Practice 1: Solutions

To complete question 6 and the subsequent questions, you need to connect to the database
using iSQL*Plus. To do this, launch the Internet Explorer browser from the desktop of your
client. Enter the URL in the http://machinename:5560/isqlplus/ format and use the oraxx
account and corresponding password and service identifier (in the Tx format) provided by
your instructor to log on to the database.
1. What privilege should a user be given to log on to the Oracle server? Is this a system or
an object privilege?
The CREATE SESSION system privilege

2. What privilege should a user be given to create tables?

The CREATE TABLE privilege

3. If you create a table, who can pass along privileges to other users on your table?
You can, or anyone you have given those privileges to, by using the WITH GRANT 
OPTION

4. You are the DBA. You are creating many users who require the same system privileges.
What should you use to make your job easier?
Create a role containing the system privileges and grant the role to the users.

5. What command do you use to change your password?

The ALTER USER statement

6. Grant another user access to your DEPARTMENTS table. Have the user grant you query
access to his or her DEPARTMENTS table.
    Team 2 executes the GRANT statement. 
        GRANT select 
        ON    departments 
        TO    <user1>; 
    Team 1 executes the GRANT statement. 
        GRANT select 
        ON    departments 
        TO    <user2>; 
    
    Here, user1 is the name of Team 1 and user2 is the name of Team 2.

7. Query all the rows in your DEPARTMENTS table.

      SELECT  * 
      FROM    departments; 
 

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-2

Practice 1: Solutions (continued)
8. Add a new row to your DEPARTMENTS table. Team 1 should add Education as
department number 500. Team 2 should add Human Resources as department number
510. Query the other team’s table.
    Team 1 executes this INSERT statement. 
        INSERT INTO departments(department_id, department_name) 
        VALUES (500, 'Education'); 
        COMMIT; 
    Team 2 executes this INSERT statement. 
        INSERT INTO departments(department_id, department_name) 
        VALUES (510, 'Human Resources'); 
        COMMIT; 
 

9. Create a synonym for the other team’s DEPARTMENTS table.

    Team 1 creates a synonym named team2. 
         CREATE SYNONYM  team2 
         FOR <oraxx>.DEPARTMENTS; 
    Team 2 creates a synonym named team1. 
         CREATE SYNONYM  team1 
         FOR <oraxx>. DEPARTMENTS; 
 

10. Query all the rows in the other team’s DEPARTMENTS table by using your synonym.
    Team 1 executes this SELECT statement. 
         SELECT  * 
         FROM    team2; 
    Team 2 executes this SELECT statement. 
         SELECT  * 
         FROM    team1; 

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-3

Practice 1: Solutions (continued)
11. Query the USER_TABLES data dictionary to see information about the tables that you
own.
      SELECT  table_name 
      FROM    user_tables; 

12. Query the ALL_TABLES data dictionary view to see information about all the tables that
you can access. Exclude tables that you own.
SELECT  table_name, owner 
     FROM    all_tables 
     WHERE   owner  <> 'Oraxx';

13. Revoke the SELECT privilege from the other team.

     Team 1 revokes the privilege. 
       REVOKE select 
       ON     departments 
       FROM   <oraxx>; 
     Team 2 revokes the privilege. 
       REVOKE select 
       ON     departments  
       FROM   <oraxx>; 
 
14. Remove the row you inserted into the DEPARTMENTS table in step 8 and save the
changes.
    
     Team 1 executes this DELETE statement. 
        DELETE FROM departments 
        WHERE department_id = 500; 
        COMMIT; 
     Team 2 executes this DELETE statement. 
        DELETE FROM departments 
        WHERE department_id = 510; 
        COMMIT; 

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-4

Practice 2: Solutions
1. Create the DEPT2 table based on the following table instance chart. Place the syntax in a
script called lab_02_01.sql, and then execute the statement in the script to create the
table. Confirm that the table is created.

Column Name ID  NAME 

Key Type
Nulls/Unique
FK Table
FK Column
Data type NUMBER  VARCHAR2 
Length 7 25

CREATE TABLE dept2 
       (id NUMBER(7), 
        name VARCHAR2(25)); 
 
      DESCRIBE dept2

2. Populate the DEPT2 table with data from the DEPARTMENTS table. Include only the
columns that you need.

      INSERT INTO dept2 
      SELECT  department_id, department_name 
      FROM    departments; 

3. Create the EMP2 table based on the following table instance chart. Place the syntax in a
script called lab_02_03.sql, and then execute the statement in the script to create the
table. Confirm that the table is created.

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-5

Practice 2: Solutions (continued)
 
      CREATE TABLE  emp2 
      (id           NUMBER(7), 
       last_name     VARCHAR2(25), 
       first_name    VARCHAR2(25), 
       dept_id       NUMBER(7)); 
 
      DESCRIBE emp2 
 

4. Modify the EMP2 table to allow for longer employee last names. Confirm your
modification.
      ALTER TABLE emp2 
      MODIFY (last_name   VARCHAR2(50)); 
 
      DESCRIBE emp2 
 

5. Confirm that both the DEPT2 and EMP2 tables are stored in the data dictionary. (Hint:
USER_TABLES)
      SELECT   table_name 
      FROM     user_tables 
      WHERE    table_name IN ('DEPT2', 'EMP2'); 
 

6. Create the EMPLOYEES2 table based on the structure of the EMPLOYEES table. Include
only the EMPLOYEE_ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, SALARY, and
DEPARTMENT_ID columns. Name the columns in your new table ID, FIRST_NAME,
LAST_NAME, SALARY, and DEPT_ID, respectively.

      CREATE TABLE employees2 AS 
      SELECT  employee_id id, first_name, last_name, salary,    
              department_id dept_id 
      FROM    employees; 

7. Drop the EMP2 table.

      
     DROP TABLE emp2; 

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-6

Practice 2: Solutions (continued)
8. Query the recycle bin to see whether the table is present.

   SELECT original_name, operation, droptime  
FROM recyclebin;  

 
 
9. Undrop the EMP2 table.

      FLASHBACK TABLE emp2 TO BEFORE DROP; 
      DESC emp2; 
�
10. Drop the FIRST_NAME column from the EMPLOYEES2 table. Confirm your
modification by checking the description of the table.

ALTER TABLE employees2 
      DROP COLUMN first_name; 
 
   DESCRIBE employees2 
   
11. In the EMPLOYEES2 table, mark the DEPT_ID column as UNUSED. Confirm your
modification by checking the description of the table.
 

   ALTER TABLE employees2 
   SET   UNUSED (dept_id); 
 
   DESCRIBE employees2 

12. Drop all the UNUSED columns from the EMPLOYEES2 table. Confirm your modification
by checking the description of the table. 
   
   ALTER TABLE employees2 
      DROP UNUSED COLUMNS; 
 
      DESCRIBE employees2 

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-7

Practice 2: Solutions (continued)
13. Add a table-level PRIMARY KEY constraint to the EMP2 table on the ID column. The
constraint should be named at creation. Name the constraint my_emp_id_pk.

      ALTER TABLE    emp2 
      ADD CONSTRAINT my_emp_id_pk PRIMARY KEY (id); 
14. Create a PRIMARY KEY constraint to the DEPT2 table using the ID column. The
constraint should be named at creation. Name the constraint my_dept_id_pk. 

     ALTER TABLE    dept2 
     ADD CONSTRAINT my_dept_id_pk PRIMARY KEY(id); 
 

15. Add a foreign key reference on the EMP2 table that ensures that the employee is not
assigned to a nonexistent department. Name the constraint my_emp_dept_id_fk.
 
      ALTER TABLE emp2 
      ADD CONSTRAINT my_emp_dept_id_fk 
      FOREIGN KEY (dept_id) REFERENCES dept2(id); 
 
16. Confirm that the constraints were added by querying the USER_CONSTRAINTS view.
Note the types and names of the constraints.
      
      SELECT   constraint_name, constraint_type 
      FROM     user_constraints 
      WHERE    table_name IN ('EMP2', 'DEPT2'); 

17. Display the object names and types from the USER_OBJECTS data dictionary view for
the EMP2 and DEPT2 tables. Notice that the new tables and a new index were created.
     
      SELECT   object_name, object_type 
      FROM     user_objects 
      WHERE    object_name LIKE 'EMP%' 
      OR       object_name LIKE 'DEPT%'; 
 

If you have time, complete the following exercise:

18. Modify the EMP2 table. Add a COMMISSION column of the NUMBER data type,
precision 2, scale 2. Add a constraint to the COMMISSION column that ensures that a
commission value is greater than zero.

      ALTER TABLE emp2 
      ADD commission NUMBER(2,2) 
      CONSTRAINT my_emp_comm_ck CHECK (commission > 0); 

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-8

Practice 2: Solutions (continued)
19. Drop the EMP2 and DEPT2 tables so that they cannot be restored. Verify the recycle bin.

     DROP TABLE emp2 PURGE; 
     DROP TABLE dept2 PURGE; 
 
     SELECT original_name, operation, droptime  
       FROM recyclebin; 
 

20. Create the DEPT_NAMED_INDEX table based on the following table instance chart.
Name the index for the PRIMARY KEY column as DEPT_PK_IDX.
Column Name Deptno Dname

Primary Key Yes

Data Type Number VARCHAR2
Length 4 30

  
      CREATE TABLE DEPT_NAMED_INDEX  
       (deptno NUMBER(4) 
       PRIMARY KEY USING INDEX 
       (CREATE INDEX dept_pk_idx ON 
        DEPT_NAMED_INDEX(deptno)), 
        dname VARCHAR2(30)); 

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-9

Practice 3: Solutions
1. Run the lab_03_01.sql script in the lab folder to create the SAL_HISTORY table.
 
2. Display the structure of the SAL_HISTORY table. 
 
     DESC sal_history 
 
3. Run the lab_03_03.sql script in the lab folder to create the MGR_HISTORY table. 
 
4. Display the structure of the MGR_HISTORY table. 
      
     DESC mgr_history 

5. Run the lab_03_05.sql script in the lab folder to create the SPECIAL_SAL table. 
 
6. Display the structure of the SPECIAL_SAL table.
 
     DESC special_sal  
 
7. a. Write a query to do the following: 
- Retrieve the details of the employee ID, hire date, salary, and manager ID of those
employees whose employee ID is less than 125 from the EMPLOYEES table.
- If the salary is more than $20,000, insert the details of employee ID and salary into
the SPECIAL_SAL table.
- Insert the details of the employee ID, hire date, and salary into the SAL_HISTORY
table.
- Insert the details of the employee ID, manager ID, and salary into the
MGR_HISTORY table.
   
INSERT ALL 
WHEN SAL > 20000 THEN 
INTO  special_sal VALUES (EMPID, SAL) 
ELSE 
INTO sal_history VALUES(EMPID,HIREDATE,SAL) 
INTO mgr_history VALUES(EMPID,MGR,SAL) 
SELECT employee_id EMPID, hire_date HIREDATE, 

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-10

Practice 3: Solutions (continued)

salary SAL, manager_id MGR 
FROM employees  
WHERE employee_id < 125;

b. Display the records from the SPECIAL_SAL table.

        
         SELECT * FROM  special_sal; 

c. Display the records from the SAL_HISTORY table.

       
         SELECT * FROM  sal_history; 
 
d. Display the records from the MGR_HISTORY table.
        
         SELECT * FROM mgr_history; 
 
8. a. Run the lab_03_08a.sql script in the lab folder to create the
     SALES_SOURCE_DATA table. 

b. Run the lab_03_08b.sql script in the lab folder to insert records into the
     SALES_SOURCE_DATA table.
       
c. Display the structure of the SALES_SOURCE_DATA table. 
       
        DESC sales_source_data 
 
d. Display the records from the SALES_SOURCE_DATA table. 
       
        SELECT * FROM SALES_SOURCE_DATA; 
 
e. Run the lab_03_08c.sql script in the lab folder to create the
SALES_INFO table. 
       
f. Display the structure of the SALES_INFO table. 
       
        DESC sales_info 

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-11

Practice 3: Solutions (continued)
g. Write a query to do the following:  
- Retrieve the details of the employee ID, week ID, sales on Monday, sales on
Tuesday, sales on Wednesday, sales on Thursday, and sales on Friday from the
SALES_SOURCE_DATA table.
 
- Build a transformation such that each record retrieved from the
SALES_SOURCE_DATA table is converted into multiple records for the
SALES_INFO table.

Hint: Use a pivoting INSERT statement.

 
 INSERT ALL 
   INTO sales_info VALUES (employee_id, week_id, sales_MON) 
   INTO sales_info VALUES (employee_id, week_id, sales_TUE) 
   INTO sales_info VALUES (employee_id, week_id, sales_WED) 
   INTO sales_info VALUES (employee_id, week_id,  
         sales_THUR) 
   INTO sales_info VALUES (employee_id, week_id, sales_FRI) 
   SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID, week_id, sales_MON, sales_TUE, 
   sales_WED, sales_THUR,sales_FRI  FROM sales_source_data;

h. Display the records from the SALES_INFO table.

   
    SELECT * FROM sales_info;  
 
9. You have the data of past employees stored in a flat file called emp.data. You want to
store the names and e-mail IDs of all employees past and present in a table. To do this,
first create an external table called EMP_DATA using the emp.dat source file in the
emp_dir directory. You can use the script in lab_03_09.sql to do this.�

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-12

Practice 3: Solutions (continued)

CREATE TABLE emp_data 
  (first_name  VARCHAR2(20) 
  ,last_name   VARCHAR2(20) 
  , email     VARCHAR2(30) 
  ) 
ORGANIZATION EXTERNAL 
( 
 TYPE oracle_loader 
 DEFAULT DIRECTORY emp_dir 
 ACCESS PARAMETERS 
 ( 
  RECORDS DELIMITED BY NEWLINE CHARACTERSET US7ASCII 
  NOBADFILE 
  NOLOGFILE 
  FIELDS 
  ( first_name POSITION ( 1:20) CHAR 
  , last_name POSITION (22:41) CHAR 
  ,  email   POSITION (43:72) CHAR ) 
 ) 
 LOCATION ('emp.dat') ) ; 

10. Next, run the lab_03_10.sql script to create the EMP_HIST table.
a. Increase the size of the e-mail column to 45.
b. Merge the data in the EMP_DATA table created in the last lab into the data in the
EMP_HIST table. Assume that the data in the external EMP_DATA table is the most
up-to-date. If a row in the EMP_DATA table matches the EMP_HIST table, update the
e-mail column of the EMP_HIST table to match the EMP_DATA table row. If a row
in the EMP_DATA table does not match, insert it into the EMP_HIST table. Rows are
considered matching when the employee’s first and last names are identical.

MERGE INTO EMP_HIST f USING EMP_DATA h 
 ON (f.first_name = h.first_name 
 AND f.last_name = h.last_name) 
WHEN MATCHED THEN 
 UPDATE SET f.email = h.email 
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN 
 INSERT (f.first_name 
    , f.last_name 
    , f.email) 
 VALUES (h.first_name 
    , h.last_name 
    , h.email);

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-13

Practice 3: Solutions (continued)
c. Retrieve the rows from EMP_HIST after the merge.

SELECT * FROM emp_hist;

11. Create the EMP3 table using the lab_03_11.sql script. In the EMP3 table, change the
department for Kochhar to 60 and commit your change. Next, change the department for
Kochhar to 50 and commit your change. Track the changes to Kochhar using the Row
Versions feature.

    UPDATE emp3 SET department_id = 60  
    WHERE last_name = ‘Kochchar’; 
    COMMIT; 
    UPDATE emp3 SET department_id = 50  
    WHERE last_name = ‘Kochchar’; 
    COMMIT; 

 
SELECT VERSIONS_STARTTIME "START_DATE",      
   VERSIONS_ENDTIME "END_DATE",  DEPARTMENT_ID   
FROM EMP3   
   VERSIONS BETWEEN SCN MINVALUE AND MAXVALUE  
WHERE LAST_NAME ='Kochhar'; 

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-14

Practice 4: Solutions
1. Write a query to display the following for those employees whose manager ID is less
than 120:
- Manager ID
- Job ID and total salary for every job ID for employees who report to the same
manager
- Total salary of those managers
- Total salary of those managers, irrespective of the job IDs
         

      SELECT manager_id,job_id,sum(salary) 
      FROM   employees 
      WHERE manager_id < 120 
      GROUP BY ROLLUP(manager_id,job_id); 
   
2. Observe the output from question 1. Write a query using the GROUPING function to
determine whether the NULL values in the columns corresponding to the GROUP BY 
expressions are caused by the ROLLUP operation.

     SELECT manager_id MGR ,job_id JOB, 
     sum(salary),GROUPING(manager_id),GROUPING(job_id) 
     FROM   employees 
     WHERE manager_id < 120 
     GROUP BY ROLLUP(manager_id,job_id); 

3. Write a query to display the following for those employees whose manager ID is less
than 120:
- Manager ID
- Job and total salaries for every job for employees who report to the same manager
- Total salary of those managers
- Cross-tabulation values to display the total salary for every job, irrespective of the
manager
- Total salary irrespective of all job titles

     SELECT manager_id, job_id, sum(salary) 
     FROM   employees 
     WHERE manager_id < 120 
     GROUP BY CUBE(manager_id, job_id);

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-15

Practice 4: Solutions (continued)
4. Observe the output from question 3. Write a query using the GROUPING function to
determine whether the NULL values in the columns corresponding to the GROUP BY
expressions are caused by the CUBE operation.
 
     SELECT manager_id MGR ,job_id JOB, 
     sum(salary),GROUPING(manager_id),GROUPING(job_id) 
     FROM   employees 
     WHERE manager_id < 120 
     GROUP BY CUBE(manager_id,job_id); 
 
5. Using GROUPING SETS, write a query to display the following groupings:
- department_id, manager_id, job_id 
- department_id, job_id 
- manager_id,  job_id 
The query should calculate the sum of the salaries for each of these groups.

     SELECT department_id, manager_id, job_id, SUM(salary) 
     FROM employees 
     GROUP BY  
     GROUPING SETS ((department_id, manager_id, job_id), 
     (department_id, job_id),(manager_id,job_id));

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-16

Practice 5: Solutions
1. Alter the session to set the NLS_DATE_FORMAT to DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS.

   ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_FORMAT =  
   'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS'; 
 
2. a. Write queries to display the time zone offsets (TZ_OFFSET) for the following
time zones.

US/Pacific-New
       SELECT TZ_OFFSET ('US/Pacific-New') from dual;  
Singapore
     SELECT TZ_OFFSET ('Singapore') from dual; 
Egypt
     SELECT TZ_OFFSET ('Egypt') from dual; 

b. Alter the session to set the TIME_ZONE parameter value to the time zone offset of
US/Pacific-New.

      ALTER SESSION SET TIME_ZONE = '-7:00'; 

c. Display the CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, and LOCALTIMESTAMP 

for this session.
Note: The output may be different based on the date when the command is executed.

         SELECT CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,      
    LOCALTIMESTAMP FROM DUAL;  

d. Alter the session to set the TIME_ZONE parameter value to the time zone offset of
Singapore.
   
 ALTER SESSION SET TIME_ZONE = '+8:00'; 

e. Display the CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, LOCALTIMESTAMP for

this session.
Note: The output might be different, based on the date when the command is
executed.

     SELECT CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,      
  LOCALTIMESTAMP FROM DUAL; 

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-17

Practice 5: Solutions (continued)
Note: Observe in the preceding practice that CURRENT_DATE,
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, and LOCALTIMESTAMP are all sensitive to the session time
zone.
 
3. Write a query to display the DBTIMEZONE and SESSIONTIMEZONE.

     SELECT DBTIMEZONE,SESSIONTIMEZONE 
     FROM DUAL;  

4. Write a query to extract the YEAR from the HIRE_DATE column of the EMPLOYEES
table for those employees who work in department 80.

     SELECT last_name, EXTRACT (YEAR FROM HIRE_DATE) 
     FROM employees 
     WHERE department_id = 80; 
 
5. Alter the session to set NLS_DATE_FORMAT to DD-MON-YYYY.

ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_FORMAT = 'DD-MON-YYYY'; 

6. Examine and run the lab_05_06.sql script to create the SAMPLE_DATES table and
populate it. �

a. Select from the table and view the data.

      SELECT * FROM sample_dates; 

b. Modify the data type of the DATE_COL column and change it to TIMESTAMP.
Select from the table to view the data.

ALTER TABLE sample_dates MODIFY date_col TIMESTAMP; 
SELECT * FROM sample_dates;

c. Try to modify the data type of the DATE_COL column and change it to TIMESTAMP
WITH TIME ZONE. What happens?

ALTER TABLE sample_dates MODIFY date_col  
TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE; 

You are unable to change the data type of the DATE_COL column as the
Oracle server does not permit you to convert from TIMESTAMP to
TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE by using the ALTER statement.

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-18

Practice 5: Solutions (continued)
7. Create a query to retrieve last names from the EMPLOYEES table and calculate the review
status. If the year hired was 1998, then display Needs Review for the review status;
otherwise, display not this year! Name the review status column Review. Sort the
results by the HIRE_DATE column.
Hint: Use a CASE expression with the EXTRACT function to calculate the review status. 
 
 
SELECT e.last_name 
   ,     (CASE extract(year from e.hire_date) 
           WHEN 1998 THEN 'Needs Review' 
           ELSE 'not this year!' 
     END )           AS "Review " 
FROM   employees e 
ORDER BY e.hire_date; 

8. Create a query to print the last names and the number of years of service for each
employee. If the employee has been employed five or more years, then print 5 years 
of service. If the employee has been employed 10 or more years, then print 10 
years of service. If the employee has been employed 15 or more years, then print
15 years of service. If none of these conditions match, then print maybe next 
year! Sort the results by the HIRE_DATE column. Use the EMPLOYEES table.
Hint: Use CASE expressions and TO_YMINTERVAL.

SELECT e.last_name, hire_date, sysdate, 
       (CASE 
     WHEN  (sysdate -TO_YMINTERVAL('15-0'))>=  
            hire_date THEN  '15 years of service' 
        WHEN (sysdate -TO_YMINTERVAL('10-0'))>= 
hire_date   
          THEN '10 years of service' 
        WHEN (sysdate - TO_YMINTERVAL('5-0'))>= 
hire_date  
           THEN '5 years of service' 
       ELSE 'maybe next year!' 
          END) AS "Awards" 
     FROM   employees e; 

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-19

Practice 6: Solutions
1. Write a query to display the last name, department number, and salary of any employee
whose department number and salary both match the department number and salary of
any employee who earns a commission.

     SELECT last_name, department_id, salary 
     FROM   employees 
     WHERE  (salary, department_id) IN  
              (SELECT  salary, department_id 
               FROM    employees 
              WHERE   commission_pct IS NOT NULL); 
 

         
2. Display the last name, department name, and salary of any employee whose salary and
commission match the salary and commission of any employee located in location
ID1700.
 

     SELECT e.last_name, d.department_name, e.salary 
     FROM   employees e, departments d 
     WHERE  e.department_id = d.department_id 
     AND   (salary, NVL(commission_pct,0)) IN  
                 (SELECT salary, NVL(commission_pct,0) 
                FROM  employees e, departments  d 
                WHERE  e.department_id = d.department_id 
                 AND  d.location_id = 1700); 
 
3. Create a query to display the last name, hire date, and salary for all employees who have
the same salary and commission as Kochhar.
Note: Do not display Kochhar in the result set. 
 
   SELECT last_name, hire_date, salary 
FROM   employees 
WHERE  (salary, NVL(commission_pct,0)) IN  
             (SELECT salary, NVL(commission_pct,0) 
              FROM    employees 
              WHERE  last_name = 'Kochhar') 
AND last_name != 'Kochhar'; 
        

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-20

Practice 6: Solutions (continued)
4. Create a query to display the employees who earn a salary that is higher than the salary of
all the sales managers (JOB_ID = 'SA_MAN'). Sort the results on salary from the
highest to the lowest.                   
    SELECT last_name, job_id, salary 
    FROM   employees 
    WHERE  salary > ALL  
                 (SELECT salary 
                  FROM   employees 
    WHERE  job_id = 'SA_MAN') 
    ORDER BY salary DESC; 
 
5. Display the details of the employee ID, last name, and department ID of those employees
who live in cities whose name begins with T.

     SELECT employee_id, last_name, department_id 
     FROM   employees 
     WHERE  department_id IN (SELECT department_id 
                              FROM departments 
                              WHERE location_id IN   
                                   (SELECT  location_id 
                                    FROM locations 
                                    WHERE city LIKE 'T%')); 

6. Write a query to find all employees who earn more than the average salary in their
departments. Display last name, salary, department ID, and the average salary for the
department. Sort by average salary. Use aliases for the columns retrieved by the query as
shown in the sample output.   

   SELECT e.last_name ename, e.salary salary,  
             e.department_id deptno, AVG(a.salary) dept_avg 
       FROM   employees e, employees a 
       WHERE  e.department_id = a.department_id 
       AND    e.salary > (SELECT AVG(salary) 
                    FROM   employees 
                    WHERE  department_id = e.department_id ) 
       GROUP BY e.last_name, e.salary, e.department_id 
       ORDER BY AVG(a.salary); 
 

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-21

Practice 6: Solutions (continued)
7. Find all employees who are not supervisors.
a. First, do this by using the NOT EXISTS operator.
                     
   SELECT outer.last_name 
   FROM    employees outer 
   WHERE  NOT EXISTS (SELECT 'X' 
                      FROM employees inner 
                       WHERE inner.manager_id =  
                             outer.employee_id);
 
b. Can this be done by using the NOT IN operator? How, or why not?

        SELECT outer.last_name 
        FROM   employees outer 
        WHERE  outer.employee_id  
        NOT IN (SELECT inner.manager_id 
                FROM   employees inner);

This alternative solution is not a good one. The subquery picks up a NULL value, so the entire
query returns no rows. The reason is that all conditions that compare a NULL value result in
NULL. Whenever NULL values are likely to be part of the value set, do not use NOT IN as a
substitute for NOT EXISTS.

8. Write a query to display the last names of the employees who earn less than the average
salary in their departments.

         SELECT last_name 
         FROM    employees outer 
         WHERE outer.salary < (SELECT AVG(inner.salary) 
                               FROM employees inner 
                               WHERE inner.department_id  
                                     = outer.department_id); 
 

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-22

Practice 6: Solutions (continued)
9. Write a query to display the last names of employees who have one or more coworkers in
their departments with later hire dates but higher salaries.

         SELECT  last_name 
         FROM    employees outer 
         WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 'X' 
                       FROM employees inner 
                       WHERE inner.department_id =  
                             outer.department_id  
                       AND inner.hire_date > outer.hire_date 
                       AND inner.salary > outer.salary);   
 
10. Write a query to display the employee ID, last names, and department names of all
employees.
Note: Use a scalar subquery to retrieve the department name in the SELECT statement.

        SELECT employee_id, last_name,  
             (SELECT department_name 
            FROM departments d 
              WHERE   e.department_id =   
                  d.department_id ) department 
      FROM employees e 
      ORDER BY department; 

11. Write a query to display the department names of those departments whose total salary
cost is above one-eighth (1/8) of the total salary cost of the whole company. Use the
WITH clause to write this query. Name the query SUMMARY.  
 
WITH  
summary AS ( 
  SELECT d.department_name, SUM(e.salary) AS dept_total 
  FROM employees e, departments d 
  WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id 
  GROUP BY d.department_name) 
SELECT department_name, dept_total 
FROM summary 
WHERE dept_total > ( SELECT SUM(dept_total) * 1/8 
                    FROM summary  ) 
ORDER BY dept_total DESC; 

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-23

Practice 7: Solutions
1. Look at the following output examples. Are these outputs the result of a hierarchical
query? Explain why or why not.
Exhibit 1: This is not a hierarchical query; the report simply has a
descending sort on SALARY.

Exhibit 2: This is not a hierarchical query; there are two tables involved.

Exhibit 3: Yes, this is most definitely a hierarchical query because it displays

the tree structure representing the management reporting line from the
EMPLOYEES table.
2. Produce a report showing an organization chart for Mourgos’s department. Print last
names, salaries, and department IDs.

       SELECT last_name, salary, department_id 
       FROM employees 
       START WITH last_name = 'Mourgos' 
       CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id; 

3. Create a report that shows the hierarchy of the managers for the employee Lorentz.
Display his immediate manager first.

       SELECT last_name 
       FROM employees 
       WHERE last_name != 'Lorentz' 
       START WITH last_name = 'Lorentz' 
       CONNECT BY PRIOR manager_id = employee_id; 

4. Create an indented report showing the management hierarchy starting from the employee
whose LAST_NAME is Kochhar. Print the employee’s last name, manager ID, and
department ID. Give alias names to the columns as shown in the sample output.
        
   COLUMN name FORMAT A20 
   SELECT LPAD(last_name, LENGTH(last_name)+(LEVEL*2)-
2,'_')      
          name,manager_id mgr, department_id deptno 
   FROM employees 
   START WITH last_name = 'Kochhar'                  
   CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id 
   / 
   COLUMN name CLEAR

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-24

Practice 7: Solutions (continued)
If you have time, complete the following exercises:
5. Produce a company organization chart that shows the management hierarchy. Start with
the person at the top level, exclude all people with a job ID of IT_PROG, and exclude De
Haan and those employees who report to De Haan.

       SELECT last_name,employee_id, manager_id 
       FROM   employees 
       WHERE  job_id != 'IT_PROG'  
       START WITH manager_id IS NULL 
       CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id 
       AND last_name != 'De Haan'; 

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-25

Practice 8: Solutions
1. Write a query to search the EMPLOYEES table for all employees whose first names start
with “Ne” or “Na.”

SELECT first_name, last_name 
FROM employees 
WHERE REGEXP_LIKE (first_name, '^N(e|a).'); 

2. Create a query that removes the spaces in the STREET_ADDRESS column of the
LOCATIONS table in the display.
 
SELECT regexp_replace (street_address, ' ','')  
FROM locations; 

3. Create a query that displays “St” replaced by “Street” in the STREET_ADDRESS column of
the LOCATIONS table. Be careful that you do not affect any rows that already have
“Street” in them. Display only those rows, which are affected.
�

SELECT REGEXP_REPLACE (street_address, 'St$', 
'Street') FROM locations  
WHERE REGEXP_LIKE (street_address, 'St'); 

Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II A-26