) the area of PBCQ, [1] (c) the area of BCQ. [3]
P Q

114

12 A statue was melted down and recast into smaller, similar gures one-tenth of the original height. Given that a small gure is 30 cm tall and weighs 1.8 kg, nd (a) the height of the original statue, (b) the weight of the original statue. [1] [2]

13. The surface area of two containers is in the ratio 144:25. If the bigger container has a height of 96 cm and a volume of 5 184 cm3, calculate (a) the height of the smaller container, (b) the volume of the smaller container. 14. In the diagram, PQ // ST, XY // RT. (a) Prove that PQR and SXY are similar. (b) Find the length of PT given that QR = 4 cm, RX = 2 cm, XS = 8 cm, and XY = 16 cm. (c) Find the numerical value of area of TPQR QR (i) SR (ii) area of TTSR (d) Given also that the area of PQR is 24 cm2, calculate the area of TSR.
P R Q

[2] [2] [3] [3] [2] [1]

15. A building is made up of a cylinder and a cone on its top. Given that TX = 5 m, XS = 12 m, TS = 13 m and PQ = 10 m, nd, taking = 3.14, 2 (a) the total surface area of the building, [3] (b) the volume of the building, [3] (c) the total surface area and the volume of a model of the building given that the diameter of the model is 120 cm. [4]
T

16. The model of a boat is 150 cm in length. The length of the actual boat is 18 m. (a) If it costs $2.50 to paint the model, what will it cost to paint the actual boat? [2] (b) If the weight of the model is 3 kg, what is the weight of the actual boat if it is made of the same material? [2]

115

17. Two containers shown in the diagram are geometrically similar. The height of the smaller container is 8 cm and the height of the larger container is 12 cm. (a) The top of the smaller container has a circumference of 54 cm. Find the circumference of the top of the larger container. [2] (b) Find the ratio of the area of the base of the smaller container to that of the larger container. [1] (c) Both containers are lled with paint. The cost of the paint in the larger container is $40.50. Find the cost of the paint in the smaller container. [2]

18. The areas of the bases of the two similar glasses are in the ratio of 4:25 (a) Find the ratio of the circumferences of the tops of the glasses. (b) Given that the capacity of the larger glass is 625 ml, nd the capacity of the smaller glass. 19. Two similar cones are such that the ratio of the areas of their circular bases is 36:4. Find (a) the ratio of the diameters of the circular bases, (b) the ratio of the volumes of the cones.

[1] [2] [2] [1]

20. The volumes of two pyramids are 125 cm3 and 216 cm3, respectively. Find the ratio of their corresponding heights if they are similar. [2] 21. In a diagram, TU // PQ, SQ = 3 cm, RQ = 9 cm, PU = 6 cm, and US = 2 cm. Given that the area of PRS is 32 cm2 and RT = 2.4 cm, calculate (a) the length of TU, [2] (b) the area of PQR, [2] (c) the area of trapezium RSUT. [2] 22. The areas of the bases of two similar pyramids are in the ratio 9:25 (a) Find the ratio of the heights of the pyramids. (b) Given that the volume of the larger pyramid is 275 cm3, nd the volume of the smaller pyramid. [1] [2]

23. Two similar spheres have diameters of 20 cm and 28 cm, respectively. The larger sphere has a volume of 1 715 cm3. Calculate the volume of the smaller sphere. [2] 24. The two containers shown are geometrically similar with respective heights of 8 cm and 10 cm, respectively. (a) The diameter of the base of the smaller container is 2.4 cm. Calculate the diameter of the base of the larger container. [2] (b) The containers are completely lled with our. Given that the larger container holds 1.25 kg, nd the mass of the our in the smaller container. [3]

8 cm

10 cm

116

25. ABC is a triangle in which XY // BC. Given that 5AX = 2XB and the area of AXY = 16 cm2, nd the area of the quadrilateral XYCB. [4]
C Y

A X B

26. The diagram shows a trapezium ABCD in which AB // DC. The area of trapezium ABCD is 21 cm2, AB = 2.5 cm, CD = 4.5 cm and EF = 4 cm, respectively. Given that EF // AB, nd the area of ABFE. [4]
D C

27. The diagram consists of a right-angled ABC. D is the mid-point of AB and F is the mid-point of AD. Given that FG // DE // BC and the area of the triangle is 36 cm2, nd the area of the trapezium FGED. [4]
A

F D B

G E C

1 28. A bucket with a height of 16 cm can hold 4 2 litres of liquid. How many litres would a similar bucket hold if it had a height of 32 cm? [2] 29. A statue is made from 4 050 cm3 of metal. (a) Given that the density of the metal is 4 g/cm3, calculate the mass (in kg) of the statue. [2] (b) The statue is 57 cm high. An accurate scale model of the statue is made from 150 cm3 of metal. Calculate the height (in cm) of the model. [2] 1 30. A model of a boat is made on the scale factor of 5 . If it costs $1.60 to paint the hull of the model, what will it cost to paint the hull of the boat using the same paint? [3] 31. A certain brand of tea is sold in two sizes, similarly packed in tins of similar shape. The heights of the tins are 12 cm and 18 cm, and the prices are $7.20 and $21.00, respectively. How much can you save in the purchase of the larger tin? [4] 32. A large ingot of metal is melted down and made into 125 small ingots, all similar in shape to the original ingot. If the length of each small ingot is 5.2 cm, what was the length of the original ingot? [3]

117

33. The diagram shows two similar cuboids. (a) Find the volume of B if the volume of A is 128 cm3. (b) Find the ratio of the total surface area of A to that of B. [2] [1]

A 12 cm

6 cm

B 6 cm

34. Two solid spheres have surface areas of 6 cm2 and 54 cm2, respectively. The mass of the larger sphere is 81 kg. Find the mass of the smaller sphere. [3] 35. A container has a surface area of 2 000 cm2 and a capacity of 8.75 litres. Find the surface area of a similar container which has a capacity of 15.12 litres. [3] 36. Given that MN = 4 cm, QR = 6 cm, and the area of MNRQ = 20 cm2, nd the area of PMN.
P M Q N R

[3]

37. Two similar cylindrical containers have base radii of 9 cm and 12 cm, respectively. If the capacity of the smaller container is 297 cm3, nd the capacity of the larger container. [3] 38. The masses of two similar solids are 32 kg and 108 kg, respectively. If the surface area of the smaller solid is 576 cm2, nd the surface area of the larger solid. [3] 1 39. A cylindrical container has a circumference of 45 cm and a capacity of 6 4 litres. Find the capacity of a similar cylinder of circumference 36 cm. [3] 40. Two solid cones have curved surface areas of 8 m2 and 128 m2, respectively, and the mass of the smaller one is 12 kg. Find the mass of the larger cone. [3] 41. Three triangles T1, T2, and T3 are all similar to one another. The ratio of the lengths of a pair of corresponding sides in T1 and T2 is 2 : 5. The ratio of the lengths of a pair of corresponding sides in T2 and T3 is 10 : 9. Find the ratio of the areas of triangles T1 and T3. [4] 42. If the diameter of a soap bubble increases by 30%, what is the percentage increase in its volume? [3]

43. The diagram shows a container in the form of an inverted cone, with a base radius of 12 cm and a height of 28 cm. 22 (a) Find the capacity of the container, taking to be 7 (b) If water is poured into the container, and the depth of water is 7 cm, nd the volume of the water. [5]

118

12 cm

28 cm 7 cm

44. In the diagram below, AB and CD are the parallel sides of a trapezium ABCD. X is a point on AD such that AD = 5AX, and Y is a point on BC = 5YC. Area of TABC ? (a) What is the value of the ratio Area of TABY (b) Find the ratio of the area of ABX and ABD. [7] (c) If the area of ABY is 72 cm2, nd the area of ABX.
D C Y

X A B

45. The volume of a cube is 64 times that of another cube. (a) If the side of the smaller cube is 5 cm, nd the side of the larger cube. (b) If the total surface area of the larger cube is 528 cm2, nd the total surface area of the smaller cube. [4]

46. One side of a polygon of area 72 cm2 is 6 cm. Find the area of a similar polygon in which the corresponding [3] side is 2 cm. 47. A prism has a volume of 80 cm3. What is the volume of a similar prism whose height is 5 times the height of [3] the given prism? 48. In the diagram, N is the mid-point of PR, L is a point on QR such that QR = 3QL, and MN is parallel to LP. [3] Find the ratio of the area of OQL to the area of quadrilateral OLRN.
P

N O Q L M R

119

49. In the diagram, X, Y, and Z are points on sides PQ, QR, and RP of PQR, respectively. (a) Given that PQY and quadrilateral XQYZ have equal areas, (i) show that PXY and XYZ have equal areas. (ii) explain why XY is parallel to PR. (b) If it is given, further, that PX = 3 cm, XQ = 7 cm, and the area of PQR is 20 cm2, nd the area of quadrilateral XQYZ. [6]
R

50. Two cones have base radii 12 cm and 18 cm, and vertical heights 22 cm and 33 cm. (a) If the curved surface area of the smaller cone is cm2, nd the slant height of the larger cone in terms of . (b) If the volume of the larger cone is V cm3, express the volume of the smaller cone in terms of V. [4] 51. Two similar cones have diameter 15 cm and 12 cm, respectively. If the total surface area of the rst cone is 300 cm2, nd the total surface area of the second cone. [3] 52. Two similar glasses have heights 9 cm and 12 cm respectively. If the capacity of the smaller glass is 360 cm2, nd the capacity of the larger glass. [3] 53. A marble statue of height 3 m weighs 54 kg. What is the weight of a similar marble statue if its height is 2 m? [3] 54. Two similar biscuit tins have volumes of 6 400 cm3 and 2 700 cm3. If the height of the rst tin is 14 cm, nd the height of the second tin. [3] 55. Two similar cups have volumes of 200 cm3 and 1 600 cm3. If the height of the second cup is 12 cm, nd the height of the rst cup. [3] 56. Two similar cakes of diameters 15 cm and 20 cm are sold at $12.00 and $26.00, respectively. Find out which cake is cheaper and by how much, to the nearest 10 cents. [3] 57. A model of a cargo ship is made on a scale of 1:30. If the volume of the model is 2 m3, what is the volume of the actual ship? [3] 1 58. Two watering cans are of the same shape. The smaller one is 45 cm high and it can hold 4 2 litres of water. If the larger one is 60 cm high, how much water can it hold? [3] Answers 1. 320 g 2. (a) 198 cm2 3. 3 240 cm 3 (b) 24 cm3

120

4. (a) 4:9 5. (a) 3:7 6. 2 104 m3 7. (a) 62 800 m3 8. (a) 1:27 9. (a) 1:4

(b) 8:27 (b) 27:343

(b) 62.8 m3 (b) 13.5 litres (b) 49 cm2

10. 7:8 11. (a) 100 cm2 12. (a) 3 m 13. (a) 40 cm 14. (b) 17.92 cm 15. (a) 1 244.23 m2 16. (a) $4 320 17. (a) 36 cm 18. (a) 2:5 19. (a) 3:1 20. 5:6 1 21. (a) 4 2 cm 22. (a) 3:5 23. 625 cm3 24. (a) 3 cm 25. 180 cm2 5 26. 14 8 cm2 27. 16.75 cm2 28. 36 litres (b) 640 g (b) 48 cm2 (b) 59.4 cm3 (c) 14 cm2 (b) 84 cm2 (b) 1 800 kg (b) 375 cm3 2 (c) (i) 5 (b) 5 278.56 m3 (b) 5 184 kg (b) 4:9 (b) 40 ml (b) 27:1 (c) $12 4 (ii) 25 (c) 17.92 m2, 9.12 m3 (d) 150 cm2 (c) 60 cm2

121

29. (a) 16.2 kg 30. $200 31. $3.30 32. 26 cm 33. (a) 16 cm3 34. 3 kg 35. 2 880 cm2 36. 16 cm2 37. 704 cm3 38. 1 296 cm 2 1 39. 3 5 litres 40. 768 kg 41. 4:9 42. 119.7% 43. (a) 4 224 cm3 5 44. (a) 4 45. (a) 20 cm 46. 8 cm2 47. 10 000 cm3 1 48. 5 49. (b) 14cm2 3a 50. (a) 44 cm 51. 129 cm2 1 52. 853 3 cm3 53. 16 kg 1 54. 10 2 cm 55. 6 cm

(b) 19 cm

(b) 4:1

(b) 66 cm3 1 (b) 5 (b) 33 cm2 (c) 18 cm2

8 (b) 27 Vcm3

56. The second cake, and it is cheaper by $2.40 57. 54 000 m3 2 58. 10 3 litres

122

CHAPTER 10

Book 3 Mathematics Chapter 10 Trigonometrical Ratios

ANSWERS FOR ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES Just For Fun (pg 272)
5 2 1 3 4 6

GENERAL NOTES Teachers may wish to introduce one trigonometrical ratio at a time, especially for weaker students. For brighter students, all three trigonometrical ratios can be introduced at the same time. To help students memorise these trigonometrical ratios more easily, teachers may wish to introduce the mnemonics. Practice should be given to identify the opposite, adjacent, and hypotenuse sides, with reference to a given angle as many students may nd these confusing at the initial stage. When using a calculator, students must always be reminded to check that the mode is in degree. A mnemonic for the angle of elevation and the angle of depression is shown in the following story:

Draw, on the board or on a transparency, the picture of a monkey playing in a tree and a weary hunter with a gun. The hunter has been looking for animals without much success, for many hours. Suddenly he hears a noise in a tree in front of him. His gaze, that was straight initially, is now raised at an angle to spot the monkey. He is elated by the sight of the monkey (hence, the angle of elevation). The monkey, which is busily looking ahead for a mate, hears the click of the gun. He looks down at an angle and is very depressed to see the hunters gun (hence, the angle of depression). The Geometers Sketchpad (GSP) can be used to illustrate the various trigonometrical ratios.

123

XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: Book 3 Mathematics Test Chapter 10 Trigonometrical Ratios 12 1. Given that A is an acute angle such that cos A = 13 , construct A and measure its value correct to the nearest degree. [3] 5 2. Given that sin = 13 and that is an acute angle, write down the values of (a) cos (b) tan (90 ) ( ) Date: Time allowed: Marks: min

[4]

3 3. Given that cos = 5 where is acute, nd the numerical value of 2 sin + 5 tan , giving your answer as a fraction in its lowest terms. [4] 12 4. Given that sin = 13 and is an acute angle, nd the numerical values of (a) 2 cos (b) 3 tan 12 5. If sin = 13 where is acute, nd the values of (a) cos (b) tan (90 ) 7 6. If sin = 25 where is acute, nd the value of 2 cos + 3 tan (90 ). 5 7. Given that tan x = 12 where x is an acute angle, nd the values of (a) 2 sin x, (b) 3 cos x sin x + tan x

[3]

[2] [2] [4]

[4]

15 8. If sin x = 17 and x is acute, nd the value of each of the following, giving your answer as a fraction in its lowest terms. (a) tan x + 2 cos x (b) 3 cos x 2 sin x [2] [2]

40 9. If sin = 41 where is acute, nd the value of 2 cos + 3 tan (90 ), giving your answers as a fraction in its simplest form. [4] 2 10. If tan = 2 5 where is acute, nd the values of (a) 2 sin (b) cos (90 )

[2] [1]

124

a 11. If tan = , where is acute and a and b are positive, nd, in terms of a and b, the values of b (a) sin (b) cos

[2] [2]

8 12. If cos x = 17 where x is acute, nd the value of each of the following, giving your answer as a fraction in its lowest terms. (a) 2 tan x + 3 sin x (b) 3 sin x 4 tan x [4] 13. In the diagram, AB = 5 cm, ABC = 90 and BAD = CAD = 30. Using as much of the information below as possible, calculate (a) CD [2] (b) AC [1] [Given that sin 30 = 0.5 = cos 60, sin 60 = cos 30 = 0.87, tan 30 = 0.58 and tan 60 = 1.73]
A 30o 30o 5 cm

14. The diagram shows a wheel of radius 20 cm, in contact with the horizontal ground at A, and touching the vertical step at C. Calculate (a) AB (b) BC [Given that sin 60 = 0.87, cos 60 = 0.5, tan 60 = 1.73] [2] [2]

0 60o 20 C

15. In the gure, ABC = 90, AB = (x 2)cm, BC = (2x 3)cm, and AC = (3x 7)cm. Calculate (a) the value of x, (b) BAC
x2

B 2x 3

[3] [2]

3x 7

125

16. The lengths of the two diagonals of a rhombus are 32 cm and 16 cm, respectively. Calculate the length of a side of the rhombus, giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places. [4] 17. The angle of depression of a boat 58.5 m from the base of a cli is 35.6. How high is the cli? (Give your answer correct to 1 decimal place.) [3] 18. From a window 45 m high in a building, the angle of depression of a bus stop is 36.7. Calculate the distance of the bus stop from the foot of the building. [3] 19. In ABC, AB = 14.6 cm, ACB= 48.9, and the length of the perpendicular from A to BC is 9.4 cm. Calculate the area of ABC. [5] 20. In ABC, AB = BC = 15.4 cm and ABC = 54. Calculate the area of ABC.
B

[2]

21. In the gure, AB = AC, ADB = 90, BAC = 48, and AD = 8.4 cm. Calculate (a) BD, (b) CD.
A 48o 8.4 D

[4]

22. In the gure, ABD = 90, AB = 12 cm, AC = 13 cm, and CD = 4 cm. Calculate (a) AD, (b) ACB, (c) CAD.
D 4 C 13 A B

[3] [2] [3]

12

126

23. In the diagram, ADC = ABD = 90, AD = 6 cm, and BCD = 32. Calculate (a) BD, (b) AC, (c) CD.
D

[2] [3] [2]

32o

24. The sides of a right-angled triangle are 2x cm, (3x 1) cm, and (3x + 1)cm. (a) Form an equation in x, and solve it to nd x. (b) With the value of x, nd the perimeter and the area of the triangle. 25. In the gure, ABC = 90, ADB = 28, AC = 23 cm, and AD = 38 cm. Calculate BAC.
A 38 23 B 28o D

[4] [3] [4]

26. In the diagram, ABC = 90, BC = 8 cm, and KB = 5 cm. (a) Calculate the length of CK, giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places. (b) Write down the numerical value of tan CKB. (c) Given that 2AK = 3KB, calculate the size of CAB and the length of AC.
C

[2] [1] [5]

8cm

5cm

27. In the diagram, AB = 11 cm, BC = 6 cm, CD = 3 cm, and BDC = 90. Calculate (a) BD, (b) AC, (c) ABC, (d) the area of ABC.
B

[2] [2] [2] [2]

11cm

6cm

3cm

127

28. In the gure, BCD= ADB = 90, AD = 6.9 cm, BD = 14.2 cm, and BC = 8.2 cm. Calculate ABC.
D 6.9 14.2 A B C 8.2

[4]

29. In the gure, ABX = 90, AB = 4 cm, BC = 5 cm, AX = 6.2 cm, and XY = 6.4 cm. Calculate (a) CY, (b) BCY.
Y 6.4 X 6.2 A 4 B 5 C

[3] [3]

30. In the gure, suppose ABC = 90, BC = 8.7cm, AC = 13.8 cm, and X is the mid-point of AB. Calculate the length of CX, giving your answer correct to 1 decimal place. [4]
C

13.8

8.7

31. In the gure, ABD = BCD = 90, AB = 18.9 cm, AD = 23.7 cm, and BC = 8.3 cm. Calculate the length of CD, giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places. [4]
D 23.7

C A 18.9 B 8.3

32. At the point A, the angle of elevation of a ship from the top of a cli is 21. After sailing for 200 m towards the cli, the angle of elevation becomes 43. Calculate the height of the cli. [6]
T

21o

200

43o

128

33. In the gure, ABC = ACE = CDE = 90. AC = 8.4 cm, CE = 9.2 cm, and BAC = 52. Calculate (a) BC, (b) DE, (c) AEC.
E 9.2 C D

[2] [3] [2]

8.4 A B

34. The angle of elevation of the top of a building, from a point on the ground 220 m away from the foot of the building, is 16. What is the height of the building? [3] 35. A 5.2 m long ladder rests against the side of a house such that its foot is 1.7 m from the foot of the house. Find the angle at which the ladder makes with the horizontal. [3] 36. The angle of depression of a small boat, from the top of a mast of a cruise ship, is 9.8. If the top of the mast is 76 m above the water level, nd the distance from the boat to the top of the mast. [3] 37. A person, standing on the bank of a river, observes that the angle of elevation of the top of a tree on the opposite bank 48. When he walks 30 m away from the bank, he nds the angle of elevation of the top of the tree to be 36. Find the height of the tree and the width of the river. [5] 38. A boy standing in the middle of two agpoles 78 m apart nds that the angles of elevation of the tops of the agpoles, from the point where he is standing, are 34 and 43. Find the dierence in the heights of the two agpoles. [4] 39. Find the unknown sides (in cm) and angles indicated in each of the following gures: (a)
y x

[12]

(b)
17

12 51o 26

7.5

(c)
7.2 x 13.4

(d)
17.2

6.8 x y z

4.3

7.3

104

40. Find the angle of elevation of the top of a mast that is 35 m high, from a point 28 m away from its foot on [3] level ground.

129

12 41. If sin x = 13 , nd the value of each of the following, giving your answer as a fraction in its lowest terms: (a) 2 cos x + 3 sin x (b) 3 tan x cos x (c) 5 sin x 4 tan x (d) 2 sin x cos x + tan x [5] 42. The slant height of a right-circular cone measures 9.4 cm, and the angle at the vertex is 68. Calculate (a) the height of the cone, (b) the radius of the base.
h 9.4cm

[6]

43. From the top of a block of ats, the angle of depression of a car 45 m from the foot of the ats is 63. Calculate the height of the at. [3] 44. A tower 48 m high casts a shadow 55 m long. Find the angle of elevation of the sun. 45. In the gure, ABCD is a rectangle in which AB = 25.6 cm, PAB = 48, and PDC = 26. Calculate (a) PC, (b) PD, (c) area of ABCD.
D 126o

[3]

P C

[7]

48o

25.6

46. In the gure, AB = 12 cm, BC = 5 cm, BD = 4 cm, and BDC = 90. Calculate at the length of AC and the angle ABC. [5]
B

12 cm

5 cm 4 cm

47. The angle subtended at the centre of a circle, by a chord of length 18 cm, is 120. Find the distance between the chord and the centre. [3]

130

48. Find the length of the wire supporting the pole in the given gure.

[3]

wire

pole

58o

4 cm

49. In the gure, AC = BC, CD = 22 cm and ABC = 65. Calculate the perimeter and area of triangle ABC. [6]
B 65o

22 cm

50. Calculate the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle whose other sides are 6.2 cm and 8.4 cm. Also calculate the values of the other two angles. [6] 51. If the altitude of an isosceles triangle is 40 cm and the length of its base is 30 cm, nd the vertical angle and the perimeter. [4] 52. For the given gure, calculate (a) AC, (b) BD
A C

39o
67o 15 cm D

[5]

53. From a point 20 m away from the foot of a building, the angles of elevation of the top and bottom of a agpole (which stands on the top of the building) are 44 and 36, respectively. Find the height of the agpole. [6] Answers 1. 23 2. (a) 12/13 3. 8 4/15 (b) 2 2/5

131

4. (a) 10/13 5. (a) 5/13 6. 12 36/175 7. (a) 10/13 8. (a) 2 111/136 9. 1 187/1 640 10. (a) 1 11/3 11. (a) a a2 + b2

(b) 7 1/5 (b) 5/12

(b) 2 125/156 (b) 6/17

(b) 12/13 (b) b a2 + b2

12. (a) 6 27/68 13. (a) 29 14. (a) 10cm 15. (a) 4 1/2 16. 17.89cm 17. 41.9m 18. 60.4m 19. 81.55cm2 20. 95.9cm2 21. (a) 9.33cm 22. (a) 15cm 23. (a) 5.09cm

(b) 4 29/34 (b) 240 thousand tonnes (b) 17.3cm (b) 67.4

(b) 4.15cm (b) 67.4 (b) 11.3cm (c) 14.3 (c) 9.60cm (b) 24cm, 24cm2

24. (a) (2x)2 + (3x 1)2 = (3x + 1)2 =, x = 3 25. 39.1 26. (a) 9.43cm 27. (a) 28. 80.6o 27 = 5.20cm (b) 1 3/5 (b) 12.7cm

(c) 32.6 (c) 91.8

(d) 14.84cm (d) 33cm2

132

29. (a) 12.2cm 30. (a) 10.2cm 31. 11.64cm 32. 130.5m 33. (a) 6.62cm 34. 63.1 35. 70.9 36. 446.5 m

(b) 65.8

(b) 7.25cm

(c) 42.4

37. Ht of tree = 63.0 m, width of river = 56.8 m 38. 10.06 m 39. (a) x = 9.26 cm, y = 11.92 cm (c) x = 59.2, y = 32.5, z = 7.0 cm 40. 51.3 7 41. (a) 3 13 42. (a) 7.79 cm 43. 88.3 m 44. 41.1 45. (a) 12.5 cm 46. 14.3 cm, 107.4o 47. 5.2 cm 48. 7.55 m 49. 69.1 cm, 225.7 cm2 50. 10.44 cm, 36.4o, 53.6o 51. 41.1o, 115.4 cm 52. (a) 11.66 cm 53. 4.78 m (b) 13.81 cm (b) 28.5 cm (c) 408 cm 53 (b) 6 65 (b) 5.26 cm 64 (c) 4 65 56 (d) 3 65 (b) x = 26.48 cm, y = 79.1 (d) x = 68.4, y = 18.5 cm, z = 11.8 cm

133

CHAPTER 11 Book 3 Mathematics Chapter 11 Further Trigonometry

ANSWERS FOR ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES

Exploration (pg 308) Join B to O and C to O. Join O to P, the mid-point of BC. Let R be the radius of the circle. BC = 2A, PC = A and PC = 1 a 2 1 a PC a In POC, sin A = OC = 2R = 2R a 2R = sin A b c Similarly, by joining A to O and using the same reasoning, we can prove that 2R = sin B = sin C
B

P 0 A A a C

Just For Fun (pg 321) These 3 gures are impossible to construct in real life. Exploration (pg 304) Herons Formula for the area of a triangle. Consider ABC with sides a, b, and c. Let 2s be the perimeter of ABC, hence 2s = a + b + c. s is then known as the semi-perimeter of the triangle.
2 2 2 Applying the Cosine Rule, cos A = b +2cbc a and using the identity sin2 A + cos2 A = 1 sin2 A = 1 cos2 A

A c b

= (1 + cos A)(1 cos A) Substituting for cos A,

2 2 2 2 2 2 sin2 A = '1 + b +2cbc a 1 '1 b +2cbc a 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 = ' 2bc + b + c a 1 ' 2bc b c + a 1

2bc

2bc

2 2 (b 2 2bc 2 + c 2) + a 2 1 + 2 = ' b + 2bcbc c a 1 ' 2 2bc

(b + c) 2 a 2 1 ' (b c) 2 + a 2 1 =' 2bc 2bc (b + c + a) (b + c a) 1 ' (a + b c) (a b + c) 1 =' 2bc 2bc

134

Now a + b + c = 2s (perimeter of ABC) Hence b + c a = a + b + c 2a = 2s 2a a + b c = a + b + c 2c = 2s 2c a b + c = a + b + c 2b = 2s 2b Substituting into sin2 A, we have sin2 A =

2s $ 2 (s a) $ 2 (s c) $ 2 (s b) 4b 2 c 2 4s (s a) (s b) (s c) b2 c2 s (s a) (s b) (s c) s (s a) (s b) (s c)

sin A =
2 sin A = bc

i.e. 1 bc sin A = 2

But area of ABC = 1 bc sin A 2 Area of ABC =

s (s a) (s b) (s c)

135

Book 3 Mathematics Chapter 11 Further Trigonometry

GENERAL NOTES The trigonometrical ratios of obtuse angles are important in this course. To help pupils have a better understanding of the concepts, teachers should derive the formulas for the sine and cosine rule. Pupils are also encouraged to use the Geometers Sketchpad (GSP) to derive the sine rule using the Thinking Skill: Inferring. For pupils doing Additional Mathematics, this topic can be taught concurrently, covering angles from 0o to 360o. Pupils sometimes have diculty in deciding whether to use the sine or cosine rule to solve a triangle. Plenty of practice should be given to them to help them to decide which rule would be most suitable to solve triangles. The triangles below may be used for this purpose. (i)
7 40o 7.5 55o 58o

(ii)

(iii)

5 7 42o

To help pupils gain a better perspective of 3-D problems, wire models with strings or rods are useful tools to illustrate the triangles and angles involved. 2-D diagrams are unable to illustrate 3-D shapes eectively, e.g. the square faces of a cube. So it will be helpful to draw separate 2-D diagrams showing the exact shapes of the triangles and angles where they are needed. The availability of materials such as set-squares, rulers, pencils is helpful to pupils, especially during examinations, so that they can set up 3-D diagrams for better understanding.
T

long pencil

pencil long pencil or ruler

set square

The above diagram shows how a set square and a few pencils are used to show ABC right-angled at B, and a vertical post BT standing at B. Common Errors Pupils should be reminded to set the mode of their calculators to Degree. Pointing out that the use of angles in radians will be covered in the next chapter. Many pupils also fail to remember the formula correctly at test or examination time. One way to correct this mistake would be to insist that they write down the formula for each sum they do.

136

XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: ( ) Date: Time allowed: 35 min Marks: 18

Book 3 Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 11 Further Trigonometry 1. PQRS is a parallelogram where PQ = 4 cm, QR = 6 cm, and PQR = 60. Find the area of the parallelogram in cm2. (a) 6 3 (b) 12 (c) 12 3
P 4 cm 60 Q 6 cm R

(d) 20

(e) 24
S

2. The value of PR2 in the diagram above is (a) 24 (b) 28 (c) 52 (d) 76 (e) 82 ( )

3. The length of the sides of a triangle are 8 cm, 12 cm, and 15 cm. The triangle must be (a) isosceles (b) acute angled (c) right-angled (d) obtuse angled (e) equilateral 4. In the gure, AB = AC and BC > AB. State which of the following is true. i. x > 60 (a) i only ii. y < x (b) ii only iii. y > 60 (c) iii only (d) i and ii only (e) ii and iii only
A xo B

yo

5. If x is acute and tan x = (a) 1 3 (b)

1 , then the value of cos x is: 2 2 3 (c) (d) 3 3 2

(e)

1 5

6. In PQR, PRQ = 57, QR = 6.2 cm and PR = 7.8 cm. To nd the length of PQ, we can use the (a) sine rule (b) cosine rule (c) Pythagoras Theorem (d) tangent ratio (e) area formula

137

7. If 45 < x < 90, which of the following is true? (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) tan x < cos x < sin x cos x < tan x < sin x sin x < cos x < tan x cos x < sin x < tan x sin x < tan x < cos x

8. In ABC, AB = 17 cm, AC = 8 cm, and BC = 15 cm. The area of ABC is (a) 15 cm2 (b) 30 cm2 (c) 68 cm2 (d) 120 cm2 (e) 60 cm2 ( ) 9. In PQR, PQR = 30, PQ = 8 cm, and QR = 10 cm. The area of PQR is (a) 10 cm2 (b) 10 3 cm2 (c) 20 cm2 (d) 30 cm2 (e) 20 3 cm2 ( ) 10. In the gure, ABC, = 60, AB = 4 cm, BC = 10 cm, CD = 6 cm, and AD = 5.5 cm. Find the value of ADC (a) 60 (b) 98.5 (c) 101.5 (d) 120
D 5 cm A 4 cm 60o 10 cm 6 cm

(e) 125

11. The gure shows a cube. Which of the following is/are true? (i) GC = 45 (ii) ACH = 60 (iii) HB = 90 (a) i only (b) ii only (e) ii and iii only (c) iii only (d) i and iii only
H E F G

D A B

12. In the figure ABCD, ABEF, and CDFE are rectangles. Given that CDFE is perpendicular to ABCD, CE = 10 cm, EC = 30 and EBC= 45, calculate the length of AB. (a) 10 cm (b) 10 2 cm (c) 10 3 cm (d) 20 cm
F D 30o A B

(e) 20 2 cm
E 10 C

138

 13. In the gure, OBC is a right-angled triangle in a horizontal plane with BC = 90. OA is vertical, ABO = , BCA = and OC = 8 cm. The length of AB is given by (a) 8 sin sin 8 sin (b) sin (c) 8 cos tan 8 tan (d) cos
A 0 B C

8 tan (e) cos

14. The gure shows a cube. Find AFH. (a) 30 (b) 45 (c) 60 (d) 75
H E F

(e) 90
G

D A B

15. From the top of a building 100 m high, the angles of depression of two cars P and Q are 30 and 45, respectively. If P is due south, and Q is due east, of the building, nd the distance in metres between P and Q. (a) 200 m (b) 158 m (c) 120 m (d) 115 m (e) 72 m ( )

16. The gure shows a rectangular cuboid with AB = 8 cm, BC = 6 cm, and CG = 5 cm. The value of GC is (a) 26.6 (b) 29.5 (c) 30
H E D A B F

(d) 33.3

(e) 66.7
G

17. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower, from a point A on the horizontal ground north of the building, is 45. From another point B, 50 m east of A, the angle of elevation becomes 30. Find the height of the building in metres. (a) 25 (b) 25 2 (c) 25 3 (d) 50 (e) 50 2 ( )

139

18. The gure shows a right pyramid with a square base ABCD of length 20 cm. If the length of a slant edge VA is 26 cm, nd VC correct to the nearest degree. (A) 29 (B) 30 (C) 33 (D) 57
V D C

(E) 60

Answers

1. c 8. e 15. a

2. b 9. c 16. a

3. d 10. b 17. b

4. d 11. e 18. d

5. b 12. b

6. b 13. d

7. d 14. c

140

XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: Book 3 Mathematics Test Chapter 11 Further Trigonometry 1. In the diagram, APB is a straight line, ABC = 90, AC = 17 cm, AP = 9 cm, and area of APC = 36 cm2. Calculate (a) BC, (b) tan CPB.
C 17

Date: Time allowed: Marks:

min

[1] [2]

2. In the diagram, AB = 12 cm, BC = 9 cm, ABC = 90, CD = 11 cm, and AD = 19 cm. Calculate the value of (a) sin , (b) cos . Give your answers as a fraction in its lowest terms.
D 11 19

[3]
C 9

3. In the gure, AB = 12 cm, BC = 5 cm, and ABC = 90

12

(a) Find the value of sin BC. [2] (b) A circle is to be drawn so that it will pass through A, B, and C. Write down the radius of the circle. [1]
A 12 B C 5

4. In the diagram, ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AD = 6 cm, DC = 8 cm, AC = 7 cm, BC = 5 cm, and AB = 65. Calculate (a) AD, (b) the area of the triangle BCD.
A B

[2] [2]

6cm

7cm 65o

5cm

8cm

141

5. Three points P, Q, and R are such that the bearing of R from P is 125, the bearing of Q from P is 205, and PQ = PR. Calculate (a) the bearing of P from R, (b) the bearing of P from Q, (c) the length of PQ given that QR = 20 m. Give your answer correct to 1 decimal place. [Given sin 40 = 0.64, cos 40 = 0.77, tan 40 = 0.84]
N P 125o

[1] [1] [2]

6. In the diagram, triangle PQS has a right angle at P, and R is a point on PS such that PRQ =30. Given that PQ = 5 cm, and QS = 13 cm, (a) nd sin PQS, [2] (b) nd the length of SR, giving your answer in the form a + b 3 cm. [3]
Q 13cm 30o

5cm P

7. In the triangle ABC, AB = 6.4 cm, AC = 8.3 cm, and BC = 42.6. Find the length of BC and the area of ABC. [5] 8. In ABC, K is a point on BC such that BK = 3.6 cm and CK = 4.8 cm. Given that the area of ABK = 9 cm2 A and sin ABC = 0.5, calculate (a) the area of AKC, (b) the length of AB.
B 3.6 K 4.8 C

[1] [2]

9. A ship, P, locates a lighthouse, Q, on a bearing of 300, and another lighthouse, R, on a bearing of 030. If PQ = 16 km, and PR = 12 km, nd the distance of QR. [3] 10. In the diagram, the bearing of B from A is 072, and the bearing of C from B is 146. If AB = BC, nd the bearing of (a) A from B, (b) A from C.
N

72o A

146o

[2] [2]
N C

142

11. In the diagram, AQ = 6 cm, QC = 3 cm, AP = 4 cm, PB = 8 cm, and the area of APQ = 10 cm2. Calculate (a) sin PQ, (b) the area of the quadrilateral BPQC.
4 P 8 A 6 Q 3 B C

[2] [2]

12. In the diagram, QRS is a straight line. PQ = 24 cm, QR = 7 cm, and PR = 25 cm. (a) Explain why PQR = 90. (b) Express each of the following as a fraction and write down the value of (i) sin QPR, (ii) tan PRQ, (iii) cos PRS.
P

[1] [1] [1] [1]

24

25

13. In the diagram, the bearings of two ships, P and Q, from a lighthouse, L, are 030 and 110, respectively. Given that P is 28 km from Q, and that the bearing of Q from P is 138, nd (a) the distance of Q from L, [3] (b) the bearing of L from Q. [1]
N N 30o o L 110 P 138o 28

14. A ship steams 30 km from a port, P, on a bearing of 050 to point, Q, and then 30 km on a bearing of 015 from port Q to the port R. (a) Find the bearing of port R from port P, [2] (b) Calculate the distance of PR. [2] R (c) Calculate the shortest distance from Q to the line joining P and R. [2] N
30 N 15o Q
50 P
o

30

143

15. In the diagram, AB = BC = BD = 10 cm and BD = 52. Calculate (a) A DB, (b) the length of CD, D (c) the length of AD.
A 10 B 52o C

[2] [3] [3]

16. The gure shows a point, A, which lies 9 km south of point B. The points C and D are both 6 km from B and the bearing of C from A is 036.3. The points A, C, D, and E all lie on a straight line. Calculate (a) AB, [3] (b) the bearing of C from B, [1] (c) the length of CD, [2] (d) the shortest distance from B to the line ACD. [2]
N B 9 km 6 km 6 km C 36.3o D E

17. In the gure, the points A, B, and C form an equilateral triangle, and the bearing of B from A is 042. Find (a) the bearing of C from A, (b) the bearing of C from B.
N B

[1] [2]

42o A C

18. In the diagram, ABC = AD = 90, BC = 40, AC = 6.8 cm, and CD = 8.2 cm. Calculate (a) AB, t (b) cos ADC , t . (c) sin ADT
T A 40o D 6.8 C 8.2

[2] [2] [2]

144

19. A ship sails 7.8 km from P to Q. It then sails another 6.7 km from Q to R. The ship nally sails from R to a t t t point S, which is due north of Q. Given that PQR = 140, RQN = 74 and RSQ = 42, calculate (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) the bearing of P from Q, the bearing of Q from R, the distance of PR, the distance of RS, the shortest distance from Q to the ship as it sails from P to R.
S N 42o

[1] [2] [3] [3] [3]

6.7

74o Q 140o

7.8 P

20. The points P, Q, and R are on level ground such that Q is due north of P, the bearing of R from P is 018 and the bearing of R from Q is 063. (a) Given that the distance PQ = 250 m, calculate (i)the distance QR, (ii)the bearing of P from R. (b) Given that the vertical post XQ is 32 m high, calculate the angle of elevation of X from P.
X 32m Q 250m P 18
o

[3] [3] [2]

N
o

63

t t 21. In the gure, ABC = BCD = 90, BC = 42.7, BC = 7 cm, and CD = 9.6 cm. Calculate t (a) BDC , (b) the length of AC, (c) the length of BD. Given that K is a point on BD such that CK is perpendicular to BD, calculate (d) the length of CK.
A

[2] [2] [2] [3]

42.7o

9.6

145

22. From a lighthouse, A, the bearing of two ships, B and C, are 046 and 320, respectively. If AB = 458 m and AC = 625 m, calculate the distance of BC and the bearing of B from C. [5] 23. (a) In the gure, O is the centre of the sector BOC. Given that BC = 124, BO = 34.5, AB = 90, and OC = 6.8 cm, calculate (i) AO, (ii) AB, (iii) the area of sector BOC.

[7]

(b) Three points A, B, and C lie on level ground. The bearing of B from A is 057 and the bearing of C from A is 126. If BC = 84 m and AB = 65 m, nd the bearing of B from C. [5]
B

34.5o

124o 6.8

24. In the diagram, OA = OB = 80 m, OC = 70 m, the bearing of A and B from O are 052 and 144, respectively. (a) Calculate the bearing of B from A. [2] (b) Calculate the length of AC. [3] (c) A man walks from A to C until he reaches a point P where OP is a minimum. Calculate the length of AP. [3]
A N C 70O 52o 36o 80 B 80

t t 25. In the diagram, ABD = BDC = 90, BD = 42, BD = 5.8 m, and CD = 3.2 m. Calculate (a) AD, t (b) CBD , (c) BC. Given that X is a point on AD such that AX = 5.5 m, (d) calculate the area of ABX.
D 3.2 C

[6]

X 5.5 A 42o

5.8

146

26. (a) Solve the equation 5x2 + 2x = 9, giving your answer correct to 3 signicant gures. [3] (b) In the diagram, AB = (y 1) cm, BC = (x 2) cm, CD = (2x 3) cm, AD = (y + 2) cm, BD = (3x 7) cm t and BCD = 90. (i) Using the right-angled triangle BCD, form an equation in x, and hence nd the value of x. [3] t (ii) If BD = AD, use your result in (i) to nd y, and hence nd ADB . [3] (iii) Find the area of ABD. [3]
2x3 3x7 y+2 B y1 A

C x2

t t t 27. In the diagram, QPS = PRS = 90, QSP = 43.7, PR = 14 cm, and PS = 19.2 cm. Calculate t (a) QSR , (b) PQ, (c) QS.
Q

[2] [2] [2]

R 14 cm P 19.2 cm 43.7o S

28. ABCD is a parallelogram in which BC = 13 cm. H and K are points on DC and AB, such that AK = 12 cm, KB = 9 cm, and DH = 5 cm. Calculate (a) (b) (c) (d) AH, t ABC , the area of KBL, where L is a point on BC such that LC = 8 cm. the ratio of the area of ADH to the area of ACK.
A 12 K 9 B

[1] [2] [3] [1]

13

D 5 H

147

29. In the diagram, ABCD is a rectangle, and DQ is perpendicular to CP. Given that BC = 15 cm, PB = 8 cm, PQ = 5 cm, and DQ = 28 cm, calculate (a) CQ, (b) AB, t (c) ADQ .
A P 5 28 D 8 Q B 15

[6]

30. AB and CD are two roads which meet at X. AB runs in a north-south direction and makes an angle of 38 with CD. At 09:45, a car P, which is heading south towards B, is 315 km north of the point X. At the same time, a truck Q, travelling along CD, is 200 km N 38E of X. Given that the car, P, is travelling at 75 km/h, and the truck, Q, is travelling at 60 km/h, calculate (a) (b) (c) (d) the time at which the car passes X, the distance between P and Q at 09:45, the distance of P from X, and the distance of Q from X, at 15:57, the bearing of Q from P at 15:57, giving your answer correct to the nearest degree.
N C Q 38o X 200

[2] [3] [3] [4]

A P

315

31. The gure shows the positions A, B, C, and D of four oil rigs. C, A, and D lie in a straight line. Given that t AD = AB = 60 km, CB = 115, ABC = 35, and B is due east of C, calculate (a) the distance of CB, (b) the distance of BD. A supply ship S sets sail from C to B in a straight line. (c) Find the distance the ship, S, must be closest to A.
D

[3] [3] [3]

60 115o C A 60 35o

148

32. In the diagram, AB = CD = 3 cm, and BC = DE = 2 cm. Calculate (a) the length of BE, (b) the length of AD, (c) the values of x and y. [2] [2] [4]

E 2 X yo D 3 A x
o

t t 33. In the diagram, AB = 12 cm, AD = 5 cm, BC = 7.2 cm, BAD = 90, and DBC = 70. Calculate (a) the length of BD, (b) the length of CD, (c) the area of DBC.
C D 5 70o A 12 B 7.2

[2] [4] [3]

34. P, T, Q, R, and S are points on the semicircle with centre O and PS diameter. The radius of the semicircle is t 8.5 cm, the chord PQ is 8 cm and QSR = 34. Calculate (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) QR, the length of the chord QS, the area of PQS, the perpendicular distance from Q to PS, QPO, the area of the minor segment PTQ.
Q T 8 P O R 34o S

[1] [2] [2] [2] [2] [3]

t t 35. In the gure, BCD = 90, BD = 37, DBC = 45, and AB = 20 m. Find the length of CD.
D

[5]

45o 37o 20 B

149

36. The gure shows a section of a wall. The faces ABCD and PQCD are rectangular, with ABCD on the horizontal and PQCD vertical. Given that AB = 12 m, BC = 4 m, and CQ = 3 m, (a) nd the length of AQ, (b) write down the numerical value of t (i) cos CBQ , (ii) sin CQ.
P

[2]
Q 3m

[1] [1]

D A 12 m 4m B

37. The diagram shows a rectangular vertical billboard being supported by straight wires AP, BQ, and PB. Given that AB = 8 m, BC = 4 m, and CQ = 6 m, (a) calculate the length of PC, (b) write down the numerical value of t (i) tan BPC , t (ii) sin DPC .
A 8 B

[1] [1] [1]

4 D C

6 P Q

38. The gure shows a pyramid with a horizontal rectangular base ABCD where AB = 8 cm, AD = 6 cm, and the vertex V is 12 cm vertically above X. The mid-point of BC is M. Calculate U (a) the length of VM, [2] (b) tan VX, [1] t (c) sin AVX . [2] C D 12 [Given that 10 = 3.16, 153 = 12.37, 12 = 3.46]
6 X A B M

39. The legs of a camera tripod are each 60 cm long. When it stands on horizontal ground, the ends of the legs form an equilateral triangle of sides 40 cm. Find (a) the height of the vertex V above the ground, (b) the angle made by each leg with the ground.
60 60 A 40 B 40 C V

[3] [2]
60

150

40. The gure shows a pyramid with a square base PQRS and vertex O. The diagonals of the base intersect at M. OP = OQ = OR = OS = 16 cm, and PQ = 10 cm. Calculate (a) PR, (b) OM, (c) PR.
S O

[2] [2] [2]

R

M P 10 cm Q

41. In the diagram, A, B, and C are three points on level ground. AT is a vertical pole of height 15 m, the angle of elevation of T from B is 40, and the angle of elevation of T from C is 55. If BC = 65, calculate (a) (b) (c) (d) the length of AB, the length of AC, the area of ABC, the length of BC.
T 15 A 65o 55o C

[2] [2] [2] [3]

40o B

42. The gure shows a rectangular box of dimension 25 cm 15 cm 18 cm. (a) Calculate the length of AR, giving your answer correct to 1 decimal place. (b) Find the angle that AQ makes with the horizontal i.e. QB. t (c) Find PCA .
R

[3] [2] [3]

C S 18 D 15 A

B P 25

151

43. The diagram represents a solid in which the horizontal base ABCD and the vertical face PQDC are rectangles. Given that AB = 28 cm, BC = 22 cm, and PC = 15 cm, calculate (a) the length of BD and BQ, giving your answer correct to 1 decimal place, t (b) the angle that the line BP makes with the horizontal, i.e. PBC , t (c) the angle that the line of greatest slope BQ makes with the horizontal, i.e. DBQ .
Q P 15 D 22 A 28 B C

[3] [2] [2]

44. In the diagram, B is the foot of a vertical pole BT. A, B, and C are on horizontal ground where AB = 75 m, BC = 112 m, and BC = 90. Given that the angle of elevation of T from A is 15, calculate (a) (b) (c) (d) the height of the pole, t ABC , the shortest distance from A to BC , the angle of elevation of T from C.
T A 15o 75 112 C B

[2] [2] [2] [2]

45. In the diagram, A, B, C, and D are four corners of a rectangular block of dimension 18 cm by 8 cm by 14 cm t t and X is a point on BC such that AXB = CXD = x. Calculate (a) the length of AD, (b) the value of x, (c) the length of BX.
C A B 14 18 8 X Xo D

[3] [3] [2]

Xo

46. The gure shows a horizontal ring with centre O and radius T cm being suspended from a point T by three strings TA, TB, and TC, each of length 12 cm. Given that AB = 58 and X is the mid-point of AB, nd (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) the length of TO, the angle of elevation of T from A, the length of OX, the angle of elevation of T from X, t ATB .
T 12 12 C O 7 58o A X B

[2] [2] [2] [2] [4]

152

47. The diagram shows a door of dimensions 2.2 m by 1.2 m turning through 40 from position ABCD to APQD. Calculate (a) the length of PB, (b) the angle of elevation of C from P, t (c) PDB .
D 40o C Q

[3] [3] [3]

40o

B P

48. The diagram shows a triangle ABC lying in a horizontal plane. T is a pole vertically above B. Given that t t BC = 18 m, AT = 35 m, BAT = 34, and ABC = 65, calculate (a) the length of AC, (b) the length of TC, (c) the angle of elevation of T from C.
T 35m 34o A

[4] [3] [2]

65o 18m C

49. In the diagram, A, B, C, and D are four points on the corners of a rectangle. Given that AB = 16 m, BC = 18 m, X is the mid-point of AB, and T is a point vertically above X. If TX = 15 m, calculate (a) (b) (c) (d) CX, the angle of elevation of T from D, the angle of elevation of T from B, the length of CT. [2] [2] [2] [2]

T D C X 16m 18m B

15 A

50. The gure shows three points A, B, and C, with a vertical mast AT standing at A. The angle of elevation of T t from B is 25. Given that AB = 28 m, ABC = 38 and BC = 80, calculate (a) (b) (c) (d) the height of the mast correct to 2 decimal places, the length of AC, the angle of elevation of T from C, the length of BC.
T

[2] [3] [3] [3]

A 80o 25o 38o 28 C

153

51. In the diagram, A, B, and C are three points on the horizontal plane. AT is a vertical tower. The angles of depression of B and C from the top of the tower are 35 and 18, respectively. Given that AB = 34 m and BC = 56, calculate (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) the height of the tower, the length AC, the area of ABC, the length of BC, the greatest angle of elevation of T from a point on BC.
T

A 34 B

[2] [2] [2] [3] [3]

52. In the diagram, BCDE represents a vertical rectangular billboard of height 3.5 m. A, B, and C are three points on level ground such that BC = 8.8 m, BC = 80, and AB = 42. P is a point on AB and Q is a point on AC such that BP = PQ = 3.2 m. (a) Calculate the lengths of AP and CP. [5] t (b) Calculate the size of PQC . [3] (c) A cat walks along the top edge of the billboard from E to D. Find the largest possible angle of elevation of the cat from P. [3]
E D 3.5 B 3.2 P 3.2 80o A Q 8.8 42o C

53. Three points X, Y, and Z are on level ground. Y is due south of X and Z is due east of X. XT is a vertical agpole and XY = 30 m. (a) Given that the angle of elevation of T from Y is 28, calculate the height of the ag pole, giving your answer correct to one decimal place. [2] (b) The bearing of Z from Y is 042. Calculate the distance of XZ and YZ. [4] (c) Calculate the angle of elevation of T from Z. [3] (d) A man walks from Y to Z. Calculate the distance he must walk to a point, K, on YZ so that the angle of elevation of T from K will be the greatest. [3]
T

X 30 m Y

1 54. Given that sin = 3 and 90 < < 180, nd the value of (a) cos (b) tan

[3]

154

55. Given that cos x = sin y = sin 25, and that x is acute and y is obtuse, nd the value of x and of y. 56. (a) If sin x = sin 23 and 90 < x < 180, nd x. (b) If cos x = sin 60 and 0 < x < 180, nd x. 57. The diagram shows the positions of A, B and C. Find the bearing of (a) B from A, (c) C from B, (b) C from A, (d) A from C.
N 50o A 42o C

[3] [3]

B 70o

[4]

58. In ABC, AB = 7 cm, BC = 6 cm and AC = 8 cm. Find the value of cos BC, leaving your answer as a fraction in its lowest term. [3]
t 59. (a) In ABC, BC = 26, ABC = 61 and AC = 10 cm. Calculate the perimeter of ABC, giving your answer correct to 3 signicant gures. [3] t (b) In PQR, PQ = 7.5 cm, PR = 8.8 cm and QPR = 72. Calculate the length of QR and the value of t cos PQR . [3] t t 60. In the diagram, AB = 7 cm, CD = 9.8 cm, ABC = 57, and ACD = 108. Calculate

(a) BC,

(b) AC,
A 7cm 57o B C 108o 9.8cm

(c) the area of ABD.

[7]

61. In ABC, AB = 7.2 cm, AC = 8.8 cm, and BC = 132. Calculate (a) the length of BC, (b) the area of ABC. [5]

62. Two ships leave a port at the same time. One sails at 22 km/h on a bearing of 047, and the other at 18 km/h on a bearing of 148. Find the distance between the ships after 3 hours. [4] 63. The bearing of a point B from A is 023.2, and the bearing of C from A is 264. Given that AB = 225 m and AC = 186 m, calculate (a) BC, (b) the bearing of C from B. [5]

t t 64. In the diagram, QS and ST are perpendicular to PR and PQ, respectively. Given that RQS = 50, PQS = 60, and PQ = 8 cm, calculate the length of P
(a) RS, (b) PT.
T
60o o Q 50

[5]
S

155

65. The diagram shows a rectangular cuboid where AB = 12 cm, and AD = 20 cm, AE = 4 cm, and P is a point on EF such that EP = 3 cm. Find (a) (b) (c) (d) the length of AP, tangent of PE, t PBF , t ABD .
H D 20 G C E P 4 3 A 12 F B

[8]

66. The diagram shows a pyramid with a rectangular base ABCD. It is given that AB = 16 cm, BC = 12 cm, and V is vertically above the centre of the base N. If VN = 20 cm, calculate (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) the length of VA, tan VN, t sin VBN , t , AVC t BVD .
V D

[10]
N A 16 B

67. The diagram shows a rectangular pyramid TABCD where TDC is vertical. Given that AB = 5 cm, BC = 8 cm, and TC = 13 cm, calculate t T (a) TD, (b) TBD . [6]
13 D 8 A 5 B C

68. P, Q, and R are three points on level ground. V is a point vertically above P. PQ = 9 m, PV = 12 m, and VR = 24 m. (a) (b) (c) (d) Write down the sine of the angle between PR and VR. Calculate PR. Write down the tangent of the angle between PQ and VQ. t Given that PQR = 120, calculate t (i) PRQ (ii) the length QR.
V 12 P 9 Q 24 R

[10]

156

69. The diagram shows 3 points A, B, and C, on level ground. T is a point vertically above B. Given that AB = 44 m, AC = 57 m, TB = 28 m, and BC = 40, calculate t (a) TB, (b) BC, (c) TCB . [7]
T

28 B 44 40 A
o

C 57

70. The gure shows a cube with edges 4 cm long. ABCD is horizontal, and X is the mid-point of the vertical edge CG. Calculate (a) sin XC, giving your answer as a fraction in its lowest term, (b) the angle of elevation of X from B, t (c) AXE .
H E D A B F G X C

[6]

71. The gure shows a horizontal plot of ground ABC with a vertical pole, T, standing at the corner A. Given that BC = 115, AB = 28 m, BC = 65 m, and the angle of elevation of T from B is 40, calculate (a) the height of the pole, (b) the length of AC, (c) the length of TC.
o

[8]
A o 40 115 28 B 65 C

72. The gure represents a solid with a horizontal rectangular base ABCD and the vertical rectangular face PQDC Given that AB = 45 cm, BC = 35 cm, and PC = 25 cm, calculate (a) the angle of elevation of Q from A, (b) the angle of elevation Q from B, (c) the length of QB.
Q

P 25

[8]

D 35 A 45 B

157

Answers 1. (a) 8 3 2. (a) 5 5 3. (a) 13 4. (a) 46.6 5. (a) 305 12 6. (a) 13 7. 5.63 cm; 17.98 cm2 8. (a) 12 cm2 9. 20 km 10. (a) 252 5 11. (a) 6 7 12. (b) (i) 25 13. (a) 27.04 km 14. (a) 032.5 15. (a) 38 16. (a) 117.4 17. (a) 102 km 18. (a) 5.21 19. (a) 146 (e) 2.46 km 20. (a) (i) 109.25 m 21. (a) 36.1 22. 748.6 m ; 102.4 23. (a) (i) 9.89 cm 24. (a) 188 (ii) 12.0 cm (b) 141.9 m (iii) 50 cm2 (c) 76.22 m (b) 352.3 (b) 289 (b) 35 cm2 24 (ii) 7 (b) 290 (b) 57.2 km (b) 12.3 km (b) 153.7 (b) 162 (b) 0.770 (b 106 (ii) 198 (b) 10.3 cm (c) 0.638 (c) 13.6 km (b) 7.3 (c) 11.9 cm (d) 5.66 cm (d) 5.31 km (c) 9.02 km (c) 15.8 km (c) 5.52 km (d) 5.33 km 7 (iii) 25 (b) 10 cm 1 (b) 1 3 1 (b) 22 (b) 6.5 cm (b) 18.6 cm2 (b) 025 (b) 12 5 3 cm (c) 15.6 m

158

25. (a) 8.67 m 26. (a) 1.156 27. (a) 3.1 28. (a) 12 29. (a) 12 cm 30. (a) 13 57 31. (a) 108.8 km 32. (a) 5.39 cm 33. (a) 13 cm 34. (a) 68 (e) 64.8 35. 61.15 m 36. (a) 13 m 37. (a) 10 m 38. (a) 12.64 cm 39. (a) 55.4 cm 40. (a) 14.14 cm 41. (a) 17.88 m 42. (a) 34.3 cm 43. (a) 35.61 cm, 38.64 cm 44. (a) 20.1 m 45. (a) 24.2 cm 46. (a) 9.75 m (e) 32.9 47. (a) 0.82 m 48. (a) 26.9 m

(b) 28.9 (b) (i) 4.5 (b) 18.3 cm (b) 67.4 (b) 30.46 cm (b) 199.8 km (b) 64.5 km (b) 5.83 cm (b) 12.5 cm (b) 15 cm (f) 3.94 cm2

(c) 6.62 m (ii) 4.5 , 31.2 (c) 26.6 cm (c) 20.8 cm2 (c) 66.8 (c) P, 150 km Q, 172 km (c) 59.6 km (c) x = 40.0, y = 37.2 (c) 44 cm2 (c) 60 cm2

(d) 11.85 m2 (iii) 10.96 cm2

5 (d) 12

(d) 278

1 (d) 7 17 cm

4 (b) (i) 5 2 (b) (i) 5 2 (b) 2 5 (b) 67.4 (b) 14.35 cm (b) 10.50 m (b) 35.8 (b) 34.3 (b) 48.0 (b) 50.7 (b) 54.3 (b) 69.5 (b) 26.6 m

3 (ii) 13 4 (ii) 5 5 (c) 13

(c) 52.5 (c) 85.1 m2 (c) 31.7 (c) 27.8 (c) 55.7 m 6 (c) 6 11 cm (c) 6.12 m (c) 18.9 (c) 34.1 (d) 57.9 (d) 10.2 (d) 16.47 m

159

49. (a) 19.7 m 50. (a) 13.06 m 51. (a) 23.8 m (e) 46.1 52. (a) 2.78 m, 7.60 m 53. (a) 16.0 m 54. (a) 2 2 3

(b) 37.3 (b) 19.52 m (b) 73.3 m (b) 121.2 (b) 27.0 m, 40.4 m 2 (b) 4

(c) 61.9 (c) 33.8 (c) 723.1 m2 (c) 52.2 (c) 30.6

(d) 24.8 m (d) 31.23 m (d) 63.12 m

(d) 22.3 m

55. x = 65, y = 155 56. (a) 157 57. (a) 050 11 58. 16 59. (a) 26.4 cm 60. (a) 5.72 cm 61. (a) 14.6 cm 62. 92.9 km 63. (a) 355 m 64. (a) 4.77 cm 65. (a) 20.2 cm 66. (a) 24.5 (e) 53.1 67. (a) 56.3 1 68. (a) 2 (d) (i) 22 69. (a) 32.5 1 70. (a) 3 71. (a) 23.5 m 72. (a) 35.5 (b) 230.4 (b) 6 cm 3 (b) 20 (b) 2 (b) 51.8 (b) 20.8 m (ii) 14.8 m (b) 36.6 m (b) 26.6 (b) 48 m (b) 23.7 (c) 37.4 (c) 38.9 (c) 41.9 m (c) 62.2 m 4 (c) 3 (c) 66.0 (c) 0.894 (d) 59.0 (d) 53.1 (b) 9.84 cm, 0.496 (b) 6.17 cm (b) 23.5 cm2 (c) 45.6 cm2 (b) 150 (b) 118 (c) 160 (d) 298

160

CHAPTER 12 Chapter 12 Book 3 Mathematics MensurationArc Length, Sector Area, Radian Measure
ANSWERS FOR ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES

Just For Fun (pg 341) 4 colours Just For Fun (pg 352)
9 4 7

Just For Fun (pg 343) (a), (c)

1

15

12

14

13

16

10

11

GENERAL NOTES The Exploration on page 340 will lead students to derive the formula for the arc length and the area of a sector. This activity is useful for them to discover the formula. Derive the relationship between the radian measure and the degree measure using the direct variation approach. 1 This is also an easier way to derive the formulas for arc length and area of sectors, S = r and A = 2 r 2. As the students have learnt length of arc formula and the area of sector formula, it would be useful to give an example, to show that what they are learning now is exactly the same as what they learnt in Secondary Two. t The diagram shows a circle with centre O, radius 10 cm, with AOB = 600. The arc length AB is given by 60c 1 B 2(10) cm = 3 3 cm. 360c The area of the sector AOB = 60c 2 2(102) = 16 3 cm2 360c
O 60O 10

Now the angle 600 is equal to 3 radian. the arc length AB = r = 10 3 cm 1 = 3 3 cm 1 and the area of the sector AOB = 2 r2 1 = 2 (102) 3 2 = 16 3 cm2

B 3

10

161

XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: ( ) Date: Time allowed: Marks: min

Chapter 12

Book 3 Multiple-Choice Questions MensurationArc Length, Sector Area, Radian Measure

1. In each of the following diagrams, nd (a) the perimeter of the shaded region, (b) the area of the shaded region. (i) (ii) [8]

0 2m A D 10m 1.6rad 10m C 2m B P 12 cm 0.4rad

0 0.8rad 12 cm 0.4rad Q

2. In the diagram, PQR is a tangent to the circle centre O, radius 10.2 cm, touching the circle at Q. Given that OP = OR, and angle POQ = 1.2 radians, nd (a) the perimeter of the shaded region, (b) the area of the shaded region. [6]

3. The diagram shows a rectangle OLNQ of side 5 cm and 12 cm in a quarter of a circle with centre O. (a) Show that angle NOQ is 1.176 radians to three decimal places. (b) Find the radius of the circle. (c) Calculate the area of the shaded region.
P

[3]

L M

162

4. The diagram shows a circle of radius 17 m, and a chord AC of length 30 m. Calculate (a) the length of arc ABC, (b) the area of the shaded region.
A 17m B 30m 17m C O

[5]

Given that OQR is a sector of a circle with angle QOR = radians, and OR = a units, show that the area of the 1 shaded region is given by 2 a2( sin cos ) Find the area of the shaded region when a = 8 and = 0.6.[6]
R a O 0

P Q

6. OLM is a sector of a circle, centre O and radius 14 m. N lies on OL such that LN = 5m. Given that angle LOM = 0.9 radian, calculate (a) (b) (c) (d) the length of arc LM, the length of MN, the perimeter of the shaded region, the area of the shaded region.
M 14m O 0.9rad N 5m L

[8]

7. In the diagram, the radii OP and OQ are 8.4 cm, and angle PVQ is radians. Given that the value of is 0.6, nd (a) the length of arc PQ, (b) the area of the shaded region.
V O Q

[6]

8. In the diagram, O is the centre of the semicircle PQRS. The quadrilateral PQRS is a trapezium with PQ // SR. Given that the diameter SR = 14 cm, and PS = QR = 5 cm, calculate (a) angle POQ in radians, (b) the length of arc PS, (c) the area of the shaded segment.
= S P

Q =

[7]

163

9. In the diagram, AXB is an arc of a circle centre O and radius 10 cm. AYB is a semicircle with AB as diameter. If triangle AOB is equilateral, calculate (a) the length of arc AXB, (b) the area of the minor segment AXB, (c) the area of the shaded region.
Y

[7]

10. The diagram shows a circle PXQ, centre O, radius 4 cm. The radii OP and OQ are produced to R and S, respectively, so that PR = QS = 8 cm. An arc of a circle, centre O, radius 12 cm is drawn from R to S. If the 4 area of the sector ORS is 5 of the area of the circle PXQ, calculate (a) angle POQ in radians, F X 8cm (b) the perimeter of the shaded region, P (c) the area of the shaded region. [7] 4cm
O 4cm Q 8cm

11. In the diagram, OAB is a sector of a circle centre O and radius 12 cm. The points C and D are on OA and OB respectively, such that OC = OD = 7 cm. CD is a straight line. Given that the length of arc AB is 15 cm, calculate (a) angle AOB in radians, (b) the area of the shaded region.
B D 7cm O 7cm A 5cm C

[5]

12. In the diagram, the radius of the sector OPQ is 12 cm and angle POQ = 3 . Calculate (a) the radius of the inscribed circle, (b) the area of the shaded region.
Q 12cm 3

[6]

S P

164

22 13. A wheel of radius 14 cm is turning at a rate of 6 revolutions per minute. Calculate, taking = 7 , (a) the angle through which the wheel turns in 1 second, (b) the distance moved by a point on the rim in 5 seconds.

[2] [2]

1 2 22 14. The lengths of the minor and major arcs of a circle are 51 3 cm and 80 3 cm, respectively. Taking = 7 , nd (a) the radius of the circle, (b) the angle subtended at the centre by the major arc. 15. The arc length of a circle is 16 cm. The corresponding sector has an area of 96 cm2. Find (a) the radius of the circle, (b) the angle subtended at the centre of the circle by the arc. [3] [2] [2] [2]

16. The length of the minute hand of a clock is 20cm. Find the distance which the tip of the minute hand moves in 38 minutes. (Take = 3.14 and correct your answer to 3 signicant gures.) [3] 17. The minute hand of a clock is 10cm long. Find the area swept by the minute hand in 40 minutes. [3]

18. In the diagram, O is the centre of a circle with arc PQ = 16cm and POQ = 35. Find the radius of the circle correct to 3 signicant gures. [4]
P 16cm 35o O Q

19. A paper fan has the shape of a sector as shown in the diagram. Find the area of the shaded region to the nearest cm2. [3]

150o 8cm

16cm

20. The diagram shows an arc PQ of a circle, centre O and radius 9 cm. Given that the perimeter of sector OPQ is 24.3 cm, and QR is perpendicular to OQ, nd the area of the shaded region. [4]
P R

9cm

21. Find the area of a circular path 2 m wide surrounding a circular pond of radius 10 m.

[3]

165

22. Find the areas of the shaded regions in the following diagrams. (All dimensions are in cm and all curves are circular.) [12] (a)
2 2

(b)

5 5

5 5

5 5 20 5

(c)
20

20

(d)
8

23. The diagram shows three semicircles with radii r, 2r, and 3r, respectively. Find the ratio of the area of the shaded part to that of the unshaded part. [3]

24. In the diagram, OAB is a sector of a circle of radius 8 cm. AB = 30, and C is a point on OB such that CB = 2 cm. Find the area of the shaded region given that A is 5 cm vertically above OB. [4]
A

8 cm

5 cm

30

2 cm

t 25. In the diagram, PA and PB are tangents to the circle, centre O and radius 12 cm. If APB = 1.38 radians, calculate the area of the shaded region. [4]

12 cm B

166

26. The diagram shows a circle of radius 13 cm and centre O. ABC is an isosceles triangle with BA = BC and AC = 10 cm. Find t (a) ABC in radians, (b) the area of the shaded region (give your answers correct to 3 signicant gures). [6]
B

0 10 cm A

27. In the diagram, PSR is an arc of a circle, centre O, radius OP, and PR = radians. OP = OR = PR = 12 cm. PQR is a semicircle with PR as diameter. (a) State the value of . (b) Calculate the area of (i) the sector OPSR, (ii) the segment PSR, (iii) the shaded region. Give your answers to 3 signicant gures.
R

[8]
P

28. In the diagram, the circle centre Q touches the circle centre O internally at R. OS is the tangent to the smaller circle at T. If the radius of the smaller circle is 4 cm and OP = PR, nd (a) angle ROS and angle RQT in radians, (b) the length of the minor arc RS, (c) the area of the shaded region.
O P S T Q R

[7]

29. In the diagram, OLQM is a sector of a circle centre O. The segment LQM is enclosed in a rectangle LMPR. Given that LM = 36 cm and MP = 12 cm, calculate (a) the length of OL, (b) the angle LOM in radians, (c) the area of the shaded region.
R L

[6]
P M

167

30. In the diagram, OAB is a sector of a circle, centre O and radius 13 cm. C lies on OB such that BC = 3.7 cm. Given that angle AOB = 1.5 rad, nd (a) the length of arc AB, (b) the area of the shaded region.
13 cm O 1.5 rad C 3.7 cm A B

[5]

31. The diagram shows part of a circle, centre O, of radius 9.7 cm. The tangents at the points P and Q on the circumference of the circle meet at the point R, and the angle POB is 0.84 radians. Calculate (a) the length of the perimeter of the shaded region, (b) the area of the shaded region.
9.7 cm 0 0.84 rad 9.7 cm Q R P

[7]

32. The diagram shows a pair of intersecting, circles with centres at P and Q and of radii 7 cm and 5 cm, respectively. AB is the common chord and is of length 8 cm. Find (a) angle APB in radians, (b) angle AQB in radians, (c) the shaded area.
A 7 cm P 5 cm Q

[7]

33. The area of a sector is 44 cm2 and its perimeter is 30 cm. Find all the possible radii of the circle.

[4]

34. ABP and ABQ are two identical quadrants of a circle. Given that AB = 8 cm, nd, correct to 4 signicant gures, (a) the perimeter of the shaded region, (b) the area of the shaded region.
P Q

[6]

168

35. In the gure, a wire 4 metres long is bent into a sector of radius r and arc length s. (a) Express in terms of r. (b) Find the value of r such that the area of the sector is maximum. (c) Find the maximum area and the corresponding central angle. [3] [3] [2]

r S

36. PQ is the diameter of a circle, with centre O and radius r cm. R is a point on the circumference of the circle such that PR = QR. The arc PTQ is drawn with R as the centre. (a) Find, in terms of r, the area of triangle PQR and the area of the shaded region. What can you say about the two areas? Are they equal? [8] area of segment PTQ (b) Find the value of the ratio [4] area of segment QSR
P

S Q

37. Assume that Earth revolves around the sun in a circular orbit, with a uniform speed of 1.08 105 km/hour, and that the distance between the sun and Earth is 1.46 108 km. The diagram shows that the earth moves from P to Q in 5 days. Find (a) the angle subtended at the centre, giving your answer in radians correct to 1 decimal place, (b) the area of the shaded sector.
Q 1.46 x 108 km Sun P Earth

[2] [2]

169

38. The gure shows the cross sections of two cylindrical logs resting against each other on a level ground. Given that the radii of the cross sections are 9 cm and 16 cm, nd the perimeter and the area of the shaded region, correct to two decimal places. [6]

16 cm 9 cm

39. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle. Given that angle PSQ = 40, and the length of arc PQ = 18 cm, nd (a) the radius of the circle, (b) the area of the sector OQRSP.
R

[3] [3]

S 40

O Q P 18 cm

40. The gure shows a circle with centre O and radius 5 cm. A, B, and C are three points on the circumference of the circle such that triangle ABC is isosceles and BC = 8 cm. Find (a) the area of the segment BDC, length of arc AB (b) the value of the ratio length of chord AB
A

[4] [3]

O B D C

41. The gure shows a semicircle with centre O. ST is a diameter, and point P is on the circumference such that the chord SP = 12 cm and chord TP = 5 cm. Calculate, correct to 3 signicant gures, (a) the values of angles PST and POT, in radians. (b) the area of the segment PQS.
Q P

[4] [3]

170

42. In the gure, the radius of the sector AOB is 16 cm, and angle AOB = 50. Find, correct to 3 signicant gures, (a) the radius of the inscribed circle PQR, (b) the area of the shaded region.
P O 50 R A

[3] [9]

16 cm

Answers 1. (a) (i) 39.2 m 2. (a) 112.8 cm 3. (b) 13 cm 4. (a) 16.7 m 5. 4.3 units2 6. (a) 12.6 m 7. (a) 10.08 cm 8. (a) 1.68 rad 9. (a) 10.5 cm 10. (a) 0.56 rad 11. (a) 1.25 radians 12. (a) 4 cm 13. (a) 36 14. (a) 21 cm 15. (a) 12 cm 16. 79.6 cm 17. 209.4cm2 18. 26.2cm (b) 11.0 m (b) 9.45 cm2 (b) 5.1 cm (b) 9.1 cm2 (b) 24.9 cm (b 66.7 cm2 (b) 14.2 cm2 (b) 44 cm (b) 220 (b) 76.4 (c) 16.8 cm2 (c) 30.2 cm2 (c) 35.7 cm2 (c) 28.6 m (d) 38.9 m2 (ii) 35.2 m2 (b) 142.8 cm2 (c) 69.372 cm2 (b) 766.3 m2 (b) (i) 36.2 cm (ii) 37.3 cm2

171

19. 67cm2 20. 5.8cm2 21. 138.2 m2 22. (a) 1 142 cm2 23. 1:2 24 1.76 cm2 25. 47.64 cm2 26. (a) 0.395 rad 27. (a) 1.05 rad (b) 60.0 cm2 (b) (i) 75.4 cm2 (ii) 13.0 cm2 (iii) 43.5 cm2 (b) 209.45 cm2 (c) 114.29 cm2 (d) 32 cm2

t 28. (a) RS = 0.34 rad, RQT = 1.91 rad (b) 5.44 cm (c) 5.59 cm2 29. (a) 19.5 cm 30. (a) 19.5 cm 31. (a) 16.8 cm 32. (a) 1.22 rad 33. 4cm or 11 cm 34. (a) 20.57 cm 4 35. (a) r 2 36. (a) r2, equal area 37. (a) 0.09 rad 38. 61.29 cm, 60.14 cm2 39. (a) 12.89 cm 40. (a 3.125 cm2 41. (a) 0.395 rad, 1.316 rad 42. (a) 4.75 cm (b) 406.6 cm2 (b) 1.238 (b) 18.12 cm2 (b) 17.9 cm2 (b) 10.96 cm2 (b) 1 m (b) 2 (b) 9.59 1014 km2 (c) 1 m2, 2 rad (b) 2.352 rad (b) 66.45 cm2 (b) 2.5 cm2 (b) 1.85 rad (c) 18.0 cm2 (c) 119.83 cm2

172

CHAPTER 13 Book 3 Mathematics Chapter 13 Geometrical Properties of Circle

ANSWERS FOR ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES

Exploration (pg 382) 4 cameras (a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 2

GENERAL NOTES When the diagrams given are straightforward, like those in Q.1 of Ex 13b, most students have no difficulty in recognising the properties of circles, such as the angle at the centre is equal to twice the angle at the circumference and angles in the same segment are equal. However, they may find it difficult when the diagrams given are not obvious, when construction lines need to be drawn or when knowledge of angle properties of triangles is required. Where diagrams are not drawn in an obvious manner, the teacher could suggest that the pupils turn the diagrams around so that they are more apparent from another angle. Teachers may find it useful to have transparencies, with angles cut out, so that they can be moved about to show equal angles. The teacher may find the Geometers Sketchpad (GSP) a useful tool to allow pupils to verify the results that (a) (b) (c) (d) the angle at the centre is equal to twice the angle at the circumference subtended by the same arc, the angle subtended by the diameter of a semicircle is a right angle, angles in the same segment of a circle are equal, and the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.

To illustrate the tangent to a circle on a transparency, use a thin stick (e.g. a satay stick) as a secant, and then move it away from the centre of the circle.

To illustrate the properties of tangents from an external point, the method of using reflection may be a more easily understood method for the pupils. Referring to Figure 13.18, reflect OAP, with OP as the line of reflection, to OBP. Since reflection preserves shape t t and size, OAP and OBP are congruent, AP = BP, APO = BPO , and AP = BP.

173

XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: ( ) Date: Time allowed: 35 min Marks: 16

Book 3 Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 13 Geometrical Properties of Circles t 1. In the figure, O is the centre of the circle, TPR = 80 and QR = x. Find x. (a) 80 (b) 160 (c) 100 (d) 120 (e) 200 ( )

R 80

O X

t t t t 2. In the figure, STP = 25, TPR = 135, SRP = x, and RKQ = y. Calculate the value of x + y. (a) 75 (b) 55 (c) 85 (d) 70 (e) 80
R S T 25 135 P Q K y X

t 3. In the figure, O is the centre of the circle and PQR = 70. Calculate the value of x. (a) 140 (b) 210 (c) 290 (d) 110
Q 70 X 0 P R

(e) 220

174

t t t 4. In the figure, SPT = 100, PQS = 40, and PRQ = x. Calculate the value of x. (a) 30 (b) 40 (c) 50 (d) 60
Q 40 T P 100 X

(e) 80

5. In the figure, O is the centre of the figure, and PR is a diameter. Which of the following is/are true? I. b + d = 180 II. d = 2c III. a = c (a) I and II only (d) II only (b) II and III only (e) all of them
T S b d a P O c Q R

(c) I and III only

t 6. In the figure, O is the centre of the small circle, PTQ . It lies on the circumference of the big circle, PKQ, whose centre is A. t Given that PKQ = 2x, express PTQ in terms of x. (a) 180 2x (b) 90 x (c) 180 x (d) 90 + x
P 2x K

(E) 180 4x

O Q

t t t 7. In the figure, QR is the diameter of the semicircle, SPR = 25, and STR = 30. Calculate the size of TSR . (a) 85 (b) 90 (c) 95 (d) 125
S T 25 Q 30 R

(e) 105

175

8. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circumscribed circle of ABC. AO is produced to meet the circle at P. t Given that AB = 110 and BC = 130, find APC . (a) 55 (b) 60 (c) 65 (d) 120
A

(e) None of these

110 0 130 C P

t t 9. In the figure, TP and TQ are tangents to the circle. Given that PRQ = 65, calculate PTQ . (a) 50 (b) 65 (c) 115 (d) 130
P

(e) None of these

65

t 10. In the figure, O is the centre of the circle, and PR = 130. Calculate PQR . (a) 60 (b) 65 (c) 115 (d) 130 (e) None of these ( )

O 130 P Q

t t t 11. In the figure, KP and TR are tangents to the circle, KPQ = 65, TRQ = 28, and PQR = x. Find x. (a) 37 (b) 90 (c) 93
K

(d) 87
P 65

(e) None of these

28

x R

176

12. In the figure, TP and TQ are tangents to the circle, PTQ = 56, and PRQ = x. Calculate x. (a) 112 (b) 118 (c) 124 (d) 136
P

(e) Cannot be found

56

t t 13. In the diagram, PT is a tangent to the circle. Given that PR = QR, and RPQ = 70, calculate PTQ (a) 30 (b) 40 (c) 50 (d) 60
P 70 Q

(e) 70
T

t 14. In the diagram, TA and TB are tangents to the circle whose centre is O. If TPA = 30, find the value of BC. (a) 20 (b) 25 (c) 30 (d) 35
B

(e) 60
P 30 C

O A

t 15. In the diagram, BC is the diameter, and TA is a tangent to the circle. If PB = 62, calculate ATC .

(a) 28

(b) 30

(c) 32

(d) 34
P
A 62

(e) 38

177

t t 16. In the diagram, PQ, PR and QR, are tangents to the circle. If PQ = PR, and PQR = 36, calculate APC . (a) 28 (b) 36 (c) 48 (d) 64
P

(e) 72

36 Q E R

Answers

1. b 8. b 15. d

2. c 9. a 16. b

3. e 10. c

4. d 11. d

5. b 12. b

6. b 13. a

7. c 14. c

178

XYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL Name: Class: Book 3 Mathematics Test Chapter 13 Geometrical Properties of Circles 1. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle. Calculate the values of (a) x, (b) y.
y 110 O x

Date: Time allowed: Marks:

min

[1] [1]

2. PR is the diameter of a circle, with centre O. The points Q and S lie on the circumference of the circle such t that PQ = RQ and QPS = 65. t (a) Write down the value of PSR . [1] (b) Calculate t (i) QPR , [1] t (ii) PRS . [1]
Q R O 65 P S

t t 3. In the diagram, QP = QR, PQS = 34, and PRQ = 38. Calculate t (a) RPS , t (b) QSR .
Q 34 R 38

[2] [1]

179

t 4. In the diagram, BD = 92 and ABC = 79. Find t (a) ATD , t (b) TCB .
C D T A 92 79 B

[2] [1]

5. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle. Given that AC = 112, calculate the following. t (a) ADC , t . (b) ABC
D

[1] [2]

O A 112 C B

6. PQ is a diameter of the circle, with centre O. Given that PQ = 15 cm and PR = 12 cm, calculate the area of triangle PQR. [3]

O 15cm 12 cm R

t 7. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle. PAB and POT are straight lines. Given that APO = 14 and OBA = 40, calculate t (a) ATB , (b) AP, (c) TB. [4]
T

O 40 14

180

t 8. In the figure, AC is the diameter of the circle. Given that BC = 52 and APB = 26, calculate t (a) PBC , (b) BA.
B

[3]

52

O C

26

t t t t 9. In the figure, SPQ = 53 and PQR = 79. Find the angles of SYR and QXR .
Y

[4]

S R

79 P 53 Q X

t t t 10. In the figure, HK is parallel to BC, HBA = 32, ABC = 53, and BCH = 26. Calculate t (a) HKC , (b) BC.
A H 32 53 B K

[3]

26

t t 11. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle and ABE = 54. Find the value of DCE .
B 54 A O D C

[3]

181

t t 12. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle, AB = 52, and OBC = 48. Calculate the value of OAC .
B 48 A

[3]

52 O

t 13. In the diagram, AD is the diameter of the circle, and TAOD and TBC are straight lines. Given that ATC = t 20 and BDC = 46, find the value of CD. [3]
C B 20 A

46 O

14. In the diagram, OABCD is a quadrant of a circle, with centre O. AC and BD intersect at the point X, and t AB = BC = CD. Find the value of AXD . [3]
C B X D

t 15. In the diagram, AB is parallel to DC, and chords AC and BD meet at the point T. Given that BTC = 74, t find ACD . [3]
D A

T 74 C

t 16. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle. If AB = 54 and OBC = 52, find the value of OC.
C O 54 52 B A

[3]

182

t t 17. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle, OB = a, ABC = b and OCB = c. Express b in terms of a and c. [4]
C c O a A

B b

t 18. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle with a radius of 6.5 cm. If AB = 5 cm and OBA = , find the numerical values of (a) sin , (b) tan .
C O 6.5 B 5 A

[3] [1]

19. In the diagram, AOB is the diameter of the circle with centre O. Given that AB || DC, DC = 46, and t ABD = x, find x. [3]
D 46 O x C

t 20. In the diagram, TAB is a straight line, TA = AD, and BCD = 78. Find t (a) ATD , t (b) ABC .
C 78 D

[2] [2]

183

t 21. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle. AEOD and ABC are straight lines. If BO = 18, and ADC = 56, calculate (a) CD, t (b) ACD , (c) BC.
E A 18 B C D O 56

[1] [1] [2]

t 22. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle. LOT and LMN are straight lines. Given that ONM = 46 and t = 24, calculate OLM t (a) LOM , [1] t (b) TMN , [2] T t . (c) MTN [2] O
24 46

t t 23. In the diagram, ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral in which ADC = 79, BD = 82, and ABD = 62. Find C t (a) BDC , t . (b) BCA
D 79 62 82 A B

[5]

24. PQ and RS are two parallel chords in a circle with a radius of 7.5 cm. If PQ = 12 cm and RS = 9.8 cm, calculate the possible distance between the chords PQ and RS. [5] t t 25. In the diagram, PR is a diameter of the circle, with centre O, PRQ = 24, and PTR = 38. Calculate t R (a) SRP , t , (b) QSR 24 t (c) POQ .
O S 38 T P Q

[2] [2] [2]

t 26. In the diagram, ABC = 112 and AD = 116. Find the values of t (a) ACD , t . (b) CAD
D

E 116

112 B

[2] [2]

184

t 27. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle, TAB is a straight line, AOB = 84 and TD = 74. Find the value of t (a) ACB , [1] t , (b) ACD [2] t (c) OAD . [2]
C

D 74 A

O 84

t 28. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle, AB = 92 and ACD = 48. Find t (a) ACB , t (b) DAB , t (c) DAO .
C 48 O 92 B

[1] [2] [2]

29. In the diagram, TAD and TBC are straight lines where A, B, C, and D are points on the circle. Given that t AB = AT, DC = 78 and ATB = 56, calculate (a) BC, t (b) ADB , t (c) DBC .
D 78 A 56 B T

[2] [2] [1]

t 30. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle, AC = 96, and OCB = 30. Calculate the value of OB.
B

[3]

O 96 A 30 C

185

t 31. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle, ADB = 27, and CD = 96. Calculate (a) BC, t (b) ABC .
C

[2] [2]

96 O

27

t 32. In the diagram, AB is parallel to OC, where O is the centre of the circle. Given that OBC = 52, calculate. t (a) BAC , [3] t (b) BCA . [2]

O A B 52 C

t 33. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle, AC is the diameter which meets BD at X. Given that AOD = 86 t and BAC = 24, calculate t (a) ABX , [1] t (b) ODX , [2] t (c) BXC . [2]
D X 86 O 24 A B C

t t 34. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle and ABC = 124. Find the value of OCA .

[3]

124 B

186

t t 35. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle. Given that ACB = 48 and ACD = 68, find the value of t C (a) OBA , D t 68 (b) DAO . 48
B O

[2] [2]

36. In the diagram, AOC is the diameter of the circle with centre O, and TAB is a straight line. Given that t t BTC = 30 and ACB = 50, find t (a) TCA , t (b) ABD .
D 30 O C 50

[3] [2]

t t 37. In the diagram, PAB, ADQ, and BCQ are straight lines. Given that CDQ = 52 and CQD = a, find t (a) BCP in terms of a, t when BPC = (a + 26). t (b) BAD
P A B

[2] [3]

D 52 a Q C

t t 38. In the diagram, TA and TB are tangents to the circle with centre O. Given that ATO = 32, find ACB .
B

[3]

32

O C

187

t 39. In the figure, BOC is the diameter of the circle, and PAQ is a tangent to the circle at A. Given that APC = 20 t = 42, calculate BCP . t and CAQ [3]

C Q 42 A

20

40. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle, TAP is the tangent to the circle at the point A. BOCP is a straight t t line and APC = 28. Calculate TAB . [3]
B O

C T A 28 P

t t t 41. In the diagram, TAP is a tangent, to the circle, at A. Given that PAC = 66 and BAT = 37, calculate ATB . [3]
C

B 66 P A 37

t 42. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle; BC, AC, and AB are tangents to the circle. Given that OAB = 34 t t and OBC = 24, find the value of BCA . [3]
24 O B

34 A

188

t 43. In the diagram, TA and TB are tangents to the circle at A and B, respectively. Given that ATB = 58, t . calculate APB [3]
A

58

t 44. In the diagram, TA and TB are tangents to the circle whose centre is at O. Given that ATB = 54, calculate t (a) PBC , [1] t (b) BCA , [1] t (c) BAQ . [1]
P C B O T 54 A Q

45. AQB is a chord of the circle ABC. TA is the tangent to the circle at A; the tangent to the circle at B meets TQ t t produced to P. If ATP = 22 and TQB = 137, calculate TPB . [3]

B C 137 22 Q P

46. The figure shows a circle with centre O and radius 8 cm. The diameter HK is produced to P and PAB is a t tangent to the circle at A. Given that AHO = 26, calculate t (a) APK , [1] t , (b) BAH [1] (c) the area of the minor segment AQH [3] (Take = 3.14)
H 26 O Q B A K P

189

47. In the figure, AB is the diameter of the circle, and TC is a tangent to the circle at C. TC meets AB produced to t T. If TAC = 28, calculate t (a) ABC , t (b) ATC . [3]
C T B 28 A

t 48. In the diagram, TA and TB are tangents to the circle whose centre is O. Given that APB = 116, find t (a) AQB , t . (b) ATB
B Q O

[1] [3]

49. In the figure, PA and PB are tangents to the circle at A and B, respectively. Given that O is the centre of the circle, OA = 2.8 cm, and AP = 4.4 cm, calculate (a) PQ, t (b) APB .
A 2.8cm O 4.4cm Q P

[4]

t t 50. In the diagram, TC and TA are tangents to the circle with centre O. Given that PAB = 58, and ATC = 38, find t (a) OBC , [2] t . (b) OAC [2]
C B O 58 P A 38

190

51. In the diagram, PQ, PS, RQ, and RS are tangents to the circle at B, A, C, and D, respectively. Given that t t POA = 56 and SRO = 26, where O is the centre of the circle, calculate t (a) SPO , [2] t (b) PQR . [2]
B Q C

0 A D

52. In the diagram, ACT is a tangent to the circle at C. Given that COQ is the diameter, AROP is a straight line t and BQC = 26, calculate t (a) RPC , [2] Q t , (b) PAT [2] t P (c) PCT [1] 26
O R A B C T

53. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle, and TA is a tangent to the circle at A. The diameter BD, and AC t meet at X. Given that BDC = 26 and DO = 36, calculate (a) (b) (c) (d) BT, t OBA , t ABC , t . BXC
C 26 O 36 T A X B

[2] [1] [1] [2]

t 54. In the diagram, AB, BC, and AC are tangents to the circle at P, Q, and R, respectively. If ABC = 44 and t = 48, calculate QPR (a) BC, t (b) PQR .
C

[3] [2]

R 0 48 A P

44 B

191

55. In the diagram, TAP and TBQ are tangents to the circle at A and B, respectively. Given that TAP is parallel to t BC and ATB = 50, calculate (a) PC, (b) BC.
B

Q C

[3] [2]

50

56. In the figure, PAQ and QBR are tangents to the circle at A and B, respectively, Given that PC = 70 and t RBC = 52, calculate t (a) AQB , [2] t . (b) ACB [2]
R 52 C 70 P B Q

57. In the diagram, AB and AC are tangents to the circle at B and C, respectively. Given that BC = x, express t BPC in terms of x. [4]
C

x P

t 58. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle and HK is a tangent to the circle at A. Given that ADB = 10y, t t t ABD = 2x, CDB = x, and DBC = 14y, calculate, in degrees, (a) CB, t (b) ACD , (c) KB.
x 10y

[3] [1] [1]

14y 2x

192

59. In the diagram, PAT is a tangent to the circle at A, AC is the diameter, BED is a straight line, and BE = BC. t Given that CBE = 2x, find in terms of x (a) AD, (b) BT, (c) PD.
C

2x O E D P A

[2] [2] [2]

60. In the figure, PQR is a triangle inscribed in the circle. AB, BC, and AC are tangents to the circle. Given that t t QPR = 63 and PRQ = 48, calculate B t (a) ABC , [2] (b) BC, [2] t (c) ACB . [1]
P Q 63 48 A R C

61. PA and PB are tangents to a circle with centre O, touching the circle at A and B respectively. BOC is a diameter and CO = 48, Calculate (a) AC, t (b) ABO , t (c) APB .

C 48 O A

[6]

62. In the figure, PAB is a tangent to the circle at A, and PQS is a straight line. Given that AQ = QR, BS = 62 t and APQ = 32, calculate (a) QP, t (b) QRS , t . (c) RSA

[5]
S

Q 32 62 A B

193

63. In the diagram, TA is a tangent to the circle. AB is parallel to the diameter DOC. CODT is a straight line, and t ADC = 62. (a) Give a brief reason why TO = 90 (b) Name a pair of congruent triangles and give a brief reason to substantiate your claim. (c) Calculate the value of (i)TD, t (ii) CTA , (iii)BC. [1] [2] [1] [1] [1]

O 62 A B

64. CT is a tangent to a circle with centre O and radius 6 cm. DOC and DAT are straight lines and AC = 70, Calculate 22 (a) the area of the sector OABC, taking to be 7 , [2] (b) the area of OAC, [2] (c) the area of the minor segment ABC, [2] t (d) CDA , [2] (e) the length of the tangent CT. [2]
D A 0 70 B T

t 65. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle, AD is the diameter, OBA = 48, and BC = CD. Calculate the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) OB t ABC t BCD t ADC

[8]

48

194

66. In the figure, O is the centre of the circle. The chords AC and BD are perpendicular, OAD = x, and BC = y (a) Express AD in terms of x. D t (b) Express ACD in terms of y. (c) Show that x = y. [6]
A x y O C B

t 67. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle, and PQRS is a parallelogram. Given that PQR = 52, calculate the following: t P T (a) PTR Q t 52 (b) SOT [4]
O

68. The diagram shows a pentagon, ABCDE, inscribed in a circle with centre O. Given that AB = BC = CD, and t ABC = 130, calculate the following: (a) AB (b) AD (c) CD [6]
A E

O B

69. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle, AOC is the diameter, and CD is parallel to BE. Given that t AB = 88 and ACE = 24, calculate the following: (a) BC t (b) BCD (c) CD [6]
D E O A 88 24 C

195

70. An equilateral triangle of sides 12 cm is drawn in a circle, with its edges touching the circumference. Calculate the radius of the circle.

[4]

71. An isosceles triangle of sides 6 cm, 6 cm, and 8 cm long is inscribed in a circle. Find the radius of the circle. [4] 72. In a circle of diameter 12 cm, PQ and HK are two parallel chords of lengths 8 cm and 5 cm, respectively. Calculate the distance between the chords if they are on (a) the same side of the centre, (b) opposite sides of the centre. [4]

t 73. In the figure, O is the centre of the circle. If BO = 35 and BCO = 29, calculate AC as indicated in the diagram. [3]
B

O 35 A

29 C

t 74. In the figure, AC is the diameter of the circle whose centre is O. If AD = BD, and CBD = 18, calculate the following angles: t (a) ADB t (b) BCD (c) CD [6]
B 18 A O C

t 75. In the figure, O is the centre of the circle. AE = 68 and OBD = 44. Calculate the following angles:

(a) BD t (b) OCB t (c) OTE

E
D A 68 O 44 B C T

[6]

196

t 76. In the diagram, PT and QT are the tangents to the circle, and PTQ = 60. If the radius of the circle is 14 cm, 22 find the length of the minor arc PQ. (Take = 7 ) [3]
P 14 cm 60 T

t 77. In the diagram. PA and PB are tangents to a circle with centre O. If ACB = 58, and AO = 10 cm, find the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) AB OB t APB the length of AP
A 10 cm C
58

[8]

t 78. In the diagram, TAP is a tangent to the circle at A, TAP is parallel to QCD, AQC = 44, and PD = 62, calculate t A (a) BCD , P T t 62 (b) ADB , t (c) BDC . [6]
B 44 Q C

t 79. In the diagram, TAP is a tangent to the circle at A. Given that AXE = 57 and TE = 34, if AD is the diameter, find (a) BX, t (b) ABC , (c) DX.

D C X B

[6]

57 E T 34

197

80. In the diagram, TC and TAP are tangents to the circle, with centre O. Given that CO = 21, calculate t (a) APB , t (b) ATC , C (c) PB.
O B P

[6]

21 T A

81. In the figure, O is the centre of the circle. TAP and TBQ are tangents to the circle at A and B, respectively. t t Given that ATB = 54 and BCD = 116, calculate (a) PD, t (b) ABO .
A T 54 P

[4]
O
D B Q

116
C

82. In the diagram, PA and PB are tangents to the circle at A and B, respectively. The chords AC and BD meet at t X. Given that DT = 35, PB = 57, and CBQ = 62, calculate the following: t (a) APB t (b) ABC t (c) BXC [6]
Q

62 B C X D T 35 57 A P

83. In the diagram, AQ and CP are tangents to the circle at A and C, respectively. Given that BQ = 48 and t t [3] ABC = 67, calculate BCP .
C P

67

48 A Q

198

t 84. In the diagram, AQ and DP are tangents to the circle at A and D, respectively. Given that PDC = 30, QB = 60, and BC = 36, calculate the following: t (a) ABC t (b) ACD [5]
D 30 C P

36 60 Q

Answers 1. (a) 55 2. (a) 90 3. (a) 70 4. (a) 13 5. (a) 56 6. 54 cm2 7. (a) 50 8. (a) 12 9. 48 ; 26 10. (a) 122 11. 36 12. 54 13. 32 14. 150 15. 37 16. 25 17. b = a + c (b) 69 (b) 26 (b) 76 (c) 27 (b) 125 (b) (i) 45 (b) 38 (b) 88 (b) 124 (ii) 70

199

12 18. (a) 13 19. 22 20. (a) 51 21. (a) 34 22. (a) 22 23. (a) 43 24. 1.18 cm or 10.18 cm 25. (a) 28 26. (a) 64 27. (a) 42 28. (a) 46 29. (a) 34 30. 18 31. (a) 42 32. (a) 38 33. (a) 43 34. 34 35. (a) 42 36. (a) 10 37. (a) (52 + a) 38. 58 39. 26 40. 59 41. 29 42. 64

12 (b) 5

(b) 51 (b) 106 (b) 35 (b) 98 (c) 80 (c) 44 (c) 36

(b) 66 (b) 48 (b) 32 (b) 86 (b) 22

(c) 48

(c) 58 (c) 42 (c) 78

(b) 111 (b) 14 (b) 19 (c) 67

(b) 22 (b) 10 (b) 103

200

43. 119 44. (a) 27 45. 72 46. (a) 38 47. (a) 62 48. (a) 64 49. (a) 2.42 cm 50. (a) 39 51. (a) 34 52. (a) 26 53. (a) 144 54. (a) 52 55. (a) 65 56. (a) 64 x 57. (90 + 2 ) 58. (a) 40 59. (a) 180 4x 60. (a) 84 61. (a) 84 62. (a) 30 (b) 40 (b) 90 x (b) 42 (b) 42 (b) 92 (c) 50 (c) 90 2x (c) 54 (c) 84 (c) 60 (b) 64 (b) 34 (b) 52 (b) 64.9 (b) 19 (b) 120 (b) 38 (b) 54 (b) 64 (b) 50 (b) 58 (c) 64 (c) 118 (d) 80 (c) 46.2 cm2 (b) 63 (c) 117

63. (a) radius is perpendicular to tangent (b) OAD, OBC ; SAS (c) (i) 28 (ii) 34 64. (a) 22 cm2 (e) 8.4 cm2 65. (a) 48 66. (a) 180 2x (b) 16.9 cm2 (b) 114 (b) 90 y

(iii) 56 (c) 5.1 cm2 (c) 132 (d) 35 (d) 66

201

67. (a) 52 68. (a) 25 69. (a) 46 70. 6.93 cm 71. 4.02 cm 72. (a) 0.98 cm 73. 128 74. (a) 36 75. (a) 46 1 76. 29 3 cm 77. (a) 116 78. (a) 106 79. (a) 67 80. (a) 48 81. (a) 53 82. (a) 55 83. 113 84. (a) 84

(b) 104 (b) 75 (b) 114 (c) 50 (c) 20

(b) 9.93 cm

(b) 108 (b) 62

(c) 18 (c) 22

(b) 32 (b) 44 (b) 113 (b) 42 (b) 27 (b) 63

(c) 64 (c) 18 (c) 23 (c) 21

(d) 16 cm

(c) 95

(b) 54

202

NOTES

NOTES