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MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View
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Homework 5
Due: 11:59pm on Sunday, April 10, 2011
Note: You will receive no credit for late submissions. To learn more, read your instructor's Grading Policy [Switch to Standard Assignment View]
Capacitors in Series
Learning Goal: To understand how to calculate capacitance, voltage, and charge for a combination of capacitors connected in series. Consider the combination of capacitors shown in the figure. Three capacitors are connected to each other in series, and then to the battery. The values of the capacitances are , , and , and the applied voltage is . Initially, all of the capacitors are completely discharged; after the battery is connected, the charge on plate 1 is .
Part A What are the charges on plates 3 and 6? Hint A.1 Charges on capacitors connected in series Hint not displayed Hint A.2 The charges on a capacitor's plates Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
and and and and 0 and 0 and
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Correct
Part B If the voltage across the first capacitor (the one with capacitance across the second and third capacitors? Hint B.1 Definition of capacitance Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Charges on the capacitors Hint not displayed ) is , then what are the voltages
ANSWER:
and and and 0 and Correct
Part C Find the voltage Hint C.1 across the first capacitor.
How to analyze voltages Hint not displayed
Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct
Part D Find the charge on the first capacitor. and .
Express your answer in terms of
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ANSWER:
= Correct
Part E Using the value of in series. Hint E.1 Using the definition of capacitance Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct . just calculated, find the equivalent capacitance for this combination of capacitors
The formula for combining three capacitors in series is . How do you think this formula may be generalized to capacitors?
Energy in Capacitors and Electric Fields

Learning Goal: To be able to calculate the energy of a charged capacitor and to understand the concept of energy associated with an electric field. The energy of a charged capacitor is given by , where is the charge of the capacitor and is the potential difference across the capacitor. The energy of a charged capacitor can be described as the energy associated with the electric field created inside the capacitor. In this problem, you will derive two more formulas for the energy of a charged capacitor; you will then use a parallel-plate capacitor as a vehicle for obtaining the formula for the energy density associated with an electric field. It will be useful to recall the definition of capacitance, , and the formula for the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor, , where is the area of each of the plates and is the plate separation. As usual, is the
permittivity of free space. First, consider a capacitor of capacitance Part A Find the energy of the capacitor in terms of and by using the definition of capacitance and the that has a charge and potential difference .
formula for the energy in a capacitor.
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and
Part B Find the energy of the capacitor in terms of and by using the definition of capacitance and the
formula for the energy in a capacitor. Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct and .
All three of these formulas are equivalent: . Depending on the problem, one or another may be more convenient to use. However, any one of them would give you the correct answer. Note that these formulas work for any type of capacitor.
Part C A parallel-plate capacitor is connected to a battery. The energy of the capacitor is . The capacitor
remains connected to the battery while the plates are slowly pulled apart until the plate separation doubles. The new energy of the capacitor is . Find the ratio . Hint C.1 Determine what remains constant Hint not displayed Hint C.2 Identify which formula to use Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
= 0.5 Correct
Part D A parallel-plate capacitor is connected to a battery. The energy of the capacitor is . The capacitor is then
disconnected from the battery and the plates are slowly pulled apart until the plate separation doubles. The
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new energy of the capacitor is Hint D.1
. Find the ratio
Determine what remains constant Hint not displayed
Hint D.2
Identify which formula to use Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
= 2 Correct
In this part of the problem, you will express the energy of various types of capacitors in terms of their geometry and voltage. Part E A parallel-plate capacitor has area and plate separation , and it is charged to voltage . Use the
formulas from the problem introduction to obtain the formula for the energy Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct , , , and appropriate constants.
of the capacitor.
Let us now recall that the energy of a capacitor can be thought of as the energy of the electric field inside the capacitor. The energy of the electric field is usually described in terms of energy density , the energy per unit volume. A parallel-plate capacitor is a convenient device for obtaining the formula for the energy density of an electric field, since the electric field inside it is nearly uniform. The formula for energy density can then be written as , where Part F A parallel-plate capacitor has area inside is Hint F.1 and plate separation , and it is charged so that the electric field of the capacitor. is the energy of the capacitor and is the volume of the capacitor (not its voltage).
. Use the formulas from the problem introduction to find the energy How to approach the problem Hint not displayed
Express your answer in terms of
, and appropriate constants.
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ANSWER: = Correct
As mentioned before, we can think of the energy of the capacitor as the energy of the electric field inside the capacitor.
Part G Find the energy density inside the capacitor is Hint G.1 . of the electric field in a parallel-plate capacitor. The magnitude of the electric field
How to approach the problem Hint not displayed
Hint G.2
Volume between the plates Hint not displayed
and appropriate constants.
Note that the answer for
does not contain any reference to the geometry of the capacitor:
and
do not appear in the formula. In fact, the formula
describes the energy density in any electrostatic field, whether created by a capacitor or any other source.
Capacitor with a Dielectric

Two oppositely charged but otherwise identical conducting plates of area 2.50 square centimeters are separated by a dielectric 1.80 millimeters thick, with a dielectric constant of . The resultant electric field in the dielectric is Part A Compute the magnitude of the charge per unit area Hint A.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed on the conducting plate. volts per meter.
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Hint A.2
Calculate the electric field without the dielectric Hint not displayed
Hint A.3
Charge density in a parallel-plate capacitor Hint not displayed
Express your answer in coulombs per square meter to three significant figures. ANSWER:
5 = 3.8210 Correct
Part B Compute the magnitude of the charge per unit area Hint B.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Find the net surface charge density Hint not displayed Express your answer using three significant figures. ANSWER:
5 = 2.7610 Correct
on the surfaces of the dielectric.
Note that the charges on the dielectric will be polarized to counteract the charges (and electric field) created by the capacitor. For example, near the positive surface of the capacitor the dielectric will have a negative charge. However, this does not mean that the charge on the capacitor plates changes, only that the dielectric has an induced charge on each of its surfaces that will oppose the effects of the charges on the plates. Part C Find the total electric-field energy Hint C.1 stored in the capacitor.
Hint C.2
Calculate the electric-field energy density Hint not displayed
Hint C.3
Volume where the electric field exists Hint not displayed
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Express your answer in joules to three significant figures. ANSWER:

5 = 1.0310 Correct
Because of the dielectric, there is less energy stored than if there were no dielectric. Since we already know that , it follows that the electric energy stored in the capacitor will be reduced by a factor of from the value if the dielectric were not present.
A Capacitor with Thick Plates

Consider a capacitor that consists of two metal plates of nonzero thickness separated by a positive distance . When such a capacitor is connected across the terminals of a battery with emf , two things happen simultaneously: Charge flows from one plate to another, and a potential difference appears between the two plates. In this problem, you will determine the amount and distribution of charge on each metallic plate for an ideal (infinite) parallel-plate capacitor. There is competition between the repulsive forces from like charges on a plate and the attractive forces from the opposite charge on the other plate. You will determine which force "wins." Let , , , and be the respective surface charge densities on surfaces A, B, C, and D. Take all the charge densities to be positive for now. Some of them are in fact negative, and this will be revealed at the end of the calculation.
Part A If we assume that the metallic plates are perfect conductors, the electric field in their interiors must vanish. Given that the electric field due to a charged sheet with surface charge is given by , and that it points away from the plane of the sheet, how can the condition that the electric field in plate I vanishes be written? Hint A.1 How to approach the problem
Find the electric field due to each surface in this region and then add them up.
ANSWER:
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Correct
Part B Similarly, how can the condition that the electric field in plate II vanishes be written? Hint B.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
Correct
Part C There is an electric field in the region between the two plates. The magnitude of this electric field is . This
imposes another condition on the charge densities on the surfaces of the plates. How can this condition be expressed? Hint C.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
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Correct
Part D Finally, how can the condition that the total charge of the system is conserved be expressed? Hint D.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
Correct
You now have four equations in four variables. If you solve the four equations simultaneously you obtain , , which is the familiar expression for the surface charge density on a parallel-plate capacitor. However, you have now also established that all the charge resides on the insides of the capacitor plates.
Capacitor with Partial Dielectric

Consider a parallel-plate capacitor that is partially filled with a dielectric of dielectric constant . The dielectric has the same same height as the separation of the plates of the capacitor but fills a fraction of the area of the capacitor. The capacitance of the capacitor when the dielectric is completely removed is .
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Part A What is the capacitance Hint A.1 of this capacitor as a function of ?
Modeling the partly filled capacitor Hint not displayed
Hint A.2
Find the capacitance of the air-filled portion Hint not displayed
Hint A.3
Find the capacitance of the dielectric-filled portion Hint not displayed
Hint A.4
Special cases Hint not displayed
Express ANSWER:
in terms of
, and
= Correct
Capacitors with Partial Dielectrics

Consider two parallel-plate capacitors identical in shape, one aligned so that the plates are horizontal , and the other with the plates vertical .
Part A
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The horizontal capacitor is filled halfway with a material that has dielectric constant
. What fraction
of
the area of the vertical capacitor should be filled (as shown in the figure) with the same dielectric so that the two capacitors have equal capacitance? Hint A.1 Capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor filled with air of a
The capacitance of a capacitor depends solely on its geometry. What is the capacitance capacitor with area and separation ? , , and .
Hint A.2
Effect of a Dielectric
Inserting a dielectric material between the plates of a capacitor decreases the electric field between the plates, because the molecules in the dielectric align themselves like the electrons in a conductor. The net result of inserting the dielectric is an increase in the capacitor's capacitance by a factor of the dielectric constant: .
Hint A.3
Modeling the horizontal capacitor
The horizontal capacitor can be modeled as two smaller capacitors: one with half the separation completely filled with air, and one with half the separation completely filled with the dielectric. These two smaller capacitors are connected in series. What is the capacitance of the horizontal capacitor, with original area and separation ?
Hint A.3.1 Connecting capacitors in series When capacitors are connected in series, the charge on each capacitor is the same, and the potentials add. Therefore,
and so . This can be re-written as . Note: Recall that a capacitor with half the plate separation as another has twice the capacitance. Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Answer Requested , , , and .
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As a check that this all makes sense, note that if no dielectric), and if , then
, then
(the capacitance with
(half of the capacitor is a conductor, and the net ).
capacitance is that of a capacitor without a dielectric but a separation
Hint A.4
Modeling the vertical capacitor of the area
The vertical capacitor can be treated as two smaller capacitors: one with a fraction filled with air ( ), and one with a fraction
of the area filled with the dielectric (
). These two smaller capacitors are connected in parallel. What is the net capacitance of the vertical capacitor, which has original area Hint A.4.1 Connecting capacitors in parallel Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: , , , and . and separation .
= Answer not displayed
Dielectrics and Capacitance Ranking Task

Six parallel-plate capacitors of identical plate separation have different plate areas of these capacitors might look like. , different capacitances , and different dielectrics filling the space between the plates. Below is a generic diagram of what each one
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Part A Rank the following capacitors on the basis of the dielectric constant of the material between the plates. Hint A.1 Capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor Hint not displayed Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. ANSWER:
View Correct
All of the capacitors from Part A are now attached to batteries with the same potential difference. Part B Rank the capacitors on the basis of the charge stored on the positive plate. Hint B.1 Definition of capacitance Hint not displayed Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. ANSWER:
View Correct
Energy of a Capacitor
A parallel-plate vacuum capacitor is connected to a battery and charged until the stored electric energy is . The battery is removed, and then a dielectric
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material with dielectric constant
is inserted into the
capacitor, filling the space between the plates. Finally, the capacitor is fully discharged through a resistor (which is connected across the capacitor terminals).
Part A Find , the the energy dissipated in the resistor. How to approach the question
Hint A.1
The energy dissipated in the resistor equals the energy stored in the dielectric-filled capacitor. Hint A.2 Energy of a capacitor and charge is given by
The electric potential energy of a capacitor with capacitance .
Hint A.3
Effects of the dielectric
Inserting a dielectric into the capacitor in the manner described (with the charging battery removed) does not change the charge on the capacitor since its plate is isolated. However, the presence of the dielectric does increase the capacitance by a factor of . Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct and other given quantities.
The energy of the capacitor in this case drops from
to
as the dielectric plate is inserted. This
energy loss is associated with mutual attraction of the plate and the capacitor. As the plate goes into the capacitor, the potential energy of the "capacitor and plate system" decreases, much like the potential energy of a stretched spring as it contracts back to its relaxed state. Part B Consider the same situation as in the previous part, except that the charging battery remains connected while the dielectric is inserted. The battery is then disconnected and the capacitor is discharged. For this situation, what is , the energy dissipated in the resistor?
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Hint B.1
Energy of a capacitor Hint not displayed
Hint B.2
Effects of the dielectric Hint not displayed
Express your answer in terms of ANSWER:
and other given quantities.
= Correct
In this case, the energy increase comes from the battery. The battery does positive work on the capacitor by moving more electrons from one plate to another to maintain the constant potential difference as the capacitance increases.
Equivalent Capacitance
Consider the combination of capacitors shown in the diagram, where = 3.00 , and = 5.00 . = 3.00 , = 11.0 ,
Part A Find the equivalent capacitance Hint A.1 of the network of capacitors.
How to reduce the network of capacitors
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Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Find the capacitance equivalent to , , and
Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Two capacitors in series Hint not displayed Express your answer in microfarads. ANSWER: = 2.59 Correct
Part B Two capacitors of capacitance new network of capacitors. = 6.00 and of the = 3.00 are added to the network, as shown in the
diagram. Find the equivalent capacitance
Hint B.1
How to reduce the extended network of capacitors Hint not displayed
Hint B.2
Find the equivalent capacitance of
, and
Hint not displayed Hint B.3 Two capacitors in series Hint not displayed Express your answer in microfarads. ANSWER: = 2.54 Correct
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Force between Capacitor Plates

Consider a parallel-plate capacitor with plates of area Part A Find , the magnitude of the force each plate experiences due to the other plate as a function of , and with separation .
the potential drop across the capacitor. Hint A.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Method 1: Use the stored energy to find the force Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Method 2: Use the product of the charge and the field to find the force Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of given quantities and ANSWER: = Correct .
The Capacitor as an Energy-Storing Device

Learning Goal: To understand that the charge stored by capacitors represents energy; to be able to calculate the stored energy and its changes under different circumstances. An air-filled parallel-plate capacitor has plate area battery that creates a constant voltage Part A Find the energy Hint A.1 stored in the capacitor. . and plate separation . The capacitor is connected to a
Formula for the energy of a capacitor Hint not displayed
, and
. Remember to enter
as epsilon_0.
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Part B The capacitor is now disconnected from the battery, and the plates of the capacitor are then slowly pulled apart until the separation reaches . Find the new energy of the capacitor after this process. Hint B.1 What quantity remains constant? Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Find the charge on the capacitor Hint not displayed Hint B.3 How does the capacitance change? Hint not displayed Hint B.4 What is the formula for the energy? Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct , , , and .
The increase in energy of the capacitor comes from the external work that must be done to pull the plates apart. Keep in mind that the plates have opposite charges and attract each other; some work must be done by an external agent to pull them apart. Part C The capacitor is now reconnected to the battery, and the plate separation is restored to . A dielectric
plate is slowly moved into the capacitor until the entire space between the plates is filled. Find the energy of the dielectric-filled capacitor. The capacitor remains connected to the battery. The dielectric constant is . , , , , and .
Potential Difference and Electric-Field Energy of a Spherical Capacitor

A spherical capacitor is formed from two concentric spherical conducting shells separated by vacuum. The inner sphere has radius 10.0 centimeters, and the separation between the spheres is 1.50 centimeters. The
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magnitude of the charge on each sphere is 3.30 nanocoulombs. Part A What is the magnitude of the potential difference Hint A.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Choosing the Gaussian surface Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Find the electric field Hint not displayed Hint A.4 How to use the electric field to calculate the potential difference Hint not displayed between the two spheres?
ANSWER:
= 38.7 Correct
Part B What is the electric-field energy stored in the capacitor? Hint B.1 How to calculate the electric-field energy Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
6.38108 Correct
Energy of a Capacitor in the Presence of a Dielectric

A dielectric-filled parallel-plate capacitor has plate area dielectric constant = 7.50 Part A Find the energy Hint A.1 of the dielectric-filled capacitor. = 10.0 , plate separation = 7.00 and = 5.00. The capacitor is connected to a battery that creates a constant voltage = 8.851012 .
. Throughout the problem, use
Energy of a charged capacitor in terms of its capacitance and voltage
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Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Capacitance of a dielectric-filled capacitor Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Find the capacitance Hint not displayed Express your answer numerically in joules. ANSWER:
10 = 1.7810 Correct
Part B The dielectric plate is now slowly pulled out of the capacitor, which remains connected to the battery. Find the energy of the capacitor at the moment when the capacitor is half-filled with the dielectric. Hint B.1 What quantity remains constant? Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Modeling the capacitor Hint not displayed Hint B.3 Finding the energy Hint not displayed Express your answer numerically in joules. ANSWER:
10 = 1.0710 Correct
Part C The capacitor is now disconnected from the battery, and the dielectric plate is slowly removed the rest of the way out of the capacitor. Find the new energy of the capacitor, . Hint C.1 What quantity remains constant? Hint not displayed Hint C.2 Energy of a charged capacitor in terms of its capacitance and charge Hint not displayed
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Hint C.3
Calculate the charge in the capacitor Hint not displayed
Express your answer numerically in joules. ANSWER:

10 = 3.2010 Correct
Comparing the expressions for
and
, one can see that
; in other words, the energy of
the capacitor increases as the plate is being pulled out.
Part D In the process of removing the remaining portion of the dielectric from the disconnected capacitor, how much work is done by the external agent acting on the dielectric? Hint D.1 Conservation of energy Hint not displayed Express your answer numerically in joules. ANSWER:
10 = 2.1310 Correct
Since for every dielectric
, the work done in the last process is positive; in other words, an
external agent must apply a force to pull the plate out; the capacitor would exert a net force that would "resist" the pullout.
An R-C Circuit
Learning Goal: To understand the behavior of the current and voltage in a simple R-C circuit A capacitor with capacitance is initially charged with charge . At time a resistor with resistance is connected across the capacitor.
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Part A Use the Kirchhoff loop rule and Ohm's law to express the voltage across the capacitor current flowing through the circuit. and . in terms of the
Express your answer in terms of ANSWER:
= Correct
Part B We would like to use the relation to find the voltage and current in the circuit as functions of
time. To do so, we use the fact that current can be expressed in terms of the voltage. This will produce a differential equation relating the voltage to its derivative. Rewrite the right-hand side of this relation, replacing Hint B.1 with an expression involving the time derivative of the voltage. How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Find the relation between and Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct and quantities given in the problem introduction.
Part C Now solve the differential equation for the initial conditions given in the problem
introduction to find the voltage as a function of time for any time . Hint C.1 Find the voltage at time Hint not displayed Hint C.2 Method 1: Guessing the form of the solution Hint not displayed Hint C.3 Method 2: Separation of variables
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Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct , , , and .
If there were a battery in the circuit with EMF
, the equation for
would be (homogeneous
. This differential equation is no longer homogeneous in
means that if you multiply any solution by a constant it is still a solution). However, it can be solved simply by the substitution . The effect of this substitution is to eliminate the term and yield an equation for that is identical to the equation you solved for . If a battery is . The solution
added, the initial condition is usually that the capacitor has zero charge at time under these conditions will look like across the capacitor is zero at time asymptotically to
. This solution implies that the voltage (since the capacitor was uncharged then) and rises
(with the result that current essentially stops flowing through the circuit).
Part D Given that the voltage across the capacitor as a function of time is flowing through the resistor as a function of time (for of this problem. Hint D.1 Apply Ohm's law Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct and any quantities given in the problem introduction. , what is the current
)? It might be helpful to look again at Part A
Charging and Discharging a Capacitor in an R-C Circuit

Learning Goal: To understand the dynamics of a series R-C circuit. Consider a series circuit containing a resistor of resistance a source of EMF Initially, the switch is open and the capacitor discharged. Let us try to understand the processes that take place after the switch is closed. The charge of the capacitor, the current in the circuit, and, correspondingly, the and a capacitor of capacitance connected to with negligible internal resistance. The wires are also assumed to have zero resistance.
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voltages across the resistor and the capacitor, will be changing. Note that at any moment in time during the life of our circuit, Kirchhoff's loop rule holds and indeed, it is helpful: , where is the voltage across the resistor, and capacitor. is the voltage across the
Part A Immediately after the switch is closed, what is the voltage across the capacitor? ANSWER:
zero Correct
Part B Immediately after the switch is closed, what is the voltage across the resistor? ANSWER:
zero Correct
Part C Immediately after the switch is closed, what is the direction of the current in the circuit? ANSWER:
clockwise counterclockwise There is no current because the capacitor does not allow the current to pass through. Correct
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While no charge can physically pass through the gap between the capacitor plates, it can flow in the rest of the circuit. The current in the capacitor can be thought of as a different sort of current, not involved with the flow of charge, but with an electric field that is increasing with time. This current is called the displacement current. You will learn more about this later. Of course, when the charge of the capacitor is not changing, then there is no current. Part D After the switch is closed, which plate of the capacitor eventually becomes positively charged? ANSWER:
the top plate the bottom plate both plates neither plate because electrons are negatively charged Correct
Part E Eventually, the process approaches a steady state. In that steady state, the charge of the capacitor is not changing. What is the current in the circuit in the steady state? Hint E.1 Charge and current Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
zero Correct
Part F In the steady state, what is the charge Hint F.1 Voltage in the steady state of the capacitor?
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Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of any or all of ANSWER: , , and .
Correct
Part G How much work Hint G.1 is done by the voltage source by the time the steady state is reached?
Charge and EMF Hint not displayed
Express your answer in terms any or all of ANSWER:
, and
= Correct
In order to charge the capacitor, a total amount of charge difference
had to move across the potential .
of the EMF source. The source did work to move this charge equal to
Recall that a charged capacitor stores an amount of energy by the EMF source. The remaining
. This is only half the work done
was dissipated in the resistor. So such a simple charging
circuit has a high loss percentage, independent of the value of the resistance of the circuit. Even though energy is dissipated across the resistor as the capacitor charges, note that the work done depends on , but not on ! This is because it is the capacitor that determines the amount of charge flow through the circuit. Charge flow stops when . The resistance does however affect the rate of charge flow i.e. the current. You will calculate this effect in the parts that follow. Now that we have a feel for the state of the circuit in its steady state, let us obtain expressions for the charge of the capacitor and the current in the resistor as functions of time. We start with the loop rule: . Note that obtain , and then, , . , and . Using these equations, we
Part H Integrate both sides of the equation to obtain an expression for .
Hint H.1
Constant of integration Hint not displayed
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Express your answer in terms of any or all of ANSWER: = Correct
, , and
. Enter exp(x) for
Part I Now differentiate to obtain an expression for the current , , , and . . Enter exp(x) for .
Express your answer in terms of any or all of ANSWER: = Correct
Theoretically, the steady state is never reached: The exponential functions approach their limits as asymptotically. However, it does not take very long for the values of and to get very close to their limiting values. The next few questions illustrate this point. Note that the quantity dimensions of time and is called the time constant, or the relaxation time. It is often denoted by . Using , one can rewrite the expressions for charge and current as follows: has
and . Graphs of these functions are shown in the figure.
Part J
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Find the time that Hint J.1
that it would take the charge of the capacitor to reach 99.99% of its maximum value given and .
Find an expression for the time that it takes the charge of the capacitor to reach 99.99% of its maximum value.
Find the time
Hint J.1.1 How to approach this part Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of . Use three significant figures for any numerical terms. ANSWER: = Correct
It would take the same amount of time for the current to drop to 0.01% of its initial (maximum) value; compare the expressions for and to see this for yourself. Express your answer numerically in seconds. Use three significant figures in your answer. ANSWER:
2 = 5.5310 Correct
Notice how quickly the circuit approaches steady state for these typical values of resistance and capacitance! Let us now consider a different R-C circuit. This time, the capacitor is initially charged ( is no source of EMF in the circuit. We will assume that the top plate of the capacitor initially holds positive charge. For this circuit, Kirchhoff's loop rule gives , or equivalently, . ), and there
Part K Find the current Hint K.1 as a function of time for this circuit. on the capacitor
Find the charge
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Find the charge
on the capacitor as a function of time for this circuit.
Hint K.1.1 The relationship between charge and current Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: , , , and . Enter exp(x) for .
= Answer not displayed
Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: =
, , and
. Enter exp(x) for
All attempts used; correct answer displayed
The negative value of the current can be explained by the fact that the positive charge on the capacitor's top plate decreases. Graphs of these functions are shown in the figure.
Changing Capacitance Yields a Current

Each plate of a parallel-plate capacator is a square with side length , and the plates are separated by a distance constant . The capacitor is connected to a source of voltage . A plastic slab of thickness and dielectric is inserted slowly between the plates over the time period until the slab is squarely between
the plates. While the slab is being inserted, a current runs through the battery/capacitor circuit.
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Part A Assuming that the dielectric is inserted at a constant rate, find the current Hint A.1 What is the effect of the dielectric on capacitance? Hint not displayed Hint A.2 What is the current in the circuit? Hint not displayed Hint A.3 What is the initial capacitance? Hint not displayed Hint A.4 What is the change in capacitance? Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of any or all of the given variables permittivity of free space. ANSWER: = Correct , , , , , and , the as the slab is inserted.
Capacitor Supplies Current to Bulb

A large capacitor has a charge + on one plate and on the other. At time , the capacitor is connected in series to two ammeters and a light bulb. Immediately after the circuit is closed, the ammeter connected to the positive plate of the capacitor reads and the ammeter connected to the negative plate of the capacitor reads . Each ammeter reads positive if current flows through the circuit in a clockwise direction (from the to the terminal of the meter).
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Part A Immediately after time Hint A.1 , what happens to the charge on the capacitor plates?
What particles carry current in wires? Hint not displayed
Hint A.2
Direction of current Hint not displayed
Check all that apply. ANSWER: Individual charges flow through the circuit from the positive to the negative plate of the capacitor. Individual charges flow through the circuit from the negative to the positive plate of the capacitor. The positive and negative charges attract each other, so they stay in the capacitor. Current flows clockwise through the circuit. Current flows counterclockwise through the circuit. Correct
Part B At any given instant after ammeters, and , what is the relationship between the current flowing through the two ?
, and the current through the bulb,
ANSWER:
Correct
This is a fundamental result that reflects the law of conservation of charge. In a circuit where all elements are arranged in series, the current is the same through all the elements. Otherwise, the electric charge would, in effect, "accumulate" or "disappear" somewhere in the circuit. In a circuit where all elements are arranged in parallel, the current may be different in different branches. This result is formalized in Kirchhoff's junction law: The algebraic sum of currents entering any junction must be zero.
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Part C What is the relationship between the current and charge? As the charge capacitor decreases, what happens to the value of the current? ANSWER: The current on the positive plate of the
increases. decreases. does not change. Correct
Part D Light bulbs are often assumed to obey Ohm's law. However, this is not really true because their resistance increases substantially as the filament heats up in its "working" state. A typical flashlight bulb at full brilliance draws a current of approximately 0.5 when connected to a 3voltage source. For this problem, assume that the changing resistance causes the current to be 0.5 any voltage between 2 and 3 . for
Suppose this flashlight bulb is attached to a capacitor as shown in the circuit from the problem introduction. If the capacitor has a capacitance of 3 (an unusually large but not unrealistic value) and is initially charged to 3 , how long will it take for the voltage across the flashlight bulb to drop to 2 . (where the bulb will be orange and dim)? Call this time Hint D.1
How to approach this problem Hint not displayed
Hint D.2
Find the initial charge on the capacitor Hint not displayed
Hint D.3
Find the final charge on the capacitor Hint not displayed
Hint D.4
Relationship between charge and current Hint not displayed
Express ANSWER:
numerically in seconds to the nearest integer. = 6
Correct
A Resistor and a Capacitor in a Series AC Circuit
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A resistor with resistance
and a capacitor with capacitance
are connected in series to an AC voltage .
source. The time-dependent voltage across the capacitor is given by Part A What is the amplitude Hint A.1 of the total current in the circuit?
How to approach the problem
For a single-loop circuit, the current flowing through the capacitor is equal to that flowing through the resistor, and is equal to the total current in the circuit. Hence you can work out the current in the circuit by using Ohm's law to find the current through the capacitor. Hint A.2 Applying Ohm's law to a capacitor
To apply Ohm's law to a capacitor, you must use the capacitor's reactance in place of resistance. Ohm's law for a capacitor is , where is the amplitude of the current through the capacitor, is the amplitude of the voltage, and is the reactance of the capacitor.
Hint A.3
The reactance of a capacitor , where is the angular frequency of the voltage
The reactance of a capacitor is given by
across the capacitor. Substituting this expression for to calculate the amplitude of the current in the capacitor. Express your answer in terms of any or all of ANSWER: , ,
into Ohm's law for the capacitor will enable you
, and
= Correct
Part B What is the amplitude Hint B.1 Relating of the voltage across the resistor? to Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: , , , and .
= Correct
Part C If , , , and , what is ?
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Hint C.1
Calculating the answer
Use the equation obtained in Part B to work out the answer. Be careful of powers of ten in your calculation. Express your answer numerically, in millivolts, to the nearest integer. ANSWER: = 3 mV
Correct
Energy Flow and AC Phasor Diagrams Conceptual Question

In each of the phasor diagrams shown in the figure, the phasors rotate counterclockwise with angular frequency . Use this phasor diagram to answer Parts A and B.
Part A Chose the best completion for the following sentence: This phasor diagram represents an AC circuit consisting of _________ Hint A.1 Any easy way to remember AC phase relations Hint not displayed
ANSWER: Correct
Part B At the instant shown, which of the following statements is correct? Hint B.1 Energy flow Hint not displayed
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Hint B.2
Find the algebraic signs of
and Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
Energy is flowing from the AC source to the capacitor. Energy is flowing from the capacitor to the AC source. Correct
Use the phasor diagram in the figure to answer parts C, D, and E.
Part C Chose the best completion for the following sentence: This phasor diagram represents an AC circuit consisting of _________ ANSWER: Correct
Part D At the instant shown, which of the following statements is correct? Hint D.1 Energy flow to a resistor Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
Energy is flowing from the AC source to the resistor. Energy is flowing from the resistor to the AC source. Correct
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Part E At the instant shown, which of the following statements is correct? Hint E.1 Find the algebraic signs of and Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
Energy is flowing from the AC source to the capacitor. Energy is flowing from the capacitor to the AC source. Correct
Use the phasor diagram in the figure to answer Parts F, G, and H.
Part F Chose the best completion for the following sentence: This phasor diagram represents an AC circuit consisting of ________ ANSWER: Correct
Part G At the instant shown, which of the following statements is correct? ANSWER:
Energy is flowing from the AC source to the resistor. Energy is flowing from the resistor to the AC source. Correct
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Part H At the instant shown, which of the following statements is correct? ANSWER:
Energy is flowing from the AC source to the inductor. Energy is flowing from the inductor to the AC source. Correct
Reactance and Current

Consider the two circuits shown in the figure. The current in circuit 1, containing an inductor of self-inductance , has an angular frequency , while the current in circuit 2, containing a capacitor of capacitance , has an angular frequency . If we increase dimmer. and decrease , both bulbs grow
Part A If we keep and constant, we can achieve the exact same effect of decreasing the brightness of each bulb by performing which of the following sets of actions? Hint A.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Inductive reactance Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Capacitive reactance Hint not displayed Hint A.4 Determine how can be changed Hint not displayed Hint A.5 Determine how can be changed
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Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
increasing
and decreasing and
increasing both decreasing
and increasing and
decreasing both Correct
As you found out, the reactance of these circuits can be changed not only by varying the frequency of the current, but also by changing the characteristics of the elements in them, i.e., by changing the inductance of the inductor and the capacitance of the capacitor. Part B Now combine the capacitor, the inductor, and the bulbs in a single circuit, as shown in the figure. What happens to the brightness of each bulb if you increase the frequency of the current in the new circuit while keeping and constant?
Hint B.1
Hint B.2
Find which element experiences a decrease in current at higher frequencies Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
Both bulbs become brighter. The brightness of each bulb remains constant. Bulb 1 becomes brighter than bulb 2. Bulb 2 becomes brighter than bulb 1. Both bulbs grow dimmer.
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Correct Since inductive reactance is proportional to frequency, for a given voltage, high-frequency currents will have a much smaller amplitude through the inductor than through the capacitor. That is, the inductor tends to block high-frequency currents. The opposite situation occurs if the frequency is decreased. The capacitor will block low-frequency currents and bulb 2 will grow dimmer.
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 97.7%. You received 97.7 out of a possible total of 100 points.
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MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

and and and and 0 and 0 and

MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

and and and 0 and Correct

How to analyze voltages Hint not displayed

Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct

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Express your answer in terms of

MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

Energy in Capacitors and Electric Fields

formula for the energy in a capacitor.

MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct

MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

new energy of the capacitor is Hint D.1

. Find the ratio

Determine what remains constant Hint not displayed

Identify which formula to use Hint not displayed

Express your answer in terms of

, and appropriate constants.

MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

How to approach the problem Hint not displayed

Volume between the plates Hint not displayed

Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct

and appropriate constants.

Note that the answer for

does not contain any reference to the geometry of the capacitor:

do not appear in the formula. In fact, the formula

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MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

Charge density in a parallel-plate capacitor Hint not displayed

on the surfaces of the dielectric.

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Express your answer in joules to three significant figures. ANSWER:

A Capacitor with Thick Plates

MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

Capacitor with Partial Dielectric

MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

Part A What is the capacitance Hint A.1 of this capacitor as a function of ?

Modeling the partly filled capacitor Hint not displayed

Find the capacitance of the air-filled portion Hint not displayed

Find the capacitance of the dielectric-filled portion Hint not displayed

Special cases Hint not displayed

Capacitors with Partial Dielectrics

MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct

Modeling the horizontal capacitor

MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

(the capacitance with

(half of the capacitor is a conductor, and the net ).

capacitance is that of a capacitor without a dielectric but a separation

Modeling the vertical capacitor of the area

of the area filled with the dielectric (

= Answer not displayed

Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct

Dielectrics and Capacitance Ranking Task