GANGARAM BOMIDI – inbox.ganga@gmail.

com (LOWESTOFT)

1. A dry cargo vessel is at anchor discharging into barges. Explain the deck duties of the
OOW during this operation. At Anchor. March-10 (20 marks)
OR
2. With a reference to a vessel loading general cargo, explain the duties of Officer of the
Watch (OOW) with respect to the security of the vessel and cargo.

The duties of Officer of the Watch (OOW) with respect to the security of the vessel and cargo.

1. Make rounds to inspect the ship at appropriate intervals

2. Maintain ISPS security watches as per as ISPS level.
3. Follow the ship security plan.
4. Visitor & gangway log to be maintained. All visitors ID card to be checked.
5. All restricted areas and unattended spaces are locked in port. Lock register and key control
maintained.
6. Pay attention to the offshore side of the vessel where potential stowaways may attempt to
board.
7. Gangway attended by a reliable crew member or shore watchman.
8. Check the safety/security/fire patrols are being carried out on a regular basis.
9. Anti piracy watch - Number and position of ships security staff and any shore security
personnel employed.
10. Stores should be carefully checked against the invoices prior to acceptance.

3. Outline the objectives and purpose of the International Safety Management (ISM) code.
Octo-10 (10 marks)

The objectives of the Code are to ensure safety at sea, prevention of human injury or loss of life,
and avoidance of damage to the environment, in particular, to the marine environment, and to
property.

Safety management objectives of the Company should, inter alia:

1. Provide for safe practices in ship operation and a safe working environment;
2. Establish safeguards against all identified risks; and
3. Continuously improve safety management skills of personnel ashore and aboard ships,
including preparing for emergencies related both to safety and environmental protection.

The safety and management system should ensure:

1. Compliance with mandatory rules and regulations; and

2. That applicable codes, guidelines and standards recommended by the Organization,
Administrations, classification societies and maritime industry organizations are taken into
account.

4. Describe the purpose of the following MCA publications**MIN. july-09 (3 marks)

Marine Information Notice (MIN).

Marine Information Notices are intended for a more limited audience e.g. Training establishments
or equipment manufactures, or which will only be of use for a short period of time, such as
timetables for MCA examinations. MINs, are numbered in sequence and have a cancellation date
(which will typically be twelve months after publication).
 GANGARAM BOMIDI – [email protected] (LOWESTOFT)

5. Describe the purpose of the following MCA publications**MGN. July-09 (3 marks)

Marine Guidance Notice (MGN);

Marine Guidance Notices give significant advice and guidance relating to the improvement of the
safety of shipping and of life at sea, and to prevent or minimise pollution from shipping.

6. Describe the purpose of the following MCA publications****MSN. July-09 (3 marks)

Merchant Shipping Notice (MSN);

Merchant Shipping Notices are only used to convey mandatory information that must be complied
with under UK legislation. These MSN’s relate to Statutory Instruments and contain the technical
detail of such regulations.

Within each series of Marine Notices, either or both “M” and “F” is used to indicate whether the
notice relate to Merchant ships, Fishing vessels or to both.
Thus MSN(M+F) would apply to all UK vessels

7. With a reference to a vessel loading general cargo, explain the duties of Officer of the
Watch (OOW) with respect to the safety of personal.

The duties of Officer of the Watch (OOW) with respect to the safety of personal.

1. Check the gangway and ensure it is secure and provides a safe access.
2. All persons on board and their location, especially those in remote or enclosed spaces.
3. Ensure vessel complies with fire and safety regulations.
4. Ensure no work is being carried out without valid permit to work.
5. Take every precaution to prevent pollution. Sight around the vessel to ensure that no pollution
hazards exist.
6. The state of fire fighting equipment.
7. Any hazardous area must highlighted.

Moorings:
1. Check the moorings be aware of the tidal condition throughout the watch.
2. The state of the weather and sea and all forecasts.
3. Check the under keel clearance.
4. Check the moorings regularly to ensure that the vessel is properly secured to the berth.

Cargo Operation
1. Be aware of the vessel draft and planned cargo/ballasting activities.
2. The level of water in bilge and ballast tanks
3. Any special port regulations.
4. The cargo handling equipment operated by trained and experienced personnel.
5. Make the area of work is properly illuminated
6. The cargo handling gears should be inspected at regular intervals.
7. Check that holds are clean, dry and ready to receive the cargo.
8. Visually check cargo. The cargo must be dry and apparent good condition.
9. The cargo is handled in a safe manner, and is not damaged.
10. The cargo is stowed properly in accordance with the cargo plan.
11. Any abnormal sound in the machinery space.
12. COSWOP to be used thoroughly.
13. Spend as much time as possible actually on deck.
 GANGARAM BOMIDI – [email protected] (LOWESTOFT)

8. Describe the procedures and precautions to be taken whilst loading a heavy lift on
board a cargo vessel, alongside in port. Octo-09 (13 marks)

Procedures and Precautions taken whilst loading heavy lift onboard

1. Check the Safe Working Load of lifting gear, certificates condition-oiled greased etc.
2. Lay dunnage to spread the weight, across underdeck beams and if possible load across
transverse bulkhead.
3. Prepare suitable lashing (wire/chain) weld on extra securing points if necessary (pad-eye).
4. Ensure adequate stability, reduce free surface effect, increase GM with ballast if necessary
5. Moorings, spring tight, breast slack.
6. Lift gangway clear or raise accommodation ladder.
7. Check for offside barges.
8. Warn harbor authorities. Code flags RY.
9. Inform the engine room (as may another generator have to be start for extra power )
10. Check spreader beam and slings set correctly.
11. Take weight slowly and evenly, check for balance.
12. No sudden stops and jerks.
13. Watch out for any unexpected or excessive list.
14. Make sure no is coming beneath the lift while loading.
15. When landed check adequacy of lashings.

9. Describe the procedure, precautions and equipment used when rigging a gangway as a
means of access to a vessel.**. Octo-04 OR
10. Describe the rigging of a vessel's gangway in port with due regard to safety &
Precautions****octo-09/july-09 (7 marks) OR
11. Outline the safety precautions required when a Shore gangway is used as a means of
access to a vessel.

Ships of 30 meters or more in length are required to carry a gangway and those of 120m or more in
length an accommodation ladder. (Accommodation Ladders, Gangways, bulwark ladders, portable
and rope ladders)

1. Angle of slope no more than 30 o (Gangway)

2. Angle of slope no more than 55 o (Accommodation ladder)
3. Safety net free of damage and properly rigged.
4. The bottom platform must be horizontal.
5. Have adequate illumination.
6. Fitted with suitable fencing along the entire length.
7. Lifebuoy with self activating light and separate safety line must also provided at access area.
8. Have a watchman standing on shore for security.
9. ``No Smoking`` and ``No Unauthorised Persons`` signs displayed.
10. Fire wallet available at gangway.

These responsibilities remain even when the means of access is provided from the shore.

The Following equipments are required for gangway:

1) Bulwark ladder
2) Guard ropes and chains
3) Chain block
4) Safety net
5) Life buoy with self activating light and buoyant life line.
 GANGARAM BOMIDI – [email protected] (LOWESTOFT)

12. A general cargo vessel is preparing for sea. Describe the preparations and precautions
that should be taken to ensure both the vessel's watertight integrity and security of the
cargo. July-09 (13 marks)

A. Preparations and precautions that should be taken to ensure the vessel's watertight integrity:
1. Close all hatches and tanks fully, before sailing.
2. Maintain and test watertight seals and openings.
3. Ensure spurling pipes are sealed correctly.
4. Adjust ships course and speed in heavy seas.
5. Keep watertight doors closed when at sea.
6. Ensure freeing ports open efficiently and are not obstructed by rubbish or deck cargos.
7. Keep scuppers clear and clean.
8. Sound all compartments daily.
9. Check whether Weather deck openings been secured – hatch Access, doors, air and bilge pipe
to be covered, sounding caps to be closed, mooring winches to be covered electrical circuits
further on deck.

B. Preparations and precautions that should be taken to ensure the security of the cargo and vessel:
1. Inform master, E/R, galley and Crew.
2. Check whether all movable objects been secured above and below decks particularly in E/R,
Galley and store rooms, paint locker, boson store.
3. Check whether ships accommodation been secured and all ports and deadlights closed.
4. Check lashing of life boat and life rafts.
1. Gangway to be extra lashed and properly secured.
2. Loose mooring ropes to be in and lashed.
3. All loose gears, drums etc to be secured and lashed.
4. FSE to be reduced in tank

C. Additional for general cargo ships:

1. Rig safety line
2. Hatches to be batten down
3. Cargo gear lashings with hook.
4. Cargo lashings to be tightened if loaded (Check cargo lashing).

D. Additional for tankers:

1. Dip trays are clean of oil and are unplugged.
2. Tank lids , sighting ports, ullage ports, purge pipes are closed

13. Outline the personal protective equipment (PPE) that must be worn when on stand by
forward or aft***octo-09/march-09 (5 marks)

Personal protective equipment can be classified as follows: (type – examples)

2. Head protection - Safety helmets, bump caps, hair protection
3. Hearing protection - Ear muffs, ear plugs
4. Face and eye protection - Goggles and spectacles, facial shield
5. Respiratory protective equipment - Dust masks, respirators, breathing apparatus
6. Hand and foot protection - Gloves, safety boots and shoes
7. Body protection - Safety suits, safety belts, harnesses, aprons, high visibility clothing
8. Protection against drowning - Lifejackets, buoyancy aids and lifebuoys
9. Protection against hypothermia - Immersion suits and anti-exposure suits
 GANGARAM BOMIDI – [email protected] (LOWESTOFT)

14. Outline the methods contained within the Code of Safe Working Practice for Merchant
Seamen (COSWP) to ensure safe movement aboard a vessel.** COSWP. July-09 (7 mark)

The following methods are contained with in the COSWP to ensure safe movement onboard a
vessel.
1. General Advice
2. Drainage
3. Transit Areas
4. Lighting
5. Guarding of Openings
6. Watertight doors
7. Ship-board Vehicles

1. All deck surfaces are to be kept free from materials or substances likely to result in a fall or
slip.
2. Adequate lighting
3. Safety sign to be displaced on board ship
4. Deck surface free from any obstruction
5. Equipment used is of good construction, sound material, free from defects and properly
maintained.
6. Suitable hand-holds should be provided at the top and at any intermediate landing place of
all fixed ladders.
7. Opening (including hatchway) must be protected with secure guards or fencing.
8. Any powered vehicle or mobile lifting appliance must be operated by a competent and
authorized person and properly maintained.

15. Outline the functions of an Oil Discharge Monitoring and Control System (ODMCS) as
required by Annex 1, MARPOL 73/78. **. Dec-10 (5 marks)

As required by Annex I, MARPOL 73/78. The system shall record continuously :

I. The discharge of oil in liters per nautical mile; and
II. The total quantity of oil discharged, or alternatively, the oil content of the effluent and the
rate of discharge.

III. In both cases, the record should be identifiable as to time and date and should be kept for
at least three years.
IV. An audiable and visible alarm to warn when operator preset limits are exceed.
V. An automatic system to stop the discharge in the event that MARPOL limits are exceeded.
VI. An override system which prevents the discharge of residues when the monitor is not in
used.
VII. A permanent record of displayed information. --------

a. Oil filtering equipment design shall be approved by the Administration and

b. shall ensure that any oily mixture discharged into the sea after passing through the system
or systems has an oil content not exceeding 15 parts per million.
c. It shall be provided with alarm arrangements to indicate when this level cannot be
maintained.
d. The system shall also be provided with arrangements such as will ensure that any discharge
of oily mixtures is automatically stopped when the oil content of the effluent exceeds 15
parts per million.
In considering the design of such equipment and arrangements, the Administration shall have
regard to the specification recommended by the Organization.
 GANGARAM BOMIDI – [email protected] (LOWESTOFT)

16. Describe the preparations required when using a pilot ladder/hoist as a means of access
to a vessel.- PILOT LADDER. July-09 (7 marks) OR
17. Describe the precautions that should be taken and the preparation for a Pilot ladder***

1. Each Pilot ladder, accommodation ladder, hoist and associated equipments is properly
maintained and stowed, and regularly inspected to ensure that, so far as is reasonably
practicable, each is safe to use.
2. Each Pilot ladder and hoist is used only for embarkation and disembarkation of pilots and by
officials and other persons while a ship is arriving at or leaving a port.
3. The rigging of the pilot ladder, accommodation ladder, hoist and associated equipment is
supervised by a responsible officer who is in communication with the navigating bridge.
4. Personnel engaged in rigging or operating the pilot ladder/hoist should be fully instructed in the
safe procedures to be adopted and that the equipment is to be tested prior to each use.
5. The pilot ladder should be rigged in such manner that the steps are horizontal, and such that
the lower end is at height above the water to allow ease of access to and from the attendant
craft.
6. The pilot ladder should rest firmly the side of the ship.
7. A safety-line and harness, a life-buoy with a self-igniting light, and a heaving line should be kept
at hand ready for use.
8. The pilot ladder or hoist overside and its controls, and also the position where the person
embarks and disembarks on the ship should be adequately lit.
9. The hoist must be maintained in accordance with the manufacture‟s maintenance manual, and
a record kept by the responsible officer in the maintenance log book.
10. The master is required to ensure that the hoist is subject to regular test rigging and inspection.
Such tests should be carried out by designated ship's personnel at regular intervals. All tests
should be logged.

18. State the liability from an offence connected with discharge of oil from cargo tanks or
machinery space bilges under UK regulations.

If any ship fails to comply with any requirement of regulations 12,13, or 16 (the discharge
regulations), the owner and the master will each be guilty of an offence and both will be liable on
summary conviction to a fine not exceeding 250000, or on conviction on indictment to an unlimited
fine.

19. List SIX items of safety equipment required for enclosed space entry. COSWP. July-09
(6 marks) OR
20. List the equipment that should be available at the entrance of an enclosed space in the
event of an emergency. COSWP

1. Stretcher,
2. SCBA
3. Spare bottles
4. Safety light
5. Safety harness
6. Communications (VHF)
7. ELSA‟s 8. First Aid kit
9. Resuscitator
10. Rescue lines
11. Rescue Tripod/‟A‟ Frame
 GANGARAM BOMIDI – [email protected] (LOWESTOFT)

21. Outline the entries which must be made in the Oil Record book, parts 1 and 2
OR
22. Outline the entries that must be made in an oil record book part 1 and 2? (9) Nov-05 (N)
Entries in ORB- Part I - Machinery space Operation- All Ship:

1. Ballasting or cleaning of fuel oil tanks

2. Discharging of dirty Ballast or cleaning water from fuel oil tanks
3. Collection and disposal of oil residues (sludge)
4. Discharging overboard bilge water
5. Bunkering fuel or lubricating oil in bulk
6. Condition of oil discharge monitoring and control system.
7. Accidental or other exceptional discharge.
8. Additional operational procedure or general remarks.

Entries in ORB- Part II- Cargo/Ballast Operation-Tankers:

1. Loading of oil cargo
2. Internal transfer of oil during the voyage
3. Unloading of oil cargo
4. Ballasting of cargo tanks.
5. Ballasting of dedicated clean ballast tank. ( CBT tankers only)
6. Cleaning of cargo tanks including crude oil washing.
7. Discharge of water from slop tank
8. Disposal of residues
9. Discharge of ballast from Cargo tanks
10. Discharging of ballast from clean ballast tank. (CBT tankers only)
11. Condition of oil discharge monitoring and control system.
12. Accidental or other exceptional discharge of oil.
13. Additional operational procedure or general remarks.

Tankers engaged in specific trades

1. Loading of ballast water
2. Re-allocation of ballast water within ship
3. Ballast water discharge to reception facility.

All entries (each operation) are to be signed and dated by the officer in charge of the operation and
each page must be counter-signed by the master. In front of the book a ships tank plan with capacities
must be entered. The record book must be retained onboard ship for 3 years.

23. State the conditions that must be applied under Annex 1, MARPOL 73/78 with respect to
the discharge of oil, oily mixture residuce from Machinery spaces into any part of sea.
OR
The conditions that must be applied under Annex 1, MARPOL 73/78 with respect to the
discharge of oil, oily mixture residuce from Machinery spaces into any part of sea from
an oil tanker** March-10 (7 marks)

i. The ship is not within a special area;

ii. The ship is proceeding en route;
iii. The oil content of the effluent without dilution does not exceed 15 parts per million; and
iv. The ship has in operation equipment (Oil discharge monitoring and control system and oil
filtering equipment) as required by regulation 16 of Annex-I.
 GANGARAM BOMIDI – [email protected] (LOWESTOFT)

24. State the conditions that must be applied under Annex 1, MARPOL 73/78 with respect to
the discharge of oil, oily mixture residuce from cargo tanks or pump-room into any part
of sea from an oil tanker** july-09 (11 marks)

The conditions that must be applied under Annex 1, MARPOL 73/78 with respect to the discharge
of oil, oily mixture residuce from cargo tanks or pump-room into any part of sea from an oil tanker
are:-
i. The tanker is not within a special area;
ii. The tanker is more than 50 nautical miles from the nearest land;
iii. The tanker is proceeding en route;
iv. The instantaneous rate of discharge of oil content does not exceed 30 liters per nautical mile;
v. The total quantity of oil discharged into the sea does not exceed for existing tankers 1/15,000
of the total quantity of the particular cargo of which the residue formed a part, and for new
tankers 1/30,000 of the total quantity of the particular cargo of which the residue formed a
part; and
vi. The tanker has in operation an oil discharge monitoring and control system and a slop tank
arrangement as required by regulation 15 of Annex I.

25. Define a special area under IMO MARPOL 73/78. **. Octo-04 (3 marks)

Special area means a sea area where for recognized technical reasons in relation to its
oceanographical and ecological condition and to the particular character of its traffic the adoption
of special mandatory methods for the prevention of sea pollution by oil is required. Special areas
shall include those listed in regulation 10 of Annex-I.

ANNEX-I.
1. Mediterranean Sea
2. Baltic Sea
3. Black Sea
4. Red Sea
5. Gulfs" area
6. Gulf of Aden
7. Antarctic area
8. North West European Waters
9. Oman area of the Arabian Sea
10. Southern South African waters

26. State the SIX Annexes that are listed under IMO MARPOL 73/78 Convention.** Octo-04
(6 marks)

6 ANNEXES ARE THERE:-

1. Annex I-Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil
2. Annex II- Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk
3. Annex III- Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in
Packaged Form
4. Annex IV- Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships
5. Annex V- Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships
6. Annex VI- Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships
 GANGARAM BOMIDI – [email protected] (LOWESTOFT)

27. Define garbage as described in MARPOL 73/78.** Octo-04 (2 marks)

Garbage means all kinds of victual, domestic and operational waste excluding fresh fish and parts
thereof, generated during the normal operation of the ship and liable to be disposed of
continuously or periodically except those substances which are defined or listed in other Annexes
to the present Convention.
Description of the garbage
The garbage is to be grouped into categories for the purposes of this record book as follows:
1. Plastics
2. Floating dunnage, lining, or packing material
3. Ground-down paper products, rags, glass, metal, bottles,
4. Crockery, etc.
5. Paper products, rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery, etc.
6. Food waste
7. Incinerator ash.
Annex V special areas
1. Mediterranean Sea
2. Baltic Sea
3. Black Sea
4. Red Sea
5. "Gulfs" area
6. North Sea
7. Antarctic area (south of latitude 60 degrees south)
8. Wider Caribbean region including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea

28. Outline the entries which must be made in the garbage record book** Octo-04 (9 marks)

A. Entries in the Garbage Record Book shall be made on each of the following occasions:
(a) When garbage is discharged into the sea:
(i) Date and time of discharge
(ii) Position of the ship (latitude and longitude)
(iii) Category of garbage discharged
(iv) Estimated amount discharged for each category in cubic metres
(v) Signature of the officer in charge of the operation.

(b) When garbage is discharged to reception facilities ashore or to other ships:

(i) Date and time of discharge
(ii) Port or facility, or name of ship
(iii) Category of garbage discharged
(iv) Estimated amount discharged for each category in cubic metres
(v) Signature of officer in charge of the operation.

(c) When garbage is incinerated:

(i) Date and time of start and stop of incineration
(ii) Position of the ship (latitude and longitude)
(iii) Estimated amount incinerated in cubic metres
(iv) Signature of the officer in charge of the operation.

(d) Accidental or other exceptional discharges of garbage

(i) Time of occurrence
(ii) Port or position of the ship at time of occurrence
(iii) Estimated amount and category of garbage
(iv) Circumstances of disposal, escape or loss, the reason therefore and general remarks.
 GANGARAM BOMIDI – [email protected] (LOWESTOFT)

29. With reference to MARPOL 73/78 Annex 5, state the documents that must be in use to
satisfy compliance with the requirements of this Annex. March-10 (4 marks)
Placards
Every ship of 12 m or more in length overall shall display placards which notify the crew and
passengers of the disposal requirements of regulations 3(Disposal of garbage outside special areas)
and 5 (Disposal of garbage within special areas) of this Annex, as applicable.

Garbage management plans

The Garbage Record Book

Every ship of 400 tons gross tonnage and above and every ship which is certified to carry 15
persons or more engaged in voyages to ports or offshore terminals shall be provided with a
Garbage Record Book. Each discharge operation, or completed incineration, shall be recorded in
the Garbage Record Book and signed for on the date of the incineration or discharge by the officer
in charge.

30. Explain a system of garbage management that can be utilized by the Officer of the Watch
(OOW). OR
31. Explain the other duties of the Officer of the Watch (OOW), in addition to garbage
management, during loading of the cargo. OR
32. Describe the precautions and preparations to be taken by the officer of the Watch
during cargo operations to prevent Pollution for the following management of garbage
on any vessel.**. March-09 (5 marks)

1. Principle of collection, processing, storage and disposal to be observed.

2. Disposal into skips/collection areas ashore/on jetty, or possibly provided on board ship by shore.
3. Ensure garbage is not tipped/dumped anywhere else ashore.
4. Ensure correct disposal of i.e. correct garbage into correct skip (different skip provided)
5. If using a barge for disposal - awareness of times of barge arrival.
6. The incinerator may not be used in port as per port regulations.
7. All movement of garbage to be recorded in garbage logbook.

33. Define a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA)**. March-09 (3 marks)

A Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) is an area that needs special protection through action by
IMO because of its significance for recognized ecological or socio-economic or scientific reasons
and which may be vulnerable to damage by international maritime activities.

The following PSSAS have been designated:

1. The Great Barrier Reef, Australia (designated a PSSA in 1990)
2. The Sabana-Camagüey Archipelago in Cuba (1997)
3. Malpelo Island, Colombia (2002)
4. The sea around the Florida Keys, United States (2002)
5. The Wadden Sea, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands (2002)
6. Paracas National Reserve, Peru (2003)
7. Western European Waters (2004)
8. Extension of the existing Great Barrier Reef PSSA to include the Torres Strait (proposed by
Australia and Papua New Guinea) (2005)
9. Canary Islands, Spain (2005)
10. The Galapagos Archipelago, Ecuador (2005)
11. The Baltic Sea area, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Sweden
(2005)
The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, United States (2007)
 GANGARAM BOMIDI – [email protected] (LOWESTOFT)

34. State the minimum information to be included on a Entry Permit for enclosed space.
COSWP. March-10 (7 marks)

Information that should be included on permit to work.

1. Section A - Scope of work/Identification
1. Location
2. Plant apparatus
3. Work to be done
4. Permit issued to
2. Section B – Checklist/Isolation Data
1. Space thoroughly ventilated,
2. Atmosphere tested and found safe,
3. Space secured for entry,
4. Rescue and resuscitation equipment are available at entrance,
5. Testing equipment available for regular checks,
6. Responsible person in attendance at entrance,
7. Communication arrangement made between person at entrance and person
those are entering,
8. Access and illumination adequate,
9. All equipment to be used is of appropriate type,
10. Personal protective equipment to be used – Hard hates, safety harness, as
necessary,
11. When breathing apparatus being used
a. Familiarity of user with apparatus is confirmed
b. Apparatus has been tested and found satisfactory.
3. Section C – Cancellation of Certificate
1. A statement representing Authorising person
2. Authorising persons name and signature
3. The work is complete/incomplete as

35. Explain the initial emergency procedure the OOW should take in the event of
discovering a fire on board.**. March-05 (8 marks)

1. Sound the fire alarm.

2. Tackle fire by conventional means immediately
3. Inform the Master and engine room.
4. Inform shore fire fighting authority and port authorities
5. Stop cargo or bunker operations. Caste off bunker barge that is alongside.
6. Non essential persons to be sent ashore.
7. One man standby at the gangway with cargo plan, fire wallet, international shore connection
to act as a guide for shore fire party.
8. Muster all crew- head count. Fire party briefed.
9. Proceed to scene off fire and investigate.
10. Shut down all ventilation.
11. Start emergency fire p/p. Try to fight the fire by conventional means.
12. Maintain boundary cooling at all times.
13. After fire brigade comes-
14. Hand over fire wallet.
15. Co-ordinate closely and assist as required.
16. Constant check on stability at all times.
If cargo space fire- close and batten down hatches.
If accommodation fire then isolate all electrical circuits.
 GANGARAM BOMIDI – [email protected] (LOWESTOFT)

36. State TEN items that may be found on a tanker's ship-Shore Check List.***. March-09 (5
march)

1. There is safe access between the ship and shore

2. Vessel securely moored.
3. Ship’s/shore communication system is operative.
4. Emergency towing-off pennants are correctly rigged and positioned.
5. The ships fire hoses and Fire fighting equipment are in place and ready for use.
6. The Terminals Fire fighting equipment are in place and ready for use.
7. Ships Cargo and bunker Hoses, pipelines and manifold are in good condition properly rigged.
8. The terminals Cargo and bunker Hoses, pipelines and manifold are in good condition properly
rigged for the service intended.
9. The cargo transfer system is sufficiently isolated and drained to allow safe to safe removal of
blank flanges prior to connection.
10. Shore spill containment and sumps are correctly managed.
11. Seal up all deck’s scuppers to prevent spillage over side.
12. Drip trays placed underneath all hose couplings and connections.

PART ‘B’- Bulk liquid general

13. Ship ready to move under own power.

14. Effective deck watch in attendance on board and adequate supervision on the terminal and on
the ship.
15. Emergency signal used by ship and shore
16. Cargo, bunker and ballast handling procedures
17. Emergency shut-down procedure understood
18. Shore connections properly secured and supported.
19. Sea and overboard discharge valves when not in use, closed and lashed.
20. All valves not in use closed and lashed
21. Cargo tank lids closed.
22. Tanker venting system checked and properly set.
23. Safe light available
24. Appropriate personnel notified that cargo operations are about to commence.
25. Warning notice displayed, e.g. warnings: No Naked lights, No Smoking, No Unauthorized
persons.
26. No unauthorized persons on board.
27. No unauthorized work to be carried out.
28. No unauthorized craft alongside
29. No Naked lights and no smoking unless in designated areas.
30. Galley precaution observed
31. Tanks inerted and inert gas system checked.
32. Al doors and ports to accommodation closed and any ventilators suitably trimmed.
33. Air conditioning unit on internal air re-cycling.
34. All necessary spark arrestors in good condition and in place.
35. Portable radio transceivers which are used for communication to be of an approved type.
36. Ship’s main radio aerials earthed.
37. Appropriate flag and light signals to be shown.
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37. An oil tanker is alongside, explain the duties of the Officer of the Watch (OOW) before,
during and after LOADING operations***. Octo-04 (20 marks)
OR
38. Describe the precautions and preparations to be taken by the Officer of the Watch
(OOW) before, during and after bunkering operations

Procedure prior to bunkering operation

a. All pumps, lines, instrumentation and other cargo equipment should be checked and tested
as required. This will mainly be completed prior to arrival in port.
b. Complete the ship/shore safety checklist. This contains many safety items.
E.g.: ensure all scuppers are plugged,
Ensure all unused manifold connections are blanked,
Means of communication between ship and terminal are agreed.
Smoking regulations are to be followed.
Air-conditioning units are set to recirculation etc.
c. A comprehensive cargo plan indicating a chronological sequence of event is drawn up. This
must include all operation involving the cargo, ballast and COW operations.
d. The tanks must be checked inerted prior to starting operations. When discharging the IG
plant must be running and ready to supply good quality IG immediately pumps are started.
e. Gas Risers and / High velocity vents must be set as required.
f. All lines should be set and checked by responsible officer.

Procedures during loading

Cargo is initially started slowly to minimise the generation of static electricity and to enable initials
checks to be made before committing to the full agreed bulk rate.
Initial checks are made
a. E.g.: cargo flowing into the right tanks,
b. No leaks at the manifold, pump-room, on deck, overside, into segregated ballast tanks,
c. Pump pressures, temperatures are satisfactory,
d. IG delivery or venting is satisfactory.
Increase rate slowly to the agreed maximum
Try to ensure that more than one tank is open at a one time and manipulate valves carefully
to avoid pressure surges within the ship and shore lines.
Monitor tank ullage at regular intervals using the fixed tank gauging system.
Monitor line pressures, pump pressures, pump bearing temperatures, IG pressures and
oxygen contents, COW machines, etc continuously.
Complete COW programme as per the agreed plan.
Calculate final tank ullage to ensure final trim, list and draft as required. Ensure there is
enough ullage space for the shore line contents if required and for expansion during the
voyage.
Reduce loading rates for topping off and ensure that there are sufficient experienced
personal to complete this.
Complete loading/discharging, draining lines as required. The latter is particularly important
on discharge to ensure the minimum ROB.

On completion of bunker operation

1. Check all ullages and temperatures with shore representative, taking appropriate precautions
against static discharge and calculate the ships figure of cargo. The ships figure should generally
be within 0.25% of the Bill of loading figure
2. The ship must be battened down for sea i.e. ullage ports, venting system, IG system, pipeline
systems, pump-rooms etc.
3. PV valves should be set.
 GANGARAM BOMIDI – [email protected] (LOWESTOFT)

39. With reference to a vessel moored alongside having completed all cargo operations:
Produce a checklist to indicate the deck duties of the OOW whilst waiting for next sailing
tide (12) March-05

2. Ensure passage plan for the intended voyage has been prepared.
Make sure following equipment bas been checked and ready for use.
3. Anchors
4. Bridge movement log book/course and engine movement recorder
5. Echo sounder
6. Electronic navigational position-fixing systems
7. Gyro/magnetic compass and repeaters
8. Passage plan entered into integrated bridge system
9. Radar(s)
10. Required AIS data inputs made, speed/distance recorder
11. Clocks
The following equipment has been tested, synchronized and found ready for use.
12. Bridge and Engine room telegraphs, including
13. RPM indicator
14. Emergency engine stops
15. Thruster controls and indicators, fitted
16. Controllable pitch propeller controls and indicators, if fitted
Communication facilities including,
17. Bridge to engine room/mooring station communications
18. Portable radios
19. VH radio communications with port authority
Navigational and signal lights, including
20. Searchlights
21. Signalling lamp
22. Morse light
Sound signalling apparatus, including
23. Whistles
24. Fog bell and Gong systems
25. Steering gear, including manual, auto-pilot and emergency changeover arrangements and
rudder indicators
26. Window wiper/Clearview screen arrangements
Ensure the ship is secure for sea
27. Cargo and cargo handling equipment secure
28. All hull openings secure and watertight
29. Cargo/passenger details available
30. Stability and draft information available

40. List the precautions to be observed before entering cargo tank, ballast tanks or void
space on a Merchant Vessel.*** COSWP. March-09 (15 marks)
OR
41. Explain the procedures and precautions to be observed prior to entering a ballast tank.
COSWP
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42. Explain the procedures and precautions to be observed prior to entering an enclosed
space. COSWP. Octo-04 (11 marks)

The following precautions should be taken before entering before entering cargo tank, ballast
tanks or void space on a Merchant Vessel.*** COSWP
an enclosed space.
1. A competent person should make an assessment
2. Responsible officer to take charge.
3. The potential hazards should be identified.
4. The space should be prepared and secured for entry.
5. The atmosphere of the space should be tested.
6. A 'permit-to-work' to be completed.
7. Procedures before and during the entry should be instituted.

The following procedure should be taken before entering an enclosed space

1. Access to and within the space should be adequate and well illuminated.
2. No sources of ignition should be taken into the space unless the responsible officer is satisfied that
it is safe to do so.
3. Rescue and all available resuscitation equipment to be ready at the entrance to the space
4. The number of personnel entering the space should be limited to those who actually need to work
in the space.
5. A responsible person is to be in attendance at the entrance to the space while it is occupied.
6. Communications procedures are to be agreed and acknowledged by all those involved.
Communications between the attendant at the entrance and the Officer on watch (Bridge or ECR)
should be established.
7. Before entry is permitted it should be established that entry with breathing apparatus is possible.
8. Lifelines should be long enough for the purpose and capable of being firmly attached to the
harness, but the wearer should be able to detach them easily should they become tangled.
9. The space should be ventilated throughout the operation.

43. State the additional considerations that should be taken when the tanker is loading at a
single point-mooring (SPM) OR
44. Describe the precautions and preparations to be taken by the officer of the Watch
during cargo operations to prevent Pollution for the following - taking bunkers on a
passenger vessel/ Oil tankers. July-09/march-09 (7 marks)

Bunkering precautions/procedures:
a. Vessel securely moored.
b. Seal up all deck scuppers to prevent spillage over side.
c. Establish a second means of access to the vessel incase of emergency. - Display “B” flag or
all round red light.
d. Post additional “no smoking”, signs in deck areas.
e. Oil spill equipment and fire fighting equipment in place and ready for use.
f. Display emergency telephone numbers
g. Communications established between ship and shore/bunker barge.
h. Unused manifolds blanked off
i. Bunker hoses inspected and checked for any visible signs of damage.
j. Bunker lines and loading hoses regularly checked for leakage
k. Drip trays placed underneath all hose couplings and connections.
l. Hoses securely bolted
m. All personnel involve in operation familiar with bunker system.
 GANGARAM BOMIDI – [email protected] (LOWESTOFT)

n. Bunker tank air vents and flame screens checked.

o. Soundings of all bunker tanks taken and calculations completed.
p. Soundings of bunker tanks at regular intervals and loading rate calculated..
q. Periodic communication with shore/bunker barge
r. Monitor bilge alarms.
s. Overboard to be checked regularly for any spillage.
t. Note down important timings (start time/finish time/barge alongside/barge cast off)
u. Vessel draft / trim regularly checked.
v. Bonding wire and fire wire rigged (for tanker only).

Completion:
1. Note down timings and quantity of bunker received.
2. Oil record book, deck and engine log book should be filled.
3. Check manifold valves are closed.
4. Check whether hose/loading arm has been properly blown or drained
5. Check if hose / load arm blanked or sealed before lifting overside.

45. State the minimum information that should be included on a Permit to Work. COSWP

Information that should be included on permit to work.

1. Section A - Scope of work

1. Location
2. Plant apparatus
3. Work to be done
4. Permit issued to
2. Section B – Checklist
1. As per type of work

3. Section C – Authorization of Permit

1. A statement representing Authoring person
2. Period of validity(should not exceed more than 24 hours)
3. Authoring persons name signature

4. Section D – Receipt of permit

1. A statement representing competent person
2. Competent persons name and signature

5. Section E – Clearance of permit

1. A statement representing competent person
2. Competent persons name signature

Minimum headings for a Permit-to-Work under the following categories:

6. Work in Unmanned Machinery Spaces
7. Entry into Enclosed or Confined Space
8. Machinery or Equipment
9. Hot Work
10. Working Aloft/Overside
11. General Electrical (Under 1000 Volts)
12. Electrical High Voltage (Over 1000 Volts)
Additional Permits-to-Work, following a similar format, may be required and developed for
other categories of work.
 GANGARAM BOMIDI – [email protected] (LOWESTOFT)

46. List the information to be included on a cargo plan: dec-10 (10 marks)

1. The position of all of the cargo, stating what it is and its tonnage.
2. Individual color for each port of discharge.
3. Indicates the position and nature of any special cargo, e.g. heavy lifts, dangerous or valuable
goods, mail etc.
4. Cargo marks if necessary to avoid confusion during discharging.
5. Pre-slung, palletized or unitized cargo with direction of attack for forklift.
6. Ships name, voyage number.
7. Ports of loading and discharging with date od departure from the last port of loading.
8. Key to the color code.
9. Name and rank of cargo officer.
10. Departure draft, GM, a summary of hatch/port tonnage.

47. List the information a shipper is required to supply to a vessel loading dangerous goods
in packaged form. March-10 (7 marks)

1. Proper shipping name

2. Class (Division where applicable)
3. U N number
4. Packing group (where assigned)
5. Total quantity of Dangerous good (volume o mass)
6. Minimum flash point if – 61 deg C or less
7. Subsidiary hazards
8. Marine pollutant (if applicable)
9. Declaration, in proper condition for transport
The declaration is signed on behalf of the shipper

48. List the information a shipper is required to supply to a vessel loading dangerous goods
in packaged form. March-10 (7 marks)

1. Groups Dangerous Goods together based on the hazards they present in transport
(Classification)
2. Contains the Dangerous Goods in packaging/tanks which are of appropriate strength
and which will prevent the goods escaping.
3. Use of Hazard warning labels and other identifying marks in transport.
4. Requires standard documentation to be provided when Dangerous goods are being
transported.
5. Lays down the principles for ensuring that those dangerous good which will react
dangerously together are kept apart.
6. Lays down principle for where to place dangerous goods onboard ship to insure safe
transport.
7. Provides emergency response advice for dangerous goods involved in a fire or spillage
onboard ship.

49. Describe the legal states and purpose of the Code of Safe Working Practices for
Merchant Seamen (COSWP).

This Code of Safe Working Practices is intended primarily for merchant seamen on United Kingdom
registered vessels. Copies of the current printed edition of the Code must be carried on all United
Kingdom ships other than fishing vessels and pleasure craft, and a copy must be made available to
any seaman in the ship who requests it, in accordance with the Merchant Shipping (Code of Safe
Working Practices for Merchant Seamen) Regulations 1998.
 GANGARAM BOMIDI – [email protected] (LOWESTOFT)

There should always be an adequate number of copies to allow the Master, Safety Officer and any
members of the Safety Committee to have their own, leaving at least one available for general
reference.

Application
These Regulations shall apply to all U.K. ships except fishing vessels and pleasure vessels.
Carriage of the Code

a. Ships on which five or less workers are employed shall carry at least one copy;
b. Ships with more than 5 and less than 20 shall carry one copy which is in the custody of the
Master, one copy which is in the custody of the Safety Officer, one copy which is in the
custody of the Safety Representative (where elected), and in addition one or more copies
kept in a place accessible to other workers;
c. Ships with more than 20 workers shall carry an adequate number for the workers employed
as well as one copy to be kept in the custody of the Master, the Chief Officer, the Chief
Engineer, the Purser or Catering Officer, Safety Officer and any Safety Representative.

Penalties
Any person knowingly removing a copy of the Code, without the consent of the Master or
Company is an offence punishable on summary conviction by a fine not exceeding level 1 on the
standard scale (£200).

Failure to carry the required copies of the Code is an offence punishable on summary conviction
by a fine not exceeding level 3 on the standard scale (£1000)

50. Define Flash Point

Is the lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapour to form a flammable mixture
with air near the surface of the liquid.

51. Define Flammable range (also known as explosive range)

A mixture of hydrocarbon gas and air can not ignite unless its composition lies within a range of gas
and air concentration known as the Flammable Range.

52. Volatile petroleum (Flash point below 60 deg C.)

Gas formed in ambient temperature is within flammable Range or above upper Flammable limit –
Jet fuels, kerosene, gasoline and crude.

53. With reference to the IMDG Code, explain what is meant by following and use of them.
March-05 (3 marks)

MFAG
The “Medical First Aid Guide for use in accidents involving Dangerous Goods” is a supplement to
the IMDG Code. After looking up the MFAG Table No., see the table in the MFAG. It gives likely
signs, symptoms, treatment and other advice as per the effect of goods under that table. It
suggests treatment in case of skin contact, eye contact, inhalation and ingestion. The procedures
for the treatment are also mentioned.
 GANGARAM BOMIDI – [email protected] (LOWESTOFT)

Ems
The “Emergency Procedures for ships carrying Dangerous Goods” is a supplement to the IMDG
Code. It describes the action, procedures and emergency equipment to be carried when carrying
goods of that schedule number. In the general index the substances for which emergency
procedures vary from group emergency schedule are underlined.

54. State the precautions and limitations when using a combustible gas indicator
(explosimeter). March-09 (5 marks)

55. State the five hazards associated with the carriage of chemicals in bulk, describing the
associated precaution for each. Octo-09 (15 marks)

Chemical tankers have special regulations because of the hazards posed by the cargoes The
International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ship Carrying Chemical Cargoes in Bulk
(IBC Code) and MARPOL contain these regulations.

Chemical cargoes carried in bulk can pose the following hazards:

1. Toxicity
2. Reactivity
3. Corrosivity
4. Flammability
5. Pollution

56. List the protective equipment which must be provided aboard a chemical tanker in
order to satisfy the requirements of the IBC code for ships carrying dangerous chemicals
in bulk. Octo-09 (5 marks)

For personal protection the following equipment is required:

1. Chemical-resistant suits
2. Face coverings, gas masks
3. Stored in special lockers
4. Safety equipment sets (at least 3 sets carried)
5. BA sets
6. Protective clothing
7. Fireproof, chemical resistant lifeline
8. Explosion proof lamp

In addition the following equipment is carried for use in case of spillages or other emergencies:
1. Stretchers
2. Medical first-aid equipment
3. Resuscitation equipment
4. Antidotes for cargoes carried
5. Decontamination showers and eyebaths on deck

57. Explain the duties of the officer in charge at the forward mooring station. octo-09 (15
marks)
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58. Explain the duties of the officer in charge at the after mooring station. March-09 (15
marks)

1. Establish and maintain communication with bridge continuously

2. Ensure there is proper illumination if night.
3. Ensure all personal are in proper P. P. E.
4. Ensure the power supply is available for aft /fwd mooring winch ( and windlass if fwd).
5. Try out the mooring equipments for smooth operation e.g. lowering and heaving
6. Explain the procedure and safety aspects to the crew and instruct to stay clear from snap back zone
7. Ensure the mooring lines are ready for use.
8. Check all the safety pins of winch are in proper place for use.
9. Ensure the heaving lines and messenger lines are ready for use.
10. Aware of mooring lines arrangement passing ashore.
11. Aware of limitations of mooring winch if any.
12. Keep informing bridge for any clearing or approaching range to danger.
13. Ensure all rat guards are kept ready for use.

59. Define (Transverse Stability)**KM-Height of Metacentre. March-10 (3 marks)

The distance between the metacentre and the Keel Units = Metres

60. Describe with labeled sketch Centre of Gravity (G)**july-09/04 (2 marks)

The point through which the weight of the ship is considered to act. It is located at the centre
of the ships mass and the force through “G” acts Vertically downwards.
KG = height of G above the keel

61. Define with aid of sketch*******Centre Of Buoyancy(B). july-09/04 (2 marks)

The point through which the force of buoyancy (upthrust) is considered to act. It is located at
the centre of the underwater volume and acts Vertically Upwards.

62. Describe what is meant by the term Free Surface Effect (FSE). July-09 (4 marks)

A reduction in the ship’s stability caused by the free flow of liquid in partially filled tank. There is no
FSE if the tank is full or empty.
The effect of free surface is that the movement of liquid in the tank as the vessel heels causes
vessel’s CoG to move off the centre in the direction of the low side. Thus GZ is reduced and
therefore GM will also be reduced. Since M is considered a fixed point and the GM is reduced-then
G1 must be considered to have risen.

63. Explain why it is important to know the Dock water Density, whilst loading a
deadweight cargo**march-09 (5 marks)

a. If a ship moves between water of different density the underwater volume, and hence the
draft, will also change.
b. When passing from Saltwater to Dockwater the draft will increase.
c. When passing from Dockwater to Saltwater the draft will decrease.
 GANGARAM BOMIDI – [email protected] (LOWESTOFT)

d. If a ship is loaded to her loadline at a Dockwater berth then draft would decrease on
reaching the saltwater. She is not loaded to her maximum capacity and so loosing cargo
revenue.
e. To avoid this when loading in Dockwater the appropriate loadline (i.e. including DWA
sinkage) can be submerged to the amount by which she will rise when reaching saltwater.

64. Define**Density. July-06 (2 marks)

The Mass per unit volume is called density.

Units= Kilogram’s per cubic meters (Kg m3) Symbol:  (Pronounced Rho)

65. Define***DWA. July-06 (3 marks)

The amount by which the appropriate loadline can be submerged when loading in water of
density between 1000 and 1025 kg m-3 Units - mm

DWA = 1025 – DENSITY OF DOCK WATER x FWA

25

66. Define-Trimming Moment. July-06 (2 marks)

The moment or force required to change the vessels trim from an even keel.
Trimming moment = W x GG1 (where GG1 = LCB ~ LCB)

67. Define******TRIM. Octo-06/04 (2 marks)

Trim- The difference between the forward draft and aft draft. If the forward draft is greater then
the ship is said to be trimmed by the bow or head, if the aft draft is greater then ship is said to be
trimmed by the stern.

68. Define***MCTC

Moment or force required to change the vessels trim by one centimeter.

MCTC = W x GML W = Displacement,
100L GML = longitudinal Metacentric height L = waterline length

69. Define***LCB – Longitudinal Centre of Buoyancy: octo-06/ (2 marks)

The point through which the total upthrust is considered to act. It is located at centre of under
water volume and acts vertically upward.
Usually measured from the aft perpendicular

70. Define***LCF - Longitudinal Center Of Floatation: octo-06/04 (2/3 marks)

The point about which the vessel trims and is located at the center of the water plane area.
(This changes with the draft and is tabulated in hydrostatic tables)

71. Explain why the LCF may move on a ship shape vessel? (4 marks)

The LCF is at the centroid of the waterplane area at that particular draught. With a ship shape
vessel the waterplane area will change with draught. As a consequence the centroid of the new
waterplane area (LCF) will also change and may move forward and aft of its initial position with
such a change in draught.
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72. Factors affecting the Free Surface effect :

1. Density: FSE varies with density.

2. Ship’s Displacement: FSE varies inversely with displacement.
3. Tank dimensions: FSE varies directly with length of the tank.
4. Depth of Tank: FSE does not generally dependent upon liquid depth.
5. Position of Tank: FSE is not depend on tank location
73. State operational and constructional methods of reducing FSE when ballasting
OR
74. State the factors to considered when utilizing ballast tanks to minimize free surface
effect(FSE). Octo-04 (5 marks)
OR
75. Explain Two methods whereby Free Surface Effect (FSE) may be reduced or eliminated
in a compartment.

a. By introducing a longitudinal watertight subdivision in tanks

b. By introducing a watertight centerline bulkhead into the compartment.
c. By introducing a washplate bulkhead into the compartment.
d. Constructing the compartment with hopper type features to reduce „b‟.
e. Completely filling the compartment.
f. Completely emptying the compartment.

76. describe with labeled sketch how free surface can cause a virtual rise of a vessel's centre
of gravity**dec-04-10 (19 marks)

The point Through which the weight of the ship is considered to act. It is located at the centre
of the ships mass and the force through “G” acts Vertically downwards.
KG = height of G above the keel

77. Describe with labeled sketch***Bale Capacity. March-03 (6 marks)

This measured as the internal volume of the hold. The measurements are taken from inside the
frames and beams. And is used for general cargo.

78. Describe with labeled sketch**grain capacity. March-03 (6 marks)

This is the internal volume the hold measured from shell plating and deck plating. With an
deduction made for frame and beam volumes.
It used for Bulk cargoes.

79. Explain, with the aid of labeled sketch, the term LIST****** Octo-04 (2/5 marks)

When a vessel is inclined by forces within the ship. Uneven distribution of weights. This is a
stable condition (G below M) – but G is off the centerline.

80. Moment of Statical stability-define. Octo-04 (2 marks)

The moment, or force, available to return the ship to the upright when heeled.
M.S.S = Displacement x GZ
Units – Tonne Metres (Tm)
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81. Define with aid of sketch*******righting lever. Octo-04 (2 marks)

The perpendicular distance between the centre of gravity and a vertical through the centre of
buoyancy. Units = Metres
GZ=GM x Sin (heel) m (for small angles of heel up to 15 degrees)
GZ = KN-KG Sin (heel) m (for larger angles of heel)
Beyond 15degrees Buoyancy (B1) no longer acts through M
82. Define with aid of sketch** (M)Transverse Metacentre OR
83. Describe initial transverse Metacentre. Octo-04 (2 marks) OR
84. Define with aid of sketch******* Metacentric, m.

The point at which verticals through the centre of buoyancy intersect the centerline when the
vessel is heeled.
The metacentre is considered a fixed point at small angles of heel when it is named as the
“initial Metacentre”.

85. Define with aid of sketch*****Metacentric height(GM). Octo-04/march-10 (2/3 marks)

The distance between the metacentre (M) and the centre of gravity (G)
GM=KM~KG
Units = Metres
GM should never be less than 0.15m at anytime during voyage

86. Explain*****HEEL

The inclination of the vessel by external force, e.g. wind, waves & swells

87. Describe a safe procedure for correcting An Angle of Loll****march-04 (6 marks)

Safe procedure for correcting An Angle of Loll is G must be lowered below M. And to achieve this:
a. Lower all portable weights including derricks and cranes. If vessel is loading, discharging
using ships gear – lower all suspended weights to deck.
b. Reduce free surface: fill partially filled tanks – if necessary transferring FROM partially filled
tanks on the high side. Pump bilges high side first.
c. On LOW side: ballast into smaller tanks near centerline if possible (to reduce FSE and
minimise the angle of inclination).
d. In the event of ice accretion: remove ice from the HIGH side first.
e. Once it is clearly ascertained that G is below M then correct as for list.

88. Explain The Difference Between An Angle Of List And An Angle Of Loll. March-05 (5 m)

1. A angle of list is caused by uneven distribution of weight..

2. In port this may be corrected by distribution of cargo or ballast operation.
3. At sea this is done by the transferring of bunkers or ballast or ballasting to the high side, or
ballasting the low side.
4. An angle of loll is caused by the ship having a negative GM (i.e when G is above M); the ship
then heels until the GM becomes zero (because of the increased water plane area as the ship
heels) and will roll about that point.

89. Explain the Load Line Zones. March-05 (3 marks)

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90. Explain the reasons for Load Lines. March-05 (5 marks)

1. Ensures that when the appropriate seasonal loadline mark is not submerged at sea in saltwater
(R.D. 1.025) the ship will always have the necessary reserve buoyancy to ensure sea worthiness.
2. To determine by how much the appropriate load line can be submerged when floating in
freshwater.
3. To find the mean draft / freeboard when the vessel is listed.
4. To determine whether the vessel is hogged or sagged
5. Gives a clear indication has to whether the vessel is over loaded.

91. Labelle with aid of sketch each terms it includes**Load Line Marks (lumber Load line).
June-05 (7 marks)

92. Define******TPC. June-05 (2 marks)

The number of tones requires to change the ship’s mean draft by one centimeter when floating
in saltwater.
TPC = Water-Plane Area (Aw) x Density of Water = Aw x ρ
100 100

93. State The Archimedes Principle. June-05 (3 marks)

When an object is immersed in a fluid, the upthrust on the object is equal to the weight of the
fluid displaced.

Upthrust/buoyancy = volume of fluid displayed x density of the fluid.

94. List the information obtained from Statical Stability Curves. June-05 (19 marks)

a) Define The Range Of Stability

The range over which the vessel has positive righting levers

b) Define The Angle Of Vanishing Stability

The angle of heel at which the righting levers return to zero

c) Define The Maximum GZ

The maximum righting lever. Draw a tangent to the highest point of the curve and read off
on the GZ scale

d) Define The Angle of Deck Edge Immersion

The angle at which the deck edge immerses. This is indicated by the change of curvature
(from Convex to Concave)

e) Define The Initial Metacentric Height (GM)

 GANGARAM BOMIDI – [email protected] (LOWESTOFT)

Draw a tangent through the origin (zero) tangent to the first part of the curve. Erect a
perpendicular at 57.3 degrees (1 Radian)of heel. The intersection point measured on the GZ
scale is the initial GM

f) Define Dynamical Stability

A measure of work required to cause a vessel to move from a condition of rest to a

condition of inclination or further inclination.
Dynamical Stability = Area under the GZ curve x Displacement

95. Sketch a typical curve of Statical stability for a stiff vessel and for a Tender vessel.
March-019 (2,2 marks ) and/or
96. A Stiff vessel, a Tender vessel, an angle of loll, an angle of list, range of positive stability
***. June-05 (2,2 marks) and/or
97. State effect of and dangers associated with a stiff vessel and for a Tender vessel. March-
019 (2,2/3,3 marks )

A stiff vessels effect

1. Large positive GM
2. Large positive righting levers
3. Large righting moments
4. Short rolling period with a very abrupt return

Dangers/Disadvantages
5. Very uncomfortable for crew.
6. Likelihood of structural damage to the ship – caused by excessive stresses.
7. Shifting of cargo.
8. Undue stresses on lashing.

Correction – reduce GM
9. Raise G by deballasting DBs
10. Ballasting wing tanks

Tender vessels effect (when vessel has small GM)

11. Small positive GM
12. Small positive righting lever
13. Small positive righting moments
14. Long rolling period with a smooth return
15. Will roll even in clam weather

Dangers/Disadvantage
16. Small GM could easily become negative due to the effect of free surface and/or
consumption of bunkers from DBs or Water on deck
17. Large rolls may cause cargo to shift.
18. Vessels may heel due to Wind.

Correction
19. Increase GM by ballasting DB tanks
20. Reduce FSE
21. Lower any weights.
 GANGARAM BOMIDI – [email protected] (LOWESTOFT)

98. Sketch inclined vessel in neutral Equilibrium indicating position of G, M, K, B and B 1.

July-09 (3 marks) and/or
99. State the effect of and dangers associated with each and/or

100. Sketch a transverse labeled diagram illustrating a heeled vessel in stable equilibrium**

g) Stable Equilibrium

a. GM is positive (G is below M)
b. GZ is a positive Righting Leaver
c. A ship is said to be in a stable equilibrium, if when inclined she tends to return to the initial
upright position
For this to occur:
d. G must be BELOW M

101. Sketch a transverse labeled diagram illustrating a heeled vessel neutral equilibrium***

h) Neutral Equilibrium.

a. GM is 0 (G&M in same position)

b. GZ is 0-there is no Righting Lever
c. A ship is said to be in a neutral equilibrium, if when inclined she remains at the same angle
until further internal or external forces are applied.
For this to occur:
d. G and M in the SAME Position
e. This is a dangerous condition

i) Unstable Equilibrium.

a) GM is Negative (G below M)
b) GZ is negative Righting Lever
c) A ship is said to be in a unstable equilibrium, if when inclined at a small angle she tends to
heel over still further.
For this to occur:
d) G must be above M (Negative GM)
e) This is a dangerous condition

102. The volume of watertight spaces above waterline.

3 Reasons for Reserve Buoyancy:

Loss of Watertight Integrity.
Increase in deadweight during a voyage.
To enable the ship to ride over Large seas and swell (Waves And Swells)

103. List the items that should be included in a checklist for the preparation of holds
for the carriage of general cargo***. March-03 (13 marks)