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Functional Elements of Instrumentation

This document discusses the functional elements of instruments. It describes six key functional elements: 1) primary sensing element, which receives energy from the medium and produces an output related to the measured quantity, 2) variable-conversion element, which converts the output of the primary sensing element into a more suitable variable, 3) variable-manipulation element, which can change the signal value according to rules while preserving the variable's nature, 4) data-transmission element, which transmits data between separated functional elements, 5) data-presentation element, which presents measurement information in a human-recognizable form, and 6) data-storage/playback element, which records data for later analysis. Examples of pressure gauge and pressure thermometer functional elements

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Anil Pathak
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4K views12 pages

Functional Elements of Instrumentation

This document discusses the functional elements of instruments. It describes six key functional elements: 1) primary sensing element, which receives energy from the medium and produces an output related to the measured quantity, 2) variable-conversion element, which converts the output of the primary sensing element into a more suitable variable, 3) variable-manipulation element, which can change the signal value according to rules while preserving the variable's nature, 4) data-transmission element, which transmits data between separated functional elements, 5) data-presentation element, which presents measurement information in a human-recognizable form, and 6) data-storage/playback element, which records data for later analysis. Examples of pressure gauge and pressure thermometer functional elements

Uploaded by

Anil Pathak
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FUNCTIONAL

ELEMENTS OF
INSTRUMENT
ANIL KUMAR PATHAK
ME(REGULAR)
INSTUMENTATION AND CONTROL
NITTTR, CHANDIGARH
FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF AN
INSTRUMENT
 Itis possible and desirable to describe both the
operation and the performance of measuring
instrument and associated equipments.
 Performance is described in terms of static and
dynamic characteristics.
 Operation can be described in terms of functional
elements.
 Each functional element is made up of distinct
component or group of components which perform
the required and definite steps in measurement.
FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF AN
INSTRUMENT
PRIMARY SENSING ELEMENT

 firstreceives energy from the measured medium and


produces an output depending , in some way ,on the
measured quantity (measurand).
 An instrument always extracts some energy from the

measured medium. Thus the measured quantity is


always disturbed by the act of measurement, which
makes a perfect measure theoretically impossible.
 Good instruments are designed to minimize this

loading effect.
 This stage is also known as detector transducer stage.
VARIABLE-CONVERSION ELEMENT

 The output of primary sensing element may


be any electrical signal i.e. voltage,
frequency etc or any physical variable like
displacement etc.
 convert the output signal of the primary
sensing element to another more suitable
variable, while preserving the information
content of the original signal.
VARIABLE-MANIPULATION ELEMENT

 Sometimes it become necessary to manipulate the


signal.
 change, in numerical value according to the some
definite rule but a preservation of the physical nature
of the variable, e.g. an electronic amplifier (analog).
 It does not necessarily follow the variable conversion
element but may precede it.
 The combination of variable conversion element and
variable manipulation elements is called signal or
data conditioning element.
 These processes may be linear like amplification,
integration ,addition etc or nonlinear like modulation
, detection , sampling etc.
DATA-TRANSMISSION ELEMENT

 when the functional elements are separated,


it becomes necessary to transmit the data
from one to another.
 It may be as simple as shaft and bearing or as
complicated as a telemetry system for
transmitting the signals from satellites to
ground.
DATA-PRESENTATION ELEMENT

 presents the information about the measured


quantity into a form recognizable by one of
human senses.
 This function includes the simple indication
of a pointer moving over a scale.
 These devices may be analog or digital
indicating instruments like ammeter,
voltmeter etc.
DATA-STORAGE/PLAYBACK ELEMENT
 Sometimes it is necessary to record the
measured data for further analysis.
 In case the data is to be recorded, recorders
like magnetic tapes, high speed camera,
storage type C.R.T. , printers or
microprocessors may be used.
 Storage-pen/ink
 Storage/playback – Tape
recorder/reproducer, memory
FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF
PRESSURE GAUGE
FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF
PRESSURE THERMOMETER
THANKS

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