Beginners Guide To Stoichiometry
Beginners Guide To Stoichiometry
Beginners Guide To Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
Making Everything Easier!
FOR
DUMMIES
Learn to:
Balance chemical equations
stoichiometry from the bottom, up. Beginning with learning how to find charges, all of the way
You may be wondering what a mole is. Many people believe that this type of mole is like
the mole in the ground or on someones face. It is just a common miscommunication, and is fine.
The moles that are being addressed are the universal term for a certain amount of atoms.
This short course is made easy by covering the main points of Stoichiometry:
Scientific Notation
Significant Digits
Diatomic Pairs
You will be given many tips and tricks that will help you to remember all of the things
you learn her. These tips will help you do to better on tests, understand more in future chemistry,
3
Finding Charges of Elements
All compounds and elements have charges which can be found easily.
All ions in
Positive Negative each
column
Noble Gases have the
(Non-reactive)
same
+1
Transition Metals charge.
(We’ll deal with these later)
+2 +3 +4 -3 -2 -1
Exercises
Find the charges of the following ions. The first one is already done for you.
1) K- +12) N-3) Ba-4) Ga-5) As-6) I-7) Cl-8) F-9) Ge-10) Sr-11) Cs-12) Sn-
4
Compounds
Compounds With Neutral Charges
Many For this to happen, in some cases, there must be more than on of a certain ion. For
example, Hydrogen Oxygen. HO. Hydrogen H has a charge of +1. Oxygen O has a charge of -2.
This is not balanced. For this compound to be balanced, there must be an equal positive and
negative charge, which when balanced, will zero each other. To make the compound’s charges
zero each other, a second hydrogen ion must be added. This compound becomes H₂O commonly
known as water. The Subscript in a name means there are that many of the previous ion in the
compound.
Here’s how it works!
If you add another hydrogen ion, the charge of hydrogen becomes positive 2
2-2 is 0
By using a common multiple between the two charges, you can find out how many ions
are in the compound.
Least
Common 6
Combine Ca and As Denominator
Ca has a charge of +2
Ca +2 As -3
As has a charge of -3 Then divide by the least 6/2=3 6/3=2
common multiple
Naming Compounds
There must be 3 Ca and 2 As.
5
The balanced compound is Ca₃As₂
The names of ions change when they are in a compound. The first ion in the compound
2 of the ion- Di
3 of the ion- Tri
4 of the ion- Tetra
The second ion in the compound has a more difficult change. The prefix ide is added in
Exercises
Put together the following to form balanced compounds. Then label it with it’s correct name. The
first one has already been done for you. Use the Table of Atomic Masses found in the Appendix
at the end of the book for naming the compounds.
1) Li and I- LiI
Lithium Iodide2) Tl and Sb-3) Ge and At-4) Ga and F-5) In and O-6) K and O-7) B and
S-8) Mg and P-9) Ra and As-10) H and P-11) C and N-12) Fr and Bi-
6
Significant Digits
Significant digits are the amount of digits that have a meaning in a numbers
accuracy. Significant digits are truly “significant” in near everything in chemistry. It is
useful in every equation, and might just be one of the most important thing to remember
SD is an
in chemistry. abbreviation for
Significant
There are 5 rules that tell which digits are significant within the number: Digits
You are probably thinking that this is not so important, but this is used in formulas, and
you need to know how to apply this. There is one more rule to remember.
The given is what you can see. It is information that is in the problem. The given is what
can be used to solve for what is asked. Such as:
If Molly has $2.06 and she spends $1.08 on a hot dog, how much will the have left?
There are 3SD in this given.
That is why you need to know how to find this out. Then you can answer in the correct amount of SD.
7
Scientific Notation
Converting Numbers into Scientific Notation
In chemistry, there are many numbers are to big to easily handle. Scientific notation, also
called exponential notation, is used to make a number easier to manipulate. Scientific notation is
a way to express any number as a number as big as 1 and less than 10, times some power of 10.
Remember Avogadro’s number? 6.02x10²³. This number is in scientific notation. This is a perfect
example of how easy scientific notation makes things. Regularly, this number would be:
602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
Being the number of atoms in 1 mole, by itself is fine. In chemistry, though, there are
many moles and this number may be multiplied by large numbers. You can see that multiplying
this by, for example, 87 would be extremely hard to do normally. Multiplying 6.02x10²³ is
incontestably easier.
Converting a number in scientific notation is not that hard to do. The only thing that is
6.125 x10⁰
The number is scientific notation is: The number is scientific notation is:
2.00298512 x10⁻⁶ 4.90819 x10⁻⁵
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Exercises
Convert the following numbers into scientific notation. Then round up to the least amount
of significant digits from the given. The first one has been done for you.
7.978179678579089 x10⁰
7.9 x10⁰2) What is 14 / 37.26?3) What is 113/14?4) What is 1876.13*147?5) What is 0.09947/1.093?6) What is
149*4.078976?7) What is 145/18?8) What is 100/89?9) What is 15.1614/2?10) What is 0.01450*1409?
9
Balancing Equations
You now know how to find charges, and make compounds. In this section, you will find
out about different types of chemical equations, how to write and balance them. There are 5
types of chemical reactions.
Leave
Hydrogen and Synthesis (Rust)- Characterized as having one product on one side on the equation.
Oxygen to
balance last!
Fe + S₈ -> FeS +ions with - ions.
Likewise. Never
8 Fe
Single Replacement-has one compound and +
oneS₈ -> 8The
element. FeS like charges
reactant replaces an element in the together.
compound. New element and compound are produced.
AgNO₃ -> Ag + N + O₃
Some times, you will be asked to predict the products with the given reactants. In this
case, you will need to know these2AgNO ₃ ->out2Ag
types to figure what + ₂ + 3O
willNhappen ₂ reactants.
to the
Sometimes, you are given a word problem, and must form the equation and balance it. The only
difference is that you must translate the words into elements and compounds. Then carry out the
balancing as usual.
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Here’s How
to balance an
equation. Balancing Equations is about getting balance. There has to be the same amount of each
compound or element on each side for the chemical equation to be valid. Use numbers in front of
the compounds and elements to make each side of the equation have equal amounts of
everything it contains.
Remember forming compounds. Well this comes
into play here. You need to determine how many
K₂CrO₄ + Al₂S₃ -> K₂S + Al₂(CrO₄)₃ of each element is in the compound. The
compound must be balanced.
Luckily, it was already done here.
Decompositi
on
1) HgO -> Hg + O₂
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Grams
= Moles
Molar Mass
Stoichiometry
You are near your final destination in learning about stoichiometry. In this last section,
you will learn why this is so important, and how to carry out the process of STOICHIOMETRY!
This part of chemistry is used a lot in business, mainly in the industry of cosmetics and
cologne. It is the way of finding out how much of each reagent is needed for a certain product. It
is the relation of moles in a balanced equation. Here’s how it works:
Ammonium nitrate react with Lithium bicarbonate in a double replacement reaction. if 28g
Translate
of Lithium bicarbonate is desired, how much Ammonium nitrate is needed in g?
N H O Li C N H O Li C
1 5 6 1 1 1 5 6 1 1
NH₄NO₃ 80
x/80=0.412
14+4+14+(16*3) Use formula to find moles
x=32.96 grams of NH₄NO₃ Use formula to find grams
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Here’s another:
Ammonium Phosphate reacts with radium fluoride. If 445.6 g of NH₄F are desired, how many
g of (NH₄)₃PO₄ must react?
N H P O Ra F N H P O Ra F
6 24 1 4 3 6 6 24 1 4 3 6
2(NH₄)₃PO₄ + 3RaF₂ -> 6NH₄F + Ra₃(PO₄)₂
2 3 6 1
X 12.04
x=4.014 moles
NH₄F 37 445.6/37=12.0423423423423423
14 4 19 12.04 moles of NH₄F
x/149=4.014
(NH₄)₃PO₄ 149
(14*3)+12+31+(16*4) x=598.1 g of (NH₄)₃PO₄
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Tips and Tricks
Brain Dumping- at the beginning of a test or quiz, write down all of the main materials or
equations that was covered. This is helpful because it acts as a reference point for any time
during the test. Brain dumping is not considered cheating, so use it to your advantage.
When using scientific notation, use this simple illustration to tell whether the number is to the
positive or negative power. The arrows indicate which way the decimal
+ <- X -> -
was moved. The X indicates the power of 10 the number is multiplied by.
When finding the amounts of Significant digits in a given, tick off SD’s above them. Then write
down the lowest amount of SD’s in the given on the side of the paper near the question number.
When rounding to the correct amount of SD, it may be helpful to draw a line under the number
you are rounding. This line shows how many SD this number will have. Then draw a line
15.2791573458 Round to 4 SD
15.2791573458 Greater than 5
Final answer:
15.80
between the new number and the rest os the number, if the number on the right on the line if 5 or
greater, round up the last digit and write the final answer.
14
Appendix
Diatomic Pairs
Diatomic pairs are elements that, when alone in an equation, must be doubled.
H₂
A useful acronym for remembering these, is:
O₂
H onestly
O liver,
N₂ F rancine
N ever
F₂ Cl eans
Br ooms with
Cl₂ I odine
Br₂
I₂
Grams
= Moles
Molar Mass
15
Table of Atomic Masses with Names and Symbols
16
Periodic Table of Elements
17