THE SMITH CHART THE SMITH CHART

Part 3 Part 3 - - The Smith Chart and its Applications The Smith Chart and its Applications
L T i L T i Lec. Topics Lec. Topics
8. Introduction to the Smith Chart 8. Introduction to the Smith Chart
Principle of Operation Principle of Operation
Construction of the Smith Chart Construction of the Smith Chart
Key Points on the Smith Chart Key Points on the Smith Chart Key Points on the Smith Chart Key Points on the Smith Chart
Using Smith Chart with Load and Line Combinations Using Smith Chart with Load and Line Combinations
Smith Chart and General Transmission Lines Smith Chart and General Transmission Lines
Eff t f V i ti i F Eff t f V i ti i F Effect of Variation in Frequency Effect of Variation in Frequency
9. Smith Chart and VSWR 9. Smith Chart and VSWR
Using the Smith Chart and VSWR to Find ZL Using the Smith Chart and VSWR to Find ZL
Adding Components Using a Smith Chart Adding Components Using a Smith Chart
Matching with Smith Chart and Series Components Matching with Smith Chart and Series Components Matching with Smith Chart and Series Components Matching with Smith Chart and Series Components
Admittance Using a Smith Chart Admittance Using a Smith Chart
Single Stub Matching Single Stub Matching
THE SMITH CHART THE SMITH CHART
Devised in 1944 by Devised in 1944 by
Phillip H. Smith, Bell Labs, Phillip H. Smith, Bell Labs,
U.S.A. U.S.A.
A graphical aid for A graphical aid for
transmission line transmission line
calculations. calculations.
Phillip Smith: 1905 Phillip Smith: 1905--1987 1987
Used nowadays for Used nowadays for
designing matching designing matching
Phillip Smith: 1905 Phillip Smith: 1905 1987 1987
circuits and displaying RF circuits and displaying RF
data. data.
p
+

=
O L
O L
Z Z
Z Z
l
l
e

p p
2
) (

=
p
p +
=
+
1
1
O L
O L
Z Z
Z Z
l
l
O l
e
e
Z Z

p
p
2
2
) (
) (
1
1

+
=
p 1 e p 1
ll
ZZ
LL
ll
LL
Generator Generator
Transmission line Transmission line
Load Load
The Smith Chart basically enables you to The Smith Chart basically enables you to
Generator Generator
y y y y
convert between convert between pp and Z graphically, either at and Z graphically, either at
the load or at an arbitrary point down the line. the load or at an arbitrary point down the line.
1
Simplified Smith Chart Simplified Smith Chart
In this simplified In this simplified
2
3
0.5 In this simplified In this simplified
version of the version of the
Smith Chart Smith Chart
5
0.2
most of the most of the
grid of lines grid of lines
h b h b
10
0
0 0.2 0.5 1 2 3 5 10
has been has been
removed. removed.
0 2
-5
-10
For clarity, in For clarity, in
these lectures these lectures
thi i thi i
-0.2
-3
this version this version
will be used to will be used to
illustrate the illustrate the
-0.5
-1
-2
illustrate the illustrate the
properties of the properties of the
Smith Chart. Smith Chart.
uu is a complex quantity: is a complex quantity: = | = ||e |e
jj
SMITH CHART BASICS SMITH CHART BASICS
uu is a complex quantity: is a complex quantity: |||e |e
jj
For all Z For all Z
LL
, 0 , 0 < < | || | < < 1 1
Circle of Circle of UNIT RADIUS UNIT RADIUS
in comple n mber plane in comple n mber plane in complex number plane in complex number plane
+jX +jX
R+jX R+jX

||||
(1,0) (1,0)
R+jX R+jX

||||
(1,0) (1,0)
RR
00
jX jX --jX jX
Complex Impedance Plane Complex Impedance Plane
Complex Reflection Coefficient Plane Complex Reflection Coefficient Plane
O L
Z Z
Z Z
+

= p
p
p +
=
1
1
O L
Z Z
O L
Z Z +
ZZ
LL
p 1
To avoid having to use a different Smith Chart for eve To avoid having to use a different Smith Chart for eve
value of Z value of Z
oo
, the , the normalised impedance, z , normalised impedance, z , is used: is used:
oo
pp
z = Z z = Z
LL
/ Z / Z
oo
The normalised impedance z can then be The normalised impedance z can then be
denormalised to obtain the load impedance Z denormalised to obtain the load impedance Z
LL
by by
multiplying by Z multiplying by Z
oo
::
ZZ
LL
= z.Z = z.Z ZZ
LL
z.Z z.Z
oo
In terms of its real and imaginary components, the In terms of its real and imaginary components, the
normalised impedance can be written as: normalised impedance can be written as: normalised impedance can be written as: normalised impedance can be written as:
z = r + jx z = r + jx
CONSTRUCTION OF THE SMITH CHART CONSTRUCTION OF THE SMITH CHART
(pages 3 (pages 3--5) 5)
is for information only is for information onlyyy
IT IS NOT EXAMINABLE IT IS NOT EXAMINABLE IT IS NOT EXAMINABLE IT IS NOT EXAMINABLE
MAPPING BETWEEN IMPEDANCE PLANE MAPPING BETWEEN IMPEDANCE PLANE
AND THE SMITH CHART AND THE SMITH CHART
rr is the normalised resistance axis is the normalised resistance axis
xx is the normalised reactance axis is the normalised reactance axis
Lines of constant normalised resistance Lines of constant normalised resistance
1
2
0.5
ZZ
oo
r = 0 r = 0
Lines of constant normalised resistance Lines of constant normalised resistance
Lines of constant normalised reactance Lines of constant normalised reactance
3
5
0.2
x

=

X
/
Z
x

=

X
/
Z
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
10
0
-10
0 0.2 0.5 1 2 3 5 10
xx
rr
r = R/Z r = R/Z
oo
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
00
0 2 0 2
x = 0 x = 0
-0.2
-2
-3
-5
--0.2 0.2
--0.4 0.4
-0.5
-1
-2
Complex Impedance Plane Complex Impedance Plane Smith Chart Smith Chart
1
2
0.5
xx
3
m
a
l
i
s
e
d
m
a
l
i
s
e
d
t
a
n
c
e
,

x
t
a
n
c
e
,

x
5
10
0.2
n
o
r
m
n
o
r
m
r
e
a
c
t
r
e
a
c
t
0
-10
0 0.2 0.5 1 2 3 5 10
x

x

r r
normalised resistance, r normalised resistance, r
-0.2
-5
0 5
-2
-3
-0.5
-1
2
Example (page 2): Example (page 2):
Step 1: Plot Step 1: Plot uu
p (p g ) p (p g )
Measurements Measurements
0 707 0 70745 45
on a slotted on a slotted
line with line with
ZZ = 50 = 50
0.707 0.707
0.707 0.70745 45
ZZ
oo
= 50 = 50
give: give:
||| = 0.707 | = 0.707
45 45
1100
||| 0.707 | 0.707
and and = 45 = 45. .
Find Z Find Z
LL
Unit Circle in Unit Circle in Unit Circle in Unit Circle in
Reflection Reflection
Coefficient Plane Coefficient Plane
1
Example (page 2): Example (page 2):
Step 2: Superimpose Smith Chart grid Step 2: Superimpose Smith Chart grid
2
3
0.5
p (p g ) p (p g )
Measurements Measurements
0 707 0 70745 45
5
0.2
on a slotted on a slotted
line with line with
ZZ = 50 = 50
0.707 0.707
0.707 0.70745 45
10
0
0 0.2 0.5 1 2 3 5 10
x

x

rr
ZZ
oo
= 50 = 50
give: give:
||| = 0.707 | = 0.707
45 45
1100
-10
r r ||| 0.707 | 0.707
and and = 45 = 45. .
Find Z Find Z
LL
-0.2
-3
-5
Unit Circle in Unit Circle in
-0.5
1
-2
Unit Circle in Unit Circle in
Reflection Reflection
Coefficient Plane Coefficient Plane
1
Example (page 2): Example (page 2):
Step 3: Read off normalised values for r and x Step 3: Read off normalised values for r and x
r = 1 r = 1 x = 2 x = 2
2
3
0.5
p (p g ) p (p g )
Measurements Measurements
0 707 0 70745 45
r = 1 r = 1, x = 2 , x = 2
5
0.2
on a slotted on a slotted
line with line with
ZZ = 50 = 50
0.707 0.707
0.707 0.70745 45
10
0
0 0.2 0.5 1 2 3 5 10
x

x

rr
ZZ
oo
= 50 = 50
give: give:
||| = 0.707 | = 0.707
45 45
1100
-10
r r ||| 0.707 | 0.707
and and = 45 = 45. .
Find Z Find Z
LL
-0.2
-3
-5
Unit Circle in Unit Circle in
-0.5
1
-2
Unit Circle in Unit Circle in
Reflection Reflection
Coefficient Plane Coefficient Plane
1
Example (page 2): Example (page 2):
Step 4: Calculate R and X by denormalizing: Step 4: Calculate R and X by denormalizing:
ZZ
LL
= Z = Z
oo
(r + jx) = 50 + j100 (r + jx) = 50 + j100
2
3
0.5
p (p g ) p (p g )
Measurements Measurements
0 707 0 70745 45
r=1 r=1, x=2 , x=2
5
0.2
on a slotted on a slotted
line with line with
ZZ = 50 = 50
0.707 0.707
0.707 0.70745 45
10
0
0 0.2 0.5 1 2 3 5 10
x

x

rr
ZZ
oo
= 50 = 50
give: give:
||| = 0.707 | = 0.707
45 45
1100
-10
r r ||| 0.707 | 0.707
and and = 45 = 45. .
Find Z Find Z
LL
-0.2
-3
-5
Unit Circle in Unit Circle in
-0.5
1
-2
Unit Circle in Unit Circle in
Reflection Reflection
Coefficient Plane Coefficient Plane
Open Circuit (Z = Open Circuit (Z = z = Z/Z z = Z/Z == ))
KEY POINTS ON THE SMITH CHART KEY POINTS ON THE SMITH CHART
Open Circuit (Z = Open Circuit (Z = , z = Z/Z , z = Z/Z
oo
= = ))
= = =

= 0 , 1 1 o p p
O
Z Z
Z Z
1
2
0.5
z = r + jx = z = r + jx =
+
,o p p
O
Z Z
3
5
0.2
uu = = 1 100 uu = = 1 100
10
0
-10
0 0.2 0.5 1 2 3 5 10
1100
xx
rr
-0.2
-2
-3
-5
-0.5
-1
-2
Reflection Coefficient Plane Reflection Coefficient Plane Smith Chart Smith Chart
Short Circuit (Z = 0, z = Short Circuit (Z = 0, z = 0) 0)
Z Z
= = =
+

= 180 , 1 1 o p p
O
O
Z Z
Z Z
1
2
3
0.5
5
10
0.2
xx
0
-0.2
-5
-10
0 0.2 0.5 1 2 3 5 10
1100
rr
-0.5
-2
-3
uu = = 1 1180 180
+ j 0 + j0 + j 0 + j0
uu = = 1 1180 180
-1
Reflection Coefficient Plane Reflection Coefficient Plane Smith Chart Smith Chart
z = r + jx = 0 + j0 z = r + jx = 0 + j0
Matched Load (Z = Z Matched Load (Z = Z
oo
, z = , z = 1) 1)
Z Z
0 0 = =
+

= p p
O
O
Z Z
Z Z
1
2
3
0.5
5
10
0.2
xx
0
-0.2
-5
-10
0 0.2 0.5 1 2 3 5 10
1100
rr
-0.5
-2
-3
uu = = 0 0
+ j 1 + j0 + j 1 + j0
uu = = 0 0
-1
Reflection Coefficient Plane Reflection Coefficient Plane Smith Chart Smith Chart
z = r + jx = 1 + j0 z = r + jx = 1 + j0
Resistive Load (Z = R + Resistive Load (Z = R + jj0 , z = 0 , z = r) r)
R and R and ZZ (for a lossless line) are REAL (for a lossless line) are REAL

O
O
Z R
Z R
+

= p
R and R and ZZ
oo
(for a lossless line) are REAL, (for a lossless line) are REAL,
therefore therefore is real. is real.
R > R > ZZ ++ve ve = 0 = 0
1
2
0.5
R > R > ZZ
oo
++ve ve, , = 0 = 0
R < R < Z Z
oo
--ve ve, , = 180 = 180
3
5
0.2
10
0
-10
0 0.2 0.5 1 2 3 5 10
1100
R = R = 0 0
xx
rr
R = R =
R < Z R < Z
oo
R = Z R = Z
oo
R > Z R > Z
oo
-0.2
0 5
-2
-3
-5
R R
-0.5
-1
2
Reflection Coefficient Plane Reflection Coefficient Plane Smith Chart Smith Chart
Purely Reactive Load (Z = 0 + Purely Reactive Load (Z = 0 + jjX , z = X , z = 0 + 0 + jjx) x)
) (
2 1
. 1
o o
p

=
+

=
j
O
O
e
Z jX
Z jX

1
2
0.5
3
5
0.2
z = jx (inductive) z = jx (inductive)
10
0
-10
0 0.2 0.5 1 2 3 5 10
1100
z = j z = j0 0
xx
rr
z = j z = j
-0.2
0 5
-2
-3
-5
z j z j
z = jx (capacitive) z = jx (capacitive)
-0.5
-1
2
Reflection Coefficient Plane Reflection Coefficient Plane Smith Chart Smith Chart
General Case (Z = R + General Case (Z = R + jjX X))
o
p p
j
O
O
e
Z Z
Z Z
| | =
+

=
1
2
0.5
3
5
0.2
||||
10
0
-10
0 0.2 0.5 1 2 3 5 10
1100
xx
rr

-0.2
0 5
-2
-3
-5
-0.5
-1
2
Reflection Coefficient Plane Reflection Coefficient Plane Smith Chart Smith Chart
1
Pure Reactance Pure Reactance
Pure Pure
2
3
0.5
Resistance Resistance
5
0.2
Matched Load Matched Load
10
0
0 0.2 0.5 1 2 3 5 10
xx
rr
0 2
-5
-10
Short Short
Circuit Circuit
Open Open
Circuit Circuit
-0.2
-3
-0.5
-1
-2
RATIO OF V RATIO OF V
--
/V /V
++
AT AN ARBITRARY DISTANCE AT AN ARBITRARY DISTANCE ll
FROM THE LOAD Z FROM THE LOAD Z
LL
Z
o
Z
o
x = -l x = 0
Z
L
If the line is lossless If the line is lossless ll = j = j||ll , , hence: hence:
pp
--
ll
= p = pee
--2 2 ll
= = ppee
--jj 2| 2| ll
= 'p ' = 'p 'ee
jjo o
ee
--jj 2| 2| ll
= = 'p 'p |e |e
j( j(oo-- 22| | ll))
i e the magnitude of the reflection coefficient at i e the magnitude of the reflection coefficient at i.e. the magnitude of the reflection coefficient at i.e. the magnitude of the reflection coefficient at
x = x = --ll is the same as at x = 0 but its phase changes is the same as at x = 0 but its phase changes
from from oo to to o o 22| | ll .. An additional phase change of An additional phase change of from from oo to to o o 22| | ll . . An additional phase change of An additional phase change of
--22| | ll has been added by the introduction of the has been added by the introduction of the
length of line, length of line, ll ..
ZZ
ll
ZZ
LL
Transmission line Transmission line
Load Load
1
2
3
0.5
Generator Generator
5
10
0.2
xx
||||

of Z of Z
LL
only only
ll
z = r+jx z = r+jx
0
-0.2
-5
-10
0 0.2 0.5 1 2 3 5 10
1100
rr
22ll
of Z of Z
LL
plus plus
22ll
f l d d li f l d d li
-0.5
-2
-3
of Z of Z
LL
plus plus
line of length line of length ll
Point rotates clockwise by Point rotates clockwise by 2 2l l radians (2x360 radians (2x360 l/ l/ degrees) degrees)
z of load and line z of load and line
of length of length ll
-1
Reflection Coefficient Plane Reflection Coefficient Plane Smith Chart Smith Chart
yy (( g ) g )
at a constant radius at a constant radius
ZZ
ll
Clockwise towards generator Clockwise towards generator
ZZ
LL
Transmission line Transmission line
Load Load
Clockwise towards generator Clockwise towards generator
1
2
3
0.5
Generator Generator
5
10
0.2
xx
||||

of Z of Z
LL
only only
ll
z = r+jx z = r+jx
0
-0.2
-5
-10
0 0.2 0.5 1 2 3 5 10
1100
rr
22ll
of Z of Z
LL
plus plus
22ll
f l d d li f l d d li
-0.5
-2
-3
of Z of Z
LL
plus plus
line of length line of length ll
z of load and line z of load and line
of length of length ll
-1
Reflection Coefficient Plane Reflection Coefficient Plane Smith Chart Smith Chart
Point rotates clockwise by Point rotates clockwise by 2 2l l radians (2x360 radians (2x360 l/ l/ degrees) degrees)
Tutorial C, Question 2 Tutorial C, Question 2
Solution by Smith Solution by Smith
Chart Chart
To find Z To find Z :: To find Z To find Z
in in
::
1. 1. z z
LL
= Z = Z
LL
/Z /Z
oo
= (100+j50)/75 = (100+j50)/75
zz
LL
3. 2 3. 2||ll = 2x2 = 2x2ttll//
2 2 2 2 ffll//
4 Read z 4 Read z
((ll)) = (100+j50)/75 = (100+j50)/75
= 1.33+j0.67 = 1.33+j0.67
2 Plot 2 Plot on on
= 2x2 = 2x2ttffll/v /v
= 1.26 radians = 1.26 radians
= 72 = 72
zz
72 72
4. Read z 4. Read z
((ll))
from chart: from chart:
zz
((ll))
= 1.75 = 1.75- -j0.45 j0.45
2. Plot z 2. Plot z
LL
on on
Smith Chart Smith Chart
= 72 = 72
zz
((ll))
((ll))
jj
5. Denormalise to find Z 5. Denormalise to find Z
in in
::
ZZ = Z = Z x z x z
ZZ
oo
= 75 = 75
ZZ
LL
= 100 + j50 = 100 + j50
ZZ
in in
= Z = Z
o o
x z x z
((ll))
= 75(1.75 = 75(1.75--j0.45) j0.45)
= = 131 131--jj34 34
ll = 2.2 m, f = 100 MHz = 2.2 m, f = 100 MHz
v = 2 x 10 v = 2 x 10
88
ms ms
--11
jj
(cf. 126 (cf. 126--j36 j36 by exact by exact
calculation) calculation)
pp
(l) (l)
== pp
(0) (0)
ee
--2 2 ll
== pp
(0) (0)
ee
--22ll
ee
--jj2| 2|ll
The Smith Chart & The Smith Chart & General General Transmission Lines Transmission Lines
== oo ++ jj||
pp
(l) (l)
pp
(0) (0)
ee pp
(0) (0)
ee ee
== 'p 'p
(0) (0)
' 'ee
jjo o
ee
--22l l
ee
--jj2| 2|ll
22 ll j( j(oo 22||l) l)
== oo ++ jj||
-- propagation constant propagation constant
oo -- attenuation constant attenuation constant
|| phase constant phase constant
1
2
0.5
== 'p 'p
(0) (0)
|e |e
--22ll
ee
j( j(oo--22||l) l)
|| -- phase constant phase constant
3
5
0.2
uu
(0) (0)
z = r+jx z = r+jx
10
0
-10
0 0.2 0.5 1 2 3 5 10
1100
xx
rr
uu
((ll))
z of load and line z of load and line
-0.2
0 5
-2
-3
-5
z of load and line z of load and line
of length of length ll
-0.5
-1
2
Reflection Coefficient Plane Reflection Coefficient Plane Smith Chart Smith Chart
The Smith Chart and Variation of Frequency The Smith Chart and Variation of Frequency
pp
(l) (l)
== pp
(0) (0)
ee
--jj22||ll
for a lossless line for a lossless line pp
(l) (l)
pp
(0) (0)
rotation angle is rotation angle is --22||l l = = - -2.(2 2.(2tt//). ).ll = = - -2. 2.(2 (2tt.f/v). .f/v).ll
== --44ttffll/v or constant x f /v or constant x f
1
2
3
0.5
uu
dd
zz
dc dc
= = --44ttffll/v or constant x f /v or constant x f
5
10
0.2
xx
cc
uu
f1 f1
zz
f1 f1
0
-0.2
-5
-10
0 0.2 0.5 1 2 3 5 10
1100
rr uu
f2 f2
zz
f2 f2
-0.5
-2
-3
uu
f3 f3
zz
f3 f3
-1
Reflection Coefficient Plane Reflection Coefficient Plane Smith Chart Smith Chart
frequency f3 > f2 > f1 frequency f3 > f2 > f1
Summary Summary
The The Smith Chart Smith Chart is used as a graphical aid for is used as a graphical aid for The The Smith Chart Smith Chart is used as a graphical aid for is used as a graphical aid for
converting between a load impedance, Z, and a converting between a load impedance, Z, and a
reflection coefficient, reflection coefficient, uu. (This can be done with . (This can be done with ((
or without sections of line being present.) or without sections of line being present.)
l j
e
|
p
2
1

+
+ 1
line) lossless a (for
l j
O
e
e
Z jX R Z
|
p
p
2
1
1

+
= + =
O
l Z =

+
=
p
p
) (if 0
1
1
O L
O L
Z Z
Z Z
+

= p
uu ZZ
LL
To avoid having to use a different Smith Chart for To avoid having to use a different Smith Chart for
every value of Z every value of Z
oo
, the normalised impedance, z, is , the normalised impedance, z, is
used: used:
z = Z z = Z
LL
/Z /Z
oo
(z = r + jx) (z = r + jx)
z can then be denormalised to obtain the load z can then be denormalised to obtain the load
impedance Z impedance Z
LL
, by multiplying by Z , by multiplying by Z
oo
::
ZZ
LL
= z.Z = z.Z
oo
The Smith Chart shows how the complex The Smith Chart shows how the complex pp
impedance plane maps on to the reflection impedance plane maps on to the reflection
coefficient circle of unit radius. coefficient circle of unit radius.
The The circles circles correspond to correspond to lines of constant lines of constant
normalised resistance, r. normalised resistance, r.
The The arcs arcs correspond to correspond to lines of constant lines of constant
normalised reactance, x. normalised reactance, x.
Adding a length, Adding a length, ll, of lossless line to a load, , of lossless line to a load, g g , g g , , , , ,
ZZ
LL
, corresponds on the Smith Chart to rotating , corresponds on the Smith Chart to rotating
at constant radius from z at constant radius from z
LL
CLOCKWISE CLOCKWISE
LL
through an angle through an angle 22||ll..
(CLOCKWISE TOWARDS GENERATOR) (CLOCKWISE TOWARDS GENERATOR)
If the line is not lossless, the radius If the line is not lossless, the radius
decreases as we rotate around the centre. decreases as we rotate around the centre.
Increasing the signal frequency causes z Increasing the signal frequency causes z
LL
g g q y g g q y
L L
to rotate clockwise around Smith Chart at to rotate clockwise around Smith Chart at
constant radius. constant radius.
THE SMITH CHART AND VSWR THE SMITH CHART AND VSWR
The impedance of a load and line combination is The impedance of a load and line combination is
ii hh a maximum, a maximum, z z
max max
, when , when
-- 22||ll (= (= )) = = 00
zz
max max
= VSWR = VSWR
Intersection of circle through load point, Intersection of circle through load point, z z
LL
, with , with
i ht i ht h d h lf f i t i i VSWR d h d h lf f i t i i VSWR d right right--hand half of resistance axis gives VSWR and hand half of resistance axis gives VSWR and
zz
max max
..
Adding components in series with load: Adding components in series with load: Adding components in series with load: Adding components in series with load:
Adding inductors: move clockwise around Adding inductors: move clockwise around
constant r circle constant r circle constant r circle constant r circle
Adding capacitors: move anticlockwise Adding capacitors: move anticlockwise
around constant r circle around constant r circle a ou d co sta t c c e a ou d co sta t c c e
Adding resistors: move along arc of constant Adding resistors: move along arc of constant
x towards r x towards r- -axis axis