Starting System Principles

 Uses battery power

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AUTOMOTIVE STARTING
SYSTEMS
 Starter Circuit
 Electric DC Motor
(starter motor)
 Solenoid or Relay
 Gear Drive Switches
& Controls
 Wiring
 Testing
 Removing Starter

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 STARTING SYSTEM PARTS
 Battery
 Ignition switch
 Solenoid
 Starting motor

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 STARTER CIRCUIT

 Battery / Cables
 Magnetic
Switches
 Solenoids
• Pull in Windings
• Hold in Windings
• Pinion Gear
 Starter Relay

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Starter Circuit Simplified

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 Starter Solenoid Functions
 * Close battery to
starter connection
 * Push pinion gear
into fly wheel
 * Bypass the
resistance wire of
ignition circuit
 Move the starter
drive into mesh w.
flywheel
 Complete the
starter circuit

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 Starting System Action
 Turn key
 Current flows to
 1
Solenoid
 Energizes solenoid
 Connects current to
starter motor
nion forward
 Turns starter
 Motor turns flywheel
 Turns crankshaft
 Moves pistons up and down 7
Starter System Action cont.

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Starter Motor Fundamentals
 Converts Electrical Energy
 From Battery
 Into
 Mechanical Energy

TORQUE
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 DC MOTOR
Basic
Components
 Housings and End
Frames
 Pole Shoes
(magnets)
 Field Coils
• (windings) x 3 or 4
 Armature (spins)
 Commutator
 Brushes x4

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MOTOR OPERATION
 Magnetic Field Action
• made of invisible lines of force (flux)
• flow through wire
• flow around wire
• alike charges repel
• Dissimilar Charges attract(spinning action)
• Used to produce motion

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DRIVE MECHANISM
 Positive engagement
• Movable pole shoe
 Solenoid-actuated
• Gear reduction drive

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Simple Electric Motors

 Wire loop field

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Changing Electricity Into Motion
 Place windings inside pole shoes
 Current through loop
 Fields act upon each other

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Commutators and Brushes
 Used to keep motor spinning
• by controlling current passing through windings
commutator
 Sliding electrical connection
• Between motor windings and brushes
• Many segments
• Insulated from each other
 Motor brushes
• Ride on comutator
• (slide on commutator)
• Carry current to spinning windings

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Commutators and Brushes
 Increasing Motor Power
• several windings
• wires
 Commutator
• several segments
• constant smooth motion

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Armatures
 Must produce HIGH torque
• turning power
• relatively high speed

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Starter Armature parts
 shaft
 supports windings/armature
 inside housing
 Core (holds windings in place)
• made of iron (Fe)
 increases magnetic field strength
 Commutator
• for brush contact
• Windings
• wires

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Field Windings
 stationary insulated wires
 wrapped in circular shape
 creates strong magnetic field
 around motor armature
 5-10 x stronger
 than perminate magnets
 field in pole shoes acts against field in
armature
 = motor spins

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Pinion gear mechanism
 Pinion gear
 Clutch
 Housing

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Starter Pinion Gears
 Small gear on armature shaft
 Engages to flywheel
 Meshes

 Fly Wheel Turns Engine

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Overrunning Clutch
 Locks pinion gear in one direction
 Releases it in other direction
 Spiral grooves in shaft
 Allows starter motor to crank the engine
 Protects the starter from damage if the
starter is cranked while the engine is
running

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Starter Solenoid
 High current relay
 Makes electrical connection between
• Battery & starter
 Electromagnetic switch
 Handle VERY HIGH currents

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Starter Solenoid Operation
 Key turned (start position)
 Current flows through solenoids windings
 Produces magnetic field
 Pulls plunger and disc into coil windings
 Causes disc to touch both high current
terminals
 Completes circuit battery to starter
 Current of 150-200A

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Solenoid

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Key Released
 Current disconnected
 Magnetic field collapses
 Plunger slides back
 Starter shuts off

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Increasing Motor Power
 Several windings
 Wires
 Comutator
 Several segments
 Constant smooth motion

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RELATED MOTOR
TERMINOLOGY
 Left hand or right hand rule
 Torque
 Current Draw

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STARTER DRIVE END
 Connects the armature
shaft to the flywheel.
 Usually shifted out by the
solenoid.
 Contains an over- running
clutch for protection.
 Pinion gear meshes with
the flywheel ring gear.
 Returned to the rest
position by a spring.

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SOLENOID
 A linear motor
 Contains two windings a
pull-in and a hold-in
winding.
 Pushes the starter
drive(pinion) into mesh
with the flywheel ring
gear.
 Completes the circuit to
the motor.

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CONTROL CIRCUIT
 Starting
Safety Switch
 Neutral Safety
Switch
• On
transmission
• On Clutch

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Starting Motor Types
 classified by:
 kind of pinion gear engagement
 moveable pole shoe solenoid
 Movable pole shoe uses a yoke “Y”
 moves pinion gear hinged shoe on
starter frame
 yoke links pole shoe & pinion gear

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 Internal Motor Circuits
 3 common internal
connections
 Series
• maximum torque
• torque decreases
throughout cranking
 Shunt
• Less torque
• More constant torque
 Compound
• series/shunt
• good toque
• constant speed 33
Neutral Safety Switch
 prevents cranking
 unless in P or N
 Ford - brake on
 LOCATION
 Connected in series with the ignition
switch and solenoid
• shifter or transmission

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 Starter Relay
 Uses small current to
control
•a
LARGER
current
• Computer controls circuit
(mV)

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Starter Types
 Starter Mounted Solenoids
 plunger moves shift lever
• GM/Chrysler
 Permanent Magnet Starter
 Use high strength permanent magnets
 NOT CONVENTIONAL WINDINGS
 = MORE torque

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Starter Motor Torque
 Must turn engine all components
 Can Not Stall
 Reduction starter
• extra set of gears
• increase rotating force
• higher speeds
• higher torque
• more constant cranking speeds

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STARTER TESTING
 Preliminary Tests  Starter Relay By-
 Safety Precautions pass Test
 Troubleshooting  Ground Circuit
Procedures Resistance Test
 Battery Load Test  Voltage Drop to
 Cranking Voltage Test
Control Unit
 Cranking Current Test
 Test Components
 Insulated Resistance
Test

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Problems
 Starter relay or solenoid clicks
• low battery charge
 Whining
• Plunger stuck
 Grinding
• Poor engagement
 Slow turn
• Low battery
• Internal short

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Battery Load Test
 VAT 40
 All Accessories on
 ½ CCA

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Test
 Cranking Voltage
• DVOM across battery
 Cranking Current
Test
• Inductive Pick Up
• Current draw
• 150-200 AMPS
 Voltage Drop Test

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 Tests
 Test Relay
 Ground Circuit
Resistance Test
 Starter Relay Bypass
Test
 Ground test
 Bench test

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Starter Motor Disassembly

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