JJ205-Engineering Mechanics BASIC CONCEPTS IN STATICS This topic introduces basic concept in statics, scalars and vectors, Newtons

Laws, units and limits

1.0

BASIC CONCEPTS ON STATICS

1.1 Basic measurement quantities Each physical quantity is measured for the purpose of analysis, study, comparison, experimentation/results, design, etc. with the help of measuring units by comparison. As stated earlier ; mass, length and time are three basic quantities. Hence these are measured in basic (primary) units while force and other quantities are expressed in terms of basic and are known as derived or secondary units. Similarly M, L and T are abbreviations used for mass, length and time for basic (primary or fundamental) dimensions of physical quantities. All physical quantities are expressed in terms of M, L and T dimensions only. There are four systems of units used for the measurement of physical quantities. FPS (Foot-Pound-Second) system, CGS (Centimeter-Gram-Second) system, MKS (Meter-Kilogram-Second) system and SI (System International dUnits-the French Name) system. For avoiding confusion and avoid the difficulty of conversion of systems, SI system is now accepted world wide. Accordingly, one kilogram mass is defined as the mass of plantinum-irridium sphere kept in the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Sevres, near Paris-France) Laboratory. One meter length is defined as 1650/763.73 wavelengths of the orange-red line of Krypton-86 and one second is defined as the duration of 9192 631770 cycles of the radiation associated with a specified transition of the cesium atom. Thus SI system of units is said to be an absolute system. i.e. three base units are independents of location of measurement. Following table gives important physical quantities in mechanics and their base as well as derived units and dimensions in SI system. Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Quantity Mass Length Time Area Volume of solids Area moment of inertia Mass moment of inertia Linear velocity, speed (v) Linear acceleration (a) Jerk (j) Linear momentum Force, weight Moment, torque, couple Pressure, stress Work, energy Power Efficiency () Mass density () Weight density () Radius, diameter, height, distance, etc. Spring constant (stiffness) Impulse Base unit kg m s m m m kg.m m/s m/s m/s/s kg.m/s kg.m/s kg.m/s * kg/m.s kg.m/s kg.m/s * kg/m kg/m.s * m kg/s * kg.m/s * Derived unit (newton) N N.m (pascal) N/m N.m/joule N.m/s N/m N/m N.s

JJ205-Engineering Mechanics
23 Angular velocity () rad/s i.e. s 24 Angular acceleration () rad/s i.e. s 25 Angular momentum kg.m/s Base units marked * are not actually used for measurements in practice. (They have been mentioned for understanding M,L,T dimensions) 1.2 Basic concepts but vital to the statics Mechanics can be defined as that branch of the physical sciences concerned with the state of rest or motion of bodies that are subjected to the action of forces. In general, this subject is subdivided into three branches: rigid-body mechanics, deformable-body mechanics, and fluid mechanics. This book treats only rigid-body mechanics since it forms a suitable basis for the design and analysis of many types of structural, mechanical, or electrical devices encountered in engineering. Also, rigid-body mechanics provides part of the necessary background for the study of the mechanics of deformable bodies and the mechanics of fluids. Rigid-body mechanics is divided into two areas: statics and dynamics. Statics deals with the equilibrium of bodies, that is, those that are either at rest or move with a constant velocity; whereas dynamics is concerned with the accelerated motion of bodies. Although statics can be considered as a special case of dynamics, in which the acceleration is zero, statics deserves separate treatment in engineering education since many objects are designed with the intention that they remain in equilibrium. Basic Quantities. The following four quantities are used throughout mechanics. Length. Length is needed to locate the position of a point in space and thereby describe the size of a physical system. Once a standard unit of length is defined, one can then quantitatively define distances and geometric properties of a body as multiples of the unit length. Time. Time is conceived as a succession of events. Although the principles of statics are time independent, this quantity does play an important role in the study of dynamics. Mass. Mass is a property of matter by which we can compare the action of one body with that of another. This property manifests itself as a gravitational attraction between two bodies and provides a quantitative measure of the resistance of matter to a change in velocity. Force. In general, force is considered as a "push" or "pull" exerted by one body on another. This interaction can occur when there is direct contact between the bodies, such as a person pushing on a wall, or it can occur through a distance when the bodies are physically separated. Examples of the latter type include gravitational, electrical, and magnetic forces. In any case, force is completely by its magnitude, direction and point of application. Particle. A particle has a mass, but a size that can be neglected. For example, the size of the earth is insignificant compared to the size of its orbit, and therefore the earth can be modeled as a particle when studying its orbital motion. When a body is idealized as a particle, the principles of mechanics reduce to a rather simplified form since the geometry of the body will not be involved in the analysis of the problem. Rigid Body. A rigid body can be considered as a combination of a large number of particles in which all the particles remain at a fixed distance from one another both before and after applying a load. As a result, the material properties of any body that is assumed to be rigid will not have to be considered when analyzing the forces acting on the body. In most cases the actual deformations occurring in

JJ205-Engineering Mechanics
structures, machines, mechanisms, and the like are relatively small, and the rigidbody assumption is suitable for analysis.

1.3 Scalars and vectors a) Some physical quantities can be completely described and understood just by their magnitude or number. These are known as scalars. For example, mass, volume, energy, speed, diameter or distance. b) On the other hand, for understanding some physical quantities, only magnitude is not sufficient, but direction is also necessary. Such quantities are known as vectors. For example, force, velocity, acceleration, displacement, momentum. Free vectors, sliding vectors, fixed vectors.

a) Free vector is the one which can be shifted or transmitted anywhere in space
(without changing its effect), provided that its magnitude and direction (sense) are unchanged. For example, couple as a vector is a free vector. b) Sliding vector is the one which can be transmitted or applied anywhere along its line of action. c) Fixed or bound vector is the vector which has to remain fixed or attached to its point of application. For example, moment is a fixed vector. d) 1.4 Newtons Laws of Motion. Newtons First Law It states that a particle will maintain its state either at rest or in month with constant velocity along a straight path, if it is not acted upon by an unbalanced (resultant) force. It the particle is at rest, the state of particle in mechanics is known as equilibrium or static equilibrium. Second Law It states that unbalanced force acting on a particle is directly proportional to the time rate of change of linear momentum of the particle. It can be also state as acceleration of a particle acted upon by an unbalanced force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the unbalanced force and has direction same as the unbalanced force. Third Law It state that force of action and reaction between bodies in contact are are always along same line of action having same magnitude and opposite direction. i.e reaction is equal and opposite w action. 1.5 Apply the principles of SI system and unit Multiplying factor 1012 109 106 103 102 10 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 Perfix to be used tera giga mega kilo hecto deka deci centi mili micro Symbol to be used T G M K h da d c m

JJ205-Engineering Mechanics
10-9 nano n

Example1: Find the value of each of the following and express in the SI unit with the appropriate prefix. (a) (50mN)(6GN) (b) (400mm)(0.6MN)2 (c) 45mn3/900Gg Solution First convert each number to the base unit, execute the operations indicated, then select a suitable prefix. Section (a)

(50 mN )( 6GN ) = 50 (10 3 ) N 6(10 9 N = 300 (10 ) N

][

Section (b)

1kN 1kN = 300 (10 6 ) N 2 3 3 10 N 10 N 2 = 300 kN

( 400 mm )( 0.6 MN ) 2 = 400 (10 3 ) m 0.6(10 6 ) N =144 (10 9 ) m.N 2 144 Gm .N 2 or ( 400 mm )( 0.6 MN ) 2

][

1MN 1MN =144 (10 9 ) m.N 2 6 6 10 N 10 N 2 = 0.144 m.N Section (c) 45 MN 3 / 900 Gg

45 (10 6 N ) 3 900 (10 6 ) kg

1kN 1 = 0.05 (10 12 ) N 3 3 10 N kg = 0.05 (10 3 ) kN 3 / kg = 50 kN 3 / kg

JJ205-Engineering Mechanics
I. II. III. IV. Time Weight Velocity Mass C. III and IV D. I and IV

A. I and III B. I and II

2. Which of the following is NOT in SI unit A. g/cm B. m/s

4. What is the function of length? Length is needed to locate the position of a point in space and thereby describe the size of a physical system. 5. What is the definition of time? The time conceived as a succession of events. 6. Describe definition of mass? Mass is a property of matter by which we can compare the action of one body with that of another. 7. What is force considerate? Force is considered as a push or pull exerted by one body on another. 8. What does the rigid body could be considerate? Rigid Body can be considered as a combination of a large number of particles in witch all the particles remain at a fixed distance from one another both before and after applying a load End of Chepter

1. What is the weight in Newtons of the object that has a mass

2. Indicate all the following as a number between 0.1 and 1000 by using the
appropriate prefix (a) 45 320 kN, (b) 568 (10^5) mm and (c) 0.00563 mg.

3. Find the value of each of the following in appropriate prefix:

4. Specify each of the following units in correct SI form: (a) GN m, (b) kg / m, (c) N / ks and (c) kN / s.
5. Solve the conversions below i. 0.00357 kg to g ii. 0.000115 km to m iii. 873.6(106)N to kN iv. 300 lb.s to kN.S Given 1lb=4.4482N v. 73cm3/min to m3/hr

JJ205-Engineering Mechanics 6. The entire subject of a rigit body mechanics is formulated on the basic of Newtons
Law of Motions. State the Newtons Third Law of Motion with an example.