MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Physics

E201: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

ROMERO, Von Joby M. 2009102874 BSChE-2 Group 3 PHY11L-A4

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Introduction Methodology Results & Discussion (10) Conclusion

Acknowledgment & Reference (10)

October 18, 2010

ABSTRACT. The core viewpoint of this experiment is to illustrate how work, energy and power are interrelated to each other. A fan cart, smart timer, and a track were used in order to define work and power as well as the energy conservation principle. Computation was also done on the work of a motion along a curved path produced. Initial measurement of force and recording of displacement and time were

two primary steps for obtaining work and power. When the fan cart moves at a longer distance, it produces a greater amount of work. On the other hand, since the object is moving horizontally, the power is remained constant. Afterwards, work and energy (gravitation potential energy) was obtained on a much complicated means because it displaces on a curve path. Continual increase in pulling the object is done in order to raise it at a certain height. Later in that, it is found out that potential energy and work are of the same magnitude which can be proven by the law of conservation of energy and work-energy theorem. INTRODUCTION Aircrafts do normally take off from the deck of ships through catapult system (catapult mechanism for launching aircraft at a speed sufficient for flight). Large force is applied to the aircraft as it is displaced across the deck of a ship. Obviously, the purpose of this is to attain a certain speed before it can remain airborne which the catapult provides. In the language of kinematics, it is described as the motion of the plane having accelerated. In the language of Newtons law, it can be explained as the net force of the object is causing it to accelerate. Nonetheless, another language can be used by physicist to explain this phenomenon. It is through the concept of work and energy. This experiment intended to explain how work, energy and power are different and how they are related as well. One vital concept of physics is the energy. The universe possesses energy and matter. For simplicity, matter is a substance and energy is used to move these substances. Energy is appearing in various forms. Among those are kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential, electric potential, thermal, chemical, etc. Work, on the other hand, is the change in energy from one form to another by means of an external force. When work is done on an object, therefore, the object is said to have either gained or lost a certain amount of energy of a particular type. The total work done on a particle by all forces that act on it is equal to the change in its kinetic energy, also known as the work-energy theorem. This can derived from: For a body moving along s , displacement with a constant force F, work can be defined as:

W= F . s

equation 3

The SI unit for work is J, Joule which is equal to 0.7376 ft.lb in British System. For instance that F is not parallel to displacement, only the component parallel to the displacement can only affect work. The angle between F and s, is related by:

W=Fscos

equation 4

When force is in the same direction with displacement which is the maximum, work is simply:

W=Fs

equation 5

It is related to the magnitude of the vector dot product of force and displacement. Thus, by analysis, for angle is 900, force is perpendicular to displacement. Therefore, W=Fscos(900)=0. On the other hand, Power, which is another term in physics, is the rate of time at which work is done. Power is a function of time unlike in work which is a function of displacement. Similarly, power is also a vector dot product of vectors force and velocity. It is given by the equation:

P=limtWt=limtdWdt equation 6
It can be also expressed as:

P=Fst=Fv P= F .v

equation 7 equation 8

W=Fdx equation 1 W=maxdx where ax=vdvdx W=mvdvdxdx=mvdv W=v1v2mvdv =12mv22-12mv12 =K2-K1 W=K equation 2

One part of the experiment is where a hanging object tied in a string with a certain length, R. It is constantly raised where work and potential gravitation energy is computed. On a motion of a body moving in a curved path, a figure represents the system below:

R W T F

Figure 1: (a) Part 2 actual diagram, (b) Free body diagram

Fx=F-Tsin=0 Fy=-W+Tcos=0
Dividing both equations:

F=Wtan W=Fdlcos where dl=dx=Rd W=(Wtan)cosRd W=WR0sind W=WR(1-cos) equation 9

the first half, calculations of work and power of a fan cart is the primary concern. To do so, materials such as fan cart, track, smart timer, photogates, pan with loads, etc. are given to us in assembling the set-up. The fan cart has fan on it which aids it to move. The fan has wooden blades, so we are careful on using it while it is in motion. We set the track horizontally on the table, as 00 as possible to minimize errors. Initial determination of the force exerted by the fan was determined in a trial and error basis. The track is assumed to be frictionless for an ideal experimentation. String is attached at the end of the cart and pan with loads to the other end. The load has varied masses. The fan cart is allowed to move in such a way that is pulling the pan with loads, moving away from the pan. Loads were continually added until such a time that the fan cart is not moving an indication that equilibrium is achieved. At this point, the force exerted by weight and the fan cart are of the same

Direction pan fan + weight of dynamics track ? cart of motion mass

Figure 2. Setup for determining the force of cart

Aside from kinetic, another type of mechanical energy is the potential energy. It is due to position or configuration which is the possibility of work to be done. Change in the gravitational potential energy is the work done by gravity. It has an equation:

PEg=mgy or mgh

equation 10

Naturally for this case in our experiment, energy being used are both potential gravitational energy and kinetic energy. According to Law of Conservation of Energy, energy is neither created nor destroyed, but transform from one form to another. Law of Conservation of Energy states that the sum of the total energy in the universe is a constant quantity. In the experiment, we will determine the power of the fan cart by using the definition of work and energy conservation principle as well as to compute work for a motion along a curved path. It is also reflected how energy is transformed or conserved.

Afterwards, work was determined at different displacement, so as to power where another attribute is considered which is time. Fan cart is allowed to travel at a specific displacement along the track. Photogates 1 and 2 serves as the initial and final positions, respectively, to determine the length of displacement. Time was measured using a smart timer. Note that before releasing the fan cart to move, hold it for a while in order to generate the fans full force to avoid mistakes.

METHODOLOGY The first experiment is generally divided into two parts. For

On the latter half of the experiment, determination of work and energy (gravitational potential) was done using an object with mass which is raised time to time. The object with mass used is bottle like shape with cylindrical body. This object with mass is tied on a string. The other end of the string is also tied into an iron stand. Initial height of the mass and the length of the string connecting the iron stand and the object were recorded. Repetitive pulling the mass using a horizontal force was done (See Figure 3). The force can be obtained using the spring balance. It is important to do horizontal pulling to minimize errors. It is also done in order to take the full account of the force exerted. As we pull it, height is increasing. The final height on each pull was recorded as well. Like in the first part, it is done in several trials as a technique of diminishing the percentage error. Finally, gravitational potential energy of the mass as well as the work done by the horizontal force is computed using the obtained data. Figure 3. Setup for determining work and PEg

S x

h ho

hf

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION On the first part of the experiment, one minor error that can be possibly done is performing the experiment not in a horizontal table. This would affect greatly in the determination of force. For every angle , tilting of the table, we could have:

F=T+Wsin instead of F=T alone. Where T=Wload=mloadg W=Fs=T+Wsin instead of Ts alone. % difference=| s(T-(T+Wfan cartsin) | Tsx100% =Wfan cartsin mloadgx100%=0.5048 kgsin0.040kg9.8ms2x100% =1.288sin x 100%
Thus, for every increase of 10, percent error is increasing by around 1-2%. Another major source of error is when we immediately allow the fan cart to move and not holding it just for a while in order for the fan to generate its full force. We cannot easily quantify this error, but surely, it will decrease the original force needed. Another problem we encounter is when the power we had calculated is in slightly increasing trend, this must be a problem with the time, because in the experiment, the power we had obtained is a function of time. Actually, power is constant. Because of this, correction factor is needed. Since, smart timer is closely to
The parabolic trend in the % error of tilting of the track. On the x, we could see the angle , while in y, we could see the % difference.

L m

be accurate, we just add an uncertainty number of 0.005 s. This would lead to decrease of absolute deviation. Example of this are shown in the table below: (for first two trials) Experimental Absolute Value deviation 0.1614-0.005 = 1.95% to 0.50% 0.1564 0.3192-0.005 = 0.84% to 0.05% 0.3142 On the data proper, it is shown in the table below the partial result of the first part of the experiment. It is observed that as displacement is

increasing, the work done by the fan cart is also increasing. It also shows that the power is constant. By graphing, the work-displacement relation is linear. It has a slope of 0.392 which is equal to force (See figure below).

0+mgh0+Wtot=0+mgh Wtot=mgh
So, the total work done is actually equal to the gravitational potential energy. Algebraically, we can simplify say that Wtot=PEg. By application of trigonometry, we can derive the total work formula the same with the PEg. Since,

Work-displacement graph where x is the displacement and the y is the work F=0.392 N Displacement 0.1 m 0.3 m Time Work 0.1614 s 0.0392 0.1176 0.3192 s Work 0.0392 J 0.1176 J Power J 0.2429 J 0.2456

L1-cos=h
In the result, it is obviously seen that % difference of total work we had calculated from PEg is big. It is because there are many ways of committing a mistake in this part. Some of these factors are: measuring the angle determining the height assumption in determining the center of gravity of the object applying a extremely horizontal force The y-component of the tension doesnt affect work done by force. It only changes the direction of the mass. These uncertainties have greatly affected the ideal result which makes the data unreliable. To minimize this, I suggest that maybe we could use a more symmetrical object (a cylinder, maybe) instead of what has been used in the experiment. We also need a stand or an adjusting table where spring balance can be laid while pulling to assure we are applying a horizontal force. The graph of h-PEg and h-Work is compared below:

Power can be obtained using the work we had obtained. Through its definition, power can be expressed as work per change in time. We should expect that the power is constant. It is because the fan cart is moving at a constant velocity and a constant force. It can be proven by the equation 8, P= F .v=Fvcos where the angle is equal to zero. For the second part, error may all come from human assumptions such as measuring. For an error cause by measuring the angle, we could make:

Wchange=wR[cos+uncertainty-cos]
If we had for example, Trial 1, we have measured 370, but if the real value is 390, then, change in work is:

Wchange=4.9N0.23m-0.021=-0.002J
Even for varying force and even for a curve path of motion, work-energy theorem is still applicable. The h-PEg graph is linear which has an equation of y=4.9x which means that the slope of the graph is the mass of the object. As height of object increases, higher potential energy it restores. With each unit increase in height, work is done against force of gravity and equal amount of energy is stored. Potential energy of an object at the earth's surface is not zero. When a body moves away from the earth (i.e increases its vertical distance from the surface of the earth), it has to do work against the gravitational field which pulls the body towards the earth. This work done by the body against the gravitational field is stored as the potential energy of the body. Therefore as we go higher

Wtot=U=mgh-mgh0=mgh
By applying the law of conservation of mechanical energy, we could say that it follows the general interpretation this scenario even at varying direction (circular path) is:

TE1+Wtot=TE2
where TE1 is the total energy at P1 and TE2 for P2, respectively.

TE1=KE1+PE1, similarly, TE2=KE2+PE2 KE1+PE1+Wtot=KE2+PE2

from the surface of the earth the potential energy of our body increases. Our graph of h-Work is really different from the ideal graph. To partially correct this huge error, linear trendline is used. The slope of this (5.01) is somewhat similar to the original equation (4.9).

I conclude that energy appearing in various forms like for example, mechanical energy, is conserved. It can be transformed from one form to another. It is known as the law of conservation of energy. The total work done of an object is merely the change in kinetic energy or change in potential energy.

w = 4.9 N Trial 1 2 w = 4.9 N Trial 1 2

Change height 0.065 0.12 Angle 37 50

in

PEg 0.319 0.588

As object moves away from earth surface, the work needed to do this against gravitational force is then stored or converted as potential energy. I also conclude that at circular path, work-energy theorem can still be applied. It is a proof that the total work done to raise an object is equivalent to gravitational potential energy restored. Aside from work-energy theorem, law of conservation of mechanical energy can prove total work is equal to PEg. The use of the method in first part of the experiment will give you accurate result. In oppose to the second, which may give us unreliable data. It is due to second part has many measuring steps, which leads us to make assumptions and uncertainties. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank, first my group mates, for allowing me to join with them in performing the experiment. Without them, I cant do this work alone. I also want to thank our professor for introducing us the topic for us to have an idea regarding the experiment. Aside from that, I want to acknowledge the lab assistant who trust us and let us borrow the apparatuses and for orienting us for proper care of those. I would also like to thank the author of our current text book, because of all the ideas it had imparted to me regarding the experiment as well as some hints of what to write in this laboratory report. Seriously, I want to acknowledge our school Main Library, particularly the Internet Section, for allowing writing or typing there my lab reports and surfing the net for free. Without this privilege, I will not be able to write all my ideas in the lab report, since I dont want to stay at computer shop near our house. And finally, I would like to thank my family for supporting me all the time in my studies, who are encouraging me to pursue my dreams, and taking

L = 0.23 Work 0.22 0.39

m %Diff with PEg 30% 33%

The total force we had applied in the object is transformed into potential energy as it stops at a higher height. As additional information, the work done by tension in this part is zero, while the work done by gravity is the same as with the work done by the force but in negative sign. CONCLUSION The experiment aims to determine the power of the fan cart by using the definition of work and the energy conservation principle. The other objective is also to compute work for a motion along a curved path. I conclude that work is related to power. Power can be determined using work by considering the time. It is from its definition that power is the rate of doing work at specific displacement. The work has linear relation with displacement. If we increase the displacement twice, work is also increasing twice. For a horizontal path, power of a certain body moving along this path is constant. If it leveled, example, going up stairs, it may vary because of the influence of gravity. It is best to hold the fan cart first before allowing it to move because by doing this, we are letting the fan to generate its natural force. Force which is parallel to displacement is doing the maximum work. On the other hand, the force cannot affect work if force is perpendicular to displacement.

care of me all of the time. They are the most valuable thing I ever had. REFERENCES [1] http://www.thefreedictionary.com/catapult [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_catapult [3] http://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/work _ en ergy_power.htm [4] astr.gsu.edu/hbase/work.html [5] Young, H., Freedman, R., University Physics with Modern Physics, 11th Edition, 2004 [6] http://www.mathsrevision.net/alevel/pages.php? page=93 [7] http://www.launc.tased.edu.au/online/sciences/Ph ys Sci/ done/kinetics/wep/Work.htm [8] http://teacher.pas.rochester.edu/PHY_LABS/Appen dixB/AppendixB.html FREE SPACE Rated K has featured some Math wizard in the Philippines. One of them is Mang Ricardo who can be able to determine the day of any date. He can solve it by mind in just a few seconds. So, I wonder what is the formula for that. According to http://mathforum.org/dr/math/faq/faq.calendar.ht ml, it can be solved by two different methods. One of these method is the Zellers Rule. Zeller's Rule hyperphysics.phy-

The following formula is named Zeller's Rule after a Reverend Zeller. [x] means the greatest integer that is smaller than or equal to x. You can find this number by just dropping everything after the decimal point. For example, [3.79] is 3. Here's the formula: f = k + [(13*m-1)/5] + D + [D/4] + [C/4] - 2*C. k is the day of the month. m is the month number. Months have to be counted specially for Zeller's Rule: March is 1, April is 2, and so on to February, which is 12. (This makes the formula simpler, because on leap years February 29 is counted as the last day of the year.) Because of this rule, January and February are always counted as the 11th and 12th months of the previous year. In our example, m = 11. D is the last two digits of the year. Because in our example we are using January (see previous bullet) D = 63 even though we are using a date from 2064. C stands for century: it's the first two digits of the year. In our case, C = 20.

Now let's substitute our example numbers into the formula. f = k + [(13*m-1)/5] + D + [D/4] + [C/4] 2*C = 29 + [(13*11-1)/5] + 63 + [63/4] + [20/4] - 2*20 = 29 + [28.4] + 63 + [15.75] + [5] - 40 = 29 + 28 + 63 + 15 + 5 - 40 = 100. A remainder of 0 corresponds to Sunday, 1 means Monday, etc. For our example, 100 / 7 = 14, remainder 2, so January 29, 2064 will be a Tuesday. Im so amazed that he can compute it mentally if he was using this formula. Great!