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 .
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 ls :
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Sep 3 16:35
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Sep 3 18:21

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alan pts/1
root pts/3
root pts/4

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.




. .

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alan:x:1000:1000:Alan Baghumian,,,:/home/alan:/bin/bash
backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/bin/sh
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/bin/sh
gdm:x:100:103:Gnome Display Manager:/var/lib/gdm:/bin/false
gnats:x:41:41:Gnats Bug-Reporting System (admin):/var/lib/gnats:/bin/sh
identd:x:101:65534::/var/run/identd:/bin/false
mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/bin/sh
man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/bin/sh
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alan

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I finished the project on Sun May 25 14:25:36 IRST 2003

.
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. root /
. .
homedev bin .tmp .
.
 :bin . ls bash

.chmod
 :dev .
. ...

 

"!
' #
$%& :(/$
.
 :etc .
 :home .
 :media USB
.
 :root Home .
 :sbin .
 :tmp .
 :usr
.
.
:

. A
C ... /
. /floppy . ...

.
Home.
 \
/ .
 . txt
. .
.

.
.
.
NT NTFS
.

. C A...


CD-ROM ...
mount . .

CD-ROM mount point.

mount .
. :
$ mount
)/dev/hda5 on / type ext3 (rw,errors=remount-ro
)proc on /proc type proc (rw
)sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw
)devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620
)tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw
)/dev/hda1 on /boot type ext3 (rw
)/dev/hda6 on /home type reiserfs (rw
)/dev/hda8 on /data type ext3 (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev
)/dev/hdb1 on /data2 type ext3 (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev
)usbfs on /proc/bus/usb type usbfs (rw
proc devpts
.
mount .
//dev/hda8 /dev/hda6 /dev/hda5dev/hda1

/dev/hdb1 data home / boot data2 .

/dev/hda1 /boot . /boot
.
boot loader . /home
/ . /
. type
. ext3 .reiserfs

. home
.
root
.

 

"!
' #
$%& :(/$


.


.
.

.
CD-ROM .


cat :
$ cat /proc/filesystems
nodev sysfs
nodev rootfs
nodev bdev
nodev proc
nodev securityfs
nodev sockfs
nodev pipefs
nodev futexfs
nodev tmpfs
nodev inotifyfs
nodev eventpollfs
nodev devpts
reiserfs
ext3
ext2
cramfs
squashfs
nodev ramfs
nodev hugetlbfs
vfat
iso9660
xfs
nodev mqueue
nodev usbfs
nodev fuse

fstab


. /etc/fstab
:
$ cat /etc/fstab
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
># <file system> <mount point> <type> <options
><dump> <pass
proc
/proc
proc defaults
0
0
/dev/hda5
/
ext3 defaults
0
1
/dev/hda1
/boot
ext3 defaults
0
2
/dev/hda6
/home
reiserfs defaults
0
2
/dev/hda7
none
swap sw
0
0
/dev/hdd
/media/cdrom0 iso9660 ro,user,noauto 0
0
/dev/hdc
/media/cdrom1 iso9660 ro,user,noauto 0
0
/dev/fd0
/media/floppy0 auto rw,user,noauto 0
0
/dev/hda8
/data
ext3 rw,user,defaults 0 0
/dev/hdb1
/data2
ext3 rw,user,defaults 0 0

noauto .
boot / home floppy CD-ROM
. fstab
:
 : .
proc none .
IDE hd . hda .
hdb . hda1
.
.
 : .
.
 :

 

"!
' #
$%& :(/$
.
 : mount .
noauto
ro .
.
 :
dump . Dump .
.
 :
fsck .
.
root
.
. user .

mount
mount -a
. .
:

.

mount .

.

.CD-ROM
fstab .
. fstab
.
:


 :CD-ROM CD-ROM
ISO9660 :
$ mount /cdrom

Debian CD-ROM /cdrom .

fstab .
cd
ls :
$ cd /cdrom
$ ls

 : .
:
$ mount /floppy

CD-ROM
/dev/cdrom: ./dev/fd0
mount . :
 :-t auto

.
 :-r
.
 :-w
.
mount .
man mount .
umount
umount .
.
. :
$ umount /floppy

fd0 .
:
$ umount /dev/fd0

 

"!
' #
$%& :(/$
umount Device is
busy .
.
umount.

mkfs

. mkfs .

. format
. .
mount
.
tune2fs root
ext2 ext3
.
mkfs . mkfs tab .
xfs msdos reiserfs ext3 ext2 .jfs
$ mkfs -t ext2 /dev/fd0
=Filesystem label
OS type: Linux
)Block size=1024 (log=0
)Fragment size=1024 (log=0
184 inodes, 1440 blocks
72 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
1 block group
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
184 inodes per group
Writing inode tables: done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 38 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
mkfs
.

df



.
df .

:

Used Available Use% Mounted on

2484436 6639392 28% /
0 128600 0% /dev/shm
16961 52310 25% /boot
1149152 3733380 24% /home
40538476 15322168 73% /data
9680060 26834716 27% /data2

1K-blocks
9612100
128600
73175
4882532
58850140
38468908

$ df
Filesystem
/dev/hda5
tmpfs
/dev/hda1
/dev/hda6
/dev/hda8
/dev/hdb1

. h
:

Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

9.2G 2.4G 6.4G 28% /
126M 0 126M 0% /dev/shm
72M 17M 52M 25% /boot
4.7G 1.1G 3.6G 24% /home
57G 39G 15G 73% /data
37G 9.3G 26G 27% /data2

$ df -h
Filesystem
/dev/hda5
tmpfs
/dev/hda1
/dev/hda6
/dev/hda8
/dev/hdb1

:
 :-t
.
 :-x
.
 :-a
proc .
du

du
.
.

 

"!
' #
$%& :(/$
.

. :
$ du -h /usr/lib/j2se/1.4/bin/
512 /usr/lib/j2se/1.4/bin/i386/green_threads
512 /usr/lib/j2se/1.4/bin/i386/native_threads
1.5K /usr/lib/j2se/1.4/bin/i386
314K /usr/lib/j2se/1.4/bin

.
.

.
& .
at .
Ctrl+z .
fg
bg .


& .
& $ find /usr -print > /home/alan/usrfiles

/usr usrfiles .
& .
jobs :
$ jobs
[1]- Stopped
mc
[2]+ Stopped
vim
[3] Running
& find /usr -print > usrfiles
vimmc find

.

.
.


find .
l jobs
. ps
.

vim
:
$ fg %2

vim .
Ctrl+z .
jobs .

.
. :
vim
mc
vim ./mytext

$ jobs
[2] Stopped
[3]- Stopped
[4]+ Stopped

$ fg %?my
fg %?my vim mytext

.

.
!

MC

Norton Commander NC
. .
.
. MC

 

"!
' #
$%& :(/$
. MC
:
$ mc

MC
.
MC
. NC . -
MC .

- MC
- MC

F1

F2

F3

F4

F5

F6

F7

F8

F9

F10

insert

MC GNOME Terminal
.

.
.
.

.
.

.
.
syslogd

Syslogd Daemon
/etc/syslog.conf . .
syslogd
. ...
. syslog .
/var/log :
Nov 12 10:10:04 localhost pppd[2933]: Terminating on signal 15.
Nov 12 10:10:04 localhost pppd[2933]: Script /etc/ppp/ip-down started (pid
)3235
Nov 12 10:10:04 localhost pppd[2933]: sent [LCP TermReq id=0x3 "User
]"request
]Nov 12 10:10:04 localhost pppd[2933]: rcvd [LCP TermAck id=0x3
Nov 12 10:10:04 localhost pppd[2933]: Connection terminated.
Nov 12 10:10:04 localhost pppd[2933]: Connect time 22.1 minutes.
Nov 12 10:10:04 localhost pppd[2933]: Sent 578667 bytes, received 774183
:Daemon housekeeping
.

 '
!"

#
$%& :(/$ 
bytes.
Nov 12 10:10:04 localhost pppd[2933]: Waiting for 1 child processes...
Nov 12 10:10:04 localhost pppd[2933]: script /etc/ppp/ip-down, pid 3235
Nov 12 10:10:04 localhost pppd[2933]: Script /etc/ppp/ip-down finished (pid
3235), status = 0x0
Nov 12 10:10:04 localhost pppd[2933]: Exit.
Nov 12 10:10:40 localhost gconfd (alan-3214): GConf server is not in use,
shutting down.
Nov 12 10:10:40 localhost gconfd (alan-3214): Exiting
Nov 12 10:38:47 localhost -- MARK -Nov 12 10:58:47 localhost -- MARK -klogd

. klogd

kern.log . ...
. /var/log
. klogd syslogd
Daemon .
kern.log .
syslog .
:
Nov 12 09:18:47 localhost kernel: EXT3 FS on hda8, internal journal
Nov 12 09:18:47 localhost kernel: EXT3 FS on hdb1, internal journal
Nov 12 09:18:47 localhost kernel: via-rhine.c:v1.10-LK1.1.20-2.6 May-232004 Written by Donald Becker
Nov 12 09:18:47 localhost kernel: eth0: VIA VT6105 Rhine-III at 0xd000,
00:0f:3d:ca:b8:5d, IRQ 16.
Nov 12 09:18:47 localhost kernel: eth0: MII PHY found at address 1, status
0x7849 advertising 05e1 Link 0000.
Nov 12 09:18:47 localhost kernel: Creative EMU10K1 PCI Audio Driver,
version 0.20a, 07:04:10 Jul 8 2004
Nov 12 09:18:47 localhost kernel: emu10k1: EMU10K1 rev 7 model 0x8061
found, IO at 0xcc00-0xcc1f, IRQ 19
Nov 12 09:18:47 localhost kernel: ac97_codec: AC97 Audio codec, id:
0x8384:0x7608 (SigmaTel STAC9708)
Nov 12 09:18:47 localhost kernel: emu10k1: SBLive! 5.1 card detected
Nov 12 09:18:47 localhost kernel: input: PC Speaker
Nov 12 09:18:47 localhost kernel: inserting floppy driver for 2.6.7-1-k7
Nov 12 09:18:47 localhost kernel: Floppy drive(s): fd0 is 1.44M
Nov 12 09:18:47 localhost kernel: FDC 0 is a post-1991 82077


Nov 12 09:18:47 localhost kernel: ts: Compaq touchscreen protocol output
Nov 12 09:18:47 localhost kernel: agpgart: Detected VIA KLE133 chipset
Nov 12 09:18:47 localhost kernel: agpgart: AGP aperture is 64M @
0xe0000000
Nov 12 09:18:47 localhost kernel: cpci_hotplug: CompactPCI Hot Plug Core
version: 0.2
Nov 12 09:18:47 localhost kernel: pci_hotplug: PCI Hot Plug PCI Core version:
0.5
Nov 12 09:18:47 localhost kernel: pciehp: PCI Express Hot Plug Controller
Driver version: 0.4
Nov 12 09:18:47 localhost kernel: shpchp: shpc_init : shpc_cap_offset == 0
Nov 12 09:18:47 localhost kernel: shpchp: Standard Hot Plug PCI Controller
Driver version: 0.4
Nov 12 09:18:47 localhost kernel: USB Universal Host Controller Interface
driver v2.2

  :(1%   " 23+

PCI

.

. .

.
:



.
Software modem Winmodem .
USB .
Hardware modem COM
.
Internal
External
Driver

1
2
3

  :(1%   " 23+

.
.

. scanModem .
) (


scanModem :
GCC3.4
Intel536EP
Intel537EP
Alsa
Smartlink
Lucent
Conexant
ScanModem

.

ScanModem
PCI USB .
.
http://linmodems.technion.ac.il
http://linmodems.technion.ac.il/Farsi
scanModem

Applications > Accessories > Terminal .

cd ~/Desktop
gunzip scanModem.gz
chmod +x scanModem
./scanModem
Gunzip chmod

./scanModem .


scanModem
su
root " "sudo
:
sudo ./scanModem

scanModem
. .
' 'Modem )
( .
read1st.txt modemdata.txt
.

.
:
universe/multiverse .
.
http://packages.ubuntu.com
.
) . (

.

)(Compiling from Source

sudo make .
: CD cdrom .
CD .
.
Configure
Dependencies
LiveCD
LAN

1
2
3
4

  :(1%   " 23+

:
sudo apt-cdrom add

) : (
sudo apt-get install build-essential linux-headers-uname -r

http://packages.ubuntu.com
.
.
GCC3.4

. GCC CD
.
:
.
http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/g/gcc-3.4/gcc-3.4-base_3.4.46ubuntu8_i386.deb
http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/g/gcc-3.4/cpp-3.4_3.4.46ubuntu8_i386.deb
http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/g/gcc-3.4/gcc-3.4_3.4.46ubuntu8_i386.deb
http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/g/gcc-3.4/g++-3.4_3.4.46ubuntu8_i386.deb

:
sudo dpkg -i gcc-3.4-base_3.4.4-6ubuntu8_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i cpp-3.4_3.4.4-6ubuntu8_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i gcc-3.4_3.4.4-6ubuntu8_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i g++-3.4-3.4.4-6ubuntu8_i386.deb

.
Intel-536EP

.
lspci | grep 536EP

.
01:0b.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation 536EP Data Fax
Modem

deb

:
http://groups.google.com/group/ubuntu
com/group/ubuntu-modems/web/modem-driverdownloads-for-536ep

.
ubuntu 8.04:
intel536ep-hardy_3-Philippe.Vouters_i386
Vouters_i386.deb
intel536ep-hardy_2-Philippe.Vouters_i386
Vouters_i386.deb
intel536ep-hardy_1-Philippe.Vouters_i386
Vouters_i386.deb
ubuntu 7.10:
intel536ep-gutsy_2-Philippe.Vouters_i386
Vouters_i386.deb
intel536ep-gutsy_1-Philippe.Vouters_i386
Vouters_i386.deb

.deb
.
.
source
:
tar -zxvf intel_536ep_feisty.tar.gz
cd intel_536ep_feisty
make clean
make 536
make install

.
. Enter
sudo cp Intel536.ko
ko /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/char
sudo depmod -a
sudo modprobe Intel536
sudo cp /etc/modules /etc/modules.backup
backup
sudo sh -cc "echo Intel536 >> /etc/modules"
sudo
echo
-ee
'#
Intelmodem536ep
Intelmodem536ep\nKERNEL=="536ep0",
SYMLINK=="modem"' >> /etc/udev/rules
/etc/udev/rules.d/10-local.rules
sudo ln -s /dev/536ep0 /dev/modem
wvdial

  :(1%   " 23+

:
- gksudo gedit /etc/wvdial.conf Enter
.
- :
][Dialer Defaults
Modem = /dev/536ep0
Baud = 115200
Init = ATZ
New PPPD = yes
Stupid Mode = 1
Auto Reconnect = off
#Carrier Check = no
Dial Attempts = 1

Phone = 1234567
Username = ExamplUserName
Password = ExamplePassword

- .
- wvdial Enter
.
- Crtl + C .
Intel-537EP

:
http://groups.google.com/group/ubuntu-modems/web/modem-driverdownloads-for-537ep
ALSA

:
snd_atiixp_modem, snd_via82xx_modem, snd_intel8x0m
modemData.txt/modem modprobing

snd_via82xx_modem snd_atiixp_modem snd_intel8x0mcd

. sl-modem-daemon
.



multiverse sl-modem-daemon .synoptic

http://packages.ubuntu.com
) . .
hardy http://packages.ubuntu.com/hardy
(. .
.deb ) ubuntu
Alt+F2 gnome-terminal kubuntu
Alt+F2 konsole Enter (
:
cd ~/Desktop
sudo dpkg -i *.deb

.

sudo dpkg-reconfigure sl-modem-daemon plow

. ) daemon

daemon( sudo /etc/init.d/sl-modem-daemon restart
.
) daemon (
:
/etc/default/sl-modem-daemon
/usr/share/doc/sl-modem-daemon/README.Debian
gedit nano .

) .
wvdial (.
" " smartlink
:
FATAL: Module slamr not found.
SmartLink modem driver not available for this Kernel. Please read
README.Debian
or try to install the package sl-modem-modules-2.6.15-20-686. Exiting...
invoke-rc.d: initscript sl-modem-daemon, action "start" failed.
Desktop

  :(1%   " 23+

smartlink
: ) Kernel(
.
ubuntu .
: build-essential
fakeroot gcc3.4 linux headers linux-headers-ARCH
ARCH )
i386...i686
(
:
uname -r

386-15-2.620 VERSION-XX-ARCH.
uname -m

: i686 Pentium 4.
Smartlink
sl-modem-source , sl-modem-daemon

module-assistant :
sudo module-assistant auto-install sl-modem
sudo depmod -a

/etc/default/sl-modem-daemon
"="SLMODEMD_COUNTRY ) .
(

sudo modprobe slamr
sudo /etc/init.d/sl-modem-daemon restart

/dev/modem .
.
: .
) slmodem ungrab-winmodem
ALSA ( . HP Pavilion
zv5120us snd-atiixp-modem .
Lucent


scanModem
:
)The modem has a supported Lucent/Agere DSP (digital signal processing
'chipset.
" "restricted-modules

.

Synoptic Adept . linux-
restricted-modules-ARCH ) ARCH (
. " "restricted-modules :
System > Administration > Restricted Driver Manager

:
)
(
"sudo sh -c "echo ltserial >> /etc/modules
"sudo sh -c "echo ltmodem >> /etc/modules
udev /dev

) (dialer /dev/modem
) . /dev/ttyLTM0 (/dev/modem
/etc/udev/rules.d/10-local.rules
:
#ltmodem
"KERNEL="ttyLTM0", SYMLINK="modem

:
sudo modprobe ltserial
sudo modprobe ltmodem

/dev/modem
) (dialer .
Conexant
Conexant
Linuxant .
14.4 Kbps .
Port
Boot

1
2

  :(1%   " 23+

Conexant sl-modem-driver
Smart Link .
Dell Conexant HSF
Ubuntu 7.04 Ubuntu 7.10 :
http://direct2dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/07/17/21325.aspx
http://linux.dell.com/files/ubuntu/modemdrivers/hsf/hsfmodem_7.60.00.18oem_i386.deb
Linuxant/Conexant HSF
hsfmodem Debian Linuxant

:
http://www.linuxant.com/drivers

cd
.
:
unzip hsfmodem_*.deb.zip
sudo dpkg -i hsfmodem_*.deb

:
$sudo hsfconfig

14.4
Kbps .
USB ADSL

ADSL .
http://eciadsl.flashtux.org/download.php
. dpkg -i

.

) .
(

sudo

eciadsl-config-tk .
eciadsl-config-text


. Chipset
.
Vid1/Pid1 Vid2/Pid2: Synch .bin: Chipset

User Password
.
VPI VCI ) . :
(.
Select your modem .
Other
:
:
Chipset GS7470 VID1 VID2 0915
PID1 PID 8102 ALT synch ALT pppoeci 0
Update provider DNS Select a ppp
mode LLC_SNAP_RFC1483_BRIDGED-ETH-NO_FCS
Use DHCP .
IP Use static IP
.
Change synch .bin file
.
Create Config .

eciadsl-start
.
bin .
.
[EciAdsl 1/5] Setting up USB support...
Preliminary USB device filesystem is OK
Loading tun/tap module...
tun loaded successfully
[EciAdsl 2/5] Uploading firmware...
Process skipped .. no more needed
firmware loaded successfully
[EciAdsl 3/5] Synchronization...

  :(1%   " 23+

OK eciadsl-synch: success
Synchronization successful
Mounting devpts filsystem...
mount: devpts already mounted or /dev/pts busy
failed to mount
[EciAdsl 4/5] Connecting to provider...
Connection successful
[EciAdsl 5/5] Setting up route table...
Waiting for tap0...

Account . PPPoE
pppoeconf .
ISP .
.
pon dsl-provider

root .
sudo pon dsl-provider .
eciadsl-start pon dsl-
provider . poff .
" "eciadsl-stop .
Envy

Envy Nvidia Python

:
) Nvidia ( ATI

) (Compilers, OpenGL, etc
.
xorg.conf
XServer
Envy
.
Connection

Envy Launchpad
.
https://launchpad.net/products/envy

Envy .
http://wiki.ubuntuir.org/EnvyHowto?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=envy_0.9.80ubuntu13_all.deb

  :(1%   " 23+

:
.
: Install Package
. .

:
.
sudo apt-get install module-assistant
assistant dpatch fakeroot xserver
xserver-xorg-dev dh-make
sudo dpkg-i envy_0.9.8-0ubuntu13_all
0ubuntu13_all.deb
envy Applications > System Tools .

envy .
sudo envy -t

.
sudo apt-get --purge remove envy
sudo rm -R /usr/share/envy

.
.
sudo envy -t

Clean the Installation of any Nvidia driver

.
Nvidia


Envy
Nvidia .
:
http://www.nvidia.com/Download/index.aspx?lang=en
http://www.nvidia.com/Download/index.aspx?lang=en-us

.
.
.
. Enter .
. .
:

X . X Shell
) (.... .
Ctrl +Alt+F1 .
Shell .
.

.
Yourname@Yourname-desktop:~$
desktop:~$ cd Desktop
X :

:Gnome
sudo /etc/init.d/gdm stop

  :(1%   " 23+

:KDE
sudo /etc/init.d/kdm stop
. A .
sudo sh A

.
sudo dpkg-reconfigure xserver-xorg

nvidia .
Enter :
glx . dri ....

glx dri Enter

.
X .
sudo /etc/init.d/gdm start

.
HP
HP :1000, 1005, 1018, 1020 Minolta:

2430,2300,2200, cpwl .

:
$ wget -O foo2zjs.tar.gz http://foo2zjs.rkkda.com/foo2zjs.tar.gz

:
$ tar zxf foo2zjs.tar.gz
$ cd foo2zjs

make :
$ make

# Get Minolta 2430 DL .ICM files
# Get Minolta 2300 DL .ICM files
# Get Minolta 2200 DL .ICM files
# Get Minolta Color PageWorks/Pro L .ICM files

$ ./getweb 2430
$ ./getweb 2300
$ ./getweb 2200
$ ./getweb cpwl

# Get HP LaserJet 1020 firmware file

# Get HP LaserJet 1018 firmware file
# Get HP LaserJet 1005 firmware file
# Get HP LaserJet 1000 firmware file

$ ./getweb 1020
$ ./getweb 1018
$ ./getweb 1005
$ ./getweb 1000

:
$ su


# make install
OR
$ sudo make install
)( hotplug HP 1000/1005/1018/1020

USB :
OR

# make install-hotplug

$ sudo make install-hotplug

)( : CUPS :
$ sudo make cups

OR

# make cups

:
$ sudo gnome-cups-manager
$ sudo make cups # IMPORTANT: gnome-cups-manager has a BUG in it

:
$ firefox http://localhost:631

 (
45% : 2$#

:

.

.

.
pppconfig
pppconfig .
pppconfig
.
ISP .
pppconfig

pppconfig .
sudo pppconfig

Enter .

:
. Main Menu . Create a connection Enter
.
. .
.

 (
45% : 2$#

. DNS . Dynamic
space Enter .
.
ISP . PAP .
PAP Enter .
. ISP .
Enter . IN
space Enter
.
. ISP .
Enter . IN
space Enter .
. .
Enter .
. Tone
Enter .
. ISP
Enter .
.
Yes Enter .
.
Enter .
.
. Serial
dev/ttyS0/ .
sudo wvdialconf /etc/wvdial.conf
. Enter
.
. .
Finished Enter .
. Enter .
. pppconfig Quit Enter .


. pon provider_name
poff . provider_name
.
ADSL
:
sudo pppoeconf
sudo pon dsl-provider
sudo poff

wvdial
wvdial ppp ppp
.
wvdial etc/wvdial.conf/ ~ wvdialrc./
) (
) (init string
.

.
) . Busy : No
( Dialtone
wvdialconf

wvdialconf wvdial .
sudo wvdialconf /etc/wvdial.conf

wvdial .
etc/wvdial.conf/
.
wvdial .
) etc/wvdial.conf/ ( .
.
wvdial phone2 phone2
wvdial.conf .
initialization string

 (
45% : 2$#

wvdial etc/wvdial.conf/

.
:
][Dialer Defaults
Modem = /dev/ttyS2
Baud = 57600
Init = ATZ
Init2 = AT S11=50
Phone = 555-4242
Username = apenwarr
Password = my-password
][Dialer phone2
Phone = 555-4243
][Dialer shh
Init3 = ATM0
][Dialer pulse
Dial Command = ATDP

. :

Modem

wvdial .
dev/modem/

Baud

wvdial ) (
.
Init1 ... Init9
.
. Init3 = ATM0 .
phone

wvdial .
phone1...phone4 .

dial phone .
Dial prefix
call waiting "* ",70 .
wvdial .
Dial
ATDT command.
Login

ISP .

Login
Prompt

ISP
.

Password

ISP .

Ask
Password

pppd /usr/sbin/pppd
PPPD Path
.
) Domain Name Server (DNS
Auto DNS
. .
) Domain Name Server (DNS
Check DNS
. .
Force
Address

IP
.

Carrier
Check

Stupid
Mode

Stupid Mode
. pppd .

pppd 2.3.0
etc/ppp/peers/wvdial/ .
New PPPD
. pppd
' 'no .
wvdial
Auto
.
Reconnect
.
Idle
Seconds

Abort on
Busy

wvdial
. .

Abort on wvdial No DialTone

No Dialtone . .

 (
45% : 2$#

Network
network admin network
.
System > Administration > Network

modem connection properties .

ISP

Modem ) ttys0 ( OK .

. network

.

 (
45% : 2$#

network monitor .

Connection properties
.

.

:
System>Administration>Network

Properties . General
Enable this connection .
Modem dev/modem/
. .
Options OK
.

  :(1 "

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'
:




/
.
/ .
/
.
APT
.
/
.
Software Package .


APT .
) (Dependencies .
.
/
/
.
. :
 :APT /
.
/ .
. deb.
 :RPM
/ .
apt4rpm
yum . rpm.
 :TGZ Slackware

  :(1 "

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. rpm
slapt .
tgz.
TGZ Slackware TGZ
!

. /
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 :
/ .
 tar/gz :

.
 rpm :deb
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 :
.
OpenOffice.org Mozilla Firefox .
.

.


:
 :Binary .
.
 :Development


. -dev .
 :
.
-doc .
 :
.
-data .
APT

APT . :
 :apt-get .
 :dpkg apt
.
 :dpkg-deb .
 : dselect capt .
.
. ) (Repositories CD
. .
.
. :

 :







APT
:
 ) :(Downloaded CD
.

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.
 ) :(Configured
.
 ) :(Installed .
 ) :(Deinstalled .
 ) :(Purged
.
APTonCD

... CD DVD

.
:
.deb.

:
sudo apt-get install aptoncd
.deb

deb

https://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=174934
.
cd :
sudo dpkg -i aptoncd_0.1beta-1_all.deb

.

:
System > Administration > AptonCD

Create .

  :(1 "

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'



:
) (Aptoncd .
Aptoncd

System>Administration>AptonCD . Restore
.

.iso CD .
CD

CD :
sudo apt-cdrom add

:
sudo apt-get update
iso.

:
sudo apt-cdrom add

CD-ROM :
sudo mount -o loop <your-ISO-file-address.iso> /media/cdrom0
Restore
Mount

1
2

  :(1 "

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'
your-ISO-file-address.iso iso
.

.
.
.

.

.

.


. .

.

.
.
.

.
.

.
.
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Source Code
Binary Code
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1
2
3
4




Intel PC
Apple Macintosh .

.
.
) x86(i386,i686 AMD64 PPC .

.
arch Enter .

.

.
.
dependency
. dependency .

.
dependency .
.

.
.
Add/Remove .
/

.
.
Compiler
Dependency

1
2

  :(1 "

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.
Universe Main :
Restricted Multiverse .backports .
Main Restricted .
Universe Multiverse
.
.

.


.
Add/Remove

Applications> Add/Remove

.
' 'email
. .


Apply .
.
Apply .
.
. Close
. .
Synaptic

Synaptic
. Add/Remove
Synaptic .
.
Add/Remove
' 'Add/Remove Programs .K-
Menu>Add/Remove Programs .

  :(1 "

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'

Add/Remove Programs
.
Add/Remove Programs
.

. Apply .
.
KDE
Gnome Gnome Add/Remove Programs kwf
.;kdn
.

. Show:Unsupported Show: proprietary
software .
.

Close .
.
Adept

Adept .
Add/Remove Adept .


.
Aptitude
Aptitude .

apt-get
apt-get Add/Remove
Synaptic apt-get .

  :(1 "

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'
)APT ( .
apt-get
.


. .deb.

Dependency
.
Gdebi
.deb .
Gdebi deb

.
gdebi
. .

GDebi .
Install package .
GDebi .
.
/ Synaptic

Synaptic apt .
Synaptic
apt-get .
.
Synaptic
. Synaptic
.


Synaptic Adept .
Synaptic System > Administration > Synaptic Package Manager
.
. .

Synaptic .

. .
Properties
.

  :(1 "

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'

:
) (Section ) (Status
) (Custom Filters ) (Search Results
.
.
Search
Synaptic .

Settings>Filters .
Filters New
.

Synaptic
.

.
Reload Synaptic Synaptic
. Reload
Ctrl+R .

Mark for Installation

. Ctrl+I
.
.

  :(1 "

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'

Synaptic .
Synaptic
.
.
Mark .
Mark Synaptic
.
Apply Synaptic .

.
Show Details .


Apply . Synaptic
.

Cancel
Synaptic Unmark .
Mark .

Mark for Removal .
.
Mark . Synaptic
Synaptic Apply . Apply
Ctrl+P .
.
Show Details .
Apply . Synaptic .
Mark for Complete Removal
.

.

  :(1 "

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'
Reload Synaptic Synaptic
. Reload
Ctrl+ r .
Mark for Upgrade .
Ctrl+U .
Apply
Synaptic . Apply Ctrl+P
.
.
Show Details .
Apply . Synaptic
.

) Software Sources
( .
. DVD CD
.

Settings > Repositories .
.

.
.
.

Main

.
.
.

Restricted

. .

.

Universe

.

.
.

Multiverse

Multiverse
.
.
: Universe Multiverse .

  :(1 "

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'

:
.

Automatic Updates
.


CD DVD
. .
Add Add Cdrom CD
DVD.

Authentication

.

.
Submit statistical information
.

  :(1 "

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'

Synaptic .
Synaptic
.
apt
. Synaptic .
Synaptic .
Reload
Synaptic Ctrl+R .

Synaptic :
Settings > Preferences .

) (

.
. apt-get dist-upgrade .



.
:
Reload Synaptic Ctrl+R
Synaptic .
Menu>Mark All Upgrades Ctrl+G
.
Apply Synaptic Ctrl+P
.
.
Show Details .
Apply . Synaptic
.

  :(1 "

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'

Synaptic
.

.
.


Properties .
Installed Files .

Changelog
Package Download Changelog .

File > History
.

. Synaptic
. :
Edit > Fix Broken Packages .
Edit > Apply Marked Changes Ctrl+P
.
Apply .

.

Synaptic

Ctrl + R

Ctrl + F

Ctrl + O

Properties

Ctrl + I

  :(1 "

 '



'

Ctrl + U

Delete

Shift + Delete

Ctrl + N

Ctrl + G

Ctrl + E

Ctrl + Z

Ctrl + Shift + Z

Ctrl + P

Ctrl + Q

Synaptic

.

Settings>Preferences>Files Delete Cached Package Files
.

Synaptic
:
sudo apt-get install -f

Windows Mac OS

CD DVD

.
.
.deb ) .rpm (Redhat

.
CD DVD .
Repository
. Synaptic
.

.
.

  :(1 "

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.

.

.

.

.

.
CD Main Restricted .

.

.

Repository
.


.
Software Sources
System>Administration>Software Sources .

. .

Universe Multiverse
.

  :(1 "

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'

Download from
.


. .
.
Third-Party Add
Party Software
.


Medibuntu
.
deb http://medibuntu.sos-sts.com/repo/
com/repo/ feisty free non
non-free
Add Source .

.
Add CD-ROM .
CD DVD ROM

.
.

Codec

  :(1 "

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'

Automatic updates
.


.
Medibuntu
Authentication Import Key File ) .
(.
wget -c http://medibuntu.sos-sts.com/repo/medibuntu
sts.com/repo/medibuntu-key.gpg

Update

close Reload . Reload
.


.

  "
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':(1

deb http://archive.ubuntu.ir/ubuntu/
ir/ubuntu/ intrepid main non-free
Canonical
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu
com/ubuntu intrepid -commercial main
medibuntu
deb http://medibuntu.sos-sts.com/repo/
com/repo/ intrepid free non-free
wine
deb http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt
com/apt intrepid main
Beryl
deb http://ubuntu.beryl-project.org/
org/ intrepid main
Freespire CNR
deb http://apt2.freespire.org/CNRUbuntu/
org/CNRUbuntu/ skipjack
skipjack- intrepid main
enlightenment e17
deb http://edevelop.org/pkg-e/ubuntu
e/ubuntu intrepid e17
KDE 4
deb http://kubuntu.org/packages/kde4
org/packages/kde4-3.80.3/ intrepid main

deb http://www.elisanet.fi/mlind/ubuntu/
fi/mlind/ubuntu/ intrepid fonts
deb http://www.elisanet.fi/mlind/ubuntu/
fi/mlind/ubuntu/ intrepid experimental

, intrepid
1

Font



.

Ubuntu sources.list
.
: sources.list
sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list_backup

: sources.list
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

:
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid main restricted multiverse
universe
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid main restricted
multiverse universe
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid -updates main restricted
multiverse universe
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid -updates main
restricted multiverse universe
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid -backports main restricted
universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid -backports main
restricted universe multiverse
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid -security main restricted
universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid -security restricted
main multiverse universe
# deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid -proposed main
restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid -proposed main
restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ir.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid main restricted
multiverse universe
deb-src http://ir.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid main restricted
multiverse universe
deb http://ir.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid -updates main restricted
multiverse universe
deb-src http://ir.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid -updates main

  "
 '



':(1
restricted multiverse universe
deb http://ir.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid -backports main
restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://ir.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid -backports main
restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ir.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid -security main restricted
universe multiverse
deb-src http://ir.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid -security restricted
main multiverse universe
# deb http://ir.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid -proposed main
restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://ir.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid -proposed main
restricted universe multiverse
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu intrepid partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu intrepid partner
######################################
######################################
######################################
## GPG key-file: wget -q http://packages.medibuntu.org/medibuntukey.gpg -O- | sudo apt-key add deb http://packages.medibuntu.org/ intrepid free non-free
#deb-src http://packages.medibuntu.org/ intrepid free non-free
## GPG key-file: wget -q
http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt/387EE263.gpg -O- | sudo apt-key add
deb http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt intrepid main
#deb-src http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt intrepid main

## GPG key-file: gpg --keyserver subkeys.pgp.net --recv A7C6F0DF &&

gpg --export --armor A7C6F0DF | sudo apt-key add deb http://e17.dunnewind.net/ubuntu intrepid e17
## LAUNCHPAD REPOSITORIES
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/reacocard-awn/ubuntu intrepid main
#deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/reacocard-awn/ubuntu intrepid main
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/mozillateam/ubuntu intrepid main
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/adnarim/ubuntu/ intrepid main multiverse
restricted universe


deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/do-core/ubuntu intrepid main
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/tualatrix/ubuntu intrepid main
#deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/tualatrix/ubuntu intrepid main

deb http://quozl.netrek.org/pptp/pptpconfig ./
deb ftp://ftp.gnome.org/ubuntu intrepid main multiverse restricted
universe

Medibuntu Wine dunnewind

:
wget -q http://packages.medibuntu.org/medibuntu-key.gpg -O- | sudo apt key addwget -q http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt/387EE263.gpg -O- | sudo apt key addgpg --keyserver subkeys.pgp.net --recv A7C6F0DF && gpg --export - armor A7C6F0DF | sudo apt-key add OK OK

.
:
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

.
.

) (
Ubuntu .
.
#
.
#
.
Synaptic
apt-get aptitude
.

  :(1 "

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deb-src

.
proposed
. .

#
.

dpkg

dpkg apt .
apt dpkg . Debian dpkg
apt rpm yum Redhat .
apt
dpkg .
) . X Y
(
dpkg :
.
dpkg -c .deb file

.
dpkg I .deb file

.
dpkg p package

) .
(.
dkpg S filename

.
dpkg l

.
.
Source
Bug
Package

1
2
3


dpkg -L package

.
dpkg s package

.
sudo dpkg i .deb file

uninstall .
sudo dpkg r package

uninstall config .
sudo dpkg P package

. permission
.
sudo dpkg -x .deb file directory

uninstall root .
apt

:
:APT .Debian
:dpkg CD DVD .
:aptitude Debian
dependency .
DVD CD
.
apt-cache stats

:
user@ubuntu:~$ apt-cache stats
)Total package names : 32432 (1297k
Normal packages: 24754
Pure virtual packages: 536
Single virtual packages: 1851
Mixed virtual packages: 235
Missing: 5056
)Total distinct versions: 27221 (1415k
)Total Distinct Descriptions: 27221 (653k
)Total dependencies: 187820 (5259k
)Total ver/file relations: 29388 (470k
)Total Desc/File relations: 27221 (436k
)Total Provides mappings: 5212 (104k
)Total globbed strings: 132 (1729
Total dependency version space: 952k

  :(1 "

 '



'
Total slack space: 85.5k
Total space accounted for: 8633k

.

.
root
.
root sudo .
/etc/apt/sources.list
.
. .
.
sudo apt-get update

.
apt-cache search keyword
source.list .
sudo apt-get install package

var/cache/apt/archives .
sudo apt-get -d install package

.
apt-cache show package

.
sudo apt-get upgrade

.
.
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
var/cache/apt/archives

.
.
sudo apt-get autoclean

var/cache/apt/archives ).
(
sudo apt-get clean


config . purge
config .
sudo apt-get --purge remove package

unmet dependency .
sudo apt-get -f install

.
apt-config -V

gpg apt .
sudo apt-key list

.
apt-cache stats

dependency .
apt-cache depends

.
apt-cache pkgnames

,
,
.
LTS , , .
, ,
. , ,
.
, , .
.
,
.

http://www.ubuntu.com/getubuntu/releasenotes/810

, ,
.
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation/UpgradeFromOldVersion
Version
Intrepid Ibex

1
2

  :(1 "

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'


, .
System>Administration>Software Sources - .

- Updates Show new distribution release Normal release

.

> System .
System>Administration>Update Manager -

- check .
- Install updates
check .
- .

- upgrade .
Alternate

.
- alternate .
http://releases.ubuntu.com/8.10/
.
Alternate .
Alt + F2 .
"gksu "sh /cdrom/cdromupgrade

 ) )#!

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: )(


Shell

shell script ) .
bat cmd (MS Win/DOS
test.sh:
"!echo "Hello World
sh test.sh text
#!/bin/sh chmod +x

test.sh
:
./test.sh

"\"
:
\ echo
""Hello

" ; " .
:
if true
then
"echo "Condition is true
fi
if true; then echo "Condition is true"; fi

name = value $name .

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"echo "My name is $myname
read

read .
read varname
if

if :
if condition
then commands
[elif condition
]then commands
][else commands
fi

 ) )#!

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condition commands . elif

else . condition test
:
test condition
] [condition
:
read name
]"if [$name = "ALI
then
"echo "Your name is ALI
]"elif [$name = "Mahdi
then
"echo "Your name is Mahdi
else
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fi

shell
) else (
C Shell True False.
test

test :
= : exp : str = : int = = . file
exp : !exp )(not
exp1 : exp1 -a exp2 exp2 )(and
exp1 : exp1 -o exp2 exp2 )(or
str1 : str1 = str2 str2
str1 : str1 != str2 str2
int1 : int1 -eq int2 int2
int1 : int1 -nq int2 int2
int1 : int1 -gt int2 int2
int1 : int1 -ge int2 int2
int1 : int1 -lt int2 int2
int1 : int1 -le int2 int2
file : -e file
file : -d file


: -f file file
man test .

while
while condition
do commands
done
condition ) condition ( commands

.
x while

=a
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do
"a="$a.
echo x
sleep 1
done

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do
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echo x
sleep 1
done
for
for name in list
do commands
done

command name list

for number in 1 2 3 4 5 6
do
" echo -n "$number
done
echo

.
* for fn in
do

 ) )#!

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echo $fn
done
break continue

continue
break .
break continue
:

for a in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
do
for b in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
do
"echo "$a$b
]"if ["$a$b"="72
then
break 2
fi
done
done
case
case name in
;; match1) commands
;; match2) commands
esac
if case

) ( " | "
:
)name|NAME
commands
;;

:
" echo -n "Enter your command:
read cmd
case $cmd in
)listFiles
ls
;;


)showDirectory
pwd
;;
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echo
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;;
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"echo "OOoops commands are: listFiles, showDirectory, calender
;;
esac
&& ||
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[ -f fileName ] && ./fileName

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.
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|| && . command1
command2 .
:
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. console : standard error
stderr stdout .
: [n] > file n file
: [n]>> file n file
: [n]< file n file
: [n]<> file file n
: [n1]>&n2 n1 n2

 ) )#!

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8

: [n1]<&n2 n1 n2
&<] : [n n &>] : [n n [n]<< endWord
write here
and here
endWord

endWord n .
cmd :
cmd 2>&1 >/dev/null

/dev/null
.
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ls sort
:
ls > temp
sort < temp

Pipe
.
ls | sort

shell .
) ( ) (
.

)(FunctionName
{
commands
.
.
.
return exitStatus
}

exitStatus .



syntax
) ( ? $ .
func param1 param2

?
.
ali:~$ ls /
bin cdrom etc initrd lib
media opt root srv tmp var
boot dev home initrd.img lost+found mnt proc sbin sys usr vmlinuz
?ali:~$ echo $
0
ali:~$ ls /err
ls: /err: No such file or directory
?ali:~$ echo $
2
shell script exit

exit 2

$1 $2 ... $0 .
test.sh:
#!/bin/sh
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ali:~$ ./test.sh hello world
0 = ./test.sh 1 = hello 2 = world

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hello world
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:
sudo apt-get install mono mono-mcs libgtk-cil libgtksourceview-cil
libgecko-cil monodevelop monodoc

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eth0
Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0F:3D:CA:B8:5D
inet addr:192.168.0.2 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20f:3dff:feca:b85d/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:3 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:238 (238.0 b)
Interrupt:16 Base address:0xd000
lo

Link encap:Local Loopback

inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:321 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:321 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:20792 (20.3 KiB) TX bytes:20792 (20.3 KiB)

:
$ sudo -c 'ls -l /home/alan' alan
total 31126
drwxr-xr-x 17 alan alan 2984 Oct 23 23:24 Documents
-rw-r--r-- 1 alan alan 174565 Apr 23 2004 FreeFarsi.tar.bz2
-rw-r--r-- 1 alan alan 21064 Jun 14 18:53 Gnu-Linux.tar.gz
-rwxr-xr-x 1 alan alan 61777 Jun 14 18:56 Gnu.html
drwxr-xr-x 10 alan alan 1048 Nov 3 19:47 Mail
-rw-r--r-- 1 alan alan 29999 Jun 15 23:09 Open Source.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 alan alan 65117 Jun 15 23:05 Open Source.pdf
...

.
. ls -l /home/alan
su -c
: whoami
$ whoami
alan
$ sudo -c whoami

 ( 2## : ,L ")(

Password:
root
$ sudo -c whoami linet
Password:
linet
$ whoami
alan

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1
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.
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. /etc/rc6.d .
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# ls -l /etc/rc6.d/
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 2006-06-15 14:54 K01gdm -> ../init.d/gdm
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 14 2006-06-15 14:54 K11cron -> ../init.d/cron
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 19 2006-06-15 14:44 K19setserial -> ../init.d/setserial
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 16 2006-07-06 19:31 K20acerhk -> ../init.d/acerhk
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 2006-06-15 14:54 K20acpid -> ../init.d/acpid
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20 2006-06-15 14:54 K20alsa-utils -> ../init.d/alsa-utils
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 16 2006-06-15 14:54 K20dbus-1 -> ../init.d/dbus-1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 17 2006-06-15 14:54 K20makedev -> ../init.d/makedev
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 19 2006-06-15 14:54 K20powernowd ->
../init.d/powernowd
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 2006-06-15 14:54 K20ssh -> ../init.d/ssh
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20 2006-06-15 14:44 K25hwclock.sh ->
../init.d/hwclock.sh
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 23 2006-06-15 14:44 K30etc-setserial -> ../init.d/etcsetserial
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 2006-06-15 14:54 K86ppp -> ../init.d/ppp
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 2006-06-15 14:54 K90klogd -> ../init.d/klogd
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 18 2006-06-15 14:54 K90sysklogd -> ../init.d/sysklogd
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 18 2006-06-15 14:44 S20sendsigs -> ../init.d/sendsigs
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 17 2006-06-15 14:44 S30urandom -> ../init.d/urandom
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 22 2006-06-15 14:54 S31umountnfs.sh ->
../init.d/umountnfs.sh
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20 2006-06-15 14:44 S35networking ->
../init.d/networking
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 18 2006-06-15 14:44 S36ifupdown -> ../init.d/ifupdown
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 18 2006-06-15 14:54 S40umountfs -> ../init.d/umountfs
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20 2006-06-15 14:54 S60umountroot ->
../init.d/umountroot
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 16 2006-06-15 14:44 S90reboot -> ../init.d/reboot

. BUM


.
cupsys . Services
.

rcX.d
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K S .
K Kill S Start
.
rcX.d .
:
# ln -s /etc/init.d/myservice /etc/rc5.d/S99myservice

.

:
$sudo mv /etc/rc5.d/S99myservice /etc/rc5.d/_S99myservice

K . myservice
:
$sudo ln -s /etc/init.d/myservice /etc/rc6.d/K99myservice

User Accounts
. .

.
.
.
passwd

passwd /etc
.
Home
... . passwd
.

 ( 2## : ,L ")(

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh
sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/bin/sh
mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/bin/sh
news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/sh
www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/bin/sh
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/bin/sh
Debian-exim:x:102:102::/var/spool/exim4:/bin/false
alan:x:1000:1000:Alan Baghumian,,,:/home/alan:/bin/bash
gdm:x:100:103:Gnome Display Manager:/var/lib/gdm:/bin/false
identd:x:101:65534::/var/run/identd:/bin/false
sshd:x:103:65534::/var/run/sshd:/bin/false
passwd .

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.

login .

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.
shadow /etc
.
shadow .
root:$1$SvfgSNi6$pe5Yt1cHOoXQYxn.XJvAp/:12635:0:99999:7:::
daemon:*:12635:0:99999:7:::
bin:*:12635:0:99999:7:::
www-data:*:12635:0:99999:7:::
backup:*:12635:0:99999:7:::
list:*:12635:0:99999:7:::
irc:*:12635:0:99999:7:::


gnats:*:12635:0:99999:7:::
nobody:*:12635:0:99999:7:::
Debian-exim:!:12635:0:99999:7:::
alan:$1$X9ts4yTq$LqIscGIqpsd.Jkm/3W7yx0:12635:0:99999:7:::
identd:!:12635:0:99999:7:::
sshd:!:12635:0:99999:7:::
linet:$1$4Kh/aVAW$s/XKmJgvw6.qy4tnXVpLr.:12725:0:99999:7:::
saned:!:12667:0:99999:7:::

group /etc .
.
.
group .
group " ":
.
.
.
.
root:x:0:
daemon:x:1:
bin:x:2:
mail:x:8:
news:x:9:
uucp:x:10:
man:x:12:
proxy:x:13:
kmem:x:15:
dialout:x:20:alan
cdrom:x:24:alan
floppy:x:25:alan
tape:x:26:
sudo:x:27:
audio:x:29:alan
dip:x:30:alan
www-data:x:33:

/ adduser
.
.

 ( 2## : ,L ")(

/etc/group .
. /etc/group
vim .

.
. engr
sales
.
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useradd .
.
:
]$sudo useradd [options] user [group

.
.
useradd.conf /etc .
.
. useradd

.
. Home
Home
. ...
.
. useradd.conf .
Home ...
:
# /etc/adduser.conf: `adduser' configuration.
# See adduser(8) and adduser.conf(5) for full documentation.
# The DSHELL variable specifies the default login shell on your


# system.
DSHELL=/bin/bash
# The DHOME variable specifies the directory containing users' home
# directories.
DHOME=/home
# If GROUPHOMES is "yes", then the home directories will be created as
# /home/groupname/user.
GROUPHOMES=no
# If LETTERHOMES is "yes", then the created home directories will have
# an extra directory - the first letter of the user name. For example:
# /home/u/user.
LETTERHOMES=no
# The SKEL variable specifies the directory containing "skeletal" user
# files; in other words, files such as a sample .profile that will be
# copied to the new user's home directory when it is created.
SKEL=/etc/skel
# FIRST_SYSTEM_[GU]ID to LAST_SYSTEM_[GU]ID inclusive is the range
for UIDs
# for dynamically allocated administrative and system accounts/groups.
FIRST_SYSTEM_UID=100
LAST_SYSTEM_UID=999
FIRST_SYSTEM_GID=100
LAST_SYSTEM_GID=999
# FIRST_[GU]ID to LAST_[GU]ID inclusive is the range of UIDs of
dynamically
# allocated user accounts/groups.
FIRST_UID=1000
LAST_UID=29999
FIRST_GID=1000
LAST_GID=29999
# The USERGROUPS variable can be either "yes" or "no". If "yes" each
# created user will be given their own group to use as a default, and
# their home directories will be g+s. If "no", each created user will
# be placed in the group whose gid is USERS_GID (see below).
USERGROUPS=yes
# If USERGROUPS is "no", then USERS_GID should be the GID of the group
# `users' (or the equivalent group) on your system.
USERS_GID=100

()" ,L 2## :(

# If QUOTAUSER is set, a default quota will be set from that user with
# `edquota -p QUOTAUSER newuser'
QUOTAUSER=""
# If DIR_MODE is set, directories will be created with the specified
# mode. Otherwise the default mode 0755 will be used.
DIR_MODE=0755
# If SETGID_HOME is "yes" home directories for users with their own
# group the setgid bit will be set. This was the default for
# versions << 3.13 of adduser. Because it has some bad side effects we
# no longer do this per default. If you want it nevertheless you can
# still set it here.
SETGID_HOME=no
adduser

: .
$sudo adduser jake
Adding user `jake'...
Adding new group `jake' (1002).
Adding new user `jake' (1002) with group `jake'.
Creating home directory `/home/jake'.
Copying files from `/etc/skel'
Enter new UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: password updated successfully
Changing the user information for jake
Enter the new value, or press ENTER for the default
Full Name []: Jake Johnson
Room Number []: 223
Work Phone []: 2254747
Home Phone []: 8974141
Other []:
Is the information correct? [y/N] y

. Enter
adduser
.

.

(Skel)
/etc/skel
.
.

.
adduser
. Home
:
$ ls -la /etc/skel/
total 134
drwxr-xr-x 18 root root 696 2006-06-15 14:44 .
drwxr-xr-x 133 root root 7568 2006-08-11 10:46 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 220 2006-03-04 04:32 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 414 2005-01-13 01:59 .bash_profile
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 57 2005-11-16 17:39 .bashrc
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 80 2006-05-13 16:27 .config
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 72 2006-06-03 19:17 .firefox
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 100067 2005-11-01 09:17 .fonts.cache-1
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 96 2006-05-20 15:49 .gconf
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 80 2006-05-20 15:49 .gconfd
drwxr-xr-x 21 root root 896 2005-11-01 09:17 .gimp-2.2
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 104 2006-05-20 15:49 .gnome
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 504 2006-05-20 15:49 .gnome2
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 48 2006-05-20 15:49 .gnome2_private
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 48 2006-05-20 15:49 .gnome_private
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 48 2005-11-01 09:17 .gstreamer
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 80 2005-11-01 09:17 .gstreamer-0.8
-rw------- 1 root root 161 2005-11-01 09:17 .ICEauthority
drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 224 2006-06-03 19:17 .mozilla
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 72 2006-05-20 15:49 .openoffice.org2
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 184 2006-05-13 11:48 Templates
drwxr-xr-x 27 root root 992 2005-11-06 10:21 .themes
-rw------- 1 root root 52 2005-11-01 09:17 .Xauthority
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 259 2005-12-29 12:09 .xfardic
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 17 18:24 .
drwxr-xr-x 98 root root 4096 Nov 6 19:53 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 704 May 8 21:13 .bash_profile
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1290 May 8 21:13 .bashrc

 ( 2## : ,L ")(

userdel
.

. userdel .
:
$sudo userdel [-r] username

-r Home .

.
.
Home
.

Users and Groups System
Administration
. root .
- . Add Properties Management Group
Delete
. Add User
Advanced Account User privileges . Account

. Advanced .
User Privileges
CD ... .

.
.
.

: .

.
.
.
chmod

.
chmod . :
$sudo chmod [OPTION] MODE[,MODE] FILE
FILE...

.
.
:
Other

 ( 2## : ,L ")(

$ ls -l /home/alan
total 27457
-rw------- 1 alan alan 37376 Jul 17 16:58 class2.sxw
drwxrwsr-x 3 alan alan 424 Aug 27 23:52 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x 17 alan alan 3104 Nov 5 09:23 Documents
-rw-r--r-- 1 alan alan 174565 Apr 23 2004 FreeFarsi.tar.bz2
-rw------- 1 alan alan 55467 Apr 9 2004 8521B102.tar.bz2
-rw-r--r-- 1 alan alan 21064 Jun 14 18:53 Gnu-Linux.tar.gz
-rwxr-xr-x 1 alan alan 61777 Jun 14 18:56 Gnu.html
drwxr-xr-x 3 alan alan 400 Oct 29 15:15 LUG-Docs
drwxr-xr-x 3 alan alan 472 Oct 23 18:45 LUG-HowTo
. d

. d
. wr
x w . r
x .

. - .

//

setuid


.
- + = .
.
test :
$ ls -l
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 alan alan 48 Nov 8 19:15 test

.
:
$ chmod g+w,o-rx test
$ ls -l
total 0
drwxrwx--- 2 alan alan 48 Nov 8 19:15 test

.
.
-R
chmod :
$ chmod -R g+w,o-rx test
chown

.
.

. :
$ ls -l
total 0
drwxrwx--- 2 alan alan 48 Nov 8 19:15 test

setuid

.
test alan .

 ( 2## : ,L ")(

ls -l .
chown .
:
$sudo chown [OPTIONS] OWNER FILE...

chmod
-R .
root . :
$sudo ls -l
total 76
-rw-r--r-- 1 alan alan 4577 Sep 25 2003 20030924.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 alan alan 30688 Sep 26 2003 20030926.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 alan alan 8286 Sep 27 2003 20030927.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 alan alan 3149 Sep 28 2003 20030928.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 alan alan 10667 Sep 29 2003 20030929.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 alan alan 4354 Sep 30 2003 20030930.html
drwxr-xr-x 2 alan alan 48 Nov 8 20:31 docs
* $sudo chown -R linet
$sudo ls -l
total 76
-rw-r--r-- 1 linet alan 4577 Sep 25 2003 20030924.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 linet alan 30688 Sep 26 2003 20030926.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 linet alan 8286 Sep 27 2003 20030927.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 linet alan 3149 Sep 28 2003 20030928.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 linet alan 10667 Sep 29 2003 20030929.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 linet alan 4354 Sep 30 2003 20030930.html
drwxr-xr-x 2 linet alan 48 Nov 8 20:31 docs
alan linet .
chgrp

.
.
.

. chgrp
. :
$sudo chgrp [OPTIONS] OWNER FILE...

chown alan


linet . alan

chgrp
:
* $sudo chgrp -R linet
$sudo ls -l
total 76
-rw-r--r-- 1 linet linet 4577 Sep 25 2003 20030924.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 linet linet 30688 Sep 26 2003 20030926.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 linet linet 8286 Sep 27 2003 20030927.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 linet linet 3149 Sep 28 2003 20030928.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 linet linet 10667 Sep 29 2003 20030929.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 linet linet 4354 Sep 30 2003 20030930.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 linet linet 12324 Sep 21 2003 20031001.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 linet linet 11581 Sep 22 2003 20031002.html
drwxr-xr-x 2 linet linet 48 Nov 8 20:31 docs

chown
. :
* $sudo chown -R alan:alan

. date
root . :
$sudo date
Fri Aug 11 20:43:00 IRST 2006

:
$sudo date --set 2006-08-11
Fri Aug 11 00:00:00 IRST 2006

:
$sudo date --set 20:42
Fri Aug 11 20:42:00 IRST 2006
Time and Date System Administration

.
root . - .

 ( 2## : ,L ")(

. Time Zone
. Terminal tzselect .
OK .

Time and Date -

Boot Loader Boot Loader
.
.


.
.

.
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst
lst /boot/grub/menu
/boot/grub/menu.lst.back

menu.lst .
.


menu.lst

menu.lst
. menu.lst
.

sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

sudo kate /boot/grub/menu.lst

gksudo mousepad /boot/grub/menu.lst

ESC .
ESC . menu.lst
timeout .
.
# ' 'hiddenmenu .
ESC
.
' 'e .
' 'savedefault' , 'quiet' , 'initrd' , 'kernel ' 'root .
' 'quiet ' 'd
. ' 'kernel ' 'e
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.
.
:
' 'timeout
.
Automagic

update-grub menu.lst .
update-grub boot
.

 ( 2## : ,L ")(

update-grub
.
menu.lst update-grub
" "### BEGIN AUTOMAGIC KERNELS LIST "### END DEBIAN
" AUTOMAGIC KERNELS LIST . ## .
# . :
)# groot=(hd0,4

groot .
boot / . Kopt
menu.lst .

menu.lst .
# kopt=root=/dev/sda1 ro

' '# .

update-grub
.
)
(.
. noapic
#kopt=root=/dev/sda1 ro noapic .
sudo update-grub

e
.
.

) SATA(/dev/sda ) PATA(/dev/had .
SATA BIOS PATA SATA .
:
: )groot (GRUB root

/boot/grub/device.map )
) ((hd0 )) ((/dev/hda .
/boot . df/ /boot .


/boot
/boot/grub/device.map .

Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
46M 15M 30M 33% /boot

$ df /boot
Filesystem
/dev/sda5

$ cat /boot/grub/device.map
(hd0) /dev/hda
(hd1) /dev/sda

groot ) (hda1,4 .
:
menu.lst :
## default grub root device
)## e.g. groot=(hd0,0
)# groot=(hd1,4
: kernel root
/ mount . df

. kopt menu.lst
.
:
Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
14G 8.3G 5.0G 63% /

$ df /
Filesystem
/dev/sda3

menu.lst :
## default kernel options
## default kernel options for automagic boot options
## If you want special options for specifiv kernels use kopt_x_y_z
## where x.y.z is kernel version. Minor versions can be omitted.
## e.g. kopt=root=/dev/hda1 ro
# kopt=root=/dev/sda3 ro /

groot /boot kopt=root /

.
Boot Splash Image

.
' 'grub-splashimages
.

 ( 2## : ,L ")(

)

( gzipped xpm.
Gimp ) (Image>Scale Image
) (Image>Mode>Indexed . Gimp
xpm.gz . Image Magick
:
sudo convert -resize 640x480 -colors 14 FILE_NAME.jpg splashimage.xpm
gz :
sudo gzip splashimage.xpm

menu.lst .
splashimage=(hd0,4)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz
splash.xpm.gz

.
cd /boot/grub
sudo ln -s my_image.xpm.gz splash.xpm.gz
. MBR .

menu.lst
. boot
.
Splash Image updategrub

updategrub /boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz
menu.lst updategrub . hdx
) . ) (hd0,4(.
sudo apt-get install grub-splashimages
sudo ln -s /boot/grub/splashimages/my_image.xpm.gz
/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz
sudo update-grub

FAT .
.
fdformat /dev/fd0
mkfs -t msdos /dev/fd0


mount.
sudo mount -t msdos /dev/fd0

.
sudo mkdir -p /mnt/floppy/boot/grub
sudo cp /boot/grub/stage* /mnt/floppy/boot/grub
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /mnt/floppy/boot/grub

umount .
sudo umount /mnt/floppy

GRUB boot loader

:
sudo grub

:
)grub>root (fd0
)grub>setup (fd0
grub>quit

.
menu.lst

menu.lst.
## default num
# Set the default entry to the entry number NUM. Numbering starts from
0, and
# the entry number 0 is the default if the command is not used.
...
default 0
...

.
.
Microsoft Windows XP Professional
default .
Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.20-16-generic
)Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.20-16-generic (recovery mode
Ubuntu, memtest86+
Other operating systems:
Microsoft Windows XP Professional

title
...
title
...
title
...
title
...
title

 ( 2## : ,L ")(

' 'Other operating systems
menu.lst title .
default ' 'saved .
.
' 'savedefault .
/boot .
rercovery .
: dmraid default ' 'saved .
.
update-grub : menu.lst
. menu.lst
default x.
) (...
update-grub
default .
...
### BEGIN AUTOMATIC KERNELS LIST
...
### END DEBIAN AUTOMATIC KERNELS LIST
...

.
.
#
# Put static boot stanzas before and/or after AUTOMATIC KERNEL
LIST
... exactly here ...
### BEGIN AUTOMATIC KERNELS LIST
...
default 0
...

LTSP
.
rom .
lsmod floppy
.


www.rom-o-matic.com rom .
menu.lst .
.
title LTSP
)root (hd0,2
)kernel /boot/(rom you get from rom-o-matic

Live . CD
. :
sudo grub

> grub :
[ Minimal BASH-like line editing is supported. For
the first word, TAB lists possible command
completions. Anywhere else TAB lists the possible
completions of a device/filename.
:
find /boot/grub/stage1

:
)(hdX,Y

:
)root (hdX,Y

:
)setup (hd0
quit

:
Boot Loader

CD XP
R Recovery .
Boot Loader :
fixmbr

Crontab
Cron shell
Cron . crontab Crontab .
.
crontab

crontab terminal :

 ( 2## : ,L ")(

crontab -e

crontab)
( .
.
crontab
:
crontab -l
Crontab

crontab ) ( ) (
. :
* * * * * command to be executed
- - - -| | | | |
)| | | | +----- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0
)| | | +------- month (1 - 12
)| | +--------- day of month (1 - 31
)| +----------- hour (0 - 23
)+------------- min (0 - 59
crontab

crontab .
:
>* * * * * <command
- Runs every minute :
>30 * * * * <command
- Runs at 30 minutes past the hour :
>6 45 * * * <command
: - Runs at 6:45 am every day :
>18 45 * * * <command
: - Runs at 6:45 pm every day :
>00 1 * * 0 <command
- Runs at 1:00 am every Sunday :
>00 1 * * 7 <command


- Runs at 1:00 am every Sunday :
>00 1 * * Sun <command
- Runs at 1:00 am every Sunday :
>8 30 1 * * <command
: - Runs at 8:30 am on the first day :
of every month
>00 0-23/2 02 07 * <command
Runs every other hour on the 2nd of July :

String :
> : @reboot <command - Runs at boot :
> : @yearly <command ]* - Runs once a year [0 0 1 1
> : @annually <command - Runs once a year [0 0 1 1
]*
> : @monthly <command * - Runs once a month [0 0 1
]*
> : @weekly <command * * - Runs once a week [0 0
]0
> : @daily <command ]* * * - Runs once a day [0 0
> : @midnight <command ]* * * - Runs once a day [0 0
> : @hourly <command * * * - Runs once an hour [0
]*

"&&" .
command_01 command_02 :
>@daily <command_01> && <command_02

cron cronjob
.
cron :
>/dev/null 2>&1

 ( 2## : ,L ")(

crontab
crontab -e
crontab . crontab .
:
>crontab -u <username> <crontab file

) Tux (
crontab -u tux ~/crontab

crontab tux crontab Home .

crontab

crontab :
crontab -r

manual crontab
:
man crontab

Live CD
LiveCd .
.
Live CD :

512MB Ram
squashfs-tools
mkisofs
squashfs
Qemu Vmware VirtualBox


.
:
sudo apt-get install squashfs-tools mkisofs
squashfs-tools mkisofs .


CD
.
:
sudo modprobe squashfs

:
mkdir ~/live
cd ~/live

CD :
mkdir mnt

CD :
sudo mount /dev/cdrom mnt

iso :
iso mnt.o loop UBUNTU-sudo mount

UBUNTU.iso iso :
:
cd-mkdir extract

CD .
cd-extract /a mnt-squashfs .filesystem/casper/=exclude--rsync
:

mkdir squashfs
:
squashfs .filesystem/casper/o loop mnt-t squashfs -sudo mount
squashfs
squashfs :
:
mkdir edit
extract :
/edit */a squashfs-sudo cp
CD .
umount squashfs
umount mnt
r squashfs mnt-rm
chroot :
sudo cp /etc/resolv.conf edit/etc/
Mount
Extract

1
2

 ( 2## : ,L ")(

host :
sudo cp /etc/host edit/etc/

:
sudo chroot edit
mount -t proc none /proc
mount -t sysfs none /sys
export HOME=/root
export LC_ALL=C

apt-get
:
apt-get remove --purge package name

.
q .
| dpkg-query -W --showformat='${Installed-Size} ${Package}\n' | sort -nr
less
background

/usr/share/backgrounds .
/var/lib/gconf/debian.defaults/%gconf-tree.xml
:
/usr/share/backgrounds/warty-final-ubuntu.png

:
sudo -i
apt-get source gfxboot-theme-ubuntu gfxboot dpkg-dev
cd gfxboot-theme-ubuntu*/
make DEFAULT_LANG=fi
cp -af boot/* ../extract-cd/isolinux/
exit
sudo i root

.
:
grep '^[^:]*:[^:]*:[1-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]:' /etc/passwd
grep '^[^:]*:[^:]*:[12][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]:' /etc/passwd
usermod -u 500 $hit



LiveCD

. chroot :
sudo cp /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.15-26-k7 extract-cd/casper/vmlinuz
sudo cp /boot/initrd.img-2.6.15-26-k7 extract-cd/casper/initrd.gz
init ram disk
hostname user .

:
sudo nano /usr/share/initramfs-tools/scripts/casper

.
sudo nano edit/usr/share/initramfs-tools/scripts/casper-bottom/10adduser

Kernel initrd
.
mkinitramfs -o /initrd.gz 2.6.20-15-generic
2.6.20-15-generic

lib/modules/ .
chroot
)(cleanup

:
apt-get clean

tmp :
*rm -rf /tmp/

name server :
conf.resolv/etc/m r
Mount umount:
umount /proc
umount /sys

chroot :
exit
squashfsiso

initrd extract-cd/casper/ :
/casper/cd-gz extract.initrd/mv edit
:
sudo -i
chmod +w extract-cd/casper/filesystem.manifest

 ( 2## : ,L ")(

> 'chroot edit dpkg-query -W --showformat='${Package} ${Version}\n
extract-cd/casper/filesystem.manifest
cp
extract-cd/casper/filesystem.manifest
extractcd/casper/filesystem.manifest-desktop
sed -ie '/ubiquity/d' extract-cd/casper/filesystem.manifest-desktop
exit

:
sudo mksquashfs edit extract-cd/casper/filesystem.squashfs
iso readme

:
sudo vim extract-cd/README.diskdefines

md5sum .
:
sudo -i
rm extract-cd/md5sum.txt
)(cd extract-cd && find . -type f -print0 | xargs -0 md5sum > md5sum.txt
exit
iso MY UBUNTU NAME ISO_FILE_NAME iso

:
cd extract-cd
sudo mkisofs -r -V "MY UBUNTU NAME" -cache-inodes -J -l -b
isolinux/isolinux.bin -c isolinux/boot.cat -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4boot-info-table -o ../ISO_FILE_NAME.iso .

:

iso qemu :
qemu -cdrom ubuntu-6.06.1-desktop-i386-custom.iso -boot d
VirtualBox New

.
CD/DVD-ROM iso
.


.
.



.
:

CD DVD CDROM
:
sudo apt-cdrom add
sudo apt-get install dpkg-dev

debs home :
mkdir ~/debs

.deb
.deb .

:
cp /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb ~/debs/

debs
. :
cd ~/debs/
dpkg-scanpackages . /dev/null | gzip -9c > Packages.gz

:
gksu gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

debs
sources.list sources.list
.

.
deb file:~/debs ./

 ( 2## : ,L ")(

.
sudo apt-get update

.
debs
:
cd ~/deb/
dpkg-scanpackages . /dev/null | gzip -9c > Packages.gz
sudo apt-get update

:



# .
sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get update
.

home
root ) root (
debs home .
root
debs sources.list.


.
:
sudo apt-ge install convertfs

:
convertfs device from_fs_type to_fs_type

: device .
: from_fs_type .


: to_fs_type .
:
convertfs /dev/hda2 ext2 reiserfs

.
.
.
:
ext2fs/ext3fs, Reiser3, FAT16/32, NTFS, HPFS, JFS, XFS, UFS(beta),
)HFS(beta

NTFS .
universe
:
sudo apt-get install partimage

:
fdisk -l

.
.
IP .
Unmount.


.
.

.

Back up

 ( 2## : ,L ")(

.

MPICH2
. ub2, ub1, ub0

ub3.
. /etc/hosts

/etc/hosts :
127.0.0.1 localhost
192.168.133.100 ub0
192.168.133.101 ub1
192.168.133.102 ub2
192.168.133.103 ub3

:
127.0.0.1 localhost
127.0.1.1 ub0
192.168.133.100 ub0
192.168.133.101 ub1
192.168.133.102 ub2
192.168.133.103 ub3
. NFS

NFS :
sudo apt-get install nfs-kernel-server

.
.
:
sudo mkdir /mirror

NFS :
sudo echo /mirror *(rw,sync) >> /etc/exports
/mirror

.
. /mirror
sudo mount ub0:/mirror /mirror
sudo mount ub0:/mirror /mirror
sudo mount ub0:/mirror /mirror

fstab
.
Mount


. mpi
/mirror
. UserID . mpiu

.
/mirror :

sudo chown mpiu /mirror

. SSH

OpenSSH Server :
sudo apt-get install opensshserver

. SSH
:
su - mpiu

DSA mpiu:
mpiu@ub0:~$ ssh-keygen -t dsa

passphrase .
:
mpiu@ub0:~$ cd .ssh
mpiu@ub0:~/.ssh$ cat id_pub.dsa >> authorized_keys
Home ) (

.
SSH :
mpiu@ub0:~$ ssh ub1 hostname
) (ub1 .
. GCC

build-essential .
mpiu@ub0:~$ sudo apt-get install build-essential

.
MPICH .
Intel Fortran ... .
.MPICH2

MPICH2 http://www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/mpi/mpich .
.tar /mirror . mpich .
mpiu@ub3:/mirror$ mkidr mpich2
Owner

()" ,L 2## :(

mpiu@ub3:/mirror$ tar xvf mpich2-1.0.5p3.tar.gz
mpiu@ub3:/mirror$ cd mpich2-1.0.5p3
mpiu@ub3:/mirror/mpich2-1.0.5p3$ ./configure --prefix=/mirror/mpich2
mpiu@ub3:/mirror/mpich2-1.0.5p3$ make
mpiu@ub3:/mirror/mpich2-1.0.5p3$ sudo make install
. README

/mirror/mpiu/.bashrc
:
export PATH=/mirror/mpich2/bin:$PATH
export PATH
LD_LIBRARY_PATH="/mirror/mpich2/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH"
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH
mpd mpdboot

:
mpiu@ub0:~$ sudo echo /mirror/mpich2/bin >> /etc/environment

:
mpiu@ub0:~$ which mpd
mpiu@ub0:~$ which mpiexec
mpiu@ub0:~$ which mpirun
MPD .

. mpiu mpd.hosts
.
ub3
ub2
ub1
ub0

:
mpiu@ub0:~$ echo secretword=something >> ~/.mpd.conf
mpiu@ub0:~$ chmod 600 .mpd.conf
: . MPD
mpiu@ub0:~$ mpd &
mpiu@ub0:~$ mpdtrace
mpiu@ub0:~$ mpdallexit

: mpd daemon
mpiu@ub0:~$ mpdboot -np 4
mpiu@ub0:~$ mpdtrace

.
: mpich2-1.0.5/examples
mpiu@ub0:~$ mpiexec -n 4 cpi


http://www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/mpi/mpich/


#(
*+ : 
1 !MN
#!O
:


Beryl
Beryl Compiz Quinn Storm
Compiz . Beryl /
.
http://wiki.beryl-project.org/wiki/Main_Page
org/wiki/Main_Page
.

.
glxinfo | grep direct

.
direct rendering: Yes

No .
Envy ) nVidia ATi(
.


System>Administration>Restricted Drivers Manager
.
Beryl
Multiverse berylberyl-

manager emerald-themes Synaptic .

sudo apt-get install beryl beryl-manager
manager emerald
emerald-themes
Beryl
Alt F2 beryl-

manager Enter .
Startup

startup System> Preferences>Sessions

New beryl-manager .

#!O !
MN 
1 *
+ :(
# 
Compiz-Fusion

.
glxinfo | grep direct

.
direct rendering: Yes

. No


System>Administration>Restricted Drivers Manager
.
Compiz-Fusion

: Compiz-Fusion

: . Compiz
sudo aptitude -y remove compiz-core desktop-effects
sudo aptitude -y remove compiz compiz-gnome
sudo aptitude -y remove compizconfig-settings-manager
sudo aptitude -y remove compiz-fusion-plugins-extra
sudo aptitude -y remove compiz-fusion-plugins-unofficial
sudo aptitude -y remove libcompizconfig-backend-gconf

) : Repository
( hardy
deb http://download.tuxfamily.org/3v1deb hardy eyecandy
deb-src http://download.tuxfamily.org/3v1deb hardy eyecandy

:
gpg --keyserver subkeys.pgp.net --recv-keys 81836EBF
gpg --export --armor 81836EBF | sudo apt-key add -

: Compiz-Fusion
sudo aptitude -y update
sudo aptitude install compiz compiz-gnome \
compizconfig-settings-manager compiz-fusion-plugins-extra \
compiz-fusion-plugins-unofficial libcompizconfig-backend-gconf


Compiz-Fusion

Alt F2 compiz replace

Enter .
:
& compiz --replace

:
nVidia .
nVidia . compiz --replace
:
& compiz --replace --sm-disable --indirect-rendering

Compiz-Fusion
Compiz-Fusion

, Repository :
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/compiz/ubuntu hardy main
deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/compiz/ubuntu hardy main

:
sudo apt-get update

:
sudo apt-get upgrade
Compiz-Fusion

Alt F2 compiz replace

Enter .
Compiz-Fusion

.
home
.

.
.


#(
*+ : 
1 !MN
#!O
Compiz Config Setting Manager Advanced Desktop

Effects Settings .
:
sudo apt-get install compizconfig-settings-manager

- Compiz Config Setting Manager Preferences
.
- Backend Flat-file Configuration Backend .
home/usr/.config/compiz ) usr
( .
.

.
setting manager import/export
. Preference Export import
.


Emerald Theme Manager
Emerald Gnome KDE
Beryl
.

.
glxgears:
$ glxgears

. nVidia onboard
AMD/ATI Graphics
OpenGL .
:
fglrxinfo | grep renderer

:
OpenGL vendor string: ATI Technologies Inc.

:
OpenGL vendor string: Mesa project: www.mesa3d.org

http://wiki.cchtml.com/index.php/Ubuntu
.


main, universe, restricted, multiverse .
:
gksu --desktop /usr/share/applications/software-properties.desktop
/usr/bin/software-properties-gtk


#(
*+ : 
1 !MN
#!O

apt

:
apt-get
get install subversion emerald libemeraldengine0
subversion

:
svn ls https://svn.generation.no/emerald
no/emerald-themes

.
.
Emerald
emerald theme manager System>Preferences>Emerald

Theme Manager Themes Settings Repositories

Fetch GPLd Themes Fetch non GPLd Themes .

Emerald Theme Manager
Themes Settings Themes.

emeraldreplace
.
Screenlets

. hardy
.
deb http://download.tuxfamily.org/screenlets
org/screenlets hardy screenlets


#(
*+ : 
1 !MN
#!O
:
wget http://download.tuxfamily.org/screenlets/hendrikkaju
org/screenlets/hendrikkaju.gpg -O- | sudo
apt-key add -

:
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install screenlets
System>Preference>Screenlets screenlets-

manager .
.
:
compizconfig-setting-manager plugin widgets .
properties
. stick to desktop treat as widget
. F9 widget layer
.

#!O !
MN 
1 *
+ :(
# 
Avant Window Navigator
Avant
.

hardy
.
echo 'deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/reacocard-awn/ubuntu hardy main' |
sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list
echo 'deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/reacocard-awn/ubuntu hardy main'
| sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list

:
wget http://download.tuxfamily.org/syzygy42/reacocard.asc
sudo apt-key add reacocard.asc
rm reacocard.asc
. Avant
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install avant-window-navigator-bzr awn-core-applets-bzr

 ( :'

" '!!
:



.


.



.


.
Synaptic
Aptitude apt-get .
Universe
ttf-freefarsi ttf-farsiweb .
sudo apt-get install ttf-farsiweb ttf-freefarsi

.
Home

.

Home .

.fonts Home .
my_win_fonts :
mkdir ~/.fonts
cp -r /media/cdrom/my_win_fonts ~/.fonts
Logoff .

!!' '

" :(


. .
.
wget -c http://hezardastan.sourceforge
sourceforge.net/persianfonts/tahoma.tar.gz
wget -c http://hezardastan.sourceforge
sourceforge.net/persianfonts/bfonts.tar.gz
sudo mkdir /usr/share/fonts/truetype/ttf
/usr/share/fonts/truetype/ttf-persian-fonts
sudo tar zxvf tahoma.tar.gz -C
C /usr/share/fonts/truetype/ttf
/usr/share/fonts/truetype/ttf-persian-fonts
sudo tar zxvf bfonts.tar.gz -C
C /usr/share/fonts/truetype/ttf
/usr/share/fonts/truetype/ttf-persian-fonts
sudo fc-cache -f -v

System > Preferences > Keyboard
Add Layouts
. Add Iran Layouts

Alt+Shift

Layout Options .
Layout switching Both Alt keys together change layout
Alt+Shift change layout .

Add to panel .

 ( :'

" '!!
Keyboard Indicator
Add .
Alt Shift
.

. .
.
.
.
http://wiki.hezardastan.org/PersianKeyboard
org/PersianKeyboard

.
.


Open Office
Open Office
. Open Office
Writer .
Applications > Office > OpenOfice
OpenOfice.org Word Processor
Tools > Options.

Language Settings > Languages Enabled for complex text

) layout (CTL .

Open Office Writer Right-To-Left

.

 ( :'

" '!!

. TeX
.
LaTeX
.
.

:
.
.
Wine tetex .
tetex wine :
sudo apt-get install texlive-latex-base
base
sudo apt-get install wine
- .tar home .
~ cd
Wget
http://internap.dl.sourceforge
sourceforge.net/sourceforge/farsitex/farsitex1.0pre1.tar.bz2
tar jxf farsitex-1.0pre1.tar.bz2
- PATH .
mkdir -p ~/bin
ln -f -ss ~/texmf/source/farsitex/ftx2tex/ftx2tex ~/bin
http://farsitex.org/

Donald Knuth The Art of Computer Programming


ln -f -s ~/texmf/source/farsitex/fmakeidx/fmakeidx ~/bin
ln -f -s ~/texmf/scripts/farsitex/bin/* ~/bin

- farsitex.map .
tetex .
) (
mkdir -p ~/texmf/fonts/map/dvips
cp -r ~/texmf/dvips/farsitex ~/texmf/fonts/map/dvips
- tetex pdfeTeX

PDF .
DVI .
.
tail
-n
+2
~/texmf/tex/farsitex/config/farsitex.ini
>
~/texmf/tex/farsitex/config/fadvitex.ini
echo "farsitex etex - *fadvitex.ini" > ~/texmf/tetex/fmtutil.cnf
echo "fapdftex pdfetex - *farsitex.ini" >> ~/texmf/tetex/fmtutil.cnf
- tetex texhash .

- .
fmtutil --cnffile ~/texmf/tetex/fmtutil.cnf --byfmt farsitex
fmtutil --cnffile ~/texmf/tetex/fmtutil.cnf --byfmt fapdftex
updmap --enable MixedMap=farsitex.map

- .
# convert FTX to TeX
ftx2tex ~/texmf/doc/persian/farsitex/base/ftexthes/test.ftx
# create DVI
farsitex ~/texmf/doc/persian/farsitex/base/ftexthes/test.tex
# create PDF
fapdftex ~/texmf/doc/persian/farsitex/base/ftexthes/test.tex
test.dvi PDF

~ texmf/doc/persian/farsitex/base/ftexthes/ftexthes.pdf/ .

wine . wine
.. .
wine )
next finish (
wget
http://umn.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/farsitex/farsitex-editoralpha9.1.exe
wine farsitex-editor-alpha9.1.exe

 ( :'

" '!!


wget http://farsitex.org/files/farsitex.fon
mv farsitex.fon ~/.wine/*/[Ww]indows/[Ff]onts/
rm -f ~/.wine/*/[Ww]indows/[Ff]onts/FarsiTeX.fon
shell script

PATH .
> "echo "wine ~/.wine/*/Program\ Files/MikTeX/miktex/bin/Ftexed.exe
~/bin/ftexed
chmod a+x ~/bin/ftexed
Wine .

ftexed .
) ctrl+F9 (
script . .dvi xdvi .
wget http://farsitex.org/files/install-ftexed-cmd-launchers.sh
bash install-ftexed-cmd-launchers.sh

shell script
. .
wget http://farsitex.org/files/install-farsitex-1.0pre1.sh
sh install-farsitex-1.0pre1.sh

.tar

script "wget "address
script
wget .

 "+(
Q : $O


DirectX9wine

. wine
. :
sudo apt-get install wine

directx .
DirectX 9Cwine

DirectX .
- .
ddrawex.dll
mscoree.dll
streamci.dll

http://www.dlldump.com .
DirectX 9.0c - http://filehippo.com/download_directx/
CD .
- winecfg .
- wine/drive_c/windows/system32 .
native winecfg .
- .
sudo gedit .wine/user.reg

DllOverrides
.
Software\\Wine\\DllOverrides] 1206264929

.
Software\\Wine\\DllOverrides] 1206264929
""d3d8"="builtin
""d3d9"="builtin
""d3dim"="native
""d3drm"="native
""d3dx8"="native
""d3dx9_24"="native
""d3dx9_25"="native
""d3dx9_26"="native
""d3dx9_27"="native
""d3dx9_28"="native
""d3dx9_29"="native
""d3dx9_30"="native
""d3dx9_31"="native


$O
Q :(+" 
"d3dx9_32"="native"
"d3dx9_33"="native"
"d3dx9_34"="native"
"d3dx9_35"="native"
"d3dx9_36"="native"
"d3dxof"="native"
"dciman32"="native"
"ddrawex"="native"
"devenum"="native"
"dinput"="builtin"
"dinput8"="builtin"
"dmband"="native"
"dmcompos"="native"
"dmime"="native"
"dmloader"="native"
"dmscript"="native"
"dmstyle"="native"
"dmsynth"="native"
"dmusic"="native"
"dmusic32"="native"
"dnsapi"="native"
"dplay"="native"
"dplayx"="native"
"dpnaddr"="native"
"dpnet"="native"
"dpnhpast"="native"
"dpnlobby"="native"
"dsound"="builtin"
"dswave"="native"
"dxdiagn"="native"
"mscoree"="native"
"msdmo"="native"
"qcap"="native"
"quartz"="native"
"streamci"="native"

. DirectX

dxmusic . dxmusic

gm.dls
http://www.kirupa.templarian.com/gm.dls
.
~/.wine/drive_c/windows/system32/drivers

.
username . ~ Home .
cd /home/username/.wine/drive_c/windows/system32
~/.wine/drive_c/windows/system32 $ wine dxdiag.exe

directx .

 "+(
Q : $O

gconf-editor
gconf-editor Gnome .
gconftool .
gconf xml database
. debug
.
gconf
Microsoft Windows registry .
gconf-editor
gconf-editor gconf-editor.
Alt+F2 editor
lockdown
... > Desktop > Gnome
LockDown.
Disable .




/usr/share/pixmaps png .
64x43.
gconf-editor
:
desktop/gnome/peripherals/keyboard/indicator/

showFlags
.

.
.
http://www.markfennell.com/flags
http://www.titanicons.com/squareicons-countryflags-page16.html

Beep
desktop/gnome/peripherals/keyboard
bell_mode off .
icondesktop
apps > nautilus > desktop volumes_visible .
OpenOffice
OpenOffice
.
Applications>Office OpenOffice.org Word Processor
.

 "+(
Q : $O

Tools > Options.

Memory .

. Undo Number of steps .

. Graphics cache Use for OpenOffice.org Memory
per object .
. OpenOffice.org Quickstarter Enable systray quickstarter
.
. Java Use a Java runtime environment
.

OK .
.
Open Terminal Nautilus

nautilus-open-terminal Nautilus
Open In Terminal
.

Open In Terminal
.

:
sudo apt-get install nautilus-open-terminal
terminal
logout login Nautilus

 "+(
Q : $O

)Userspace Software Suspend (uswsusp

Hibernate Suspend

Recovery .
Hibernate
.

Suspend/Hibernate . :
: s2ram suspend .
: s2disk
.
.
sudo apt-get install uswsusp

sudo s2ram

Machine is unknown
. :
sudo s2ram --force

s2disk .
sudo s2disk

Script

Hibernate/Suspend .
. Script
.
Script
sudo cp /usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-suspend-linux
/usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-suspend-linux.bak
sudo cp /usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-hibernate-linux
/usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-hibernate-linux.bak

.
Laptop


Script Hibernate/Suspend
sudo gedit /usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-suspend-linux

.
#!/bin/sh
/sbin/s2ram --force

--foce
.
Hibernate :
sudo gedit /usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-hibernate-linux

:
#!/bin/sh
/sbin/s2disk

.
sudo mv /usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-suspend-linux.bak
/usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-suspend-linux
sudo mv /usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-hibernate-linux.bak
/usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-hibernate-linux
docx OpenOffice.org

Microsoft Office 2007 .

.
OpenOffice
. Open Office
. .

:
http://wiki.ubuntuir.org/DocxInOpenOfficeHowTo?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=odfconverter-1.0.0.tgz

.
tar xzf odf-converter-1.0.0.tgz
usr ) /usr

( :
sudo cp usr/lib/ooo-2.0/program/OdfConverter
/usr/lib/openoffice/program/


$O
Q :(+" 
sudo cp usr/lib/ooo2.0/share/registry/modules/org/openoffice/TypeDetection/Filter/MOOXFilt
er_cpp.xcu
/usr/lib/openoffice/share/registry/module
/usr/lib/openoffice/share/registry/modules/org/openoffice/TypeDetection/Fil
ter/
sudo cp usr/lib/ooo2.0/share/registry/modules/org/openoffice/TypeDetection/Types/MOOXTy
peDetection.xcu
usr/lib/openoffice/share/registry/modules/org/openoffice/TypeDetection/Ty
pes/

PDF
PDF ) . PDF

(Printer

: Synaptic cups-pdf
sudo apt-get install cups-pdf

:
System > Administration > Printing >Add Printer

. Forward

Manufacturer Generic Model PostScript

. Forward .

MyNewPDFPrinter PDF Printer Apply

.

 "+(
Q : $O

Terminal Desktop
gnome-terminal
.
devilspie .
Terminal :
sudo apt-get install devilspie

.devilspie home :
mkdir ~/.devilspie

DesktopConsole .devilspie
DesktopConsole.ds
:
(if
)"(matches (window_name) "DesktopConsole
(Begin
)(set_workspace 2
)(below
)(undecorate
)(skip_pager
)(skip_tasklist
)"(wintype "utility
)"(geometry "+50+50
)"(geometry "924*668
)
)

.
geometry
.
devilspie .
gnome-terminal profile DesktopConsole
:
General show menubar by default .
Scrolling Scrollbar is .
Effect Transparent background none .
devilspie gnome-terminal startup Session
. system>preference>Sessions startup programs
:
devilspie
gnome-terminal window-with-profile=DesktopConsole

wiki

 "+(
Q : $O

Babylon
Intenet Explorer 6 IEs4Linux .
wine

Babylon :
"$ export WINEPREFIX="/home/user/.ies4linux/ie6
$ winecfg
/home/user Home .

Windows Version Windows XP .

Babylon

:
"$ export WINEPREFIX="/home/user/.ies4linux/ie6
$ wine Setup.exe
Babylon Notification Area .


SEGA Dgen
Dgen :
sudo apt-get install dgen

) (
.
smd .
.
dgen [switch] FileAddress

dgen
.

-v
dgen -v FileAddress

.
s slot FileAddressdgen -s slot FileAddress

slot .
slot
F2 slot
.
slot F3
-j
dgen -j FileAddress

.
-f
dgen -f FileAddress

.
-G XxY FileAddress
dgen -G XxY FileAddress

:

.
A A SEGA.

 "+(
Q : $O

S B SEGA.
D C SEGA.
q X SEGA.
w Y SEGA.
e Z SEGA.

:
num lock SEGA
.
Delete A SEGA .
End B SEGA.
PageDown C SEGA.
Insert X SEGA.
Home Y SEGA.
Pageup Z SEGA.
z .
F12 . bmp
.

SSHFS SSH
FUSE . Debian

.
.
:
$ sudo apt-get install sshfs fuse-utils
FUSE

FUSE .
tester .
tester FUSE
:
$ sudo adduser tester fuse
Remote


FUSE

fuse .
$ sudo modprobe fuse

fuse :
$ sudo nano /etc/modules

.
$ mkdir remotefs

SSH
. :
$ sshfs my-remote-user@my-remote-host:/home/my-remote-user remotefs/
my-remote-user my-remote-

host:/home/my-remote-user
remotefs .
umount :
$ fusermount -u remotefs

... .
shell
.

.

home :
.gnome2/nautilus-scripts

user1 :
/home/user1/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts

.

:
Kernel

 "+(
Q : $O

chmod 740 ~/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/script_name

.
Ctrl+H .
refresh
. logout
. scripts
.

ffmpeg ... .
.
Nautilus Script Nautilus Action
script scripts Right

Click . script
audio-convert
right click script .
script nautilus-actions :
sudo apt-get install nautilus-actions
systems > prefrences . script

script pach .
script ) .
/usr/share/pixmaps parameters .
%f . script format file
right click .

Script
.
http://wiki.ubuntu-ir.org/NautilusScripts

Attribute
Executable

1
2

Script

audio-convert.tar.gz

wav, ogg, mp3, mpc, flac,

ape, aac,wma

convert_to_jpeg.tar.gz

jpg

Set_as_wallpaper.tar.gz

root-nautilus-here.tar.gz

root

root-terminal-here.tar.gz

root

terminal-here.tar.gz

xmms
addToXmmsQueue2.tar.gz

Script-Installer.tar.gz

Font-Installer.tar.gz

Encrypt-Decrypt.tar.gz
Desktop_ShortCut.tar.gz
Search-Here.tar.gz
Send-to.tar.gz

shortcut


...

lowercase.tar.gz

uppercase.tar.gz

CopyTo.tar.gz

MoveTo.tar.gz

Mount-Unmount.tar.gz
Open as
administrator.tar.gz

iso
root

 "+(
Q : $O

-

/
.


.

.
.
.
.
.
.
http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Afri/AfriLouw.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu

Zulu Xhosa Ubuntu oo-BOON-

too .

.
Canonical Ltd
Canonical Ltd .
Canonical Ltd .
http://www.canonical.com/

Canonical
Canonical
Canonical . .
.

.
Open Source
Presentation

1
2

 " -
RRS 
"V
.
KDE .
.
KDE .
.

.
GCompris KDE Edutainment Suite Schooltool Calendar .
.

.
Xfce .
.
.
Gnome KDE Xfce

.
Gnome

. ubuntu-desktop .
KDE

. kubuntu-desktop
.
Xfce

. xubuntu-desktop
.


.

Kubuntu
Kernel
edubuntu
xubuntu
Ubuntu Server

1
2
3
4
5


Enterprise
Enterprise
LTS .
. LTS
.
LTS LTS .
LTS
LTS . LTS
.


.
.
http://www.ubuntu.com/products/WhatIsUbuntu/serveredition

.

.
.


.
.
.
.


Mark Suttleworth .
Warty Warthog
Ubuntu 4.10
Hoary Hedgehog Ubuntu 5.04
Breezy Badger Ubuntu 5.10

 " -
RRS 
"V
Dapper Drake Ubuntu 6.06 -
LTS
Edgy Eft Ubuntu 6.10
Feisty Fawn Ubuntu 7.04
Gutsy Gibbon Ubuntu 7.10
Hardy Heron Ubuntu 8.04 -
LTS
IntrepidIbex Ubuntu 8.10

CD
! http://shipit.ubuntu.com CD

.

CD http://shipit.ubuntu.com .
CD http://shipit.kubuntu.org
.
CD http://shipit.edubuntu.org
.
CD
http://wiki.ubuntu.ir/ShareUbuntuMedia CD
.
CD DVD
.
www.ubuntu.com/getubuntu/downloadmirrors
Desktop Alternate

Desktop
CD-ROM . Desktop
.
Alternate
.
Live
Installer
Boot

1
2
3


.
CD DVD
DVD
DVD . DVD
KDE DVD
KDE Gnome XFCE .
DVD Alternate Desktop
.


.

.
.

.

Command line
Font

1
2



' -
RRS
MRQO'!!
-
CD
DVD . CD
.

.
.
.

http://packages.ubuntu.com
.

mc
gnomebaker
graveman
brasero
zekr
jalali-calendar
devede
gdesklets
screenlets
xfardic
stardict stardict-english-persian
revelation
seahorse
xchm
gnochm
djview

nautilus-open-terminal
ttf-farsiweb ttf-freefarsi
bum
startupmanager
gparted
firestarter
rar unrar
p7zip p7zip-full p7zip-rar
build-essential
alien
gnome-schedule
wine
ntfs-config
nvidia-glx
nvidia-glx-new
nvidia-glx-legacy
xorg-driver-fglrx fglrx-control
aptoncd

opera
epiphany-browser
thunderbird
flashplugin-nonfree
sun-java6-jre sun-java6-plugin
sun-java6-fonts
mozilla-mplayer
mozplugger
d4x
gwget
aria2
xchat
xchat-gnome
amule amule-utils amule-utils-
gui
azureus
deluge-torrent
gftp
liferea
wireshark
mail-notification
tor privoxy

gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg
gstreamer0.10-gl
gstreamer0.10-plugins-base
libxvidcore4
gstreamer0.10-plugins-good
gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad
gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad-
multiverse
gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly
gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly-
multiverse
gstreamer0.10-pitfdll
libxine1
libxine1-console
libxine1-ffmpeg
libxine1-gnome
libxine1-plugins
faad
sox
ffmpeg
ffmpeg2theora
mjpegtools

!!' MRQO '



-
RRS
transmission

vorbis-tools
vorbisgain
lame
lame-extras
libdvdnav4
libdvdread3
w32codecs
libdvdcss2
mplayer
gnome-mplayer
smplayer
exaile
xine-ui
gxine
vlc
xmms
bmpx
realplay
cowbell
streamtuner streamripper
kino
audacity
goobox
banshee
easytag
avidemux
miro

dia-gnome
gqview
inkscape
blender
compizconfig-settings-manager
glabels

gnucash
grisbi
scribus
planner

clamav
clamtk
samba smbfs
bind9
lamp
virtualbox-ose

bluefish
vim
kompozer
gtranslator
eclipse
glade
emacs
kate

firefox
opera
thunderbird
flashplugin-nonfree
sun-java6-jre sun-java6-plugin
sun-java6-fonts
mozilla-mplayer
mozplugger
kget
d4x
gwget
aria2
azureus
wireshark
tor
privoxy

language-pack-kde-fa language-
pack-kde-fa-base
ttf-farsiweb ttf-freefarsi
startupmanager + themes
rar unrar
p7zip p7zip-full p7zip-rar
build-essential
alien
wine
qtparted
ntfs-config
nvidia-glx
nvidia-glx-new
nvidia-glx-legacy
xorg-driver-fglrx fglrx-control
guarddog
kmobiletools
kandy
gtk-qt-engine
kdmtheme
kde-kdm-themes

!!' MRQO '



-
RRS

grisbi
scribus
kmymoney2
koffice
Aspell, Persian dictionary for
GNU Aspell

gqview
blender
kolourpaint
gimp
inkscape

vim
kompozer
KXML editor
nvu

clamav
samba smbfs
bind9
lamp
virtualbox-ose

mc
zekr + Persian Translations
xfardic
basket
kcalc
kchmviewer
superkaramba
yakuake
djview

libxine1
libxine1-console
libxine1-ffmpeg
libxine1-plugins
faad
sox
ffmpeg
ffmpeg2theora
vorbis-tools
vorbisgain
lame
lame-extras
libdvdnav4
libdvdread3
w32codecs
libdvdcss2
mplayer
smplayer
kmplayer
xine-ui
codeine
vlc
xmms
realplay
kino
avidemux
miro
kdetv





.

.
:

.


" " .

http://archive.ubuntu.ir/ubuntu/ubuntu-ir-archive-
key.gpg .
.
deb http://archive.ubuntu.ir/ubuntu/ intrepid main non-free universe
multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.ir/ubuntu/ intrepid main non-free universe
multiverse

.
| wget -q http://archive.ubuntu.ir/ubuntu/ubuntu-ir-archive-key.gpg -O-
sudo apt-key addsudo wget http://archive.ubuntu.ir/ubuntu/sources.list.d/ intrepid.list -O
/etc/apt/sources.list.d/ubuntu-ir.list

.
sudo apt-get update

Synaptic Aptitude Adept ... .



' -
RRS
MRQO'!!

jalali-calendar
http://home.gna.org/jalali-calendar/
- jalali-calendar
libdvdcss2

DVD
stardict-english-persian
Stardict
ttf-me-quran
http://arabicfonts.wikispaces.com/
- ttf-me-quran .
ttf-sil-scheherazade
http://scripts.sil.org/ArabicFonts
- ttf-sil-scheherazade .
w32codecs

w64codecs

AMD64
xFarDic
http://www.xfardic.org/
. xFarDic
xfardic-xdb-gnulinux
xfardic
xfardic-xdb-gcide
xfardic
Zekr
http://zekr.org/

zekr-quran-translations-bs

zekr-quran-translations-en

zekr-quran-translations-fa

zekr-quran-translations-fr


zekr-quran-translations-id

zekr-quran-translations-nl

zekr-quran-translations-pt

zekr-quran-translations-ru

zekr-quran-translations-tr

zekr-quran-translations-ur

Avant Window Navigator
https://launchpad.net/awn
avant
ttf-fossfonts

ttf-liberation
https://www.redhat.com/promo/fonts
Liberation
Envy
https://launchpad.net/envy
ATI Nvidia

Y*!$Z "!-
RRS

-
alias Create an alias
apropos Search Help manual pages (man -k)
apt-get Search for and install software packages (Debian)
aspell Spell Checker
awk
Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index
b
bash GNU Bourne-Again SHell
bc
Arbitrary precision calculator language
bg
Send to background
break Exit from a loop
builtin Run a shell builtin
bzip2 Compress or decompress named file(s)
c
cal
Display a calendar
case Conditionally perform a command
cat
Display the contents of a file
cd
Change Directory
cfdisk Partition table manipulator for Linux
chgrp Change group ownership
chmod Change access permissions
chown Change file owner and group
chroot Run a command with a different root directory
chkconfig System services (runlevel)
cksum Print CRC checksum and byte counts
clear Clear terminal screen
cmp
Compare two files
comm Compare two sorted files line by line
command Run a command - ignoring shell functions
continue Resume the next iteration of a loop
cp
Copy one or more files to another location
cron Daemon to execute scheduled commands
crontab Schedule a command to run at a later time
csplit Split a file into context-determined pieces
cut
Divide a file into several parts
d
date Display or change the date & time
dc
Desk Calculator
dd
Convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot records
ddrescue Data recovery tool
declare Declare variables and give them attributes
df
Display free disk space
diff Display the differences between two files
diff3 Show differences among three files


dig
DNS lookup
dir
Briefly list directory contents
dircolors Colour setup for `ls'
dirname Convert a full pathname to just a path
dirs Display list of remembered directories
dmesg Print kernel & driver messages
du
Estimate file space usage
e
echo Display message on screen
egrep Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expression
eject Eject removable media
enable Enable and disable builtin shell commands
env
Environment variables
ethtool Ethernet card settings
eval Evaluate several commands/arguments
exec Execute a command
exit Exit the shell
expect Automate arbitrary applications accessed over a terminal
expand Convert tabs to spaces
export Set an environment variable
expr Evaluate expressions
f
false Do nothing, unsuccessfully
fdformat Low-level format a floppy disk
fdisk Partition table manipulator for Linux
fg
Send job to foreground
fgrep Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed string
file Determine file type
find Search for files that meet a desired criteria
fmt
Reformat paragraph text
fold Wrap text to fit a specified width.
for
Expand words, and execute commands
format Format disks or tapes
free Display memory usage
fsck File system consistency check and repair
ftp
File Transfer Protocol
function Define Function Macros
g
gawk Find and Replace text within file(s)
getopts Parse positional parameters
grep Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern
groups Print group names a user is in
gzip Compress or decompress named file(s)
h
hash
head

Remember the full pathname of a name argument

Output the first part of file(s)

Y*!$Z "!-
RRS

history Command History
hostname Print or set system name
i
id
Print user and group id's
if
Conditionally perform a command
ifconfig Configure a network interface
ifdown Stop a network interface
ifup Start a network interface up
import Capture an X server screen and save the image to file
install Copy files and set attributes
j
join

Join lines on a common field

k
kill Stop a process from running
killall Kill processes by name
l
less Display output one screen at a time
let
Perform arithmetic on shell variables
ln
Make links between files
local Create variables
locate Find files
logname Print current login name
logout Exit a login shell
look Display lines beginning with a given string
lpc
Line printer control program
lpr
Off line print
lprint Print a file
lprintd Abort a print job
lprintq List the print queue
lprm Remove jobs from the print queue
ls
List information about file(s)
lsof List open files
m
make Recompile a group of programs
man
Help manual
mkdir Create new folder(s)
mkfifo Make FIFOs (named pipes)
mkisofs Create an hybrid ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS filesystem
mknod Make block or character special files
more Display output one screen at a time
mount Mount a file system
mtools Manipulate MS-DOS files
mv
Move or rename files or directories
mmv
Mass Move and rename (files)
n
netstat Networking information


nice Set the priority of a command or job
nl
Number lines and write files
nohup Run a command immune to hangups
nslookup Query Internet name servers interactively
o
open Open a file in its default application
op
Operator access
p
passwd Modify a user password
paste Merge lines of files
pathchk Check file name portability
ping Test a network connection
popd Restore the previous value of the current directory
pr
Prepare files for printing
printcap Printer capability database
printenv Print environment variables
printf Format and print data
ps
Process status
pushd Save and then change the current directory
pwd
Print Working Directory
q
quota Display disk usage and limits
quotacheck Scan a file system for disk usage
quotactl Set disk quotas
r
ram ram disk device
rcp
Copy files between two machines
read read a line from standard input
readonly Mark variables/functions as readonly
reboot Reboot the system
renice Alter priority of running processes
remsync Synchronize remote files via email
return Exit a shell function
rev
Reverse lines of a file
rm
Remove files
rmdir Remove folder(s)
rsync Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees)
s
screen Multiplex terminal, run remote shells via ssh
scp
Secure copy (remote file copy)
sdiff Merge two files interactively
sed
Stream Editor
select Accept keyboard input
seq
Print numeric sequences
set
Manipulate shell variables and functions
sftp Secure File Transfer Program

Y*!$Z "!-
RRS

shift Shift positional parameters
shopt Shell Options
shutdown Shutdown or restart linux
sleep Delay for a specified time
slocate Find files
sort Sort text files
source Run commands from a file `.'
split Split a file into fixed-size pieces
ssh
Secure Shell client (remote login program)
strace Trace system calls and signals
su
Substitute user identity
sudo Execute a command as another user
sum Print a checksum for a file
symlink Make a new name for a file
sync Synchronize data on disk with memory
t
tail Output the last part of files
tar Tape ARchiver
tee
Redirect output to multiple files
test Evaluate a conditional expression
time Measure Program running time
times User and system times
touch Change file timestamps
top
List processes running on the system
traceroute Trace Route to Host
trap Run a command when a signal is set(bourne)
tr
Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
true Do nothing, successfully
tsort Topological sort
tty
Print filename of terminal on stdin
type Describe a command
u
ulimit Limit user resources
umask Users file creation mask
umount Unmount a device
unalias Remove an alias
uname Print system information
unexpand Convert spaces to tabs
uniq Uniquify files
units Convert units from one scale to another
unset Remove variable or function names
unshar Unpack shell archive scripts
until Execute commands (until error)
useradd Create new user account
usermod Modify user account
users List users currently logged in


uuencode Encode a binary file
uudecode Decode a file created by uuencode
v
v
Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')
vdir Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')
vi
Text Editor
vmstat Report virtual memory statistics
w
watch Execute/display a program periodically
wc
Print byte, word, and line counts
whereis Report all known instances of a command
which Locate a program file in the user's path.
while Execute commands
who
Print all usernames currently logged in
whoami Print the current user id and name (`id -un')
Wget Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS or FTP
write Send a message to another user
x
xargs Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s)
yes
Print a string until interrupted
.
Run a command script in the current shell
###
Comment / Remark
bash syntax
Parameters Shell parameters
Variables Environment variables
Arrays
Array Variables
Redirection Spooling to and from files
Pipes
Redirect the output from one command as input for another
Looping constructs:
if-then-else Conditionally perform a command
for
Expand words, and execute commands
until
Execute commands (until error)
while
Execute commands
The break and continue builtins may be used to control loop execution.
Evaluating expressions:
Using brackets to Group and expand expressions
Conditional Execution Chain commands to run one after another (AND/OR)
Conditional expressions
Arithmetic expressions
Shell expansion and Pattern matching (Wildcards)
Escape Chars, delimiters and Quotes
Command Substitution
Working with the bash Shell:
vi editor A one page reference to the vi editor
Here docs Here documents
Keyboard
Cursor control - Cut & paste

Y*!$Z "!-
RRS

Job Control Suspend and resume a process
Prompt
Prompt variable
###
Comment / Remark
Scripts
Writing Shell Scripts
BashBangSplat Pronunciation guide for unix

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