Basic Concept, Operation and Control

of HVDC Transmission System

13.00-16.00 hrs. July 29, 2008
Room 2003, T.102, EGAT Head Office

Nitus Voraphonpiput, Ph.D.

Engineer Level 8
Technical Analysis – Foreign Power purchase Agreement Branch
Power Purchase Agreement Division
Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
 Objective

„ Introducing operation, and control of

the High Voltage Direct Current
Transmission System.

Note: This presentation continues from the morning session. Basic

mathematics and electrical engineering knowledge will be useful
for attendee.
2
Contents

„ 1. HVAC vs. HVDC

„ 2. HVDC Principle
Q&A for 15 minutes
Coffee break 10 minutes

„ 3. Control of DC Transmission
Q&A for 15 minutes

3
 1. HVAC vs. HVDC
„ Why use DC transmission?

This question is often asked. One response

is that losses are lower, but is it true?
Reference [2] has been explained using Insulation
ratio and Power capacity in order to proof this
statement.

4
 1. HVAC vs. HVDC
„ Insulation ratio of HVAC and HVDC (Ref. 1-2)
A given insulation length for an overhead line, the
ratio of continuous working withstand voltage factor (k)
is expressed as, (note 1 ≤ k ≤ 2 )
DC withstand voltage
k= = 1. 0
AC withstand voltage(rms)

A line has to be insulated for over-voltages

expected during faults, switching operations, etc.
Normally AC transmission line is insulated against
over-voltages of more than 4 times the normal effective
(rms) voltage. 5
 1. HVAC vs. HVDC

This insulation requirement can be met by insulation

corresponding to an AC voltage of 2.5-3.0 times the
normal rated voltage.
AC Insulation level
k1 = = 2 .5
Rated AC Voltage(rms) (phase - ground)

For suitable converter control the corresponding

HVDC transmission ratio is expressed as
DC Insulation level
k2 = = 1.7
Rated DC Voltage (pole - ground)
6
 1. HVAC vs. HVDC

Insulation ratio for a DC pole-ground voltage (Vd) and AC

phase-ground (Vp) is expressed as
insulation length required for each AC phase
insulation ratio ( K ) =
insulation length required for each DC Pole
AC insulation level
AC withstand voltage(rms) k1 VP
= = k
DC insulation level k 2 Vd
DC withstand voltage

It can be seen that the actual ratio of insulation levels is a

function of AC/DC voltage. Next, determine AC/DC
voltage. 7
 1. HVAC vs. HVDC
Determine AC/DC voltage
Assumed resistances (R) of the lines are equal in both
cases (HVDC and HVAC).
AC Loss = 3 x R x IL2 and DC Loss = 2 x R x Id2

3
Let losses in both cases are equal, so that, Id = IL
2

The power of a HVAC system and a bipolar HVDC

system are as:
AC Power = 3 V P I L cos φ DC Power = 2 V d I d
8
 1. HVAC vs. HVDC
At the same power transfer,
AC Power 3VP I L cos φ 3 VP cos φ
= = =1
DC Power 2 Vd I d 2 Vd

So that, V p = 2 1 Vd
3 cos φ

Thus, insulation ratio (K) can be written as

k1 2 1 1.2
K =k ≈
k2 3 cos φ cos φ
It can be seen that HVDC requires insulation ratio at least
20% less that the HVAC which essentially reflects the cost. 9
1. HVAC vs. HVDC
„ Power Capacity
Compared a double circuit HVAC line (6 lines) and
double circuit DC line of Bipolar HVDC.

Power transmitted by HVAC (Pac) and HVDC (Pdc) are

Pac = 6VP I L cos φ Pdc = 6Vd I d

On the basic of equal current and insulation, Id = IL, K=1:

⎛ k1 ⎞ k1 Pac 1.47
Pdc = 6⎜⎜ k VP I L ⎟⎟ = k = Pac
⎝ k2 ⎠ k 2 cos φ cos φ
10
1. HVAC vs. HVDC
„ For the same values of k, k1 and k2 as above and
pf is assumed to 1.0, the power transmitted by
overhead lines can be increased to 147%. The
percentage line losses, which is inversion of the
power transmit, are reduced to 68%.

„ In addition, for underground or submarine

cables, power transmitted by HVAC cable can
be increase 294 % and line loss reduced to 34%.
Note: for cable k equals at least two.

11
 1. HVAC vs. HVDC
From reference [3], losses are lower is not correct.
“The level of losses is designed into a transmission system and
is regulated by the size of conductor selected. DC and AC
conductors, either as overhead transmission lines or submarine
cables can have lower losses but at higher expense since the
larger cross-sectional area will generally result in lower losses
but cost more.”

The reasons that HVDC have been used are:

1. An overhead d.c. transmission line with its towers can be
designed to be less costly per unit of length.
2. It is not practical to consider AC cable systems exceeding 50
km (due to VAR charging of the cable).
3. Some a.c. electric power systems are not synchronized to
neighboring networks even though their physical distances
between them is quite small. 12
 2. HVDC Principle
ƒ The HVDC valve comprises the thyristors acting as
controlled switch. In the ‘OFF’ state, the thyristor blocks
the current to flow, as long as the reverse or forward
breakdown voltages is not exceeded.
ƒ It changes to ‘ON’ state if it is forward biased (VAK > 0)
and has small positive ‘Gate’ voltage applied between the
Gate and the Cathode.

Anode (A)
Gate (G)

Cathode (K)

13
 2. HVDC Principle
„ Thyristor switches between
conducting state (ON) and non-
conducting (OFF) state in response
to control signal (firing) as its
characteristic.
„ The Gate voltage need not to be
present when the thyristor is already
in ON state.

14
 2. HVDC Principle
Anode (A)
Rd = ∆VAK/ ∆IA

iA Rd

VT

Cathode (K)
Anode (A)

Rr ir
Rr = ∆VAK/ ∆IA VT
Ploss-ON state = VT.IA(avg.) + Rd.IA2(rms)
Cathode (K)
Ploss-OFF state = Rr.Ir2(rms)
15
 2. HVDC Principle
„ ON-OFF state
- ON state continues until current drops to zero, even reverse bias
appears across the thyristor.
- The critical time to clear charge carriers in the semi-conductor
is referred as the turn-off time toff . If forward bias appears to
soon, t < toff, thyristor can not OFF.
VAK > 0 and VG >0

VAK > 0 and t < toff ON

OFF
IA < 0

t > toff OFF 16

2. HVDC Principle

ON State OFF State

17
 2. HVDC Principle
Single Phase Bridge Rectifier Id

Th1 Th3

Is Ld
Vs Vd
Rd = 10Ω

Th4 Th2

U S = 220 V α = 30o 18
2. HVDC Principle
Vs
Is

Voltage waveform of inductor

α = 30° (Ld), VLd = Vd – Rd Id

Vd
Voltage waveform of resistor (Rd), VRd = Rd Id
Th3 Th1 Th3
Th4 Th2 Th4

Id

19
 2. HVDC Principle
Harmonics in the voltage and current waveform.
Is
150 Hz
250 Hz
350 Hz

DC 100 Hz

Vd
200 Hz
300 Hz

DC

Id
100 Hz

50 Hz
20
 2. HVDC Principle

„ Even DC side does not have reactive power (Q), the reactive
power still presents on the AC side. The reactive power occurrence
is caused by the delay angle (α) (or called firing angle) of the
current waveform.
P = |VS| |IS| cos α
Q = |VS| |IS| sin α
Vs Is VS
30°
360° time
IS
20 ms
Phasor of fundamental
component
α = 30°
21
 2. HVDC Principle
50 Hz
Product of phasor VS and
Is phasor IS is not the apparent
150 Hz
250 Hz power (S) . It represents the
350 Hz
active power (P) and reactive
power (Q).
100 Hz
There are harmonic distortion
Vd power, which is a new term
200 Hz
300 Hz caused by the higher
harmonics (more than 50 Hz). It
is represented by D (distortion
Product of Vd and Id power).
Id is (active) power (P). Finally, S2 = P2 + Q2 becames
100 Hz S2 = P2 + Q2 + D2.
22
 2. HVDC Principle
The inductance Lk represents
Ith1 Id reactance on AC side (called
Lk commutating reactance). Due to
nature of an inductor, The
Ld inductor current can not change
Vs Is Vd suddenly. Thus, during turn-off
of the Th1 (and Th2) and turn-on
Rd of the Th3 (and Th4), both are in
conducting state for a short time
Ith2 (overlap time). This phenomena
occurs during commutation of
the thyristors.
Increasing Id It can be seen that if current is
Ith2 high, overlap angel is increased.
commutation In addition, if inductance is high,
Ith1 overlap angle is also increased.
µ 23
µ is overlap angle Increasing Lk
 2. HVDC Principle
Inductor current can not suddenly be
Is changed, thus there is a slope.

Vs
α = 30° cos α + cos(α + µ )
cos φ ≈
µ 2

Vd

Th3 Th1 Th3

Th4 Th2 Th4

Id

24
 2. HVDC Principle
„ The impact of the overlap angle (µ) is the reduction of
the average dc voltage (Vd).
„ It decreases the harmonic content of the ac current (Is)
and power factor of the AC side. V d
Vd Vd VT
Ideal case Vdo
DR Rd
Id
2
Vd = Vdo − X K Id
π XK
DX
X K = 2 π f LK
Id Id
Voltage drop due to Overall voltage drop
commutating reactance VT and DR are very less compared to
25
is represented as DX DX. Thus, there are usually neglected.
 2. HVDC Principle
Natural
3-pulse converter commutation

VA
Vdα Ld
Th1 →∞
Rd
IL
VB Th2 IL
t
VC Th3
Ld
Vdα

Rd

α = 0o α = 60o α = 90o α = 120o

VA = √ 2 VP sin ωt
VB = √ 2 VP sin ωt-120°
Vd = 1.17VP cos α = Vd 0 cos α 26
VC = √ 2 VP sin ωt+120°
 2. HVDC Principle
Vd Vd
= cos α
Vd 0 Vd 0
Rectifier mode can be
1.0 performed when firing
Positive Rectifier angle is less than 90
average degrees.
0.5
α = 60o
voltage Average voltage is zero
when the firing angle is
90 degrees.
45o 90o 135o 180o
α
Negative -0.5 Inverter mode can be
average performed when firing
voltage Inverter
angle is more than 90
degrees.
-1.0
27
 2. HVDC Principle

Vd

α=60° α=30°

Id

28
2. HVDC Principle

VA, IA
120°

VB, IB

VC, IC
Th1 Th2 Th3 Th1 Th2 Th3

Id
29
2. HVDC Principle
Reversing phase sequence
VA, IA
α=120°
α=30°

Positive voltage
Vd
Negative voltage

Inverter mode can be performed as

long as the DC current continues flow.
Id

30
 2. HVDC Principle
VA
Lk V dα DX
Vk

VB
Lk

Id
t

VA µ µ
α α

IA IB
Vk IC IA IB IC
t
Vd = Vd 0 cos α − DX
3
DX = ωLk I d
2π
VB 31
 2. HVDC Principle
The commutating Vd DX
reactance (Xk) results in
decreasing of DC
Vk
voltage, but it increases
DC voltage in inverter γ

mode. t
It can also be seen that
the overlap time will γ
increase when DC 180° 180°
current is high and this
α α µ
can cause commutation µ
failure in inverter mode. IA IB IA IB

Vd = Vd 0 cos α + DX
Note: α + µ < 180° 3
The extinction angle (γ) = 180 - α - µ DX = ωLk I d
2π
32
 2. HVDC Principle
Vd+
„ 6-pulse converter
α=0°

Vd= Vd+ - Vd-

Vd+

Vd
Vd+ -Vd-
Vd-
Vd-

α=0°

The 6-pulse bridge consists of two 3-pulse bridges

(positive and negative) connected in parallel. 33
 2. HVDC Principle
„ 6-pulse bridge HVDC
Smoothing DC line Smoothing
reactor reactor

power Id power

Vdr power Vdi

Reactive
Id Reactive
power power
DC line

The HVDC comprises two converters connected in anti-parallel through

smoothing reactors and DC lines. One converter is operated in rectifier mode
to transmit power from the AC network to the other side whereas the other
side converter is operated in inverter mode to receive power into the (other
side) AC network. 34
2. HVDC Principle
Rectifier Operation of the 6-pulse bridge
converter
Assume α = 15° and µ = 25°
cos α + cos(α + µ )
cos φ ≈
2
cos 15o + cos(15o + 25o )
≈ = 0.866
2
φ ≈ 30 o
I.cosφ
V
30°
I.sinφ
I
The converter operates in rectifier
mode. It transmits active power
while consumes reactive power.
35
 2. HVDC Principle
Inverter operation of the 6-pulse bridge
converter
Assume α = 135° and µ = 25°
cos α + cos(α + µ )
cos φ ≈
2
cos135o + cos(135o + 25o )
≈ = 0.823
2
φ ≈ 145o
I.cosφ V
145°

I
I.sinφ
The converter operates in inverter
mode. It receives active power while
consumes reactive power. 36
 2. HVDC Principle

„ For convenience, the converter operated in inverter mode is

often referred to extinction angle (γ). Thus direct voltage in
inverter mode (Vdi) are expressed as

Vd = Vd 0 cos α + DX , α > 90o Vd = Vd 0 cos γ − DX

3 γ = π −α − µ
DX = ωLk I d
2π

„ Actually, inverter is commonly controlled at constant

extinction angle to prevent commutation failure. Therefore, it
is not only for convenience, but also for converter control
purpose. It is important to note that voltage drop caused by
commutating reactance (Dx) is now negative. 37
 2. HVDC Principle
„ Voltage vs. current (VI) characteristics at steady state

Vd Vd
Vd 0 Slope is DX Vd 0
1.0 1.0
α = 0° α = 0°
Increasing α

Increasing α
Rectifier Rectifier

α is the control
Id variable for rectifier Id
1.0 I dN and γ is the control 1.0 I dN

Increasing γ
variable for inverter.

Inverter Inverter

γ = 0°
-1.0 αmax < 180 ° -1.0
38
 2. HVDC Principle
„ 12-pulse bridge HVDC

Id
Y ∆ Vdr∆ Vdi∆ ∆ Y

Y Y VdrY VdiY Y Y
Id

The 12-pulse converter is required to improve harmonic current on AC sides.

It comprises two 6-pulse converters connected in series. Harmonic current
on AC sides are odd orders starting from 11th, 13th …. whereas even orders
present on the DC side (12th, 14th…). To achieve 12-pulse, phase
displacement of 30° generated by Star (Y) and Delta (∆) connection of 39the
transformers are employed.
 2. HVDC Principle
Rectifier operation of the
Vd VdY Vd∆ 12-pulse bridge converter
Assume α = 15°

and µ = 25°
IAY
IA∆

Y ∆ Vd∆
IA∆ Vd
IA IA Y Y VdY
IAY

40
 2. HVDC Principle
½ Rd
power power

Y ∆ Id ∆ Y
power Vdr Vdi
Y Y Y Y
½ Rd
Reactive power Reactive power
αmin < α voltage γmin < γ
decreasing α
αmin = 5° - 7° γ min = 15° - 17°
Vdr
To ensure all To keep reactive
thyristor valves are Vdi power requirement
enough forward bias on inverter side as
to turn on. low as possible.
Id current

Voltage drop caused by line resistance (Rd) is taken into account

and the VI characteristic presents operating point of the HVDC system. 41
 2. HVDC Principle
„ Detail Configuration of the HVDC

42
 2. HVDC Principle

„ Alternatives for the implementation of a HVDC power

transmission system

a) Earth Return
ii) Bipolar Configuration

b) Metallic Return

i) Mono-polar Configuration 43
iii) Homo-polar Configuration
 2. HVDC Principle

„ Alternatives for the implementation of a HVDC power

transmission system (continued)

44
 3. Control of
the DC Transmission

„ Can we use manual control for the

rectifier (vary α) and the inverter
(vary γ)?
„ If we can not do that, which side
should be controlled (rectifier or
inverter) or control them both?
„ What is/are the control purpose(s)?
45
 3. Control of the DC Transmission
„ Typical control strategies used in a HVDC
system consists of:
{ Firing Control
{ {Rectifier} Current Control (CC)
{ {Inverter} Constant Extinction Angle (CEA) Control
{ {Inverter} Current Margin Control (CM)
{ {Inverter} Voltage Control (VC)
{ Voltage Dependent Current Limit (VDCL)
{ Tap change Controls (TCC)
{ Power Reversal

46
 3. Control of the DC Transmission
„ Firing Control
Function of the firing control is to convert the firing angle
order (α*) demanded fed into the valve group control system.
There might be voltage distortions due to non-characteristic
harmonics, faults and other transient disturbances such as
frequency variation. Thus, phase-locked loop (PLL) based firing
system is generally applied. θ
PI Controller vo Voltage comparator
vA verror
Phase (1 + Ts ) Controlled
vB Detector
K Oscillator comparator
Ts

…
vC

…
uA

…
sin(.) comparator
uB - ⅔π
sin(.)
uC Gate firing
sin(.) α* 47
 3. Control of the DC Transmission
„ Firing Control (Continued)
uA
vA

0
time

verror

0
time
2π
θ α*
0
α time
Firing pulse of phase A
48
 3. Control of the DC Transmission
„ Current Control (CC)
The firing angle is controlled with a feedback control
system as shown in figure. The dc voltage of the converter
increases (by decrease α*) or decreases (by increase α*) to adjust the
dc current to its set-point (Id*).
(1 + Ts )
K Id
Ts
Y ∆

Vdr
vA, vB , vC Y Y

αmax
id* - α* Firing 6
PI Control
6 Current
+ αmin measurement
id 49
 3. Control of the DC Transmission
„ Constant Extinction Angle Control (CEA)
The firing angle of the inverter is controlled at minimum
angle (γmin) to reduce reactive power requirement. This can be
achieved by using Gamma control (γ-control).
Current
measurement

∆ Y
Vdi
Y Y

vA, vB , vC
αmax
Valve voltage 6 Firing α* γ*
-
Control PI
6
+
αmin
γ
γ measurement
50
 3. Control of the DC Transmission
VI Characteristic of the CC and the CEA
voltage voltage

Vdr
α*
X Vdi Vdi
Vdr
γ* = γmin α*=α min γ* = γmin

AC voltage
decreasing

Id current Id current

VI Characteristic If AC voltage on rectifier side

decreases, CC decreases α* down to
The intersection (X) is the operating
αmin to increase DC current (Id), but
point of the DC transmission line.
there is no operating point (X). This
problem can be solved using CMC. 51
 3. Control of the DC Transmission
„ Current Margin Control (CMC)
A better way is to use the inverter to control current less
than of the rectifier by an amount of current margin (∆Id) when the
rectifier can not perform CC.

γ*
∆ Y γ - Control
Vdi
Y Y
∆id = 0.1 to 0.15

Minimum
selection
vA, vB , vC
αmax
α* + id*
Firing
Control PI -
Current 6
αmin +
measurement
id
52
 3. Control of the DC Transmission
VI Characteristic of CC, CEA and CMC
voltage voltage

Vdr CEA
α*
X Vdi Vdi
Vdr
γ* = γmin α*=α min X γ* = γmin
∆Id
CMC
CC AC voltage ∆Id
decreasing

Id current Id current

Combined characteristics If AC voltage on rectifier side

of CC, CEA and CMC decreases, CC decreases α* down to
This method can maintain stable αmin to increase DC current (Id), but
operation when AC voltage of both there is no operating point (X). This
sides are fluctuated. problem can be solved by CMC. 53
 3. Control of the DC Transmission
What will happen if AC network of the inverter side is too weak!

voltage voltage

More Weak
Vdr
α* X
Weak AC
CEA
Vdr α* γ* = γmin
Vdi X
Vdi
∆Id CEA ∆Id VC
CMC γ* = γmin CMC
γ* > γmin

Id current Id current

In this range the intersection This problem can be solved by

is poorly to define and both adjust VI characteristic of the
current controllers will hunt inverter to voltage control (VC) in
between the operating points. order to avoid hunting between two
54
controllers.
 3. Control of the DC Transmission
„ Voltage Control (VC)
it is very effective when the inverter is connected to a weak
AC network. The normal operating point X corresponds to a value
of γ higher than the minimum. Thus, the inverter (rectifier as well)
consumes more reactive power compared to inverter with CEA.

∆ Y
Vdi
Y Y γ*
γ - Control

Maximum
selection
vA, vB , vC αmax

Minimum
selection
vdi*
6 Firing α* PI
Control
-
6 αmin +
CMC
vdi
Voltage 55
measurement
 3. Control of the DC Transmission
„ Voltage Dependent Current Limit (VDCL)
Commutation failures can occur during an AC fault on the
inverter side. It results in continue conduction of a valve beyond
its 120° conduction interval. The CC will regulate the DC current to
its rated value, but in the worst case, two inverter valves may form
DC short circuit and continue conducting for a long time, which
can cause valve damage. To prevent this problem, DC current
must be reduced. One possible to detect the AC side fault is the
lowering of the DC voltage. This voltage is typically chosen at 40%
of the rated voltage.

Id

56
 3. Control of the DC Transmission
„ Voltage Dependent Current Limit (VDCL)
The VDCL is a limitation imposed by the ability of the AC
system to sustain the DC power flow when the AC voltage at the
rectifier bus is reduced due to some disturbance as well. The
VDCL characteristics is presented below.
voltage voltage
VC VC
Vdr α* Vdr α*
X
X
Vdi Vdi
CMC
VDCL CMC ∆Id VDCL ∆Id
≈ 0.4 ≈ 0.4 VDCL

VDCL Idmax
∆Id VDCL ∆Id
Id-min Idmax current Id-min Id current
57
 3. Control of the DC Transmission
„ Voltage Dependent Current Limit (VDCL)

id*

Minimum
selection
Vd
vd i CC
v i

v
1
1 + Ts VDCL

vd Voltage
measurement

58
 3. Control of the DC Transmission
„ Tap Change Control (TCC)
When voltage of the AC system of the rectifier and/or of the
inverter is fluctuated, transformer taps (both side) can adjust to
keep the DC voltage within desired limits or suitable operating
point. Generally, the tap will be changed when the firing angle of
the rectifier/inverter still reach its more than 10-15 minutes to
avoid interaction of other controls.

Example: if the firing angle (α) of the rectifier reaches minimum

limit (αmin) for long time. It means that the AC voltage of the
converter is not appropriate. Thus, AC voltage of the converter
must be reduced by tap changing of the converter transformer to
free the firing angle of the rectifier.

59
 3. Control of the DC Transmission
„ Power Reversal
The VI characteristic of power reversion is presented below
(VDCL and VC are not included). The station 1 (rectifier) increases firing
angle (α) into the inverter region and the station 2 (inverter) decreases its
firing angle (α) into rectifier region. This can be performed without altering
the direction of current flow.
voltage voltage

V1dr α*
X γ* = γmin
V2di

Id current Id current

V1di

X
γ* = γmin
V2dr α* 60
 3. Control of the DC Transmission

Y ∆ Id ∆ Y
Vdr Vdi
Y Y Y Y

Vd, Id,α, γ

Max.
Max.

Control
Control

α* α*

Firing
Firing

Min.
Min.

∆id
Master Control
id *
CC VDCL VDCL CC
p*/vd γmin
CAE γmin CAE
po p* Power
VC Vd* Vd* VC
order
∆p
TCC TCC
Modulation Signal 61
 3. Control of the DC Transmission
„ CIGRE’s HVDC benchmark was simulated on ATP-EMTP with
the typical HVDC control schemes, which the CC mode was
employed at rectifier and VC mode was applied at inverter. All
simulation results are presented in normalized values.

Rectifier Current Control Inverter Voltage Control

Start Up HVDC 62
 3. Control of the DC Transmission
„ The HVDC started at 0.1 sec. The firing angle of rectifier started at
90° while the extinction angle of inverter started at 90°.

Firing Angle (α) of Rectifier Firing Angle (α) of Inverter

Extinction angle (γ) is also shown
Start Up HVDC 63
 3. Control of the DC Transmission
„ The HVDC started to reverse power flow direction at 0.5 sec. Firing
angle of the rectifier increased (with a ramp rate) into inverter zone
while firing angle of the inverter decreased (with a ramp rate) into
rectifier zone.

Firing Angle (α) of Rectifier and DC Current

Inverter 64
Power Reversal
 3. Control of the DC Transmission
„ The power flow direction of the HVDC reversed at 0.9 sec.

Power Reversal 65
 3. Control of the DC Transmission
„ VDCL performance during 1-phase fault at AC
network of the rectifier station.
Va Vb Vc

1 –phase Fault at AC network of the rectifier station 66

 3. Control of the DC Transmission
p. u . I REF I d Vdi Degree Alpha _ r (α r ) Alpha_i ( α i )
Id αi
I REF

Vdi αr

Fault at AC network of rectifier station 67

 3. Control of the DC Transmission
„ VDCL performance during 1-phase fault at AC
network of the inverter station.
Va Vb Vc

1-phase Fault at AC network of the inverter station 68

 3. Control of the DC Transmission
p. u . I REF I d Vdi Degree Alpha _ r (α r ) Alpha_i (α i )
Id αi
Vdi I REF
αr

Fault at AC network of inverter station 69

 3. Control of the DC Transmission
„ Modulation signal is employed when a power
system has a special requirement such as frequency
control, power oscillation damping, etc.
„ For example, the addition frequency control loop is
included into HVDC control system to stabilize
frequency of the AC system.

70
3. Control of the DC Transmission

71
Modulation Function of EGAT-TNB HVDC
3. Control of the DC Transmission

Power Swing Damping (PSD) Function of EGAT-TNB HVDC

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Thank you very much
for your attention
 References
1. Ani Gole, “HVDC Transmission Lecture Note”, University of Manitoba, 2000.
2. Jos Arrilaga, “High Voltage Direct Current Transmission”, 2nd , IEE-Press, 1998.
3. Dennis A. Woodford, “HVDC Transmission”, Manitoba HVDC Research Center,
Canada, 1998.
4. Erich Uhlmann, “Power Transmission by Direct Current”, Springer Verlag, 1975.
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6. Edward Wilson Kimbark, “Direct Current Transmission” vol.1, Wiley-
Interscience, 1971.
7. IEEE Transmission and Distribution Committee, “IEEE guide for planning DC
links terminating at AC locations having low short-circuit capacities”, IEEE,
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8. กฤตยา สมสัย, นิทัศน วรพนพิพัฒน, วิทวัส ผองญาติ, “การจําลองระบบสงไฟฟาแรงสูง
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