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TURBIDIMETRY

Turbidity is a measure of how much light is scattered by particles in a sample of water or gas. Modern turbidimeters use nephelometry to measure light scattered at a 90 degree angle from an incident light beam. A nephelometer directs a light source at a sample and measures light scattered by particles in the sample using a light detector positioned at a 90 degree angle. Turbidimeters work by measuring how much light from a source is absorbed or scattered by particles in a sample rather than transmitted directly through it.

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3K views9 pages

TURBIDIMETRY

Turbidity is a measure of how much light is scattered by particles in a sample of water or gas. Modern turbidimeters use nephelometry to measure light scattered at a 90 degree angle from an incident light beam. A nephelometer directs a light source at a sample and measures light scattered by particles in the sample using a light detector positioned at a 90 degree angle. Turbidimeters work by measuring how much light from a source is absorbed or scattered by particles in a sample rather than transmitted directly through it.

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Erica
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TURBIDIMETRY

Analytical Chemistry

Introduction .
Turbidity is an expression of the optical property that causes light to be scattered and absorbed rather than transmitted in straight lines through the sample. This chapter includes a detailed summary of the various types of instruments used to measure turbidity and includes descriptions of the physical properties associated with the measurements of turbidity and design configurations. As shown in Figure 1, modern turbidimeters use the technique of nephelometry, which measures the amount of light scattered at right angels to an incident light beam by particles present in a fluid sample. In general, all modern turbidimeters utilize the nephelometric measurement principals, but instrument manufacturers have developed several different meter designs and measurement configurations. .

Instrument involving turbidimetry


TURBIDIMETER/NEPHELOMETER
 A nephelometer is stationary or portable instrument for measuring suspended particulates in a liquid or gas colloid.  A Nephelometer measures suspended particulates by employing a light beam (source beam) and a light detector set to one side (often 90) of the source beam.  The main uses of Nephelometers relate to air quality measurement for pollution monitoring, climate monitoring, and visibility. Airborne particles are commonly either biological contaminants, particulate contaminants, gaseous contaminants, or dust.

Instrument involving turbidimetry


TURBIDIMETER/NEPHELOMETER

Turbidimeter Measuring Principles


As light passes through absolutely pure water, the light beams travel along relatively undisturbed paths. However, some distortion occurs as light is scattered by molecules present in the pure fluid. As shown in Figure 1, when light passes through a fluid containing suspended solids, the light beam interacts with the particles, and the particles absorb the light energy and re-radiate light in all directions.

Turbidimeter Measuring Principles


Particle size, configuration, color, and refractive index determine the spatial distribution of the scattered light intensity around the particle. As shown in Figure 2, particles much smaller than the wavelength of the incident light, which are typically expressed in nanometers (nm), scatter light of approximately equal intensity in all directions. However, particles larger than the wavelength of the incident light, form a spectral pattern that results in greater light scattering in the forward direction (away from the incident light) than in the other directions. This scattering pattern and intensity of the light beam transmitted through the sample can also be affected by the particles absorbing certain wavelengths of the transmitted light.

Light source
The basic turbidimeter instrument contains a light source, sample container or cell, and photodetectors to sense the scattered light. The most common light source used is the tungsten filament lamp. The spectral output (band of wavelength light produced) of these lamps is generally characterized by color temperature, which is the temperature that a black body radiator must be operated to produce a certain color. The tungsten filament lamps are incandescent lamps and are termed polychromatic, since they have a fairly wide spectral band that includes many different wavelengths of light, or colors. The presence of the various wavelengths can cause interference in the turbidity measurements as natural color and natural organic matter in the sample can absorb some specific wavelengths of light and reduce the intensity of the scattered light

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