Quantitative Method for Multi-

dimensional Management and

Group Decision Making

Methods for Describing

Sets of Data
Charts

1-1
 Learning Objectives

1. Create & interpret graphical displays

2. Explain numerical methods to describe
data
3. Analyze data using numerical methods
4. Explain how to distort the truth with
descriptive techniques

1-2
 Thinking Challenge

Our market X
share FAR exceeds
all competitors! Y
Us
30% 32% 34% 36%

What’s wrong here?

1-3 Alone Group Class

 Describing Data

1-4
 Describing Data

Data

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data
Many

Graphical Numerical Graphical Numerical

Methods Methods Methods Methods

Bar Pie Summary Dot Stem- Histo-

Graph Chart Table Plot &-Leaf gram

1-5
 Describing
Qualitative Data

1-6
 Describing Data

Data

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data
Many

Graphical Numerical Graphical Numerical

Methods Methods Methods Methods

Bar Pie Summary Dot Stem- Histo-

Graph Chart Table Plot &-Leaf gram

1-7
 Summary Table

1. Lists categories & no. elements in category

2. Obtained by tallying responses in category
3. May show frequencies (counts), % or both

Class Frequency Relative Freq.

Major # Students Proportion
Accounting 130 Tally: .65
Economics 20 |||| |||| .10
Management 50 |||| |||| .25
Total 200 1.00
1-8
 Describing Data

Data

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data
Many

Graphical Numerical Graphical Numerical

Methods Methods Methods Methods

Bar Pie Summary Dot Stem- Histo-

Graph Chart Table Plot &-Leaf gram

1-9
 Bar Graph

1 - 10
 Bar Graph

Frequency
150

100

50

0
Major
Acct. Econ. Mgmt.

1 - 11
 Bar Graph

Frequency
150

100

50

0
Major
Zero point Acct. Econ. Mgmt.

1 - 12
 Bar Graph

Frequency
Bar length shows
150 frequency or %

100

50

0
Major
Zero point Acct. Econ. Mgmt.

1 - 13
 Bar Graph

Frequency
Bar length shows
150 frequency or %

100

50

0
Major
Zero point Acct. Econ. Mgmt.

1 - 14
 Bar Graph

Frequency
Bar length shows
150 frequency or %

100

50

0
Major
Zero point Acct. Econ. Mgmt.

1 - 15 1/2 to 1 bar width

 Bar Graph

Frequency
Bar length shows
150 frequency or %
Equal bar
100 widths

50

0
Major
Zero point Acct. Econ. Mgmt.

1 - 16 1/2 to 1 bar width

 Bar Graph

Frequency
Bar length shows
150 frequency or %
Equal bar
100 widths

50

0
Major
Acct. Econ. Mgmt.
Zero point
1 - 17 1/2 to 1 bar width
 Describing Data

Data

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data
Many

Graphical Numerical Graphical Numerical

Methods Methods Methods Methods

Bar Pie Summary Dot Stem- Histo-

Graph Chart Table Plot &-Leaf gram

1 - 18
 Pie Chart

1. Shows breakdown
Majors
of total quantity
into categories Mgmt.
Econ. 25%
2. Useful for showing 10% 36°
relative differences
3. Angle size Acct.
 (360°)(Percent) 65%
(360°) (10%) = 36°

1 - 19
 Thinking Challenge

You’re an analyst for Mfg. Mkt. Share (%)

IRI. You want to show Lotus 15
Microsoft 60
the market shares held
WordPerfect 10
by Windows program Others 15
manufacturers in 1992.
Construct a bar
graph, & pie chart to
describe the data.

1 - 20 Alone Group Class

 Bar Chart Solution*

Market share (%)

60%

40%

20%

0%
Lotus Microsoft Wordperf Others
Mfg.
1 - 21
 Pie Chart Solution*

Market Share
Others
Wordperfect 15%
10%
Lotus
15%

Microsoft
60%

1 - 22
 Describing
Quantitative Data

1 - 23
 Describing Data

Data

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data
Many

Graphical Numerical Graphical Numerical

Methods Methods Methods Methods

Bar Pie Summary Dot Stem- Histo-

Graph Chart Table Plot &-Leaf gram

1 - 24
 Dot Plot

1. Condenses data by grouping the same

values together
2. Numerical value is located by a dot on
horizontal axis

1 - 25
 Dot Plot

1. Condenses data by grouping the same

values together
2. Numerical value is located by a dot on
horizontal axis
3. Data:

20 25 30 35 40 45
1 - 26
 Dot Plot

1. Condenses data by grouping the same

values together
2. Numerical value is located by a dot on
horizontal axis
3. Data: 21

20 25 30 35 40 45
1 - 27
 Dot Plot

1. Condenses data by grouping the same

values together
2. Numerical value is located by a dot on
horizontal axis
3. Data: 21, 24

20 25 30 35 40 45
1 - 28
 Dot Plot

1. Condenses data by grouping the same

values together
2. Numerical value is located by a dot on
horizontal axis
3. Data: 21, 24, 24

20 25 30 35 40 45
1 - 29
 Dot Plot

1. Condenses data by grouping the same

values together
2. Numerical value is located by a dot on
horizontal axis
3. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26

20 25 30 35 40 45
1 - 30
 Dot Plot

1. Condenses data by grouping the same

values together
2. Numerical value is located by a dot on
horizontal axis
3. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26, 27

20 25 30 35 40 45
1 - 31
 Dot Plot

1. Condenses data by grouping the same

values together
2. Numerical value is located by a dot on
horizontal axis
3. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27

20 25 30 35 40 45
1 - 32
 Dot Plot

1. Condenses data by grouping the same

values together
2. Numerical value is located by a dot on
horizontal axis
3. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30

20 25 30 35 40 45
1 - 33
 Dot Plot

1. Condenses data by grouping the same

values together
2. Numerical value is located by a dot on
horizontal axis
3. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32

20 25 30 35 40 45
1 - 34
 Dot Plot

1. Condenses data by grouping the same

values together
2. Numerical value is located by a dot on
horizontal axis
3. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38

20 25 30 35 40 45
1 - 35
 Dot Plot

1. Condenses data by grouping the same

values together
2. Numerical value is located by a dot on
horizontal axis
3. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41

20 25 30 35 40 45
1 - 36
 Describing Data

Data

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data
Many

Graphical Numerical Graphical Numerical

Methods Methods Methods Methods

Bar Pie Summary Dot Stem- Histo-

Graph Chart Table Plot &-Leaf gram

1 - 37
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

1. Divide each
observation into stem
value and leaf value
 Stem value defines class
 Leaf value defines
frequency (count)

1 - 38
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

1. Divide each 2
observation into stem
value and leaf value 3
 Stem value defines class
 Leaf value defines 4
frequency (count)

2. Data:
1 - 39
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

1. Divide each 2
observation into stem
value and leaf value 3
 Stem value defines class
 Leaf value defines 4
frequency (count)

2. Data: 21
1 - 40
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

1. Divide each 2 1
observation into stem
value and leaf value 3
 Stem value defines class
 Leaf value defines 4
frequency (count)

2. Data: 21
1 - 41
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

1. Divide each 2 1
observation into stem
value and leaf value 3
 Stem value defines class
 Leaf value defines 4
frequency (count)

2. Data: 21, 24
1 - 42
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

1. Divide each 2 14
observation into stem
value and leaf value 3
 Stem value defines class
 Leaf value defines 4
frequency (count)

2. Data: 21, 24
1 - 43
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

1. Divide each 2 14
observation into stem
value and leaf value 3
 Stem value defines class
 Leaf value defines 4
frequency (count)

2. Data: 21, 24, 24

1 - 44
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

1. Divide each 2 144

observation into stem
value and leaf value 3
 Stem value defines class
 Leaf value defines 4
frequency (count)

2. Data: 21, 24, 24

1 - 45
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

1. Divide each 2 144

observation into stem
value and leaf value 3
 Stem value defines class
 Leaf value defines 4
frequency (count)

2. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26

1 - 46
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

1. Divide each 2 1446

observation into stem
value and leaf value 3
 Stem value defines class
 Leaf value defines 4
frequency (count)

2. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26

1 - 47
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

1. Divide each 2 1446

observation into stem
value and leaf value 3
 Stem value defines class
 Leaf value defines 4
frequency (count)

2. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26, 27

1 - 48
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

1. Divide each 2 14467

observation into stem
value and leaf value 3
 Stem value defines class
 Leaf value defines 4
frequency (count)

2. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26, 27

1 - 49
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

1. Divide each 2 14467

observation into stem
value and leaf value 3
 Stem value defines class
 Leaf value defines 4
frequency (count)

2. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27

1 - 50
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

1. Divide each 2 144677

observation into stem
value and leaf value 3
 Stem value defines class
 Leaf value defines 4
frequency (count)

2. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27

1 - 51
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

1. Divide each 2 144677

observation into stem
value and leaf value 3
 Stem value defines class
 Leaf value defines 4
frequency (count)

2. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30

1 - 52
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

1. Divide each 2 144677

observation into stem
value and leaf value 3 0
 Stem value defines class
 Leaf value defines 4
frequency (count)

2. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30

1 - 53
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

1. Divide each 2 144677

observation into stem
value and leaf value 3 0
 Stem value defines class
 Leaf value defines 4
frequency (count)

2. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32

1 - 54
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

1. Divide each 2 144677

observation into stem
value and leaf value 3 02
 Stem value defines class
 Leaf value defines 4
frequency (count)

2. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32

1 - 55
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

1. Divide each 2 144677

observation into stem
value and leaf value 3 02
 Stem value defines class
 Leaf value defines 4
frequency (count)

2. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38

1 - 56
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

1. Divide each 2 144677

observation into stem
value and leaf value 3 028
 Stem value defines class
 Leaf value defines 4
frequency (count)

2. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38

1 - 57
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

1. Divide each 2 144677

observation into stem
value and leaf value 3 028
 Stem value defines class
 Leaf value defines 4
frequency (count)

2. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41
1 - 58
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

1. Divide each 2 144677

observation into stem
value and leaf value 3 028
 Stem value defines class
 Leaf value defines 4 1
frequency (count)

2. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41
1 - 59
 Describing Data

Data

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data
Many

Graphical Numerical Graphical Numerical

Methods Methods Methods Methods

Bar Pie Summary Dot Stem- Histo-

Graph Chart Table Plot &-Leaf gram

1 - 60
 Histogram

1. Condenses data by grouping similar

values into classes in a graph
2. May show frequencies (counts) or
relative frequencies (proportions)
3. Must first develop a frequency
distribution table

1 - 61
 Frequency Distribution
Table Steps

1. Determine range
2. Select number of classes
 Usually between 5 & 15 inclusive
3. Compute class intervals (width)
4. Determine class boundaries (limits)
5. Compute class midpoints
6. Count observations & assign to classes
1 - 62
 Frequency Distribution
Table Example
Raw Data: 24, 26, 24, 21, 27, 27, 30, 41, 32, 38

Class Midpoint Frequency

15 but < 25 20 3
Width
25 but < 35 30 5

35 but < 45 40 2

(Upper + Lower Boundaries) / 2

Boundaries
1 - 63
 Relative Frequency &
% Distribution Tables

Relative Frequency Percentage

Distribution Distribution

Class Prop. Class %

15 but < 25 .3 15 but < 25 30.0
25 but < 35 .5 25 but < 35 50.0
35 but < 45 .2 35 but < 45 20.0

1 - 64
 Histogram

Class Freq.
15 but < 25 3
25 but < 35 5
35 but < 45 2

1 - 65
 Histogram

Class Freq.
15 but < 25 3
25 but < 35 5
35 but < 45 2

0
0

1 - 66
 Histogram

Class Freq.
Count 15 but < 25 3
25 but < 35 5
35 but < 45 2
Frequency
Relative
Frequency
Percent
0
0

1 - 67
 Histogram

Class Freq.
Count 15 but < 25 3
5 25 but < 35 5
4 35 but < 45 2
Frequency
3
Relative
Frequency 2

Percent 1
0
0

1 - 68
 Histogram

Class Freq.
Count 15 but < 25 3
5 25 but < 35 5
4 35 but < 45 2
Frequency
3
Relative
Frequency 2

Percent 1
0
0
Lower Boundary
1 - 69
 Histogram

Class Freq.
Count 15 but < 25 3
5 25 but < 35 5
4 35 but < 45 2
Frequency
3
Relative
Frequency 2

Percent 1
0
0 15
Lower Boundary
1 - 70
 Histogram

Class Freq.
Count 15 but < 25 3
5 25 but < 35 5
4 35 but < 45 2
Frequency
3
Relative
Frequency 2

Percent 1
0
0 15 25
Lower Boundary
1 - 71
 Histogram

Class Freq.
Count 15 but < 25 3
5 25 but < 35 5
4 35 but < 45 2
Frequency
3
Relative
Frequency 2

Percent 1
0
0 15 25 35
Lower Boundary
1 - 72
 Histogram

Class Freq.
Count 15 but < 25 3
5 25 but < 35 5
4 35 but < 45 2
Frequency
3
Relative
Frequency 2

Percent 1
0
0 15 25 35 45 55
Lower Boundary
1 - 73
 Histogram

Class Freq.
Count 15 but < 25 3
5 25 but < 35 5
4 35 but < 45 2
Frequency
3
Relative
Frequency 2

Percent 1
0
0 15 25 35 45 55
Lower Boundary
1 - 74
 Histogram

Class Freq.
Count 15 but < 25 3
5 25 but < 35 5
4 35 but < 45 2
Frequency
3
Relative
Frequency 2

Percent 1
0
0 15 25 35 45 55
Lower Boundary
1 - 75
 Histogram

Class Freq.
Count 15 but < 25 3
5 25 but < 35 5
4 35 but < 45 2
Frequency
3
Relative
Frequency 2 Bars
Touch
Percent 1
0
0 15 25 35 45 55
Lower Boundary
1 - 76
 Histogram

Class Freq.
Count 15 but < 25 3
5 25 but < 35 5
4 35 but < 45 2
Frequency
3
Relative
Frequency 2 Bars
Touch
Percent 1
0
0 15 25 35 45 55
Lower Boundary
1 - 77