Single Phase Inverter

& Switching Techniques

Dr. Ir. Mochamad Ashari, M.Eng.

Dept. of Electrical Engineering
Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember (ITS)
Surabaya
DC-to-AC Converter (Inverter)

 Mengubah dari
tegangan DC menjadi
AC
 Aplikasi: power
supply, UPS
(uninterruptible power
supply), electric drive,
active filter, power
factor correction dsb.

Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS

Tegangan Inverter

 Tegangan DC input:
– DC murni (tidak ada
ripple)
 Tegangan AC output:
– Square wave
– Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM)
– Sinusoidal

Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS

Inverter Element

 Sumber DC: Idc io

penyearah, battery,
+ Ldc +
panel surya dll. Switching
Devices vo
 Temporary Storage Vdc -
-
Device: Battery ac load
– InductorCurrent
Source Inverter (CSI) io

– Capacitor  Voltage + + Switching

+

Source Inverter (VSI) -

Cdc Devices vo
Vdc -
 Switching Device -

Battery ac load
 Filter AC

Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS

Switching Device

 Halfbridge terdiri dari:

– Dua buah sumber DC yang
identik
– Dua buah semikonductor
switch
– Tegangan puncak output =
Vdc/2 io

 Fullbridge terdiri dari: Q1 D1 Q3 D3

Vdc +
– Sebuah sumber DC Cdc vo
+
R
-
– Empat buah semikonductor -

switch Q2 D2 Q4 D4

– Tegangan puncak output =

Vdc

Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS

 Sistem Pemadaman Inverter

 Line Commutation:
– Switch devices: thyristor
– Padam karena teg. line io
 Forced Commutation:
– Switch devices: keluarga Q1 D1 Q3 D3
Transistor (BJT, IGBT etc), Vdc +
thyristor dengan +
Cdc vo R
commutation circuit -
-
– Padam karena dipaksa Q2 Q4
D2 D4
 Resonant:
– Switch devices: thyristor
– Padam karena beban
berupa komponen
resonansi
Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS
Switching Techniques
io
1. Square-wave
2. Single Pulse Width Q1 D1 Q3 D3
Modulation (PWM) Vdc +
+
3. Multiple Pulse PWM Cdc vo R
-
4. Sinusoidal PWM Q2 Q4
-

D2 D4
5. Modified SPWM

Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS

 (1) Square Wave Switching

vo (t) = Vdc for 0  t   vo

Vdc
vo (t) = -Vdc for   t  2 t
 2 3 4
-Vdc

To=1/ fo
Fourier Series:
4Vdc sin nt
vo 


n 1, 3, 5,... n
4Vdc 4V 4V
vo (t )  sin(t )  dc sin(3t )  dc sin(5t )  ...
 3 5
4Vdc
V1 rms 
 2
Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS
(1) Square Wave Switching
 The rms output is fixed  2 2

1
depending on the dc Vo  rms    Vdc dt   (Vdc ) 2 dt   Vdc
2  
0  
voltage Vdc
 Controlling the rms 4Vdc
output must be from the V1 rms 
dc voltage  2
 High fundamental 2
component, the peak  Vo rms 
THD     1
voltage = 1.27 Vdc  V1 rms 
 High harmonic 2
distortion =48.3%   1  0.483
8

Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS

 (2) Single Pulse PWM

vo (t) = Vdc

for (-)/2  t  (+ )/2

vo (t) = -Vdc

for (-)/2  t  (+ )/2

Fourier Series: 
 n 
4Vdc  sin 
vo   
 n 1,3,5,...  n
2  sin nt

 
 

4Vdc sin    
v1 rms  2  
2 2 2 2
 2
Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS
 (2) Single Pulse PWM
 The rms output can be
varied depending on the   2 3 
 
1  2 2 
   Vdc dt   (Vdc ) dt 
2 2
pulse width () Vo  rms
2    3  

 2 2 2 
SINGLE PULSE PWM

 Vdc
2.5
THD
1

2 0.8

RMS (pu of Vdc)

RMS
THD (pu)

1.5 0.6
2
1 0.4
 Vo  rms 
0.5 0.2 THD     1
0 0
 V1 rms 

0.3

0.7

0.9

1
0.1

0.2

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.8

Delta (x3.14 rad)  1

2 
8 sin
2
Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS
 (3) Multiple Pulse PWM
 Vref is a dc voltage
 Vtri has higher
frequency several times p
than the output
frequency
 p= number of pulse in
fc
half period, p 
2 fo
 
m

2p
2p 2

  dt
2
Vo  rms V dc
2  

2p 2

p
 Vdc    
  
2p 2 2p 2
Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS
(3) Multiple Pulse PWM

vo  B
n 1, 3, 5,...
n sin nt

p
2Vdc n      
Bn   sin sin n 
 m    sin n    m  
m 1 n 2   2   2 

Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS

(4) Sinusoidal PWM

 Reference signal:
amplitudo Ao, frequency fo
 Carrier signal: amplitudo
AC, frequency fC
 Amplitudo Modulation ratio
(Modulation Index):
M = Ao / AC
 Frequency Modulation
ratio:
M f = f C / fo

Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS

(4) Sinusoidal PWM

 Untuk 0M1.0, tegangan

output fundamental:
vout(1) = Vdc M cos (2fot)
 Frekuensi tegangan
output = frekuensi signal
referensi, fo
 Overmodulation 
M>1.0, tegangan output
tidak linier terhadap M

Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS

(4a) Bipolar SPWM

C o m p a ra to r

+ vg1 & vg4

-
Not

vg2 & vg3

Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS

(4b) Bipolar PWM

THD = 142.6%

THD = 31.8%

Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS

(4c) Unipolar SPWM

C o m p a ra to r

+ v g1
-
N ot

v g2

+ v g3
-
N ot

v g4

Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS

(4c) Unipolar SPWM

THD = 71.6%

THD=8.5%

Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS