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Ststistical Treatment of Data

This document discusses statistical techniques for analyzing cross-tabulation data using chi-square tests. Chi-square tests can be used when variables are nominal to determine if one group differs from another. The chi-square formula is provided to calculate the test statistic from observed and expected frequencies. Degrees of freedom are also calculated using the number of rows and columns. The chi-square value is then compared to a critical value to determine whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis of no difference between groups. An example cross-tabulation is provided.

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186 views3 pages

Ststistical Treatment of Data

This document discusses statistical techniques for analyzing cross-tabulation data using chi-square tests. Chi-square tests can be used when variables are nominal to determine if one group differs from another. The chi-square formula is provided to calculate the test statistic from observed and expected frequencies. Degrees of freedom are also calculated using the number of rows and columns. The chi-square value is then compared to a critical value to determine whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis of no difference between groups. An example cross-tabulation is provided.

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Statistical Treatment of Data

The proper treatment of effective RLE performance in


data is base on the survey questioners. The application of
any of the statistical procedures describe in the
performance level of the student. It determines whether
the groups that are effective from one another or not
effective.
In order to determine the result we used this formula
(r-1)(c-1) where: r= number of row
c=number of columns in the cross
tabulation

Chi-Square
Written by Darryl Dieter
Chi-square is a statistical technique that can be used when one has
a cross tabulation and both variables are nominal in nature (categories
that are non-numeric such as religious affiliation, party ID, yes and no,
etc). It permits us to tell whether one nominal group differs from
another, statistically, on another nominal measure. I provide the
explanation and method of calculating chi-square because sometimes we
have cross-tab information, but not all of the individual-level data that
would be necessary to calculate a chi-square with statistical software.
The following formula computes chi-square:
(O-E)2
x2=∑ ------------
E
Where O = observed frequency
E = expected frequency
∑ = sum the calculated values
The figure that is computed from the formula above is the chi-
square figure which is used to determine whether we accept the null
hypothesis (the groups are not different from one another) or reject it
(the groups are different from one another). If the figure that we
compute is greater than the critical value that is found in a chi-square
table, we reject the null hypothesis; if it is less, we accept it.
You'll need to determine the degrees of freedom in order to use the
chart. To do so just use the formula: (r-1)(c-1), where r = number of
rows and c = number of columns in the cross-tabulation. In the example
below, if there are two possible responses, yes (agree) and no (disagree)
on the question of “Are you comfortable with the environment on
campus?”, our columns would be 2. Since there are 2 different ethnic
categories our rows are 2 in number. Degrees of freedom therefore = (2-
1)(2-1) = 1. Additionally, we usually use the .05 level of significance.
See discussion below on how to determine the critical value in a chi-
square chart, which will be compared the figure we calculate.
Yes (agree) No (disagree) Total
Students of 250 (cell #1) 110 (cell #2) 360
Color
Caucasians 500 (cell #3) 180 (cell #4) 680
Total 750 290 1040

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