1

RECTIFIER

Dr. RS Wednesday, December 8, 2021

Half-Wave rectifier
 Block diagram of a rectifier and a dc power supply with a load.

Thomas L. Floyd
Electronic Devices, Electron Flow Version, 5e
 Half-wave rectifier operation. The diode is considered to be ideal.

Thomas L. Floyd
Electronic Devices, Electron Flow Version, 5e
 The effect of the barrier potential on the half-wave
rectified output voltage is to reduce the peak value of
the input by about 0.7 V.

Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Thomas L. Floyd
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electronic Devices, Electron Flow Version, 5e
All rights reserved.
 Vi(t)

Vp

VD

 t
0 2

-VP

Vo(t)

Vp - VD

t
0  2
 Figure 2–3 Average value of the half-wave rectified signal.

Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Thomas L. Floyd
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electronic Devices, Electron Flow Version, 5e
All rights reserved.
Average value of HWR

1 T
VDC 
T  0
V dt

1  π
0 dθ 
2

2π    0
Vp sin θ dθ   
VP π
   cos θ
2π 0

VP

π
 RMS Value of HWR
1 T 2

2
Vrms  V dt
T 0

1  π 2
0 dθ 
2
  θ dθ  
2
V sin
2π   0
p 
2 2
VP VP  1 
 
π
    
2
sin θ dθ  1 cos 2θ dθ 
2π 0 2π 0
2 
2
VP  1 π
  θ  sin 2θ
4π  2 0
2
VP

4
 VO

Vp
Vrms
VDC
t0 t1 t2 t3 t
 The PIV occurs at the peak of each half-cycle of the input voltage
when the diode is reverse-biased. In this circuit, the PIV occurs
at the peak of each negative half-cycle.

Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Thomas L. Floyd
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electronic Devices, Electron Flow Version, 5e
All rights reserved.
 Half-wave rectifier with transformer-coupled input voltage.

Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Thomas L. Floyd
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electronic Devices, Electron Flow Version, 5e
All rights reserved.
 Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Thomas L. Floyd
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electronic Devices, Electron Flow Version, 5e
All rights reserved.
Center-tapped Full-wave Rectifier
 Figure 2–11 Full-wave rectification.

Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Thomas L. Floyd
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electronic Devices, Electron Flow Version, 5e
All rights reserved.
 Average Value

1 T
VDC 
T 0 V dt

1 π

π 0  Vp sin θ dθ

VP π
   cos θ
π 0

2 VP

π
 RMS Value

1 T 2

2
Vrms  V dt
T 0

1 π 2
 
2
Vp sin θ dθ
π 0

2
VP  1 
    1  cos 2θ  dθ 
π 0
2 
2
VP  1 π
  θ  sin 2θ
2π  2 0
2
VP

2
 Figure 2–13 A center-tapped full-wave rectifier.

Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Thomas L. Floyd
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electronic Devices, Electron Flow Version, 5e
All rights reserved.
 Basic operation of a center-tapped full-wave rectifier. Note that the current through the
load resistor is in the same direction during the entire input cycle, so the output voltage
always has the same polarity.

Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Thomas L. Floyd
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electronic Devices, Electron Flow Version, 5e
All rights reserved.
 Center-tapped full-wave rectifier with a transformer turns ratio of 1.
Vp(pri) is the peak value of the primary voltage.

Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Thomas L. Floyd
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electronic Devices, Electron Flow Version, 5e
All rights reserved.
 Center-tapped full-wave rectifier with a transformer turns ratio of 2.

Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Thomas L. Floyd
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electronic Devices, Electron Flow Version, 5e
All rights reserved.
 Diode reverse voltage (D2 shown reverse-biased and D1 shown forward-biased).

Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Thomas L. Floyd
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electronic Devices, Electron Flow Version, 5e
All rights reserved.
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
 Figure 2–23

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Dr. RS Wednesday, December 8, 2021

 Figure 2–20 Operation of a bridge rectifier.

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Dr. RS Wednesday, December 8, 2021

 Figure 2–21 Bridge operation during a positive half-cycle of the primary and secondary voltages.

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Dr. RS Wednesday, December 8, 2021

 Vi(t)

Vp

 t
0 2

-VP

Vo(t)

Vp - VD

t
0  2

Dr. RS 27 Wednesday, December 8, 2021

Figure 2–22 Peak inverse voltages across diodes D3 and D4 in a bridge rectifier
during the positive half-cycle of the secondary voltage.

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Dr. RS Wednesday, December 8, 2021

 Figure 2–24 Power supply filtering.

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Dr. RS Wednesday, December 8, 2021

 Figure 2–30

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Dr. RS Wednesday, December 8, 2021

 Figure 2–25 Operation of a half-wave rectifier with a capacitor-input filter. The current indicates charging or discharging of the capacitor.

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Dr. RS Wednesday, December 8, 2021

 Figure 2–26 Half-wave ripple voltage (green line).

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Dr. RS Wednesday, December 8, 2021

 Figure 2–27 The frequency of a full-wave rectified voltage is twice that of a half-wave rectified voltage.

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Dr. RS Wednesday, December 8, 2021

Figure 2–28 Comparison of ripple voltages for half-wave and full-wave rectified voltages with the same filter capacitor and load and derived from the
same sinusoidal input voltage.

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Dr. RS Wednesday, December 8, 2021

 Vr and VDC determine the ripple factor.

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Vr( pp ) 1 Vr( pp ) 1
rhwr = = rfwr = =
VDC 2 3 fRL C VDC 4 3 fRL C
Vp(rect) : unfiltered peak rectified voltage
Vr(pp) : peak to peak ripple voltage
€ €
VDC : average value of ripple voltage

Dr. RS Wednesday, December 8, 2021

 Effects of RL and C
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R=1500Ω
C=1000µF C=470µF
R=1000Ω
C=100µF R=500Ω

(a) RL fixed (b) C fixed

Dr. RS Wednesday, December 8, 2021