INDUCTION TYPE DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT RELAY

The directional power relay is not suitable under short circuit conditions because as short circuit
occurs the system voltage falls to a low value resulting in insufficient torque to cause relay
operations. This difficulty is overcome in the directional over current relay, which is independent
of system voltage and power factor.

Constructional details: – Figure shows the constructional details of a typical induction type
directional over current relay. It consists of two relay elements mounted on a common case viz.
(i) directional element and (ii) non-directional element.

(i) Directional element: It is essentially a directional power relay, which operates when power
flows in a specific direction. The potential of this element is connected through a potential
transformer (PT.) to the system voltage. The current coil of the element is energized through a
CT by the circuit current. This winding is carried over the upper magnet of the non-directional
element. The trip contacts (1 and 2) of the directional element are connected in series with
secondary circuit of the over current element. The latter element cannot start to operate until its
secondary circuit is completed. In other words, the directional element must first operate (ie.
contacts 1 and 2 should close) in order to operate the over current element.

(ii) Non-directional element: – It is an over current element similar in all respects to a non-
directional over current relay. The spindle of the disc of this element carries a moving contact
which closes the fixed contact after the operation of directional element. Plug setting bridge is
provided for current setting. The tappings are provided on the upper magnet of over current

element and are connected to the bridge.

Operation:-Under normal operating conditions, power flows in the normal direction in the
circuit operated by the relay. Therefore, directional power relay does not operate, thereby
keeping the (lower element) un-energized. However, when a short circuit occurs, there is a
tendency for the current or power to flow in the reverse direction. The disc of the upper element
rotates to bridge the fixed contacts 1 and 2. This completes the circuit for over current element.
The disc of this element rotates and the moving contact attached to closes the trip circuit. This
operates the circuit breaker which isolates the faulty section.

INDUCTION TYPE DIRECTIONAL POWER RELAY

The step of relay operates when the, power in the circuit flows, in a specific direction. A  directional
power relay is so designed that it obtains its operating torque by the interaction of magnetic field
derived from both voltage and current source of the circuit it protects. The direction of torque depends
upon the current relative to voltage.

Constructional Details:- Figure shows the essential pails of a typicalinduction type directional power

relay. It consists of an aluminum disc, which is free to rotate in between the poles of two electromagnet.
The upper electromagnet carries a winding called potential coil on the central limb, which is connected
through a potential transformer (PT.) to the circuit voltage source. The lower electromagnet has a
separate winding called current coil connected to the secondary of CT. in the line to be protected.. The
current coil is provided with a number of tappings connected to the plug setting bridge. This permits to
have any desired current setting. The restraining torque is provided by a spiral spring. The spindle of the
disc carries a moving contact which bridges two fixed contacts when the disc has rotated through a
preset angle. By adjusting this angle, desired time setting can be obtained.

Operation:- The flux Ф1 due to current in the potential coil will be nearly 90° lagging behind the applied
voltage V. The flux Ф2 due to current coil will be nearly in phase with the operating current I, as in the
vector diagram. The interaction of fluxes Ф1 and Ф2 with the eddy currents induced in the disc produces
a driving torque given by:

T α Ф1 Ф2 sin α.

Ф1 α V, Ф2 α I and α.= 90 – θ

V I sin (90 – θ)

α   

V I cos θ
α   

α  Power in the circuit

It is clear, that the direction of driving torque on the disc depends on the direction of power flow
in the circuit to which the relay is associated. When the power in the circuit flows in the normal
direction the driving torque and the restraining torque help each other to turn away the moving
contact from the fixed contacts. Thus the relay remains in operative. But with reversal of current
in the circuit the direction of driving torque on the disc reverses. When the reversed driving
torque is large enough, the disc rotates in reverse direction, and then the moving contact closes
the trip circuit

OVER LOAD INVERSE-TIME / INVERSE DEFINITE MINIMUM TIME

LAG (I.D.M.T.) RELAY

The over load inverse time relay is shown in fig 26. It consists of an upper electromagnet that has
been provided with two windings one primary and the other secondary. Primary is connected to a
current transformer in the line which is under protection and is provided with eight tappings.
These tappings are connected to a plug setting bridge by which the number of turns to be used
can be adjusted in order to have the desired current setting. The second winding called secondary
is energized by the induction effect and is wound over the central limb of the upper magnet as
well as it is spread over the two limbs of the lower magnet. By this method, the leakage flux
from the upper magnet entering the disc have been displaced in phase from the flux entering the
disc from the lower magnet. The deflecting torque is produced on the disc in the fashion as
already explained. The spindle of the disc carries a moving contact which bridges two fixed
contacts after the disc has rotated through a certain angle which has been set before. Any setting
for this angle is possible varying from 0 to 360°. The variation of this angle imparts to the relay,
various time settings.
The speed of rotation of the disc is dependent upon the torque which in turn is dependent on the
current setting, when the load current increases from this setting it will increase the speed of
rotation of the disc resulting into decrease of operation time. Thus the time current characteristics
of the relay observe inverse-Square law. The definite minimum time characteristics of the relay
are obtained by the use of a saturated upper magnet. This ensures that there is no further increase
in f1ux when the current has reached a certain value and any further increase of current will not
affect the relay operation. This results in a flattened current time characteristic and the relay
obtains its name asInverse definite minimum time lag (I.D.M.T.) relay
The current time characteristics of the relay have been illustrated in Fig. 27. It represents the time
required to close the trip contacts for different values of over current. Its horizontal scale is
marked in terms of current-setting multipliers i.e. number of times the relay current is in excess
of current setting

STATIC DISTANCE RELAY

Distance relays are characterized by having two input quantities proportional to the voltage and
current at a particular point in the power system, referred to as the relaying point. Ideal static
distance relays have characteristics independent of actual magnitudes of voltage and current but
dependent only on their ratio and phase angle between them. The versatile family of distance
relays includes impedance relays, reactance relays and mho relays. The measurement of
impedance, reactance or admittance is done by comparing input current and voltage. Hence
distance relays have voltage and current as input quantities. In a static distance relay it is
necessary that the two input quantities are similar i.e., voltage/voltage or current/current because
they are not electrically separate as they are in case of electro—magnetic relays (in an impedance
relay magnets are energized by voltage and currents). A practical static distance protection
scheme includes a starting, measuring and timing elements made up of solid-state devices. The
output unit is usually a moving coil relay. The starting element is usually an over current relay.
The output is given to the measuring element. Phase comparators are employed in the measuring
devices. The measuring device determines whether the fault is within the protected zone or not.
A tripping signal is initiated in case the fault is within the protected zone. In case the fault is
outside protected zone, the timer unit starts which initiates zone-wise protection.
A block diagram of a distance relay based on current comparison principle is given in fig 25. The
line PT secondary is connected to auxiliary PT and the output of auxiliary PT is converted into
current and this current is compared with the output of the auxiliary CT.

Static distance relays do not have any moving part so they operate much faster (operating time of
the order of some milli-seconds) and without risk of incorrect tripping as compared to electro-
magnetic relays. Static distance relays are accurate over a wider range of fault currents and line
lengths and require much lower burden as compared to their counterparts in electro-magnetic
relays. Static distance relays are compact in size and have better stability under power swing
conditions. Static distance relays are extensively used for protection of medium and long
transmission lines, parallel feeders and unit back-up protection as well as inter-connected and T-
connected lines.

STATIC DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

The differential relay measures the phasor difference between two similar electrical
quantities(voltage-voltage or current-current). The block diagram for such a relay is shown in fig
24. Inputs I and II are supplied to the comparator. The output of the comparator (phase difference
of inputs I and II) is amplified and used to operate the relay.

The static differential relays are most commonly used for the protection of generators and
transformers for any type of internal faults (two-and three-phase faults, earth faults with solidly
grounded neutral or low resistance grounded neutral inter turn faults).
These relays are advantageous over electromagnetic differential relays as they are very compact,
highly sensitive for internal faults and have absolute stability for heavy through faults, extremely
short tripping times (20-50 ms) regardless magnitude of auxiliary voltage, accurate and
absolutely stable tripping characteristic even for asymmetrical faults as each phase can have its
own relay, low VA burden, inrush current proof characteristic even during high starting currents,
inrush currents. The selection of auxiliary voltage is also easy. A permanent magnet moving coil
relay is usually employed as tripping device.

The difference of the currents in the operating coil and restraining coil is fed to the output
element for the relay operation. They relay operates when Ko no Io > Kr nr Ir + Kt where no
and nr are the number of turns on the operating and restraining coils respectively and Ko and Kr
the design constants and Kt the spring control torque constant.

At the threshold of operation Kt = Ko no Iomin . The differential current schemes do not react to
the peak currents caused by overloads or swings, also due to dissimilarity in CTs, inrush-
magnetizing current in transformer protection.