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Which Is Defined By: : Synchronous Speed

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Three-phase

windings Rotor windings

Three-
phase
supply

Stator Air gap Rotor
m T
s

The stator winding are supplied with balanced three-phase AC voltage,


which produce induced voltage in the rotor windings. It is possible to
arrange the distribution of stator winding so that there is an effect of
multiple poles, producing several cycle of magnetomotive force (mmf) or
field around the air gap.
The speed of rotation of field is called the synchronous speed s , which
is defined by :
ωs is syncronous speed [rad/sec]
2 Ns is syncronous speed [rpm]
s  or
p p is numbers of poles
ω is the supply frequency [rad/sec]
120 f f is the supply frequency [Hz]
Ns  Nm is motor speed
p
The motor speed

The rotor speed or motor speed is : m  s (1 S )


  m NS  Nm
S S S
Where S is slip, as defined as : Or NS
S
Three-phase
windings Rotor windings

Three-
phase
supply

Stator Air gap Rotor
m T
s
Equivalent Circuit Of Induction Motor

Three-phase
windings Rotor windings Where :
Rs is resistance per-phase of stator winding
Three-
phase Rr is resistance per-phase of rotor winding
supply
 Xs is leakage reactance per-phase of the
winding stator
Stator Air gap Rotor
m T Xs is leakage reactance per-phase of the
s winding rotor
Is Xs Rs X r’
Xm is magnetizing reactance

Im Ir’ Rm is Core losses as a reactance

Rr’/s
Vs
Xm Rm

Stator Air gap motor


Performance Characteristic of
Induction Motor
Is Xs Rs Xr’

Im Ir’

Rr’/s
Vs
Xm Rm

Stator Air gap motor

2
Stator copper loss : Ps cu  3 I s Rs
' '
Rotor copper loss : Pr cu  3 ( I r ) 2 Rr
2 2
V V
Core losses : Pc  3 m  3 s
Rm Rm
Performance Characteristic of
Induction Motor

- Power developed on air gap (Power fropm stator to


rotor through air gap) : ' 2 Rr
'
Pg  3 ( I r )
S '
' R
- Power developed by motor : Pd  Pg  Pr cu  3 ( I r ) 2 r (1  S )
S
or Pd  Pg (1  S )

Pd Pd 60
- Torque of motor : Td  or Td 
m 2 N m
Pg (1  S ) Pg
or  
 S (1  S ) s
Performance Characteristic of
Induction Motor

Input power of motor : Pi  3Vs I s cos m


 Pc  Ps cu  Pg

Output power of motor : Po  Pd  Pno load

Po Pd  Pno load
Efficiency :   
Pi Pc  Ps cu  Pg
Performance Characteristic of
Induction Motor

If Pg  ( Pc  Ps cu )
and Pd  Pno load

so, the efficiency can calculated as :


Pd Pg (1  S )
  1  S
Pg Pg
Performance Characteristic of
Induction Motor

Generally, value of reactance magnetization Xm >> value Rm (core


2 2 2
losses) and also X m  ( Rs  X s )

So, the magnetizing voltage same with the input voltage : Vm  Vs

Therefore, the equivalent circuit is ;

Is Ii Xs Rs Xr’ Is=Ir’
Xs Rs Xr’

Im Ir’
Im Ir’

Rr’/s Rr’/s
Vs Xm
Vs
Xm Rm Po
Pi

Stator Air gap motor Stator Air gap rotor


Performance Characteristic of
Induction Motor

Total Impedance of this circuit is :


Ii Xs Rs Xr’ Is=Ir’
'
' R
Im Ir’
 X m ( X s  X r )  jX m ( Rs  r )
Rr’/s Zi  S
Vs Xm '
Rr '
Pi
Po Rs   j( X m  X s  X r )
S

Stator Air gap rotor

' Vs
The rotor current is : Ir  1
 2

 
2
Rr'  ' 2
 Rs    X s  X r 
 S  
Ii Xs Rs Xr’ Is=Ir’

3 Rr' Vs2
Im Ir’ Td 
 ' 2
Rr  
 
Rr’/s 2
S  s  Rs    X s  X r' 
Vs
Po
Pi
 S  
Stator Air gap rotor

Tmax Td

Tst TL
Tm=TL
Operating point

Smax S=Sm S=0


S=1 m s
Nm =0 Nm Ns

Torque – speed Characteristic


Three region operation :
1. Motoring : 0 S  1
2. Regenerating : S 0
3. Plugging : 1 S  2

Torque
Forward Forward Reverse
regeneration motoring plugging
Tmax

m s m s


m s
Tst
S=Sm

-Smax
s s Smax s =0 s
S=-1 S=0 S=1 S=2
Ns Nm =0

-Tmax
Performance Characteristic of
Induction Motor

Starting speed of motor is m = 0 or S = 1,


3 Rr' Vs2
Starting torque of motor is : Tst 
 ' 2
Rr  
 s  Rs     X s  X r  
' 2

 S  

d Td
Slip for the maximum torque Smax can be found by setting : 0
dS

So, the slip on maximum torque is : S max  


Rr'

 R    X  X  
1
2 ' 2 2
s s r
Performance Characteristic of
Induction Motor

3 Vs2
Tmax 
 
Torque maximum is :
2 s  Rs  Rs  X s  X r' 
2 2
 

And the maximum regenerative torque can be found as :

3 Vs2
Tmax 
2 s  Rs  Rs   X s  X r'  2 
2
 

Where the slip of motor s = - Sm


3 Rr' Vs2
Td 
Speed-Torque Characteristic :  Rr' 
2

S  s  Rs    X s  X r'
S 
  2

 

2
 R 
X 
'
' 2
For the high Slip S. (starting) s X r   Rs   r

 S 

So, the torque of motor is : 3 Rr' Vs2


Td 

S s X s  X ' 2
r 

3 Rr' Vs2
Tst 
s  X s  X 
And starting torque (slip S=1) is :
' 2
r
For low slip S region, the motor speed near unity or synchronous

X 
speed, in this region the impedance motor is : ' 2 R'
s  Xr  r
 Rs
S

3Vs2 S
So, the motor torque is : Td 
 s R 'r
Rr'
S max  
 R    X  X  
And the slip at maximum torque is : 1
2 ' 2 2
s s r

3 Rr' Vs2
The maximum motor torque is : Td 
 ' 2
Rr  
S s  Rs    X s  X r'
S 
  2

 
Stator Voltage Control
AC
Variable
IM
Controlling Induction Motor Speed by Voltage

Adjusting The Stator Voltage


Sources  Td
Vs

3 Rr' Vs2
Td 
 Rr' 
2


S  s  Rs    X s  X r'
S 
 2

 
Td
Vs > Vs1 > Vs2
Ii Xs Rs Xr’ Is=Ir’ Tmax

Im Ir’

Rr’/s
Vs
Pi
Po Tst TL
Tst1
Tst2
Stator air rotor
gap

2 1 
S=1 S=0
s
Nm =0 Ns

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