Scribd
Upload
14 views

CH 04

Uploaded by

mgrin30
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views

CH 04

Uploaded by

mgrin30
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

Chapter 4

Local Area Networks


Layer 2: The Datalink Layer
 The datalink layer provides point-to-
point connectivity between devices over
the physical connections provided by
the underlying physical layer
 The datalink layer breaks a data stream
into chunks called frames, or cells.
Layer 2: The Datalink Layer
 The datalink layer provides a reliable
communications link between devices.
 Three key functions:
 error detection
 error correction
 flow control
 In LANs the datalink layer can be broken
down into two sublayers: media access
control (MAC) and logical link control (LLC).
Datalink Layer addressing

 Frame transmitted
Datalink Layer addressing

 Frame received
 Note MAC addresses
LAN Architecture Model
 A network’s architecture consists of a:
 Access methodology
 Logical topology
 Physical topology

 No single architecture is best in all


circumstances.
Access Methodology
 CSMA/CD
 Token Passing
CSMA/CD vs. Token Passing

 CSMA/CD becomes less efficient at high bandwidth


demand.
Network Topology
 Logical topology
 Sequential
 Broadcast
 Physical topology
 Ring
 Bus
 Star
LAN Components
A local area network, regardless of
network architecture, requires the
following components:
 A central wiring concentrator
 Media
 Network Interface Cards
 Network interface card drivers.
LAN Technology Architecture
LAN Technology Choices

 Implications of LAN choices


NIC Technology Analysis Grid
Ethernet
 Traditional Ethernet can be defined as
follows:
 Access methodology: CSMA/CD
 Logical topology: Broadcast
 Physical Topology: Historically—bus,
currently—star
Ethernet Frame Layout

 IEEE 802.3 is commonly referred to as “Ethernet”.


 There are differences as noted here.
LAN Architecture

 Typical Fast Ethernet Implementation


Gigabit Ethernet
 Also known as 1000BaseX, is an upgrade to
fast Ethernet that was standardized as IEEE
802.3z :
  1000BaseSX: uses short wavelength laser
multimode fiber optic media, primarily for
horizontal building cabling.
 1000BaseLX: uses long wavelength laser single
mode fiber optic media, primarily for high-speed
campus backbone applications.
 1000BaseTX: uses four pair of cat 5 UTP with a
maximum distance of 100 m.
Token Ring
 Access methodology: Token passing
 Logical Topology: Sequential
 Physical Topology: Star
 IEEE 802.5
 Once contended with 802.3
 New installations are uncommon
Wireless LANs
 IEEE 802.11 standard
 CSMA/CD at MAC layer
 802.11 frames are similar to Ethernet
frames
Wireless LANs – 802.11b
 11 Mbps theoretical, 4 Mbps practical
 2.4 Ghz band – subject to interference
from common electronic equipment
 Shared access – sensitive to number of
simultaneous users
 Commonly available, inexpensive
 Range is measured in 100’s of feet,
lower indoors.
Wireless LANs – 802.11g
 Interoperates with, similar to 802.11b
 54 Mbps theoretical
 Same band
 Similar range
 Also very common, inexpensive
Wireless LANs

 Care must be taken in wireless LAN designs


Wireless LANs

 Wireless access points can provide for


client access or provide a bridge
Wireless LANs

 A wireless client will access the stronger channel


LAN Interconnection
Hardware

 Many stand-alone hubs may be cascaded


LAN Interconnection
Hardware

 Enterprise hubs have modular design


LAN Interconnection
Hardware

Hub functional comparison


Network Management

 SNMP is used to manage network devices


LAN Interconnection
Hardware

 Shared media – a “party line”


 Fixed bandwidth shared by all stations
LAN Interconnection
Hardware

 Multiple, simultaneous connections at the same


rate
LAN Interconnection
Hardware

 LAN switches use datalink (MAC)


addressees
Switching
 Switching is a datalink layer process,
making forwarding decisions based on
the contents of layer two frame
addresses
 Switches are transparent devices,
receiving every frame broadcast on a
port
Switching
 A switch checks the source address of
each frame it receives and adds that
source address to the local address
table (LAT) for the port.
 The switch is learning, without having to
be manually reconfigured, about new
workstations that might have been
added to the network.
Store and Forward Switching
 The entire frame is read into switch
memory.
 Bad frames are not forwarded.
Cut-through Switching
 Only the address information in the
header is read before beginning
processing.
 Very fast
 Bad frames are forwarded.
Switching

 Switches can be used to segment networks to


improve performance
Copyright 2004 John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this
work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976
United States Copyright Act without express permission
of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further
information should be addressed to the Permissions
Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser
may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and
not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no
responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused
by the use of these programs or from the use of the
information herein.

You might also like