TABLE OF CONTENTS MEASURING UNITS THERMAL ENERGY OR HEAT 2514 2514 2514 2514 2515 Thermometer Scales Absolute Temperature and Absolute Zero ‘Thermal Energy Fahremheit-Celsius Conversion Interpolation Factors WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 2517 2517 2517 2517 2517 2518 2518 2518 2518 2518 2518 2518 2519 2519 2519 2520 2522 2522 2522 2523 2523 2523 2523 2523 Measures of Length Surveyor's Measure Nautical Measure Square Measure Cubic Measure Shipping Measure Dry Measure Liquid Measure Old Liquid Measure Apothecaries' Fluid Measure Avoirdupois or Commercial Weight Troy Weight, used for Weighing Gold and Silver Apothecaries' Weight Measures of Pressure Miscellaneous METRIC SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT International System of Units Factors and Prefixes Standard of Length Measures of Length Square Measure Surveyor's Square Measure Cubic Measure Dry and Liquid Measure Measures of Weight METRIC SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT _(Cont.) 2525. Metric System 2525 Metric Conversion Factors 2531 Metric and English Equivalents 2531 Use of Conversion Tables 2532 Ohm’s Law 2533 Binary Multiples 2533. Linear Measure 2534 Decimals of an Inch to Millimeters 2536 Millimeters to Inches 2538 Fractional Inch 2539 — Microinches to Micrometers 2540 Micrometers to Microinches. 2541 Foot Meter and Mile Kilometer Conversion 2541 Square Measure 2542 Square Inch Square Centimeter Conversion 2542 Cubic Measure 2543 Cubic Foot Cubic Meter Conversion 2544 ~~ Acre Hectare Conversion 2545 Gallon Liter Conversion, 2546 Weight 2546 Pound Kilogram Conversion 2548 Pounds per Square Inch Kilopscals Conversion 2549 Pounds per Cubic Inch Grams per Cubic Centimeter 2550 Pounds-force to Newtons, Conversion 2551 Power and Heat Equivalents 2553 British Thermal Unit Joule Conversion 2554 Greek Letters and Standard Abbreviations 2554 Abbreviations for Scientific and 2513 Engineering Terms2514 THERMOMETERS THERMAL ENERGY OR HEAT ‘Thermometer Scales —There are two thermometer scales in general use: the Fahrenheit (F), which is used in the United States and in other countries still using the English system of units, and the Celsius (C) or Centigrade used throughout the rest of the world, Inthe Fahrenheit thermometer, the freezing point of water is marked at 32 degrees on the scale and the boiling point, at atmospheric pressure, at 212 degrees. The distance between these two points is divided into 180 degrees. On the Celsius scale, the freezing point of water is at 0 degrees and the boiling point at 100 degrees. The following formulas may be used for converting temperatures given on any one of the scales to the other scale: 9 degrees Ci 5.x (degrees F— 32) 9 Degrees Fahrenheit Degrees Celsius ‘Tables on the pages that follow can be used to convert degrees Celsius into degrees Fahr- enheit or vice versa, In the event that the conversions are not covered in the tables, use those applicable portions of the formulas given above for converting. Absolute Temperature and Absolute Zero.—A point has been determined on the ther- mometer scale, by theoretical considerations, that is called the absolute zero and beyond which a further decrease in temperature is inconceivable. This point is located at 273.2 degrees Celsius or —459.7 degrees F. A temperature reckoned from this point, instead of from the zero on the ordinary thermometers, is called absolute temperature, Absolute tem- perature in degrees C is known as “degrees Kelvin” or the “Kelvin scale” (K) and absolute temperature in degrees F is known as “degrees Rankine” or the “Rankine scale” (R), Degrees Kelvin = degrees C + 273.2 Degrees Rankine = degrees F + 459.7 Measures of the Quantity of Thermal Energy.— The unit of quantity of thermal energy used in the United States is the British thermal unit, which is the quantity of heat or thermal energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of pure water one degree F. (Ameri- can National Standard abbreviation, Btu; conventional British symbol, B.Th.U.) The French thermal unit, or kilogram calorie, is the quantity of heat or thermal energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of pure water one degree C. One kilogram calorie = 3.968 British thermal units = 1000 gram calories. The number of foot-pounds of mechan- ical energy equivalent to one British thermal unit is called the mechanical equivalent of heat, and equals 778 foot-pounds. In the modern metric or SI system of units, the unit for thermal energy is the joule (J); a commonly used multiple being the kilojoule (kJ), or 1000 joules. See page 2520 for an explanation of the SI System. One kilojoule = 0.9478 Btu, Also in the SI System, the watt (W), equal to joule per second (J/s), is used for power, where one watt = 3.412 Btu per hour. Fahrenheit-Celsius (Centigrade) Conversion.—A simple way to convert a Fahrenheit temperature reading into a Celsius temperature reading or vice versa is to enter the accom- panying table in the center or boldface column of figures. These figures refer to the temper- ature in either Fahrenheit or Celsius degrees. If it is desired to convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius degrees, consider the center column as a table of Fahrenheit temperatures and read the corresponding Celsius temperature in the column at the left. If itis desired to convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit degrees, consider the center column as atable of Celsi and read the corresponding Fahrenheit temperature on the right.THERMOMETERS 2515 Interpolation Factors wee eeF ee wee 056 7 18 333 6 108 Lu 2 36 3.89 7 26 167 3 54 44a 8 aa 222 4 72 5.00 9 162 278 5 90 5.56 10 180) Interpolation factors are given for use with that portion of the table in which the center column advances in increments of 10. To illustrate, suppose itis desired to find the Fahren- heit equivalent of 314 degrees C. The equivalent of 310 degrees C, found in the body of the main table, is seen to be 590.0 degrees F. The Fahrenheit equivalent of a4-degree C differ- ence is seen to be 7.2, as read in the table of interpolating factors. The answer is the sum or 597.2 degrees F. Fahrenheit-Celsius (Centigrade) Conversion Table age eer [| dee dese aeaF | ee ay =I aaa a 268-480 9 140-220} 78 8 ota | 100501220 262-440 9-130 202 | 729662 | 106 SL 18 257-430 st 10-184 | 67 0s | ld 82256 251-420 9-0 165} 61 ows | 53D 246 410 73-100 us} 56 2216 | 122 841292 240-400 8-99-1390} 00s a | 8S ISL 2-390 2 0 -2/ 44 2 2] 33 s6 1328 -29 380 -s7 m0 ot | 39s 0 | 9871346 “203 1-0 6 | 33 HRB | dd SB 1364 -218 —6 0 ss | 287 06 | Iso) 881382. 212-380 40-40 «40 | 22 2 24] is6 60 140.0 207 ee ee ee ee 201 29-4 | ar t0 | 67 1B -196 320 23 0 4 | 6 0 oas | 2 was 190 310 ne 32 896 | 178 9 64 1472 -184 300 712 18 | 06 33 914 | 183 68 149.0 179-290 1672386 | oa 34 932 | 189 66 1508 173-280 st 3a | as 950 | 194 671526 -169 273 -4504| -156 = 4392 | 22 36 968 | 200 68 1544 -168 270-454 | -150 5 a1 | 27 3798.6 | 206 © 69 156.2 -162 260-436 | -104 6) ans | a3 38 10s | 211 70 1580 -157 280 tis | -139 7 ate | 3939 toa | 27 ts -151 240 400 | -133 8 asa | 44) tos | 22.2268 146 230-382 | -28 = 9 as2 | so toss] 228 = 73 1634 140 220-36 | -22 0 soo | 56 = to | 233741552 -14 0 uo a5 | 7 sis | 6 43 194] 239 © 78 1670 -129 20-38 | -1nr 536 | 67 4 12] 244 6 1688 -123 190 -106 = 3584 | 72 4 1130] 250 77 1706 18-180 -00 572 | 78 46 48) 256 © 78 1724 <1 170 94 1S 590 | 83 47 1166) 261 79 1742 =107 160 39 16 608 | 39 48 1184] 267 80 1760 2 BL 583137 2786 | 894 193 3794 | 3044 5801076 218 BR sao 138 2804 | 900 194 381.2 | 3100 5901094 283083 sa4 139 282.2 | 96 195 3830] 3156 6001112 2398s 0 = 40 2840] 911 196 3848 | 211 6101130 294 8S 606 2858 | 917 197 3866 | 3267 6201148 30086 sll 422876 | 922 198 3884 | 3322 6301166 306 87 674328904] 928 199 3902 | 3378 640 118d