Scribd
Upload
48 views17 pages

Lecture: Analog and Digital Transmission: - Data - Signaling - Transmission - Encoding

This document discusses analog and digital transmission. It covers data and signals, encoding between analog and digital formats, transmission systems, and data encoding techniques. Encoding can convert between analog and digital data or signals. Transmission systems can be analog, transmitting continuous signals, or digital, recovering patterns of 0s and 1s. Common encoding techniques include PCM, ASK, FSK, and Manchester coding.

Uploaded by

Tomboy Regina
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
48 views17 pages

Lecture: Analog and Digital Transmission: - Data - Signaling - Transmission - Encoding

This document discusses analog and digital transmission. It covers data and signals, encoding between analog and digital formats, transmission systems, and data encoding techniques. Encoding can convert between analog and digital data or signals. Transmission systems can be analog, transmitting continuous signals, or digital, recovering patterns of 0s and 1s. Common encoding techniques include PCM, ASK, FSK, and Manchester coding.

Uploaded by

Tomboy Regina
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

Lecture: Analog and Digital

Transmission
• Data
• Signaling
• Transmission

• Encoding
– Digital  analog
– Analog digital
– Digital digital
– Analog analog
Data and Signals
• Analog data
– Takes on continuous values. Ex. Voice or video
• Digital data
– Takes on discrete values. Ex. Text and integers

• Analog Signal
– Continuously varying electromagnetic wave representing data
carried over a variety of medium
• Digital Signal
– Sequence of voltage pulses representing data transmitted over a
wire medium
Examples
• Analog to analog
– Voice (Analog Data) Telephone  Analog Signal

• Digital to analog
– PC ( Digital Data) Modem  Analog Signal

• Analog to digital
– Voice ( Analog Data)  CODEC  Digital Signal

• Digital to Digital
– PC ( Digital Data) Digital Transmitter  Digital Signal
Important

Analog or Digital Data Can Be Represented By


Either Analog or Digital Signals. These Signals
Can Then Be Propogated (Moved Along a
Medium). Optical Fiber Only Propogates Analog
Signals
Reasons for Conversions

• Digital data  Digital Signal


– Easy and simple to implement
• Analog data  Digital Signal
– Allows the use of digital transmission and switching equipment
• Digital data  Analog Signal
– Allows us of the public telephone system
– Allows use of optical fiber
• Analog Data  Analog Signal
– Easy
– Telephone system was primarily analog
Transmission Systems

• Analog Transmission
– Not used with digital signal
– Transmits analog signals without regard whether it represents
digital or analog data
– Uses amplifiers – also boosts noise
– Okay for voice
– Can distort digital data
Transmission Systems

• Digital Transmission
– Concerned with the content of the signal
– Uses repeaters which recover the pattern of 0’s and 1’s and re-
transmits
– Can be used with analog signals if it carries digital data
• Again it recovers the digital data from the analog signal and generates
a new clean analog signal
– Is becoming more standard
Data Encoding Techniques

Analog Encoding of Digital Information (cont)


• Amplitude shift keying
– Two binary numbers (0,1) represented by two different amplitudes of the
carrier wave
– Rather inefficient
– Used up to 1200 bps on voice grade lines
– Used to transmit digital data over optical fiber
• Frequency shift keying
– Two binary numbers (0,1) represented by two different frequencies of the
carrier wave
– Less susceptible to error than ASK
– Used up to 1200bps on voice grade lines
– Commonly used for high frequency ( 4 to 30mhz) radio
Data Encoding Techniques

Analog Encoding of Digital Information

• Phase shift keying


– Two binary numbers (0,1) represented by phase shift of the carrier
wave
– More efficient and noise resistant than FSK
– Used up to 9600 on voice grade lines
Data Encoding Techniques

Analog Encoding of Digital Information

• Techniques can be combined


• Common to combine phase shift and amplitude shift
• Can get 56kps on a voice grade line
• With some techniques called multilevel signaling each
signal represents more than one bit
• Baud rate = signal changes per second
• Bit rate = bits per second
Data Encoding Techniques

Digital Encoding of Analog Information


• Commonly used in digitizing voice.
• Technique is called Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
– Sampling theory states if a signal is sampled at a rate twice the
highest frequency then the samples contain all the information
of the original signal
– Voice data in the telephone system is limited to a maximum of
4KHz
– 8000 samples /sec would be sufficient
– Each of these samples is assigned a binary code ( 8 bits)
– Typically 8 bits are used which gives 256 levels
Data Encoding Techniques
• Digital Encoding of Digital
Information
• Nonreturn–to-zero-level
– Uses two different voltage
levels to represent (0’s and
1’s)
– Typically negative voltage
=1 and positive voltage =0
– The signal never returns to
zero voltage
– The value during a bit time
is level voltage
– Short distances
Data Encoding Techniques
• Digital Encoding of Digital
Information
• NRZI ( NRZ, invert on ones)
– Constant voltage during bit
time
– No transition =0
– Transition form lo to hi or hi to
lo =1
– Compares polarity of signals
– Doesn’t matter if accidentally
switch leads
Data Encoding Techniques

Digital Encoding of Digital Information


• Disadvantages of NRZ Codes
– Hard to tell where one bit ends or starts
– With long string of 0’s or 1’s any drift between timing of
transmitter and receiver results in errors
• Bi-Phase Encoding
– Use at least one transition per bit time
– Known as self clocking codes
• Predictable bit transitions during each bit time
– Absence of a transition indicates an error
– Manchester and Differential Manchester are two examples
Data Encoding Techniques

Digital Encoding of Digital


Information
• Manchester
– Transition at the middle of
each bit period
– Lo to hi transition=1
– Hi to lo transition =0
– Used in Ethernet and LANS
Data Encoding Techniques
• Digital Encoding of Digital
Information
• Differential Manchester
– Midbit transition is clocking
only
– Transition at beginning of bit
period =0
– Absence of transition at
beginning of bit period =1
– Used in Token Ring networks
Data Encoding Techniques

Analog Encoding of Analog Information


• Can be converted directly into an analog signal
• Ex. Voice is represented by electromagnetic signal with
same frequency components and transmitted on voice
grade line
• Can also produce a new analog signal at higher frequency
• Techniques used to modulate include
– AM – Amplitude Modulation
– FM – Frequency Modulation
– PM – Phase Modulation

You might also like