-ASEA

PamphletRK63-200 E
Basic theory of bus different;al protection typeRADSS

Edition 1

Outstanding
features
Percentage restl'ainl bus differential protection for line to line and earth faults. HIgh speed operation 5-10 ms about

Introductlon
lnternal DUS fau Its occur less frequently than line faults. On the other hand, a bus tau It tends to be appreciably more severe: both with respect to the safety of personnel, system stability and the damage at the polnt of fau lt.The fact that bus faults occur roiati"ely seldom is theretore of little comfort to the engineer-il1-charge subsequent to a major system shut-down caused by the lack of adequate bus protection. fore- bE! of at least the same The RADSS protection is high speed as that of the based on the following two operating circuit, if malfundamental prlnclples: operation is to be avoided 1. For extarnallau1ts. the The RADSS bus differential secondary circuit of a fully protection has been designed saturated line C,T_ can be represented by tts total to cope with.the above d.c, loop resistance only. mentioned requirements. Its restraint and operating i.e., with ne-gligibfe circuits consist basically of reactance. two reslsto rs, across wh ic hare 2. For internal faults, the developed a rsstralnt voltsecondary Circuit of an unloaded line C.T. can age an d an 0 perati 119'10 I tage be represented by a relatrespectively. The actual time ively large magnetising constants (LlR) of these two impedance, mainly circuits are for all practical reactive with a large purposes zero. (LJR) time constant. The operating and restraint voltages. can therefore A simpHfied schematic diabe regarded as being gram of the RADSS protection Isshown in Fig, 1, whic h roprsdeveloped i nstantan eo us56 nIs one phase of a si ng te Iy, Or at basically the same spesd as the prim ary c LJr rent variatio n j n t he case 0 f a tau It. The combined operating and. restraint circuit of the FlADSS may be denoted the diffe rentlal ralOilY comparato r cIrcuit, because a com" pariscn is here made between two voltages with respect to both amplitude and phase retaticn The output relay (d,,) ot the comparator circuit is of the high speed (1 ms) d ry-reecl type, which ensures that decisive operation will always, be achieved under internal fault conditions.

Full $tability in the event of through faults, with infinite fault MVA and complete saturation of line C.T.'s.. Law differential relay pickup setting, fixed within 20-70 per cent oltha currant raling. the Itea.vleslloaded feeder

or

WhE!n an internal bus fault The sensitivity 1$ basically OCcurs the magnitude of unaffected by the the fault Current and 115d.c. number of circuits Included in component may bElso the differential schema lerge that the line C,T,'s (cu rrent transfo nne rs) Line C.lo's ma~ be ofsl8ndard saturate within 2-3 ms. In design with relatively poor sueh cases it is essential t hat characteristics and with the bus differential protecdifferent turn ratios tlon operates and seals in within 2 ms, i.e, prior to the Standard C.T. pilot wil'e$ with satura t Ion of the line a Iarge loop resistance may C.T.'s. Thls high spE!E!d ~s be use-d necessary because wh en a IIne CT saturates its output Otber protective relays may e.rn.t, lends to drop to zero, ba included within the . same C.T. circuits 111 event of an external fault, the just 0 utslde the j i!lE! C,T.'s of a relatively smafl feed er, the Iau It current may in an extreme case be as larqs.as SOO times the rating of the feeder. The line C.T.' $ of the fau Ity feeder are then Iik~ly to saturate at an even hig her speed, particu r arl)l sc If the remanence left in the COrefrom a previous fault has an unfavourable polarity, The response of the restraint circuit of thedifferential relay must there-

bus-zona arrangement with the feeder drcuits L". LR _ - . L,,_ The current distrlbutlon is shown 10r an assumed positive reference half-cycle, The RADSS protection is normally armnged as three separate singlerphase units and a common trip unit .~ orma I $tlfvic:e -c-: The total incoming current J.,.,enters the relay at terrnlnal K, and the total outgoing current ioaves at terminal L. _juring normal service these currents are eq ual and the d iffe ren lial current ! ,II is therefore zero.

A restraint vorlage U~ is ob-

tained across the terminals K and L and this drives a certain current 'I<; through the diode D, and tl1e resistor R~3 towards the output term inaj L. TMe differential relay (dlJ is then btocked and cannot operate, During the subsequent negative halt-cycle all the line currents wlH be reversed, i.e. i" will enter the relay at terminal K and lhe total outgoJng currant J,\~ + Ie, will Ie-avethe relay at term inal L.

The differential current will $till remain zero and the restraint vOltage U, will be identical to that obtained during the positive reference
half-cyoJe.

It should be noticed that the diode D~puts R'1 in parallel with R_,_ The efftlclive burden (R.,.) of the restraint circuit during normal service Can tMerefore be re-c;luced by making R'i-l as small as possible _

Ellternal faults The positive reference directions of the currents shown in Fig. 1 may still beregarded as applylng_ The outgoing current l~I may De assumed to increase owing to an external fault on lhe feeder Lx-

The mechanism of C- T. saturation arid relay response may briefly be explained as

follows:

Symbtlls A Alarm reiElY, XIG::.: R S" startillg ~I ElY dR Dillerential rera'l Us Restraint \'ol!!lge v~" Operatillg vQlt1J.i;le l~, T'"
fl.

R., " V.,Il., '"

1.
.'

= =

O'lerall C.T_ ratio h,ff,; =- 1,,11,..

.t.Ihfi!~.t
=:~)!

corracti 0n, /I = !.'! I",) n~

Blocking current tnrouqh diodaD, Auxiliary C.T. (ratio

R., R (I; RestraiI1t arid differelltiOlIcireuit resi$tan~s lidlR"" resistance referred to T!o1" primary sida R." Variable diff{trel'lt ial oireuit resistor II, = Ud'!V~" ratio of T'" (111 = 4 Or 5) U.r Total voltage of dl1fe~ntial cireult l~, Diffllr>;l ia I eurrent nt R.. = Rot + R." :; U~111 total fes istance 01 <:litre· 0'·
Jn

I.,

t;

TQUdinooming relay current Current lea\lill9 at tsrrnlnat L

Currellt through dR·relay

rential circuit

During the initial rise of the tau It 0 urrent no satu rat io n wHI occur for the first few milliseconds \sse- Fig. 9 on page 9). The relay current f'fj will be proportional to the total incoming primary current (!" = J .. , + Jill) af1dthe restraint voltage Us wirl increase causlng a Jargercurrent ll\~ to pass through diode D~.Also, the 'o'oltages V~. and U~wi!1 bebasi oally eq ua [_Th a d iffe rential current J,,, remains practically zero as long as no saturation occurs, This condition is shown in a simplified way In Figs_ 2a and 2b. finalJy, saturation starts in the most exposed line C.T. [T,) and UL is reduced whereas Un still increases without arlY saturation. This represents thE! situation most detrimental to the stabi Iity of any d ifterennal relay. In Fig. 2 G it is seen that U,LT becomes larger as the unbalance betwun Un and U,,increases.ltwould appear that the current !,11is Iree to flow as SOo n as VolT exceeds zero. This. however, is not the case.

~.,. ~

"
Il,

....- 1~ J .,.

.----I",

I I

n.

I I

I"

II~]

,.

Iiiliii

I I
I" I ...

ill

R"
d.

I",
II

Fl,;'

ITJ

I.,

Fig. 1. Schematic dlagrem for 0 ne phase of a single-.zona bus d iffemnti.1Iprotection with feeder!). If feedar L., has the largest primary rallng, a secondary ra!itlg with I." = 1A Is I'lOrmalll' selected,

ra. f"' u~rfi

"

.• -~~------, .. U.
lK

R,n.
A~. I~ ,

u'"

u~~

1::

t,

L__ --N

~LL

Fig. 2 a. B<lsio relay clrol,llt (!l,Jring tn e initial rise of externaI fault current, prior to C.T. saturation, i.e. U", = Uc and I.,.. = It.

In order that [",shall flow a secondary currentJ". must alsoflow (see Fig. 1). Le, the driving e.m.t, (U,d of the T t.(d secondary windinq must exceed the lIoltage Um. The T "n primary voltage U." obtained owing to the unbalanoe between the incoming and outgoing line C.T. 's, must therefore excsed ace rtai n lIoltag e vaIue before th.. differentia' current can flow. This voltage is given by: n" U"" or 11.~ U~; where the rati 0 of T Mol may be 5el ectsd n~ == 5. Hence. in the case 01 a through fault. ~11..\ =.30 V Hi., necessary that t he tot aI differenti a 1 voltage exceeds 5x30 = 150 V In order 10 produes a differential current: This restraint Or blocktng action, imposed on the flow of differential spillcurrents is of minor im partance fa r the stabi Iity of the RADSS protection. On ths other hand, ~tenables a very sensltlve earth fau It relay (RXI G 2) to be inserted In the differential circuit in the case of resistance earthed networks, where the earth fault current rnay be limited to 1020 per cent of the largest line C_T_ ratlng_

11'1 the case of Fig. 2 d the e.rn.t. 01 u~has been1ully reduced to zero owlnq to saturation and the effects of the total loop resistance R,.x> as seen at the L terminal towards the line Lx, must be taken into account. The lIallie 01 RL., has hers been Increased to such an extent thatJal wi!! [uststsrt to flow_ It can be shown that the currElntll11 flowing towards the output relay [d,J is just zero when

lEq.31
whereS = aconstant, depending 011 'he selected setting 01 the comparator circuit. This Is the most important stability equation (see Fig. 4 b on page 6). It lnoicatesthat tha operatlnq and restraint voltages wi!! just balance- when I,,, ls eq ual to a csrtal rI fi xed psrcantaqe 01 the total incoming current r-; Also, it can be deduced that Increasing I," above this pa resntaqe makes V d' exceed Uij. Similarly, reducing I,ll makes Udl smaller than U~-

11"1 co-ordinate a system with 1 VS. f.ro, equation 3 renL presents a straig ht line through origin with the slopeS. This line isdenoted the stabIlity line, and the value 01 S may be varied between 0.5 - 0_8dependirlg on t he stab iIllY req u irements of the installation. Hence. with the maximum restraint settin 9 the differentia I s p i ll-ou rrent must exceed 50 per cent of the total incoming current in order to cause maloperation.

In this example therefore, the protection will, remain stable iHhe total loop resl s-

tance seen atthe L terminal towards the L~ circuit varies between O-lOOOft If, inthe case of an actual installation, RI.~ should exceed 1000 fl. the protection can still be mad e etabl e by f urthe r inc reasing the slope or by increasing the resistance of the differential clrcuit. However, increasing the slope decreases the se!l$itlvlty of the protection.

The maximum permissible Referdngto Fig. 2 d it is sean loop resistances for the line that the percenlage Current C.T. secondary circuits can dlstributlon in the hL and then be found from: II. circuits is dependent only on the RdT and RI.X reR ... '" 1 000 n an d , slstancavalues. The influence {n).l.~)2 of Rs/2 Is in this respect $0 small that It rnav be ignored R - 1000 f! )[2 (nr.nF For the concltlons corresponding to the stability Ii net where R '" an d B~, represen we have: the total secondary burden [Eq-S] 01 the T"andTx lineG.T. s. circuits This burden includes: tno Example: I'R,ff'" 250J1and secondary wirlding resistance S '" the pilot-wire loop resistance then Ru 4x250 = tOOO n and the- resistance of any additional apparatus. The burden of the auxiliary C.T's o an no rm ally be d isreg arded,

o.a

-.

0=

...',_

t, Un

u·," U,"

1
f 0'

"'f
CD

--.::l:.12

~~?---~~------~
I. l

Fig. 2: b. Voltage distribLJtion for f1ditfons shown in F1g. 2 auo, = 0 and 1~1= O. Also U"l '"
UB'

= U.", and V~l = U,•

FI g. 2 c. Vollage dlstrEbutie;m wheflline C.T.(1 J hasMarted to saturate_ U~'tand h"'l1~ U., are each muoh 1e9" that1 II. US. (where .PI~ = 5)_ Hence. 1" remains at taro.

T:l

Fig_3- Basic ctreult under internallallit condition$Z~::r UJ 1L = Z,-", total magnattsing impsdance.

r"
T

u..
T

u.. 1'"'

Ur•

rl

r: --~------, r K Us

Rft
I.,

LI

fl,/2
.

U"

".

!L

J
_j

II

---1
I

Z"'"

~z.",

I ---....I T>!Jl T"

In practice, the differential

ci rcu it of the RA DSS is c:lesigne-dto include two separate resistors, R~~ and Rd". The R~~ is used prlrnarilyfor setljng'the slopeS, and the Roll fs used simply for i ncrsasin g the tota I resistance of the differential circuit.

_./A closer examination of Fig_

2 d and Equations 3 and-5 shows that the stability of the protection is lndependent of the actual /magnitude of j'I'2' l.e.even if UTJ increases to an infinttely large transient voltage the protectlo n remains stable provided the value of Rj;,;: does not exceed that given by Equation 5. The selectivity L)f the MOSS protection is,

the refore, in dependent of the magnitude of the system fau It level an d the sy.tem d.c. time consta nt It should also be noticed that no requirement whatso" ever has been established with respect to the characteristics of the vartous line C.T's, for example their Individual matching. accuracy. winding distribution, saturation level, remanence, time constant, etc. The reason IS that these factors do not in iH1Y way affect the through fault stability of the RAOSS. In the above discussions the positive reterencs nalr-cycle only has been considered, It can, however, be shown that the differential relay comparator Circuit works in exactly the sarna way during the negativE;'hall-cycle.

Internal1aults In the case of an internal bus tault, tile fault current may be considered to enter the bus via !he feeders L., and l", All tile other feeders, L...__ . L~, may be assumed to be disconnected or carrying no primary current (idJe C,T:s). The schematic diagram FJg,3 may be usee!to represent this eltuation, At the l terminal of Ihe relay the impedance:

The minimum operating current of the differential relay is given bl'~

whe re K and S are constants depending 011the selected ssttlnqs of the comparator ckcult. The following approximate values apply to standard settings: Slope [S}
1,,,mln.(Amp,)

0_5 0.66 0.2 0,33

0,8 0,65

It is seen thai increasing the slope trom 0,5 to 0-8, is obtalnsd, which corrssponds to the total rnagneti$[119i mpeda n ce of all the u nloaded lineC_T_'s_ This impedanca however, is normally quite large and highly reactive, wfth a relatively rarge time constant, about 200 ms, In t he case of an interna I tau Jt, the differential current is there-fore larger than the magnetl$ilig current. Also, the time constant of differential circuit is practically zero and the rate-of-rise of the operating vortage will therefore exceed the rateof-rise of the restraint voltage. Fil1ally, the inductive nature of the magnetising crrcu itcauses acertail'l phase displacement between the operating aile! restraint voltages, Air 0 I these featl.l res wi II assist to ensure decisive operation
inoreases

th'i;' min-Imum

plck-up cur-rent 'from 0,2 to 0,65 Amp.

The speed of 0 para t lo n of the differential relay is about 1-3 ms for fault Currents of more than 2 times the rating of the largest Ime C.T. To ensure rsrayoperation eVOIn when the line C.T.'s saturate quickly, the dn-relay together with the SEl-relayare arranged to energIse an lrnpu lse storing (capacitor pjus resistor) unit and a selfsealing high speed, 3 ms. auxiliary relay (AXMS 1).

Fi9- :2: d, Appro)(jmste voltag~ { . di..tribution required to make \, __ Ol>Q, Lina C,T. (1'0 is lu"y J saturated,

I,·,
Un

I",
R./2
L iL

D,

~
U..

ju,
U.

..... ~

U"

R.,

FI,,,

r
1.,.. =
(9· restraint Circuit

As an examp19 cc nsidl#r: Total incoming current lOA, slstance R..,=

Effecli... a R"R,

Rd.

+ R.

sa
V

in toe event of internar bUS' faults, irrespective of the number of circuits connected to the RADSS protection,

U; '" U~O '" 11::fl .... = 30 N

1~,=Ollnd UOl t= U,T;;;: R

J~,U ••

150 V

[,);- TOO-Hi 10

1:3,50

'~I:;:

'II'

Cha racteristics
of RADSS
The operating cnaracterlstlcs and restraint otths RADSS Th e character fig. lstics shown to a in 4 b and 4 e apply

u",J
relay with the followlr'lg setting;

1u,'"
1'1"<)

can easily bs determined by using the test circuit

in Fig. 4

typical

dll

a. The

lnlecflon

1.2

test vo itage UTa and the extsr-

Ro, = 30.; R,)2 -= 10 il;

lid

nal.test clrouit impedance

ZI.. are varied rent distribution to give the
CIJ

= 5 which

gives th.e cons-

Fig. 4a. rS9-1 clrcult ussd to detennine tl1a restraint and opsratlnp, areas on extern al and internal faufl5, '

tantK S=

= 0, lSand the slope:

U'f::> '" Test supply ",o~taga; Zr. = Test circuit impedance,

raq 1.11 red f~1 and 1,£,

rno

values.

R"i> + R~/2
;;; 0.8
10 operating Differential currentIOllA) Operatln 9 area

R~

The test circuit impedance ZL is varied to represent a pu re resistance represent in the case of magnet-

2 X 10
5X3

and a minimum

an external fau It, and to

the total ising impedance case otan internal ZI.. is lnflnlte, of all

current 1,1'''1"
=

1~ ~~B

== 0,65 A
1.0

the ldla line C.T.'s in the

fau't. When

ThestablHty

line in Fig, 4 b carl to a where:

i.a. open-

be made to correspond

clrcultsd, all the Incoming current must pass through the differential clrcult, This is represe nted by the straig ht Iina
Idl

test

circuit

2,. "" RL~ = 1·~S ROT '" __Q&_ 100 == 400 fl

0,05

= /J'~. It shou

1<:1 e noted b
because

that the area above this fine is of no significance,

1<11

1-0.8

can never exceed In·

or X" =

R,., n

== 1~~,8

250

0,5

1.0

1.5

/.",

-1000
The small narrow tween the stability the ·operating Isad isperslon line area beline and In Fig, 4 b simply

Total tncominq current l,.(A) Fig. 4 b. Restraint charactenstlo upon sxtsmal fall It; Relay slope the value of
S=

byvarying

0.8

the total

d~ffert3"r)tial cir-

area caused by

the operating VA requirement of the dn-relay. The relay

currentr Fl' is here larger than

zero, but less than the steady~ state pick-upvalue. stability. operation, without for Complete any relay types of

cui t resistance Ii? liT) betwee n 100 - 250 n. This is most easi Iy carried out by lIaryirlg R,LL! between 0-1S0 n, It should be noted that varying R'ILL does not affect the slope (S) nor the mtnlmum operating current (/,HOIIO)'

ZL =RLX '" liMarrooi~nce, 101 = S IT> '" stability line I'L =5 iTJ + X = operating llns

Differer1tia~ current 1.,(Aj

all

syste m trans lent con d itions cann ot, th erefo rs, be 9 ua ranteed in this narrow area,

I.Q

0,5
. Restrainl area

0,5

1.0

1.5

f",A

Total incoming currentlT;l(AJ Ffg. 4 o. Operat Iflg ch aracte rist ie LIpan Inte rnal fau It; Relay slope S = 0.8. ZL "" ZlM i= mag netising impedance.

Auxiliary C.T.'s
Check features
The prtnolples and methods of applying additional relays for increasing the retiabiIity of ow; dlfferent Ial schemes vary appreciably from ons country to another, The i nadvortent op enl rig of a C,T, secondary clrcult has been of particular concern, because this may lead to maloperatron 01 a bus protection durinq normal
service ccnrnnons,

ratios
reed type asthe comparator circuit output relay d)~.The Sg-retay has a fixed (nonvariable) settirlg, normally arranged to colnclde with 1Me largest line C,T, primary current rating, When a sensitive bus protection 1$ partlcui arly req uested, the starting relay setHng will be reducsd to coincide with the dl{-relay settinq. If considered unnecessary, the starting relay contact may be short-clrculted. When V,T:s (voltage transformers) are installed on the bus, with in tb e bus zo ne protection, the high-speed 1-8 ms, three-phase u ndervoltage relay RXOTB 2 can De used as a check feature, i.s. lts contact may be connected in series with the differential refay contact so that both relays must operate to give tripping, Auxiliary C.T,'s are required when Ine ~ineC.T.'shavease" condary rating of S A_, aMd also when the line C.T.'s have different turns ratios. Th~ overall line and auxiliary CT, ratio nQ, is given by: Max. bus transfer current Ino =4000 A, and that for the line L,,:
IJ. 11",\

= 1000/5 A, and
=

5/1 A,
'"

l.e_l!~

'000 5 --x- =1000 5 1

1.\, [;..t i; i".<, _·-x-:::;:-x-- =I... [A~ , 1,;;i [ X~ J AL I i'OS

Some power companies permit tripping of the bus zone protection if aC_T.secondary ls open-circuited. whereas other co m pa n ies require an aiarm only, without tripping. The method which ls adopted depends etten 011 past experience, reIfabillty of C.T secondary wiring and whettler tr ipp in 9 0 ftM protection ca n be accepted from the system stability point orvlew.

"-y:;;

ix,

Also, it may be assumed thatfor thlsstatlon the operatln 9 c haractenst ic of Fig, 4 c win apply, The primary fau It setting (I,..;) then becomes:
1000 x 0_65

The total tncomlnq, nominal primary current to the bus may be denoted. l s,« + llu,~ + Max_ bus transfer currant
/1"11':1

1'.1 '" 11~>do.l""m '" = 650 A.

The percentage primary fault setting, based on the max lrn u m bus tra n ster current is therefore: 4000 x 100 '" 16 per cent.

;::

Th is normally correspon cisto t he rated C LErrent carrying capaclty of the bus conductors, In 0 rde r to prevent u nnecassary heating of the comparator ci rou it resistors, the maximum circulating relay current during normelfull load condltlcns should be limitedto 4 A- It should be checked therefore, that: I 'TOn -~ no does not exceed 4 A. The auxiliary C.T:s may be omitted altogether it all the line O.T.'s have the sarns turns-reno, If their secondary rating is 1 A and the maximum permissible circulating relay Current is not exceeded.

540

ThiS is an acceptable sensitivity even in com parlson with a gerlerator or transformer dlfferentia~ proteotlcn. If separate line C.T. cores are available for the bus protection, it is recommended that the aux.iliary C.T.'s be installed near the lineC_T_'s_ln tllisway the auxiliary CT primary winding can be reg arded as bel n9 sec u rely connected to the lirle C.T, secondary winding_ If an open-circuit should OCCLIr withirl tha wiring up to the differential protection the auxiliary C,T. becomes. clamaged but i! will protect the line C, T. from being opencircuited-

There is also 0 ne rei ative Iy well C.T. open-circuit known philosophy, wh ich alarm . claims that the very ImporA static alarm relay (type tant bus zone pretectlo n RXIG 2) is included In the schemes should not be differential circuit, set to a Ilowed to trip by the o losi n9 operate at about 25 mA. The of onerelay contact only, actua I sensitivity of th 1$ Two separatety sctuated alarm relay will depend i relays, with thek contacts on the total magnetisconnected i n se ries, are then ingcurrer"ltoiall the line and req uired to operate siauxiliary C,T.'s, A primary multaneously in order to setting of about 5 per cent achieve tripping. of the largest line C_T_ rating is normally obtained, For the purpose of sattsfylng most requirements a simple overcurrent starting relay SR has therefore been included as a standard check feature in the RADSS design_ This retay is of the aarne high speed (I ms) d rySince maloperatlon of a bus differential protection may lead to a complete system shut-down, the alarm relay is norm ally arra rlgecl to d tsconnect the main tripping relay after a time delay of about 5 seconds,

As an example, considerthat
for a particular bus installation:

Line C.T. requirements

The lins-C.T.'a need notbe matched nor must they be of the same type, for example wound Or bar type. In the majority line C.T.'s have point and a secondary resistance protection. In the case- of internal faults current it is normally that a different be produced then assumed starting at a differential ial rei ay before the line It is bus required

current testing
ity and operation thoroughly tested

Full scale heavy

The baste form u Iae fo r stabilof the under the The ability

No. 68G8 A
01 the protection rise of the
was to 0 psrate p r ior to satu ratio n

Brief report test

RADSS protect ion have bee n most severa fau It con

i.e, on the initial

internet checked the

A brief review of the main test circuits and of two typical oscllloqrarns will bs giverl
in the 1ollowing: Tile test cjreult of Fig. 5 was used to check the operating in faults. charactenstic during The primary of internal current the the protection

fault current,

of installa-

d it io ns,

by

uSin!) fault Curof the incoming

t io ns it is fOll nd that stands rd

S u c h tests have been cerri ed out both at the Central Development Department ta51:ing of

rantsequal to 375 times the

rating feeder. The line and auxiliary direction. In these tine C.T.

kneewinding

(saturatlon] voltage
lying well within

ASEA and at the independent, heavy currant laboratories hem, Holland. Altogether, some hundred of KEMA, Arn-

C.T.'s were prernaqnetised the worst tests the Incoming The starting

the req u irem ents of the

In ls dlrected towards
secondary outgoing is relatively

satu rated in less than: 2 ms.

and differential operated an in relays, however, tesstnan means storing

b LIS, an d atthe same time the

current I'I'~ enters

the relay at term inal

K. The
11.

heavy cu rrent test :3 hots havEi been carried out rspresenti rig both intsrna~ and external faults 01 varying In none of these magnitudes. of

1 ms, causing

relay current small and

of about 2 Amp, shall

lmmedlate seal-In action of an impulse

capacttcr relay

by

limiteci by the value of

C.T.'s start to saturate. that the current

unit and a

relay is set to operate

testa did the protection

selt-sealinq auxiliary
RRMS 1 (the same RXMS 1).

R",. The dlfterentlal rent id• is therefore

large and causes

cura current the relay

abcut t Amp,
The total resistance

m alop erate, 0 r refuse to operate when required. The

stability of the protecti fault conditions, with fault
0 n,

as

i u to passthrouqh S~and a currentl",

the relay dr..

tnrouan

(R,lT)
circuit relay

u nd er the most u nfavo urabl e

through currents was checked The test clrcuttot Fig. 7 was external in the of the Hne r T" made the for

of the differential 250

may be var ied betwee n 50-

n, The

required

equal to 600 timn

used to check the stab il ity of the protection during faults. Varying tha value

input vo~tage (Ud may therefore 100vary between on of of requirement with 500 V depending

the rating of the faulty feeder

clrcult.

otthe resistanceRxi,
secondary it possible limiting clrcutt c urre n t transtorrne oondition

the stability line

the installation,

C.T.'s

10 ~he case a secondary

voltages are

to determine

rating

of 1 Amp.,

their requlr-

ed knee-point

often found to lie in the region of 1()0 - 500 V. For 5 Amp. line

C, T. 's th EI"EI raqu trern ents are

normally 100 V, It is h 0 u Id be noted that these minimum knee-point voltage reduced to 2()-

requirements are raIated on Iy to the operat Ing

abllltyo+the Internal external saturation or auxiliary proteotlon The during is not in by the during faults, faults

stability

of the protectlon any way affected C.T.'s,

lev~ls of line Oscillog raph Fig. 5, Internal fault with max 1'J:1 '" 24 l<A r:m.s (first pEtak 62 kAl· Tha oscillograpl't loops were arranged 10 record lhe current at relay terminal K and the currentJ.,fI.,

RADSS three-phase

designs
C ou Id be 'i ncreased

It wasfollndthatRx, by about 10 pe r Glint ab ove the calstability. culated value without any

represents

the block-

1'1

Operating

tl m e of dl ffe-

The RAO SS com ponents

are

ing current 1m through the diode D. (blocks operation of da). In,h

This trace represents

rentlal
I~

relay dEl.' time of start-

to suit the COMBIFLEX modular

designed mounting and wiring system. A standard protection for ,'3 phases and 1 zone is described in Catalogue

Operating ing relay

rjsk of m atoperation. The- measurinq loops of a highspeed multj-cnsnnet oscillograph were arranged
to provide traces of:

Sn.
time

It,

Total operating (measured self-sealing

hi when In flows ill

the posit ive reference dlrectlon. negative, When

on auxUiary relay

RK 6$-1Q E.

lr.

is

the cur-

RRMS 1 (RXMS 1), see Fig. 6).

,h,

Primary fault current

This always starts in a positive direction. reference

rent I,. from the aux fll ary

current transtc rm er

t r.,11

T MX enters the relay at terminal K,

R2

T hs positive trace .above the zero line, represents la. through the d i ffere-rlt i OIlrelay dB· The rlegative trace, below the zero line,

li-,

["

" Fig. 6. The relays d. and S. have ol'lly one make contact each. ,..The arrangements shown here were made to permit Individual recording of the opening end ciosing of these contacts.

fig. El.Osclllogram No. 16,iTL = 24 kAr,m,:'!.lnternal

f" = IE" O.8ms, t'l' = 2.8ms,

fault

i.,

T.
4()I)I2o'l

hi
[.,

1'2

J."

Fig. 1. External fault wittl

t-. = 24 kA rm.s.

fl.l~Iy stable,

f"ig, 9. Oscillogram No. 48, 1'1'1 = 24 kA r.rn.s. External 1au~1. No operation of differential relay (trace to) and tne protection remains

Appendix
Derivation of comparator sties when (see Fig. 1): brtng the Drotection circuit operating and Maximum permi:nlbl ....lol.Jp

"'~hl,taJlc'"

re stra int eharactart

R• "

Rete rri ng 10 Fig. 2 d, the max im urn val ue of ItI,~ reqv ired to The dR-relay just operates
/)'1:1 ~

to its stabl Ii ty Ihn it. is determ ined by:

U,= l,n Z" = !lli,l"

= Operating

[Eq.1J

wh"reJJ1('

current of

Z" "" Impedance

of dll-relay

d,,"relay D1,

and

diode

Also, neglecting
[,.',.> gives:

the influence

of 11.1:2 and assumlnp

U o'l'::ii

Hence SLJbstituting operating ls purely these values in Equation 1 gives the m inlmum where,

R• "

= T=S"

R,!T

[Eq.5J

llnator resistive,

the case when Ull~ and Us are in-phase to an external fault wl1ereZj, irl Fig. 4 a

the tots1 differential

circuit

resistance: IEq, 6]

i.e. corresponding

and, where the differential

circuit

components

are given

bv: side.

n~'R~a = Ru "" .Beslstance

ZBX,G

referred

to T.,~ primary

It"" '" Variable

Typical Hence, the minimum /<1, '" Sin operating lin~ becomes:

ZIri<! "" Primary ahort-circuit impedance of T M<L = Impedance of alarm relay RXIG 2 resister max. range:

0-150

settings:

+K
dependillg

!Eq.2:]
on the

R.,1'

= 5'x3

+ 12 + 12 + R""
set within

ee

100

+ R'l"

i.e. 1?<I'I' is normally adjusting

the range

It is seen that S arid K are constants, the output relay. can be guaran1eed when

ft. , between "

0 -150

~tas requ ired.

100-250 n. by

com par ator c lro u i t sett ing an d the ope rat i 1'19 senslt ivity of

Fu II stability

the output lina:

current

/'~Q = O. l.e. K = 0, giving

the stability

1m = SIT,

[Eq.3]

The min i mum ope rati ng cu rrent is obtain ed when all the incoming current goes through the differential 2 giv6s: circuit, i.e.

I,ll = ITa "" i~'mi" lnserted i"IClli" = S i,"mln of K K

Hence, I. 'mi'
""

in Equation

1 _,.,

. [Eq.41

10

Une C.T. knee-poilU voltage requirement The line and auxiliary C.T.'s must have knee-polnt voltaqes capable of driving the current 2 J /w" th rough the differential circuit, l.e, the relay input \loltage should be equal to or exceed:

U''llI = 2/",," Rm' [Eq. 7) where, I,U" '" Normaf full-load current It is here assumed thatthe overall ratio for the largest feeder is given by no = J h" /1,\Jo' It is also assumed that the . normal rated current J,,"" = TA ami that the starting relay is 'set to operate at about I,ll ;;:;I A,<n = 1 A. The- following values may be substituted in Equation 7.

CalcuJatlons for a typical stalion Example 1. Assume that: I1A -= Largest line CT ratio;;;;;; 2000/5 A II;..; .. Smallest line C.T. ratlo « :20015 A I.,.,. == Max_ bus transfer current '" 4000 A Minimum primary fault current." 2000 A On th e basis of these data the 10 llowl n9 relay sett ings may be selected; avera!1 C.T. ratio:

II

:;;

" hencs

2000 x 2...
5 1
11M" '"

'"

.5

200 x_5

0.1

2000

5,

J1M~

= 50

The max, circulating relay current then becomes

IT~

= ::: A,

R,n = -S-RI.~

I-S

'" -s~(.om)'/(;.:,

1-5

Selecting the slope, S = 0.8 gives; Primary fault :Setting, I»; ....2000XO.65 = 1:300A Selecting R~ll ;;;;;; 50 D gives RIl'l' '" 250 n 1 RLX 1000 and Rx. =(--)~ -== -- OA .Ii n", 2500 R,,,
'=

which gives the knes-po int voltage rsqu Irement for the line C.T.{T.J:
l.J\",· = 2 (-'"~

1
If)1..\

1~~O

40 n,_(i.e_ 10llarger

than R:d

) Hence, the total burden 01the Tl(secondary circuit should resistance 01a 200/5 A C.T. is normaUy about 0.2 nand by instalHng the auxiliary C.T. close to the line CoT. the permissible resistance valua- will not be exceeded. Assuming that the starting relay will be set to operate at I AJ. "" I,Ll"" 1 A, ~he ralay inputvoHage should be equal to, or larger than: UTjJ~ .. 21"," R~t" =; 2x250 = SOil V he nce, the Iirle C.T. seccn dary voltag es shou ld be eq ua I to Of exceed:
be limited to OAn_ The secondarywinding

1-S
S
Simil.,nJy, for line C_T_ (T",)

[Eq.81

[Eq.91 and tor (T,): [Eq. 101 Ihese knee-point IJoltagesare requlred on Iy in those ctrou its 'wnicfl can feed fault currents towards an internal bus fault. In load circuits, which are not called upon to initiate tripping of the bus protection, the knee-point VQlt<lgI:'S may be red uced to ha lf t he above vatues,

U xsx

= -_ JI).lX

UT~K

500 = ----",,-= "IJ

10 V

For the line C.T. [Td the knee-point voltage requirement of only 11)V is so small that even a m9asuring C-T_ core (e.g. 10 VA,accuraoy Jimftfactor == 5)maybe used.Jtthts Core can be made free from all other burdens, then rha: auxiliary C.T,'s (Tr.Il,J can be installed close to the-line C.T.'sand the effects of the pilotwire resistance become ne-g I ig ible,

11

Example 2. M<iume- that: n; .. 2000/1 A, II~ 20011 A and with bus ratings as in above- example.

Ty pleal settin 9 s Table 2 Typical settings of RrI• ano R,J2

Ratio of T.,~' 11~
""

5 (fixed)
0 .. 6

, Selecting:

II"

2000' 1 200' "'-1-x"f""-1-x"O:"l=

2000

sl~n
nm(D)
R,/2(!1)

0$

o.a 3 10

0.8

0.8

10 (the auxiliary CT T~I" may therefore be omitted) A!so, with S = 0.8 gives: = 1300 A and R"l '" 250

makes: rr>l., ;;;; 1 and n,,~

3 5

3 7.5

2 666

1.5

I,.,

whioh will give ;.:. J<~,.(fi)

1000 Hence R" =~ ... 10!1

o.i
2,3

0,11 2,5 40
(1.33-

0.13 2.6 41 D.65

0.16 1.74

0.2 13 20

and 11.,"

1000 =-,-~-= 1000

P,,(W) l'l'"'i,,(A)

38

28
O.B

Compared with example t these permlsslbta resistance values are 5' larger, The voltage requirements are: lIm
= 2x25Q

0.2

'_0

"" 500 V

Note:
Inoreaslng the 51"pes and rMucing minimum operating currant (('.m'.)' the value ot R":,, increases the

500 U.,,~ '" -, ~= 500 V

a J SOL-'r r ....11\,= 21-- S/ .",21-0,8 0.8 U ~,.
=
"';;:I~

S''''

R ....-:. {u'l' _'

it"

The ef1et ~ \Ie res lsten ce R ,,' refers to the resuna nt res istM ce of i H"" in parallel with Ii:,. as seen by the Circulating relay ell rrent {J,..) du ring no rmal service, The c ale LJI ate d \lah.Ja J\ " (/,.,.)' H". is based on the max. heat developed withl"'n = 4 A.lla larger heating effeGt is required the physical size of the resistors must be increased and, probably, 011$0 tho,< veflt<lalion olthe relay cubicle,

x'x10x100",500V

500 ""50 V
10

Reference

publications:

The knee-point voltage requirement of 500 V for a 2000/1 A C.T. and the total secondary burden limitation of 10.0 for a 200/1 A C,T, is in practice quite moderate and will easily be satisfied in the majority 01 Installations.

Test report 6868 A: Full scale heavy current testing Test report RKU 40 - 30 E: Resu It from tests carrted out at KEMA, Arnhern, Holland. Pamphlet RK 63-:2:01 E: Bus difierefltial protection type RADSS, Introduction, Catalogue RK 63-' 0 E: Bus differential protection type RADSS standard desfgn for 3 phases and 1 zone.

Relay Division 3-72183 VASTERAs SWEDEN Tel. 021-10 00 00

ASEA

Pri",.d

in Sweor.n \I~'t.,As~.'9Tl1 Tr)'CI<C"n'ra.o.6 oOOO+SOOD+5(]OO