Java Collection Interview Questions

Question: Question: Question: Question: Question: Question: Question: Question: Question: Question: Question: Question: Question: Question: Question: Question: What is the Collections API? What is the List interface? What is the Vector class? What is an Iterator interface? Which java.util classes and interfaces support event handling? What is the GregorianCalendar class? What is the Locale class? What is the SimpleTimeZone class? What is the Map interface? What is the highest-level event class of the event-delegation model? What is the Collection interface? What is the Set interface? What is the typical use of Hashtable? I am trying to store an object using a key in a Hashtable. And some other object already exists in that location, then what will happen? The existing object will be overwritten? Or the new object will be stored elsewhere? What is the difference between the size and capacity of a Vector? Can a vector contain heterogenous objects?

Q: What is the Collections API? A: The Collections API is a set of classes and interfaces that support operations on collections of objects. [ Received from Prasanna Inamanamelluri] Q: What is the List interface? A: The List interface provides support for ordered collections of objects. [ Received from SPrasanna Inamanamelluri] Q: What is the Vector class? A: The Vector class provides the capability to implement a growable array of objects. [ Received from Prasanna Inamanamelluri] Q: What is an Iterator interface? A: The Iterator interface is used to step through the elements of a Collection . [ Received from Prasanna Inamanamelluri] Q: Which java.util classes and interfaces support event handling? A: The EventObject class and the EventListener interface support event processing. [ Received from Prasanna Inamanamelluri] Q: What is the GregorianCalendar class? A: The GregorianCalendar provides support for traditional Western calendars

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[ Received from Prasanna Inamanamelluri] Q: What is the Locale class? A: The Locale class is used to tailor program output to the conventions of a particular geographic, political, or cultural region . [ Received from Prasanna Inamanamelluri] Q: What is the SimpleTimeZone class? A: The SimpleTimeZone class provides support for a Gregorian calendar . [ Received from Prasanna Inamanamelluri]

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Q: What is the Map interface? A: The Map interface replaces the JDK 1.1 Dictionary class and is used associate keys with values. [ Received from Prasanna Inamanamelluri] TOP Q: What is the highest-level event class of the event-delegation model? A: The java.util.EventObject class is the highest-level class in the event-delegation class hierarchy. [ Received from Prasanna Inamanamelluri] TOP Q: What is the Collection interface? A: The Collection interface provides support for the implementation of a mathematical bag an unordered collection of objects that may contain duplicates. [ Received from Prasanna Inamanamelluri] TOP Q: What is the Set interface? A: The Set interface provides methods for accessing the elements of a finite mathematical set. Sets do not allow duplicate elements. [ Received from Prasanna Inamanamelluri] Q: What is the typical use of Hashtable? A: Whenever a program wants to store a key value pair, one can use Hashtable. [ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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Q: I am trying to store an object using a key in a Hashtable. And some other object already exists in that location, then what will happen? The existing object will be overwritten? Or the new object will be stored elsewhere? A: The existing object will be overwritten and thus it will be lost. [ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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Q: What is the difference between the size and capacity of a Vector? A: The size is the number of elements actually stored in the vector, while capacity is the maximum number of elements it can store at a given instance of time. [ Received from Sandesh Sadhale] TOP Q: Can a vector contain heterogenous objects?

A: Yes a Vector can contain heterogenous objects. Because a Vector stores everything in terms of Object. [ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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Q: Can a ArrayList contain heterogenous objects? A: Yes a ArrayList can contain heterogenous objects. Because a ArrayList stores everything in terms of Object. [ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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Q: What is an enumeration? A: An enumeration is an interface containing methods for accessing the underlying data structure from which the enumeration is obtained. It is a construct which collection classes return when you request a collection of all the objects stored in the collection. It allows sequential access to all the elements stored in the collection. [ Received from Sandesh Sadhale] TOP Q: Considering the basic properties of Vector and ArrayList, where will you use Vector and where will you use ArrayList? A: The basic difference between a Vector and an ArrayList is that, vector is synchronized while ArrayList is not. Thus whenever there is a possibility of multiple threads accessing the same instance, one should use Vector. While if not multiple threads are going to access the same instance then use ArrayList. Non synchronized data structure will give better performance than the synchronized one. [ Received from Sandesh Sadhale] TOP Q: Can a vector contain heterogenous objects? A: Yes a Vector can contain heterogenous objects. Because a Vector stores everything in terms of Object.

JAVA Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems. Java language was designed to be small, simple, and portable across platforms and operating systems, both at the source and at the binary level, which means that Java programs (applets and applications) can run on any machine that has the Java virtual machine installed. Java is Platform independent, Platform independence means, the ability of a program to move easily from one computer system to another-is one of the most significant advantages that Java has over other programming languages, particularly if your software needs to run on many different platforms. The Java language was developed at Sun Microsystems in 1991 as part of a research project to develop software for consumer electronics devices. Java's rapidly growing popularity is due to the Web. But Java's inherent power does not come from the fact that it is a Web programming language. The talented software engineers at Sun, in bringing Java to the Web, have elegantly solved a much broader and more significant problem-how to develop network-capable windowing software that will run on almost any 32-bit computer and operating system. A software developer writes programs in the Java language that use predefined software packages of the Java API. The developer compiles his or her programs using the Java compiler. This results in what is known as compiled bytecode. Bytecode is in a form that can be executed on the Java virtual machine, the core of the Java runtime system. You can think of the virtual machine as a microprocessor that is implemented in software and runs using the capabilities provided by your operating system and computer hardware. Since the Java virtual machine is not a real microprocessor, the Java bytecode is interpreted, rather than executed directly in the native machine instructions of the host computer. Java is exceptionally well suited to distributed networking applications because of its built-in networking support and the runtime system's capability to dynamically load Java bytecode across the network. Java also provides the capability to dynamically utilize new content and protocol handling software. The HotJava browser, written in Java, is an excellent example of Java's distributed networking capabilities. The Java API provides full support of multithreaded programming. Multithreaded programs can be developed in a single, consistent manner, independent of the vagaries of the host operating system interface. Java classes and objects directly support the object-oriented concepts of encapsulation, inheritance, messages and methods, and data hiding. Java interfaces provide support for multiple inheritance and polymorphism. The Java language retains all the benefits of objectoriented programming without the performance impacts associated with pure object languages, such as Smalltalk. The Java API provides extensive support of windowing and graphical user interface development without the complexities associated with maintaining multiple window class libraries. Several visual programming tools have been developed for Java.

JVM .
To execute a Java program, you run a program called a bytecode interpreter, which in turn reads the bytecodes and executes your Java program. The Java bytecode interpreter is often also called the Java virtual machine or the Java runtime. Java bytecodes are a special set of machine instructions that are not specific to any one processor or computer system. A platform-specific bytecode interpreter executes the Java bytecodes. The bytecode interpreter is also called the Java virtual machine or the Java runtime interpreter. The Java virtual machine, which is a component of the runtime system, is responsible for interpreting the bytecodes and making the appropriate system level calls to the native platform. It is at this point where platform independence is achieved by Java; the bytecodes are in a generic form that is only converted to a native form when processed by the virtual machine. The JVM concept allows a layer of translation between the executable program and the machine-specific code. In a non-Java compiler, the source code is compiled into machinespecific assembly code. In doing this, the executable limits itself to the confines of that machine architecture. Compiling Java code creates an executable using JVM assembly directives. The difference of the two approaches is quite fundamental to the portability of the executable. Non-Java executables communicate directly with the platform's instruction set. Java executables communicate with the JVM instruction set, which is then translated into platform-specific instructions.

A Java Virtual Machine starts execution by invoking the method main of some specified class, passing it a single argument, which is an array of strings.

What if the main method is declared as private? <br /><font size=-1>

The program compiles properly but at runtime it will give Main method not public. message. What is meant by pass by reference and pass by value in Java? Pass by reference means, passing the address itself rather than passing the value. Pass by value means passing a copy of the value. If youre overriding the method equals() of an object, which other method you might also consider? hashCode() What is Byte Code? Or What gives java its write once and run anywhere nature? All Java programs are compiled into class files that contain bytecodes. These byte codes can be run in any platform and hence java is said to be platform independent. Expain the reason for each keyword of public static void main(String args[])? public- main(..) is the first method called by java environment when a program is executed so it has to accessible from java environment. Hence the access specifier has to be public. static: Java environment should be able to call this method without creating an instance of the class , so this method must be declared as static. void: main does not return anything so the return type must be void The argument String indicates the argument type which is given at the command line and arg is an array for string given during command line. What are the differences between == and .equals() ? Or what is difference between == and equals Or Difference between == and equals method Or

What would you use to compare two String variables - the operator == or the method equals()? Or How is it possible for two String objects with identical values not to be equal under the == operator? The == operator compares two objects to determine if they are the same object in memory i.e. present in the same memory location. It is possible for two String objects to have the same value, but located in different areas of memory. == compares references while .equals compares contents. The method public boolean equals(Object obj) is provided by the Object class and can be overridden. The default implementation returns true only if the object is compared with itself, which is equivalent to the equality operator == being used to compare aliases to the object. String, BitSet, Date, and File override the equals() method. For two String objects, value equality means that they contain the same character sequence. For the Wrapper classes, value equality means that the primitive values are equal.
public class EqualsTest { public static void main(String[] args) { String s1 = abc; String s2 = s1; String s5 = abc; String s3 = new String(abc); String s4 = new String(abc); System.out.println(== comparison : + (s1 == s5)); System.out.println(== comparison : + (s1 == s2)); System.out.println(Using equals method : + s1.equals(s2)); s3.equals(s4)); } } System.out.println(== comparison : + s3 == s4); System.out.println(Using equals method : +

Output == comparison : true == comparison : true Using equals method : true false Using equals method : true What if the static modifier is removed from the signature of the main method? Or

What if I do not provide the String array as the argument to the method? Program compiles. But at runtime throws an error NoSuchMethodError. Why oracle Type 4 driver is named as oracle thin driver? Oracle provides a Type 4 JDBC driver, referred to as the Oracle thin driver. This driver includes its own implementation of a TCP/IP version of Oracles Net8 written entirely in Java, so it is platform independent, can be downloaded to a browser at runtime, and does not require any Oracle software on the client side. This driver requires a TCP/IP listener on the server side, and the client connection string uses the TCP/IP port address, not the TNSNAMES entry for the database name. What is the difference between final, finally and finalize? What do you understand by the java final keyword? Or What is final, finalize() and finally? Or What is finalize() method? Or What is the difference between final, finally and finalize? Or What does it mean that a class or member is final? o final - declare constant o finally - handles exception o finalize - helps in garbage collection Variables defined in an interface are implicitly final. A final class cant be extended i.e., final class may not be subclassed. This is done for security reasons with basic classes like String and Integer. It also allows the compiler to make some optimizations, and makes thread safety a little easier to achieve. A final method cant be overridden when its class is inherited. You cant change value of a final variable (is a constant). finalize() method is used just before an object is destroyed and garbage collected. finally, a key word used in exception handling and will be executed whether or not an exception is thrown. For example, closing of open connections is done in the finally method. What is the Java API?

The Java API is a large collection of ready-made software components that provide many useful capabilities, such as graphical user interface (GUI) widgets. What is the GregorianCalendar class? The GregorianCalendar provides support for traditional Western calendars. What is the ResourceBundle class? The ResourceBundle class is used to store locale-specific resources that can be loaded by a program to tailor the programs appearance to the particular locale in which it is being run. Why there are no global variables in Java? Global variables are globally accessible. Java does not support globally accessible variables due to following reasons:

The global variables breaks the referential transparency Global variables creates collisions in namespace.

How to convert String to Number in java program? The valueOf() function of Integer class is is used to convert string to Number. Here is the code example: String numString = 1000; int id=Integer.valueOf(numString).intValue(); What is the SimpleTimeZone class? The SimpleTimeZone class provides support for a Gregorian calendar. What is the difference between a while statement and a do statement? A while statement (pre test) checks at the beginning of a loop to see whether the next loop iteration should occur. A do while statement (post test) checks at the end of a loop to see whether the next iteration of a loop should occur. The do statement will always execute the loop body at least once. What is the Locale class? The Locale class is used to tailor a program output to the conventions of a particular geographic, political, or cultural region. Describe the principles of OOPS.

There are three main principals of oops which are called Polymorphism, Inheritance and Encapsulation. Explain the Inheritance principle. Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another object. Inheritance allows well-tested procedures to be reused and enables changes to make once and have effect in all relevant places What is implicit casting? Implicit casting is the process of simply assigning one entity to another without any transformation guidance to the compiler. This type of casting is not permitted in all kinds of transformations and may not work for all scenarios. Example int i = 1000; long j = i; //Implicit casting Is sizeof a keyword in java? The sizeof operator is not a keyword. What is a native method? A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java. In System.out.println(), what is System, out and println? System is a predefined final class, out is a PrintStream object and println is a built-in overloaded method in the out object. What are Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism Or Explain the Polymorphism principle. Explain the different forms of Polymorphism. Polymorphism in simple terms means one name many forms. Polymorphism enables one entity to be used as a general category for different types of actions. The specific action is determined by the exact nature of the situation. Polymorphism exists in three distinct forms in Java: Method overloading

 Method overriding through inheritance Method overriding through the Java interface What is explicit casting? Explicit casting in the process in which the complier are specifically informed to about transforming the object. Example long i = 700.20; int j = (int) i; //Explicit casting What is the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)? The Java Virtual Machine is software that can be ported onto various hardware-based platforms What do you understand by downcasting? The process of Downcasting refers to the casting from a general to a more specific type, i.e. casting down the hierarchy What are Java Access Specifiers? Or What is the difference between public, private, protected and default Access Specifiers? Or What are different types of access modifiers? Access specifiers are keywords that determine the type of access to the member of a class. These keywords are for allowing privileges to parts of a program such as functions and variables. These are: Public : accessible to all classes Protected : accessible to the classes within the same package and any subclasses. Private : accessible only to the class to which they belong Default : accessible to the class to which they belong and to subclasses within the same package Which class is the superclass of every class? Object.

Name primitive Java types. The 8 primitive types are byte, char, short, int, long, float, double, and boolean. What is the difference between static and non-static variables? Or What are class variables? Or What is static in java? Or What is a static method? A static variable is associated with the class as a whole rather than with specific instances of a class. Each object will share a common copy of the static variables i.e. there is only one copy per class, no matter how many objects are created from it. Class variables or static variables are declared with the static keyword in a class. These are declared outside a class and stored in static memory. Class variables are mostly used for constants. Static variables are always called by the class name. This variable is created when the program starts and gets destroyed when the programs stops. The scope of the class variable is same an instance variable. Its initial value is same as instance variable and gets a default value when its not initialized corresponding to the data type. Similarly, a static method is a method that belongs to the class rather than any object of the class and doesnt apply to an object or even require that any objects of the class have been instantiated. Static methods are implicitly final, because overriding is done based on the type of the object, and static methods are attached to a class, not an object. A static method in a superclass can be shadowed by another static method in a subclass, as long as the original method was not declared final. However, you cant override a static method with a non-static method. In other words, you cant change a static method into an instance method in a subclass. Non-static variables take on unique values with each object instance. What is the difference between the boolean & operator and the && operator? If an expression involving the boolean & operator is evaluated, both operands are evaluated, whereas the && operator is a short cut operator. When an expression involving the && operator is evaluated, the first operand is evaluated. If the first operand returns a value of true then the second operand is evaluated. If the first operand evaluates to false, the evaluation of the second operand is skipped. How does Java handle integer overflows and underflows?

It uses those low order bytes of the result that can fit into the size of the type allowed by the operation. What if I write static public void instead of public static void? Program compiles and runs properly. What is the difference between declaring a variable and defining a variable? In declaration we only mention the type of the variable and its name without initializing it. Defining means declaration + initialization. E.g. String s; is just a declaration while String s = new String (bob); Or String s = bob; are both definitions. What type of parameter passing does Java support? In Java the arguments (primitives and objects) are always passed by value. With objects, the object reference itself is passed by value and so both the original reference and parameter copy both refer to the same object. Explain the Encapsulation principle. Encapsulation is a process of binding or wrapping the data and the codes that operates on the data into a single entity. This keeps the data safe from outside interface and misuse. Objects allow procedures to be encapsulated with their data to reduce potential interference. One way to think about encapsulation is as a protective wrapper that prevents code and data from being arbitrarily accessed by other code defined outside the wrapper. What do you understand by a variable? Variable is a named memory location that can be easily referred in the program. The variable is used to hold the data and it can be changed during the course of the execution of the program. What do you understand by numeric promotion? The Numeric promotion is the conversion of a smaller numeric type to a larger numeric type, so that integral and floating-point operations may take place. In the numerical promotion process the byte, char, and short values are converted to int values. The int values are also converted to long values, if necessary. The long and float values are converted to double values, as required. What do you understand by casting in java language? What are the types of casting? The process of converting one data type to another is called Casting. There are two types of casting in Java; these are implicit casting and explicit casting. What is the first argument of the String array in main method?

The String array is empty. It does not have any element. This is unlike C/C++ where the first element by default is the program name. If we do not provide any arguments on the command line, then the String array of main method will be empty but not null. How can one prove that the array is not null but empty? Print array.length. It will print 0. That means it is empty. But if it would have been null then it would have thrown a NullPointerException on attempting to print array.length. Can an application have multiple classes having main method? Yes. While starting the application we mention the class name to be run. The JVM will look for the main method only in the class whose name you have mentioned. Hence there is not conflict amongst the multiple classes having main method. When is static variable loaded? Is it at compile time or runtime? When exactly a static block is loaded in Java? Static variable are loaded when classloader brings the class to the JVM. It is not necessary that an object has to be created. Static variables will be allocated memory space when they have been loaded. The code in a static block is loaded/executed only once i.e. when the class is first initialized. A class can have any number of static blocks. Static block is not member of a class, they do not have a return statement and they cannot be called directly. Cannot contain this or super. They are primarily used to initialize static fields. Can I have multiple main methods in the same class?
We can have multiple overloaded main methods but there can be only one main method with the following signature : public static void main(String[] args) {}

No the program fails to compile. The compiler says that the main method is already defined in the class. Explain working of Java Virtual Machine (JVM)? JVM is an abstract computing machine like any other real computing machine which first converts .java file into .class file by using Compiler (.class is nothing but byte code file.) and Interpreter reads byte codes. How can I swap two variables without using a third variable? Add two variables and assign the value into First variable. Subtract the Second value with the result Value. and assign to Second variable. Subtract the Result of First Variable With Result of Second Variable and Assign to First Variable. Example:

int a=5,b=10;a=a+b; b=a-b; a=a-b; An other approach to the same question You use an XOR swap. for example: int a = 5; int b = 10; a = a ^ b; b = a ^ b; a = a ^ b; What is data encapsulation? Encapsulation may be used by creating get and set methods in a class (JAVABEAN) which are used to access the fields of the object. Typically the fields are made private while the get and set methods are public. Encapsulation can be used to validate the data that is to be stored, to do calculations on data that is stored in a field or fields, or for use in introspection (often the case when using javabeans in Struts, for instance). Wrapping of data and function into a single unit is called as data encapsulation. Encapsulation is nothing but wrapping up the data and associated methods into a single unit in such a way that data can be accessed with the help of associated methods. Encapsulation provides data security. It is nothing but data hiding. What is reflection API? How are they implemented? Reflection is the process of introspecting the features and state of a class at runtime and dynamically manipulate at run time. This is supported using Reflection API with built-in classes like Class, Method, Fields, Constructors etc. Example: Using Java Reflection API we can get the class name, by using the getName method. Does JVM maintain a cache by itself? Does the JVM allocate objects in heap? Is this the OS heap or the heap maintained by the JVM? Why Yes, the JVM maintains a cache by itself. It creates the Objects on the HEAP, but references to those objects are on the STACK. What is phantom memory? Phantom memory is false memory. Memory that does not exist in reality. Can a method be static and synchronized? A static method can be synchronized. If you do so, the JVM will obtain a lock on the java.lang. Class instance associated with the object. It is similar to saying:

synchronized(XYZ.class) { } What is difference between String and StringTokenizer? A StringTokenizer is utility class used to break up string. Example: StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(Hello World); while (st.hasMoreTokens()) { System.out.println(st.nextToken()); } Output: Hello World
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What restrictions are placed on method overloading? Two methods may not have the same name and argument list but different return types. What is the difference between String and StringBuffer? String objects are immutable whereas StringBuffer objects are not. StringBuffer unlike Strings support growable and modifiable strings. Can a private method of a superclass be declared within a subclass?

Sure. A private field or method or inner class belongs to its declared class and hides from its subclasses. There is no way for private stuff to have a runtime overloading or overriding (polymorphism) features. <br /><font size=-1> What is the default value of an object reference declared as an instance variable? null unless we define it explicitly. What is the difference between a constructor and a method? Or How can a subclass call a method or a constructor defined in a superclass? A constructor is a member function of a class that is used to create objects of that class, invoked using the new operator. It has the same name as the class and has no return type. They are only called once, whereas member functions can be called many times. A method is an ordinary member function of a class. It has its own name, a return type (which may be void), and is invoked using the dot operator. Constructor will be automatically invoked when an object is created whereas method has to be called explicitly. super.method(); is used to call a super class method from a sub class. To call a constructor of the super class, we use the super(); statement as the first line of the subclasss constructor. Can a top-level class be private or protected? No. A top-level class cannot be private or protected. It can have either public or no modifier. If it does not have a modifier it is supposed to have a default access. If a top level class is declared as private/protected the compiler will complain that the modifier private is not allowed here. Why Java does not support multiple inheritance? Java does support multiple inheritance via interface implementation. Where and how can you use a private constructor? Private constructor can be used if you do not want any other class to instantiate the class. This concept is generally used in Singleton Design Pattern. The instantiation of such classes is done from a static public method. How are this() and super() used with constructors?

this() is used to invoke a constructor of the same class. super() is used to invoke a superclass constructor. What is Method Overriding? What restrictions are placed on method overriding? When a class defines a method using the same name, return type, and argument list as that of a method in its superclass, the method in the subclass is said to override the method present in the Superclass. When the method is invoked for an object of the class, it is the new definition of the method that is called, and not the method definition from superclass. Restrictions placed on method overriding Overridden methods must have the same name, argument list, and return type. The overriding method may not limit the access of the method it overrides. Methods may be overridden to be more public, not more private. The overriding method may not throw any exceptions that may not be thrown by the overridden method. What are the Object and Class classes used for? Which class should you use to obtain design information about an object? Differentiate between a Class and an Object? The Object class is the highest-level class in the Java class hierarchy. The Class class is used to represent the classes and interfaces that are loaded by a Java program. The Class class is used to obtain information about an objects design. A Class is only a definition or prototype of real life object. Whereas an object is an instance or living representation of real life object. Every object belongs to a class and every class contains one or more related objects. What is a singleton class? Or What is singleton pattern? This design pattern is used by an application to ensure that at any time there is only one instance of a class created. You can achieve this by having the private constructor in the class and having a getter method which returns an object of the class and creates one for the first time if its null. What is method overloading and method overriding? Or What is difference between overloading and overriding?

Method overloading: When 2 or more methods in a class have the same method names with different arguments, it is said to be method overloading. Overloading does not block inheritance from the superclass. Overloaded methods must have different method signatures Method overriding : When a method in a class has the same method name with same arguments as that of the superclass, it is said to be method overriding. Overriding blocks inheritance from the superclass. Overridden methods must have same signature. Basically overloading and overriding are different aspects of polymorphism. static/early binding polymorphism: overloading dynamic/late binding polymorphism: overriding If a class is declared without any access modifiers, where may the class be accessed? A class that is declared without any access modifiers is said to have package or default access. This means that the class can only be accessed by other classes and interfaces that are defined within the same package. Does a class inherit the constructors of its superclass? A class does not inherit constructors from any of its super classes. Which java.util classes and interfaces support event handling? The EventObject class and the EventListener interface support event processing Can an objects finalize() method be invoked while it is reachable? An objects finalize() method cannot be invoked by the garbage collector while the object is still reachable. However, an objects finalize() method may be invoked by other objects. What is the purpose of the Runtime class? The purpose of the Runtime class is to provide access to the Java runtime system. It returns the runtime information like memory availability. * Runtime.freeMemory() > Returns JVM Free Memory * Runtime.maxMemory() > Returns the maximum amount of memory that the JVM will attempt to use. It also helps to run the garbage collector * Runtime.gc() What is the purpose of the System class?

The purpose of the System class is to provide access to system resources. Can an unreachable object become reachable again? An unreachable object may become reachable again. This can happen when the objects finalize() method is invoked and the object performs an operation which causes it to become accessible to reachable object. What is a bean? Where can it be used? A Bean is a reusable and self-contained software component. Beans created using java take advantage of all the security and platform independent features of java. Bean can be plugged into any software application. Bean is a simple class which has set and get methods. It could be used within a JSP using JSP tags to use them. What is the functionality of instanceOf() ? instanceOf opertaor is used to check whether an object can be cast to a specific type without throwing ClassCastException. What would happen if you say this = null? It will come up with Error Message The left-hand side of an assignment must be a variable. I want to create two instances of a class ,But when trying for creating third instance it should not allow me to create . What i have to do for making this? One way of doing this would be: public class test1 { static int cntr=0; test1() { cntr++; if(cntr>2) throw new NullPointerException();//u can define a new exception // for this }

public static void main(String args[]) { test1 t1= new test1(); System.out.println(hello 1); test1 t2= new test1(); System.out.println(hello 2); test1 t3= new test1(); } } What is the difference between an object and an instance? An Object May not have a class definition. eg int a[] where a is an array. An Instance should have a class definition. eg MyClass my=new MyClass(); my is an instance. What is heap in Java? It is a memory area which stores all the objects created by an executing program. Why default constructor of base class will be called first in java? A subclass inherits all the methods and fields (eligible one) from the base class, so base class is constructed in the process of creation of subclass object (subclass is also an object of superclass). Hence before initializing the default value of sub class the super class should be initialized using the default constructor. What are the other ways to create an object other than creating as new object? We can create object in different ways; 1.new operator 2.class.forName: Classname obj = Class.forName(Fully Qualified class Name).newInstance();

3.newInstance 4.object.clone What is the difference between instance, object, reference and a class? Class: A class is a user defined data type with set of data members & member functions Object: An Object is an instance of a class Reference: A reference is just like a pointer pointing to an object Instance: This represents the values of data members of a class at a particular time
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Explain garbage collection? Or How you can force the garbage collection? Or What is the purpose of garbage collection in Java, and when is it used? Or What is Garbage Collection and how to call it explicitly? Or Explain Garbage collection mechanism in Java? Garbage collection is one of the most important features of Java. The purpose of garbage collection is to identify and discard objects that are no longer needed by a program so that their resources can be reclaimed and reused. A Java object is subject to garbage collection when it becomes unreachable to the program in which it is used. Garbage collection is also called automatic memory management as JVM automatically removes the unused variables/objects

(value is null) from the memory. Every class inherits finalize() method from java.lang.Object, the finalize() method is called by garbage collector when it determines no more references to the object exists. In Java, it is good idea to explicitly assign null into a variable when no more in use. In Java on calling System.gc() and Runtime.gc(), JVM tries to recycle the unused objects, but there is no guarantee when all the objects will garbage collected. Garbage collection is an automatic process and cant be forced. There is no guarantee that Garbage collection will start immediately upon request of System.gc(). <br /><font size=-1> What kind of thread is the Garbage collector thread? It is a daemon thread. Can an objects finalize() method be invoked while it is reachable? An objects finalize() method cannot be invoked by the garbage collector while the object is still reachable. However, an objects finalize() method may be invoked by other objects. Does garbage collection guarantee that a program will not run out of memory? Garbage collection does not guarantee that a program will not run out of memory. It is possible for programs to use up memory resources faster than they are garbage collected. It is also possible for programs to create objects that are not subject to garbage collection. What is the purpose of finalization? The purpose of finalization is to give an unreachable object the opportunity to perform any cleanup, before the object gets garbage collected. For example, closing an opened database Connection. If an object is garbage collected, can it become reachable again? Once an object is garbage collected, It can no longer become reachable again.

What is the difference between Abstract class and Interface Or When should you use an abstract class, when an interface, when both? Or What is similarities/difference between an Abstract class and Interface?

Or What is the difference between interface and an abstract class? 1. Abstract class is a class which contain one or more abstract methods, which has to be implemented by sub classes. An abstract class can contain no abstract methods also i.e. abstract class may contain concrete methods. A Java Interface can contain only method declarations and public static final constants and doesnt contain their implementation. The classes which implement the Interface must provide the method definition for all the methods present. <br /><font size=-1> 2. Abstract class definition begins with the keyword abstract keyword followed by Class definition. An Interface definition begins with the keyword interface. 3. Abstract classes are useful in a situation when some general methods should be implemented and specialization behavior should be implemented by subclasses. Interfaces are useful in a situation when all its properties need to be implemented by subclasses 4. All variables in an Interface are by default - public static final while an abstract class can have instance variables. 5. An interface is also used in situations when a class needs to extend an other class apart from the abstract class. In such situations its not possible to have multiple inheritance of classes. An interface on the other hand can be used when it is required to implement one or more interfaces. Abstract class does not support Multiple Inheritance whereas an Interface supports multiple Inheritance. 6. An Interface can only have public members whereas an abstract class can contain private as well as protected members. 7. A class implementing an interface must implement all of the methods defined in the interface, while a class extending an abstract class need not implement any of the methods defined in the abstract class. 8. The problem with an interface is, if you want to add a new feature (method) in its contract, then you MUST implement those method in all of the classes which implement that interface. However, in the case of an abstract class, the method can be simply implemented in the abstract class and the same can be called by its subclass 9. Interfaces are slow as it requires extra indirection to to find corresponding method in in the actual class. Abstract classes are fast 10.Interfaces are often used to describe the peripheral abilities of a class, and not its central identity, E.g. an Automobile class might implement the Recyclable interface, which could apply to many otherwise totally unrelated objects.

Note: There is no difference between a fully abstract class (all methods declared as abstract and all fields are public static final) and an interface. Note: If the various objects are all of-a-kind, and share a common state and behavior, then tend towards a common base class. If all they share is a set of method signatures, then tend towards an interface. Similarities: Neither Abstract classes nor Interface can be instantiated. What does it mean that a method or class is abstract? An abstract class cannot be instantiated. Only its subclasses can be instantiated. A class that has one or more abstract methods must be declared abstract. A subclass that does not provide an implementation for its inherited abstract methods must also be declared abstract. You indicate that a class is abstract with the abstract keyword like this: public abstract class AbstractClass Abstract classes may contain abstract methods. A method declared abstract is not actually implemented in the class. It exists only to be overridden in subclasses. Abstract methods may only be included in abstract classes. However, an abstract class is not required to have any abstract methods, though most of them do. Each subclass of an abstract class must override the abstract methods of its superclasses or itself be declared abstract. Only the methods prototype is provided in the class definition. Also, a final method can not be abstract and vice versa. Methods specified in an interface are implicitly abstract. . It has no body. For example, public abstract float getInfo() What must a class do to implement an interface? The class must provide all of the methods in the interface and identify the interface in its implements clause. What is an abstract method? An abstract method is a method whose implementation is deferred to a subclass. What is interface? How to support multiple inhertance in Java? Or What is a cloneable interface and how many methods does it contain?

An Interface are implicitly abstract and public. Interfaces with empty bodies are called marker interfaces having certain property or behavior. Examples:java.lang.Cloneable,java.io.Serializable,java.util.EventListener. An interface body can contain constant declarations, method prototype declarations, nested class declarations, and nested interface declarations. Interfaces provide support for multiple inheritance in Java. A class that implements the interfaces is bound to implement all the methods defined in Interface. Example of Interface: public interface sampleInterface { public void functionOne(); public long CONSTANT_ONE = 1000; } What is an abstract class? Or Can you make an instance of an abstract class? Abstract classes can contain abstract and concrete methods. Abstract classes cannot be instantiated directly i.e. we cannot call the constructor of an abstract class directly nor we can create an instance of an abstract class by using Class.forName().newInstance() (Here we get java.lang.InstantiationException). However, if we create an instance of a class that extends an Abstract class, compiler will initialize both the classes. Here compiler will implicitly call the constructor of the Abstract class. Any class that contain an abstract method must be declared abstract and abstract methods can have definitions only in child classes. By overriding and customizing the abstract methods in more than one subclass makes Polymorphism and through Inheritance we define body to the abstract methods. Basically an abstract class serves as a template. Abstract class must be extended/subclassed for it to be implemented. A class may be declared abstract even if it has no abstract methods. This prevents it from being instantiated. Abstract class is a class that provides some general functionality but leaves specific implementation to its inheriting classes. Example of Abstract class: abstract class AbstractClassExample{ protected String name; public String getname() { return name; } public abstract void function(); } Example: Vehicle is an abstract class and Bus Truck, car etc are specific implementations

No! You cannot make an instance of an abstract class. An abstract class has to be sub-classed. If you have an abstract class and you want to use a method which has been implemented, you may need to subclass that abstract class, instantiate your subclass and then call that method. What is meant by Abstract Interface? Firstly, an interface is abstract. That means you cannot have any implementation in an interface. All the methods declared in an interface are abstract methods or signatures of the methods. How to define an Interface? In Java Interface defines the methods but does not implement them. Interface can include constants. A class that implements the interfaces is bound to implement all the methods defined in Interface. Example of Interface: public interface SampleInterface { public void functionOne(); public long CONSTANT_ONE = 1000; } Can Abstract Class have constructors? Can interfaces have constructors? Abstract classs can have a constructor, but you cannot access it through the object, since you cannot instantiate abstract class. To access the constructor create a sub class and extend the abstract class which is having the constructor. Example public abstract class AbstractExample { public AbstractExample(){ System.out.println(In AbstractExample()); } } public class Test extends AbstractExample{ public static void main(String args[]){ Test obj=new Test(); } }

If interface & abstract class have same methods and those methods contain no implementation, which one would you prefer? Obviously one should ideally go for an interface, as we can only extend one class. Implementing an interface for a class is very much effective rather than extending an abstract class because we can extend some other useful class for this subclass
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Explain the user defined Exceptions? User defined Exceptions are custom Exception classes defined by the user for specific purpose. A user defined exception can be created by simply sub-classing an Exception class or a subclass of an Exception class. This allows custom exceptions to be generated (using throw clause) and caught in the same way as normal exceptions. Example: class CustomException extends Exception { } What classes of exceptions may be caught by a catch clause? A catch clause can catch any exception that may be assigned to the Throwable type. This includes the Error and Exception types. Errors are generally irrecoverable conditions <br /><font size=-1> What is the difference between exception and error? Errors are irrecoverable exceptions. Usually a program terminates when an error is encountered. What is the difference between throw and throws keywords? The throw keyword denotes a statement that causes an exception to be initiated. It takes the Exception object to be thrown as an argument. The exception will be caught by an enclosing trycatch block or propagated further up the calling hierarchy. The throws keyword is a modifier of a method that denotes that an exception may be thrown by the method. An exception can be rethrown.

What class of exceptions are generated by the Java run-time system? The Java runtime system generates Runtime Exceptions and Errors. What is the base class for Error and Exception? Throwable What are Checked and Unchecked Exceptions? A checked exception is some subclass of Exception (or Exception itself), excluding class RuntimeException and its subclasses. Making an exception checked forces client programmers to deal with the exception may be thrown. Checked exceptions must be caught at compile time. Example: IOException. Unchecked exceptions are RuntimeException and any of its subclasses. Class Error and its subclasses also are unchecked. With an unchecked exception, however, the compiler doesnt force client programmers either to catch the exception or declare it in a throws clause. In fact, client programmers may not even know that the exception could be thrown. Example: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException. Errors are often irrecoverable conditions. Does the code in finally block get executed if there is an exception and a return statement in a catch block? Or What is the purpose of the finally clause of a try-catch-finally statement? The finally clause is used to provide the capability to execute code no matter whether or not an exception is thrown or caught. If an exception occurs and there is a return statement in catch block, the finally block is still executed. The finally block will not be executed when the System.exit(0) statement is executed earlier or on system shut down earlier or the memory is used up earlier before the thread goes to finally block. try{ //some statements } catch{ //statements when exception is caught } finally{ //statements executed whether exception occurs or not } Does the order of placing catch statements matter in the catch block?

Yes, it does. The FileNoFoundException is inherited from the IOException. So FileNoFoundException is caught before IOException. Exceptions subclasses have to be caught first before the General Exception
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What are three ways in which a thread can enter the waiting state? Or What are different ways in which a thread can enter the waiting state? A thread can enter the waiting state by the following ways: 1. Invoking its sleep() method, 2. By blocking on I/O 3. By unsuccessfully attempting to acquire an objects lock 4. By invoking an objects wait() method. 5. It can also enter the waiting state by invoking its (deprecated) suspend() method. What is the difference between yielding and sleeping? When a task invokes its yield() method, it returns to the ready state, either from waiting, running or after its creation. When a task invokes its sleep() method, it returns to the waiting state from a running state. <br /><font size=-1> How to create multithreaded program? Explain different ways of using thread? When a thread is created and started, what is its initial state? Or Extending Thread class or implementing Runnable Interface. Which is better? You have two ways to do so. First, making your class extends Thread class. The other way is making your class implement Runnable interface. The latter is more advantageous, cause when you are going for multiple inheritance, then only interface can help. . If you are already inheriting a different class, then you have to go for Runnable Interface. Otherwise you can extend Thread class. Also, if you are implementing interface, it means you have to implement all methods in the interface. Both Thread class and Runnable interface are provided for convenience and use them as per the requirement. But if you are not extending any class, better extend Thread

class as it will save few lines of coding. Otherwise performance wise, there is no distinguishable difference. A thread is in the ready state after it has been created and started. What is mutual exclusion? How can you take care of mutual exclusion using Java threads? Mutual exclusion is a phenomenon where no two processes can access critical regions of memory at the same time. Using Java multithreading we can arrive at mutual exclusion. For mutual exclusion, you can simply use the synchronized keyword and explicitly or implicitly provide an Object, any Object, to synchronize on. The synchronized keyword can be applied to a class, to a method, or to a block of code. There are several methods in Java used for communicating mutually exclusive threads such as wait( ), notify( ), or notifyAll( ). For example, the notifyAll( ) method wakes up all threads that are in the wait list of an object. What is the difference between preemptive scheduling and time slicing? Under preemptive scheduling, the highest priority task executes until it enters the waiting or dead states or a higher priority task comes into existence. Under time slicing, a task executes for a predefined slice of time and then re-enters the pool of ready tasks. The scheduler then determines which task should execute next, based on priority and other factors. What invokes a threads run() method? After a thread is started, via its start() method of the Thread class, the JVM invokes the threads run() method when the thread is initially executed. What is the purpose of the wait(), notify(), and notifyAll() methods? The wait(), notify() and notifyAll() methods are used to provide an efficient way for thread intercommunication. What is thread? What are the high-level thread states? Or What are the states associated in the thread? A thread is an independent path of execution in a system. The high-level thread states are ready, running, waiting and dead. What is deadlock? When two threads are waiting for each other and cant proceed until the first thread obtains a lock on the other thread or vice versa, the program is said to be in a deadlock. How does multithreading take place on a computer with a single CPU?

The operating systems task scheduler allocates execution time to multiple tasks. By quickly switching between executing tasks, it creates the impression that tasks execute sequentially. What are synchronized methods and synchronized statements? Synchronized methods are methods that are used to control access to an object. A thread only executes a synchronized method after it has acquired the lock for the methods object or class. Synchronized statements are similar to synchronized methods. A synchronized statement can only be executed after a thread has acquired the lock for the object or class referenced in the synchronized statement. Can Java object be locked down for exclusive use by a given thread? Or What happens when a thread cannot acquire a lock on an object? Yes. You can lock an object by putting it in a synchronized block. The locked object is inaccessible to any thread other than the one that explicitly claimed it. If a thread attempts to execute a synchronized method or synchronized statement and is unable to acquire an objects lock, it enters the waiting state until the lock becomes available. Whats the difference between the methods sleep() and wait()? The sleep method is used when the thread has to be put aside for a fixed amount of time. Ex: sleep(1000), puts the thread aside for exactly one second. The wait method is used to put the thread aside for up to the specified time. It could wait for much lesser time if it receives a notify() or notifyAll() call. Ex: wait(1000), causes a wait of up to one second. The method wait() is defined in the Object and the method sleep() is defined in the class Thread. What is the difference between process and thread? A thread is a separate path of execution in a program. A Process is a program in execution. What is daemon thread and which method is used to create the daemon thread? Daemon threads are threads with low priority and runs in the back ground doing the garbage collection operation for the java runtime system. The setDaemon() method is used to create a daemon thread. These threads run without the intervention of the user. To determine if a thread is a daemon thread, use the accessor method isDaemon() When a standalone application is run then as long as any user threads are active the JVM cannot terminate, otherwise the JVM terminates along with any daemon threads which might be active. Thus a daemon thread is at the mercy of the runtime system. Daemon threads exist only to serve user threads.

What do you understand by Synchronization? Or What is synchronization and why is it important? Or Describe synchronization in respect to multithreading? Or What is synchronization? With respect to multithreading, Synchronization is a process of controlling the access of shared resources by the multiple threads in such a manner that only one thread can access a particular resource at a time. In non synchronized multithreaded application, it is possible for one thread to modify a shared object while another thread is in the process of using or updating the objects value. Synchronization prevents such type of data corruption which may otherwise lead to dirty reads and significant errors. E.g. synchronizing a function: public synchronized void Method1 () { // method code. } E.g. synchronizing a block of code inside a function: public Method2 (){ synchronized (this) { // synchronized code here. } } When you will synchronize a piece of your code? When you expect that your shared code will be accessed by different threads and these threads may change a particular data causing data corruption, then they are placed in a synchronized construct or a synchronized method. Why would you use a synchronized block vs. synchronized method? Synchronized blocks place locks for shorter periods than synchronized methods. What is an objects lock and which objects have locks? Answer: An objects lock is a mechanism that is used by multiple threads to obtain synchronized access to the object. A thread may execute a synchronized method of an object only after it has

acquired the objects lock. All objects and classes have locks. A classs lock is acquired on the classs Class object. Can a lock be acquired on a class? Yes, a lock can be acquired on a class. This lock is acquired on the classs Class object. What state does a thread enter when it terminates its processing? When a thread terminates its processing, it enters the dead state. How would you implement a thread pool? public class ThreadPool implements ThreadPoolInt This class is an generic implementation of a thread pool, which takes the following input a) Size of the pool to be constructed b) Name of the class which implements Runnable and constructs a thread pool with active threads that are waiting for activation. Once the threads have finished processing they come back and wait once again in the pool. This thread pool engine can be locked i.e. if some internal operation is performed on the pool then it is preferable that the thread engine be locked. Locking ensures that no new threads are issued by the engine. However, the currently executing threads are allowed to continue till they come back to the passivePool. Is there a separate stack for each thread in Java? Yes. Every thread maintains its own separate stack, called Runtime Stack but they share the same memory. Elements of the stack are the method invocations, called activation records or stack frame. The activation record contains pertinent information about a method like local variables.
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115 questions total, not for the weak. Covers everything from basics to JDBC connectivity, AWT and JSP.
1. What is the difference between procedural and object-oriented programs?- a) In

procedural program, programming logic follows certain procedures and the instructions are executed one after another. In OOP program, unit of program is object, which is nothing but combination of data and code. b) In procedural program, data is exposed to

the whole program whereas in OOPs program, it is accessible with in the object and which in turn assures the security of the code. 2. What are Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism?- Encapsulation is the mechanism that binds together code and data it manipulates and keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse. Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another object. Polymorphism is the feature that allows one interface to be used for general class actions. 3. What is the difference between Assignment and Initialization?- Assignment can be done as many times as desired whereas initialization can be done only once. 4. What is OOPs?- Object oriented programming organizes a program around its data, i. e. , objects and a set of well defined interfaces to that data. An object-oriented program can be characterized as data controlling access to code. 5. What are Class, Constructor and Primitive data types?- Class is a template for multiple objects with similar features and it is a blue print for objects. It defines a type of object according to the data the object can hold and the operations the object can perform. Constructor is a special kind of method that determines how an object is initialized when created. Primitive data types are 8 types and they are: byte, short, int, long, float, double, boolean, char. 6. What is an Object and how do you allocate memory to it?- Object is an instance of a class and it is a software unit that combines a structured set of data with a set of operations for inspecting and manipulating that data. When an object is created using new operator, memory is allocated to it. 7. What is the difference between constructor and method?- Constructor will be automatically invoked when an object is created whereas method has to be called explicitly. 8. What are methods and how are they defined?- Methods are functions that operate on instances of classes in which they are defined. Objects can communicate with each other using methods and can call methods in other classes. Method definition has four parts. They are name of the method, type of object or primitive type the method returns, a list of parameters and the body of the method. A methods signature is a combination of the first three parts mentioned above. 9. What is the use of bin and lib in JDK?- Bin contains all tools such as javac, appletviewer, awt tool, etc., whereas lib contains API and all packages. 10. What is casting?- Casting is used to convert the value of one type to another. 11. How many ways can an argument be passed to a subroutine and explain them?- An argument can be passed in two ways. They are passing by value and passing by reference. Passing by value: This method copies the value of an argument into the formal parameter of the subroutine. Passing by reference: In this method, a reference to an argument (not the value of the argument) is passed to the parameter. 12. What is the difference between an argument and a parameter?- While defining method, variables passed in the method are called parameters. While using those methods, values passed to those variables are called arguments. 13. What are different types of access modifiers?- public: Any thing declared as public can be accessed from anywhere. private: Any thing declared as private cant be seen outside of its class. protected: Any thing declared as protected can be accessed by classes in the

same package and subclasses in the other packages. default modifier : Can be accessed only to classes in the same package. 14. What is final, finalize() and finally?- final : final keyword can be used for class, method and variables. A final class cannot be subclassed and it prevents other programmers from subclassing a secure class to invoke insecure methods. A final method cant be overridden. A final variable cant change from its initialized value. finalize() : finalize() method is used just before an object is destroyed and can be called just prior to garbage collection. finally : finally, a key word used in exception handling, creates a block of code that will be executed after a try/catch block has completed and before the code following the try/catch block. The finally block will execute whether or not an exception is thrown. For example, if a method opens a file upon exit, then you will not want the code that closes the file to be bypassed by the exception-handling mechanism. This finally keyword is designed to address this contingency. 15. What is UNICODE?- Unicode is used for internal representation of characters and strings and it uses 16 bits to represent each other. 16. What is Garbage Collection and how to call it explicitly?- When an object is no longer referred to by any variable, java automatically reclaims memory used by that object. This is known as garbage collection. System. gc() method may be used to call it explicitly. 17. What is finalize() method?- finalize () method is used just before an object is destroyed and can be called just prior to garbage collection. 18. What are Transient and Volatile Modifiers?- Transient: The transient modifier applies to variables only and it is not stored as part of its objects Persistent state. Transient variables are not serialized. Volatile: Volatile modifier applies to variables only and it tells the compiler that the variable modified by volatile can be changed unexpectedly by other parts of the program. 19. What is method overloading and method overriding?- Method overloading: When a method in a class having the same method name with different arguments is said to be method overloading. Method overriding : When a method in a class having the same method name with same arguments is said to be method overriding. 20. What is difference between overloading and overriding?- a) In overloading, there is a relationship between methods available in the same class whereas in overriding, there is relationship between a superclass method and subclass method. b) Overloading does not block inheritance from the superclass whereas overriding blocks inheritance from the superclass. c) In overloading, separate methods share the same name whereas in overriding, subclass method replaces the superclass. d) Overloading must have different method signatures whereas overriding must have same signature. 21. What is meant by Inheritance and what are its advantages?- Inheritance is the process of inheriting all the features from a class. The advantages of inheritance are reusability of code and accessibility of variables and methods of the super class by subclasses. 22. What is the difference between this() and super()?- this() can be used to invoke a constructor of the same class whereas super() can be used to invoke a super class constructor. 23. What is the difference between superclass and subclass?- A super class is a class that is inherited whereas sub class is a class that does the inheriting.

24. What modifiers may be used with top-level class?- public, abstract and final can be

used for top-level class.

classes, including those defined in methods are called inner classes. An inner class can have any accessibility including private. Anonymous class : Anonymous class is a class defined inside a method without a name and is instantiated and declared in the same place and cannot have explicit constructors. 26. What is a package?- A package is a collection of classes and interfaces that provides a high-level layer of access protection and name space management. 27. What is a reflection package?- java. lang. reflect package has the ability to analyze itself in runtime. 28. What is interface and its use?- Interface is similar to a class which may contain methods signature only but not bodies and it is a formal set of method and constant declarations that must be defined by the class that implements it. Interfaces are useful for: a)Declaring methods that one or more classes are expected to implement b)Capturing similarities between unrelated classes without forcing a class relationship. c)Determining an objects programming interface without revealing the actual body of the class. 29. What is an abstract class?- An abstract class is a class designed with implementation gaps for subclasses to fill in and is deliberately incomplete. 30. What is the difference between Integer and int?- a) Integer is a class defined in the java. lang package, whereas int is a primitive data type defined in the Java language itself. Java does not automatically convert from one to the other. b) Integer can be used as an argument for a method that requires an object, whereas int can be used for calculations. 31. What is a cloneable interface and how many methods does it contain?- It is not having any method because it is a TAGGED or MARKER interface. 32. What is the difference between abstract class and interface?- a) All the methods declared inside an interface are abstract whereas abstract class must have at least one abstract method and others may be concrete or abstract. b) In abstract class, key word abstract must be used for the methods whereas interface we need not use that keyword for the methods. c) Abstract class must have subclasses whereas interface cant have subclasses. 33. Can you have an inner class inside a method and what variables can you access?Yes, we can have an inner class inside a method and final variables can be accessed. 34. What is the difference between String and String Buffer?- a) String objects are constants and immutable whereas StringBuffer objects are not. b) String class supports constant strings whereas StringBuffer class supports growable and modifiable strings. 35. What is the difference between Array and vector?- Array is a set of related data type and static whereas vector is a growable array of objects and dynamic. 36. What is the difference between exception and error?- The exception class defines mild error conditions that your program encounters. Exceptions can occur when trying to open the file, which does not exist, the network connection is disrupted, operands being manipulated are out of prescribed ranges, the class file you are interested in loading is missing. The error class defines serious error conditions that you should not attempt to recover from. In most cases it is advisable to let the program terminate when such an error is encountered.

37. What is the difference between process and thread?- Process is a program in

execution whereas thread is a separate path of execution in a program.

and what is the class in which these methods are defined?- Multithreading is the mechanism in which more than one thread run independent of each other within the process. wait (), notify () and notifyAll() methods can be used for inter-thread communication and these methods are in Object class. wait() : When a thread executes a call to wait() method, it surrenders the object lock and enters into a waiting state. notify() or notifyAll() : To remove a thread from the waiting state, some other thread must make a call to notify() or notifyAll() method on the same object. 39. What is the class and interface in java to create thread and which is the most advantageous method?- Thread class and Runnable interface can be used to create threads and using Runnable interface is the most advantageous method to create threads because we need not extend thread class here. 40. What are the states associated in the thread?- Thread contains ready, running, waiting and dead states. 41. What is synchronization?- Synchronization is the mechanism that ensures that only one thread is accessed the resources at a time. 42. When you will synchronize a piece of your code?- When you expect your code will be accessed by different threads and these threads may change a particular data causing data corruption. 43. What is deadlock?- When two threads are waiting each other and cant precede the program is said to be deadlock. 44. What is daemon thread and which method is used to create the daemon thread?Daemon thread is a low priority thread which runs intermittently in the back ground doing the garbage collection operation for the java runtime system. setDaemon method is used to create a daemon thread. 45. Are there any global variables in Java, which can be accessed by other part of your program?- No, it is not the main method in which you define variables. Global variables is not possible because concept of encapsulation is eliminated here. 46. What is an applet?- Applet is a dynamic and interactive program that runs inside a web page displayed by a java capable browser. 47. What is the difference between applications and applets?- a)Application must be run on local machine whereas applet needs no explicit installation on local machine. b)Application must be run explicitly within a java-compatible virtual machine whereas applet loads and runs itself automatically in a java-enabled browser. d)Application starts execution with its main method whereas applet starts execution with its init method. e)Application can run with or without graphical user interface whereas applet must run within a graphical user interface. 48. How does applet recognize the height and width?- Using getParameters() method. 49. When do you use codebase in applet?- When the applet class file is not in the same directory, codebase is used. 50. What is the lifecycle of an applet?- init() method - Can be called when an applet is first loaded start() method - Can be called each time an applet is started. paint() method - Can be called when the applet is minimized or maximized. stop() method - Can be used when

the browser moves off the applets page. destroy() method - Can be called when the browser is finished with the applet. 51. How do you set security in applets?- using setSecurityManager() method 52. What is an event and what are the models available for event handling?- An event is an event object that describes a state of change in a source. In other words, event occurs when an action is generated, like pressing button, clicking mouse, selecting a list, etc. There are two types of models for handling events and they are: a) event-inheritance model and b) event-delegation model 53. What are the advantages of the model over the event-inheritance model?- The eventdelegation model has two advantages over the event-inheritance model. They are: a)It enables event handling by objects other than the ones that generate the events. This allows a clean separation between a components design and its use. b)It performs much better in applications where many events are generated. This performance improvement is due to the fact that the event-delegation model does not have to be repeatedly process unhandled events as is the case of the event-inheritance. 54. What is source and listener?- source : A source is an object that generates an event. This occurs when the internal state of that object changes in some way. listener : A listener is an object that is notified when an event occurs. It has two major requirements. First, it must have been registered with one or more sources to receive notifications about specific types of events. Second, it must implement methods to receive and process these notifications. 55. What is adapter class?- An adapter class provides an empty implementation of all methods in an event listener interface. Adapter classes are useful when you want to receive and process only some of the events that are handled by a particular event listener interface. You can define a new class to act listener by extending one of the adapter classes and implementing only those events in which you are interested. For example, the MouseMotionAdapter class has two methods, mouseDragged()and mouseMoved(). The signatures of these empty are exactly as defined in the MouseMotionListener interface. If you are interested in only mouse drag events, then you could simply extend MouseMotionAdapter and implement mouseDragged() . 56. What is meant by controls and what are different types of controls in AWT?Controls are components that allow a user to interact with your application and the AWT supports the following types of controls: Labels, Push Buttons, Check Boxes, Choice Lists, Lists, Scrollbars, Text Components. These controls are subclasses of Component. 57. What is the difference between choice and list?- A Choice is displayed in a compact form that requires you to pull it down to see the list of available choices and only one item may be selected from a choice. A List may be displayed in such a way that several list items are visible and it supports the selection of one or more list items. 58. What is the difference between scrollbar and scrollpane?- A Scrollbar is a Component, but not a Container whereas Scrollpane is a Conatiner and handles its own events and perform its own scrolling. 59. What is a layout manager and what are different types of layout managers available in java AWT?- A layout manager is an object that is used to organize components in a container. The different layouts are available are FlowLayout, BorderLayout, CardLayout, GridLayout and GridBagLayout.

60. How are the elements of different layouts organized?- FlowLayout: The elements of a

FlowLayout are organized in a top to bottom, left to right fashion. BorderLayout: The elements of a BorderLayout are organized at the borders (North, South, East and West) and the center of a container. CardLayout: The elements of a CardLayout are stacked, on top of the other, like a deck of cards. GridLayout: The elements of a GridLayout are of equal size and are laid out using the square of a grid. GridBagLayout: The elements of a GridBagLayout are organized according to a grid. However, the elements are of different size and may occupy more than one row or column of the grid. In addition, the rows and columns may have different sizes. 61. Which containers use a Border layout as their default layout?- Window, Frame and Dialog classes use a BorderLayout as their layout. 62. Which containers use a Flow layout as their default layout?- Panel and Applet classes use the FlowLayout as their default layout. 63. What are wrapper classes?- Wrapper classes are classes that allow primitive types to be accessed as objects. 64. What are Vector, Hashtable, LinkedList and Enumeration?- Vector : The Vector class provides the capability to implement a growable array of objects. Hashtable : The Hashtable class implements a Hashtable data structure. A Hashtable indexes and stores objects in a dictionary using hash codes as the objects keys. Hash codes are integer values that identify objects. LinkedList: Removing or inserting elements in the middle of an array can be done using LinkedList. A LinkedList stores each object in a separate link whereas an array stores object references in consecutive locations. Enumeration: An object that implements the Enumeration interface generates a series of elements, one at a time. It has two methods, namely hasMoreElements() and nextElement(). HasMoreElemnts() tests if this enumeration has more elements and nextElement method returns successive elements of the series. 65. What is the difference between set and list?- Set stores elements in an unordered way but does not contain duplicate elements, whereas list stores elements in an ordered way but may contain duplicate elements. 66. What is a stream and what are the types of Streams and classes of the Streams?- A Stream is an abstraction that either produces or consumes information. There are two types of Streams and they are: Byte Streams: Provide a convenient means for handling input and output of bytes. Character Streams: Provide a convenient means for handling input & output of characters. Byte Streams classes: Are defined by using two abstract classes, namely InputStream and OutputStream. Character Streams classes: Are defined by using two abstract classes, namely Reader and Writer. 67. What is the difference between Reader/Writer and InputStream/Output Stream?The Reader/Writer class is character-oriented and the InputStream/OutputStream class is byte-oriented. 68. What is an I/O filter?- An I/O filter is an object that reads from one stream and writes to another, usually altering the data in some way as it is passed from one stream to another. 69. What is serialization and deserialization?- Serialization is the process of writing the state of an object to a byte stream. Deserialization is the process of restoring these objects.