Cumulative Review 161

4. Given that f(x = X2 + 3x and g(x) = 5x + 3, solve f(x) = g(x). Graph each function and label the points of intersection.

5. Graph f(x) = ,- 3)2 - 2 using transformations.

6. For the quadrat : function f(x) = 3x2 - 12x + 4,

(a) Determine .hether the graph opens up or down.
(b) Determine ie vertex.
(c) Determine ie axis of symmetry.
(d) Determine ie intercepts.
(e) Use the inf rmation from parts (a)-(d) to graphf

7. Determine whei er f(x) = _2x2 + 12x + 3 has a maximum or minimum value. Then find the maximum or minimum value.
8. Solve x2 - lOx - 24 ~ O.

9. HV Rental n weekly rental cost of a 20-foot recreational vehicle is $129.50 plus $0.15 per mile.
(a) Find a line; function that expresses the cost C as a function of miles driven m.
(b) What is the ental cost if 860 miles are driven?
(c) How many riles were driven if the rental cost is $213.80?

10. The variable int rest rate on a student loan changes each July 1 based on the bank prime loan rate. For the years 1992 to 2004, this
rate can be app rximated by the model

rex) = -0.115x2 + U83x + 5.623

where x is the n rnber of years since 1992 and r is the interest rate as a percent.
Source: u.s.
Fee rat Reserve
(a) During whi 1 year was the interest rate the highest? Determine the highest rate during this time period.
(b) Use the me el to estimate the rate in 2010. Does this value seem reasonable?

CUMULATIV REVIEW
1. Find the distal 'e between the points P = (-1, 3) and 10. Is the following graph the graph of a function?
Q = (4, - 2). Fi 1 the midpoint of the line segment P to Q.

2. Which of theollowing points are on the graph of

y = x3 3x + ?
-
(a) (-2,-1) (b) (2,3) (c) (3,1)

3. Solve the inequ: ity 5x + 3 ~ 0 and graph the solution set.

x
4. Find the equati: l of the line containing the points (-1, 4)
and (2, -2). Ex ress your answer in slope-intercept form
and graph the Ii "

5. Find the equat -n of the line perpendicular to the line

11. Consider the function f(x) = _x_.
y = 2x + 1 ane :ontaining the point (3, 5). Express your x+4
answer in slope- rtercept form and graph the line.
(a) Is the point ( 1, ~) on the graph of f?
6. Graph the equa rn x2 + i -4x + 8y - 5 = O.
(b) If x = -2, what is f(x)? What point is on the graph
7. Does the foil wing relation represent a function?
{( -3,8), (1,3), Z. 5), (3,8)}
off?
(c) If f(x) = 2, what is x? What point is on the graph
8. For the function defined by f(x) = x2 - 4x + 1, find: off?
(a) f(2) X2
(b) f(x) + f(2: 12. Is the function f( x) = --- even, odd, or neither?
2x + 1
(c) fe-x)
13. Approximate the local maxima and local minima of
(d) -f(x) f(x) = x3 - 5x + Ion (-4, 4). Determine where thefunc-
(e) f(x + 2) tion is increasing and where it is decreasing.
f(x + h) - (x)
(f) h h*O 14. If f(x) = 3x + 5 and g(x) = 2x + 1,
(a) Solve f(x) = g(x).
9. Find the domain of h(z) = 3z - 1. (b) Solve f(x) > g(x).
6z - 7
 U-klice
e1.. r-es~
~l Teo. ~
( I..U).y\ ci()
d4l l<estdlLD ~
{:'C~) ~
M Ua...r-
dLu-lc:tc. fV1 t')(-c...-
SECTION 4.5 The Real Zeros of a Polynomial Function 227

13. f(x) = 3x4 - x3 - 5x + 10; x - 2 14. f(x) = 4X4 - 15x2 - 4; x - 2

15. f(x) = 3x6 + 2x3 + 27; x + 3 16. f(x) = 2x6 - 18x4 + x2 - 9; x + 3

17. f(x) = 4x6 - 4X4 + X2 - 15; x +4 18. f(x) = x6 - 16x4 + x2 - 16; x + 4

1
19. f(x) = 2x4 - 3 + 2x - 1; x - ~ 20. f(x) = 3x4 + x3 - 3x + 1; x + "3

In Problems 21-32, ill the maximum number of real zeros that each polynomial function may have. Then use Descartes' Rule of Signs
to determine how n ny positive and how many negative zeros each polynomial function may have. Do not attempt to find the zeros.
'21. f(x) = -4x7. x3 - x2 + 2 22. f(x) = 5x4 + 2x2 - 6x - 5 23. f(x) = 2x6 - 3x2 - X + 1

24. f(x) = -3xs. 4X4 + 2 25. f (x) = 3x3 - 2x2 + X + 2 26. f (x) = - x3 - X2 + X + 1

27. f(x) = -x4 + ~2 - 1 28. f(x) = X4 + 5x3 - 2 29. f(x) = xS + x4 + x2 + X + 1

30. f (x) = xS - J + x3 - x2 + x-I 31. f(x) = x6 - 1 32. f (x) = x6 + 1

In Problems 33-44, 'st the potential rational zeros of each polynomial function. Do not attempt to find the zeros.
-,~. f(x) = 3x4 - x3 + X2 - X + 1 34. f(x) = xS - x4 + 2x2 + 3 35. f(x) = xS - 6x2 + 9x - 3

~. f(x) = 2xs - 4 - x2 + 1 37. f(x) = -4x3 - X2 + X + 2 38. f(x) = 6x4 - x2 + 2

39. f(x) = 6x4 - 2 + 9 40. f(x) = -4x3 + x2 + X + 6 41. f(x) = 2xs - x3 + 2x2 + 12

42. f(x) = 3xs - 2 + 2x + 18 43. f(x) = 6x4 + 2x3 - X2 + 20 44. f(x) = -6x3 - x2 + X + 10

In Problems 45-56, se the Rational Zeros Theorem to find all the real zeros of each polynomial function. Use the zeros to factor f over
the real numbers.
'45. f(x) = x3 + 2 2 - 5x - 6 46. f(x) = x3 + 8x2 + llx - 20 47. f(x) = 2x3 - x2 + 2x - 1

48. f(x) = 2x3 + 2 + 2x + 1 49. f(x) = 2x3 - 4x2 - lOx + 20 50. f(x) = 3x3 + 6x2 - 15x - 30

51. f(x) = 2X4 + 3 - 7x2 - 3x + 3 52. f(x) = 2X4 - x3 - 5x2 + 2x + 2 53. f(x) = X4 + x3 - 3x2 - X + 2

54. f(x) = x4 - J - 6x2 + 4x + 8 55. f(x) = 4X4 + 5x3 + 9x2 + lOx + 2 56. f(x) = 3x4 + 4x3 + 7x2 + 8x + 2

In Problems 57-68, olve each equation in the real number system.

'57. x4 - x3 + 2x2 - 4x - 8 = 0 58. 2x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 3 =0

59. 3x3 + 4x2 - 7. + 2 = 0 60. 2x3 - 3x2 - 3x - 5 = 0

61. 3x3 - x2 - 15 + 5 = 0 62. 2x3 - llx2 + lOx + 8 = 0

63. x4 + 4x3 + 2x - x + 6 = 0 64. x4 - 2x3 + lOx2 - 18x + 9 = 0

3 2 2 8 3
65. x -"3 x +"3. + 1 =0 66 • x3 + -2 x2 + 3x - 2 = 0

67. 2x4 - 19x3 +: 'x2 - 64x + 20 = 0 68. 2x4 + x3 - 24x2 + 20x + 16 = 0

 228 CHAPTER 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

In Problems 69-80, graph each polynomial function.

69. f(x) = x3 + 2X2 - 5x - 6 70. f(x) = x3 + 8x2 + llx - 20 71. f(x) = 2x3 - X2 + 2x -
72. f(x) = 2x3 + x2 + 2x + 1 73. f(x) = x4 + x2 - 2 74. f(x) = X4 - 3x2 - 4
75. f(x) = 4X4 + 7x2 - 2 76. f(x) = 4x4 + 15x2 - 4 77. f(x) = X4 + x3 - 3x2 - + 2

78. f(x) = X4 - x3 - 6x2 + 4x + 8 79. f(x) = 4x5 - 8x4 - X +2 80. f(x) = 4x5 + 12x4 - X - 3

In Problems 81-88, find bounds on the real zeros of each polynomial function.
'81. f (x) = X4 - 3x2 - 4 82. f (x) = X4 - 5x2 - 36
83. f(x) = x4 + x3 - x-I 84. f(x) = x4 - x3 + x-I
85. f(x) = 3x4 + 3x3 - x2 - 12x - 12 86. f(x) = 3x4 - 3x3 - 5x2 + 27x - 36
87. f(x) = 4x5 - x4 + 2x3 - 2x2 + x-I 88. f(x) = 4x5 + X4 + x3 + x2 - 2x - 2

In Problems 89-94, use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show that each polynomial function has a zero in the 'ven interval.
'89. f(x) = 8x4 - 2x2 + 5x - 1; [O,lJ 90. f(x) = X4 + 8x3 - x2 + 2; [-1, OJ

91. f(x) = 2x3 + 6x2 - 8x + 2; [-5, -4J 92. f(x) = 3x3 - lOx + 9; [-3, -2J
93. f(x) = x5 - x4 + 7x3 - 7x2 - 18x + 18; [1.4,1.5J 94. f(x) = x5 - 3x4 - 2x3 + 6x2 + X +: [1.7,1.8J

In Problems 95-98, each equation has a solution r in the interval indicated. Use the method of Example 10 to app. -ximate this solution
correct to two decimal places.

95. 8x4 - 2x2 + 5x - 1 = 0; O:=; r :=; 1 96. x4 + 8x3 - x2 + 2 = 0; -I:=; r :=; 0

97. 2x3 + 6x2 - 8x + 2 = 0; -5:=; r :=; -4 98. 3x3 - lOx + 9 = 0; - 3 :=; r :=; - 2

In Problems 99-702, each polynomial function has exactly one positive zero. Use the method of Example 10 to iproximate the zero
correct to two decimal places.

99. f(x) = x3 + x2 + X - 4 100. f(x) = 2x4 + x2 - 1

101. f(x) = 2X4 - 3x3 - 4x2 - 8 102. f(x) = 3x3 - 2x2 - 20

Applications and Extensions

103. Find k such that f(x) = x3 - kx2 + kx + 2 has the 113. Let f(x) be a polynomial function whe ~ coefficients are in-
factor x - 2. tegers. Suppose that r is a real zero of] and that the leading
104. Find k such that f(x) = x4 - kx3 + kx2 + 1 has the coefficient of f is 1. Use the Rational Z( os Theorem to show
that r is either an integer or an irration Inumber.
factor x + 2.
105. What is the remainder when f(x) = 2x20 - 8xlO + X - 2 114. Prove the Rational Zeros Theorem.
is divided by x-I?
[Hint: Let E., where
p and q have no cc irnon factors except
106. What is the remainder when f(x) = -3X17 + x9 - x5 + 2x q
is divided by x + I? 1and -1, be a zero of the polynomial nction

107. Use the Factor Theorem to prove that x - c is a factor of f(x) = anx" + a _,x"-'
l1
+ .. +- alx + ao
X" - cn for any positive integer n.
whose coefficients are all integers. Sho that
108. Use the Factor Theorem to prove that x + c is a factor of anP" + a,,_,p"-'q + ... + a,pq' ,+ aoqn = 0
xn + c" if n 2: 1 is an odd integer.
Now, because p is a factor of the first terms of this equa-
109. One solution of the equation x3 - 8x2 + 16x - 3 = 0 is 3.
tion,p must also be a factor of the terrr loqn. Since p is not a
Find the sum of the remaining solutions.
factor of q (why?),p must be a factor 0 ao. Similarly, q must
110. One solution of the equation x3 + 5x2 + 5x - 2 = 0 is -2. be a factor of awl
Find the sum of the remaining solutions.
115. Bisection Method for Approximating, -ros of a Function f
111. Geometry What is the length of the edge of a cube if, after We begin with two consecutive intege 5, a and a + 1, such
a slice 1 inch thick is cut from one side, the volume remain- that f(a) and f(a + 1) are of opposit sign. Evaluate f at
ing is 294 cubic inches? the midpoint ml of a and a + 1. If f(m I = 0, then ml is the
112. Geometry What is the length of the edge of a cube if its zero of f, and we are finished. Otherw e,f(mj) is of oppo-
volume could be doubled by an increase of 6 centimeters in site sign to either f(a) or f(a + 1). Sl ipose tha tit is f (a )
one edge, an increase of 12 centimeters in a second edge, and and f(mj) that are of opposite sign. l\ .w evaluate f at the
a decrease of 4 centimeters in the third edge? midpoint m2 of a and m,. Repeat tl s process until the
 Chapter Review 337

In Problems 15 and 6, state why the graph of the function is one-to-one. Then draw the graph of the inverse function r'. For conve-
nience (and as a hin . the graph of y = x is also given.

;t,
15. y 16. y
=x 4 y=x
4
(3,3)

(2,1)

-4 (2,0) 4 x -4 (1,0) 4 x
\
q,-1)
-4

In Problems 17-22, ie function f is one-to-one. Find the inverse of each function and check your answer. Find the domain and the
range of f and Fl.
2x + 3 2 - x I
17. f(x) = -5 - 18. f(x) =-- 19. f(x) =--
x - 2 3 + x x-I

3
20. f(x) = ~ 21. f(x) = 1/3 22. f(x) = I3
X/ + 1
x

In Problems 23 and 4, f(x) = 3x and g(x) = log, x.

23. Evaluate: (a) (4) (b) g(9) (c) f( -2) (d) g(:7)

24. Evaluate: (a) ( 1) (b) g(81) (c)f(-4) (d) g(2!3)

In Problems 25 and 5, convert each exponential expression to an equivalent expression involving a logarithm. In Problems 27 and 28,
convert each logaritl tic expression to an equivalent expression involving an exponent.
25. 52 = Z 26. as = m 27. IOg5 u = 13 28. loga4 = 3

In Problems 29-32,., id the domain of each logarithmic function.

29. f(x) = log(3x 2) 30. F(x) = logs(2x + 1) 31. H(x) = log2(x2 - 3x + 2) 32. F(x) = In(x2 - 9)

In Problems 33-38" aluate each expression. Do not use a calculator.

33. IOg2( i) 34. IOg3 81 35.lneV2

y'3
38. IOg22

In Problems 39-44, 1 'ite each expression as the sum and/or difference of logarithms. Express powers as factors.

39. 10g< U~2), U . 0, V > 0, w > 0 ( . r.)4

40. IOg2 a2 vb, a > 0, b > 0
41. log(x2~), x>O

42. logs (
X2 + 2x -l
x2-
1) , X >0 44. In ( 2
2x + 3 )2 ' x> 2
x - 3x + 2

In Problems 45-50, 1 'ite each expression as a single logarithm.

45. 3 log, x2 + 21 10 . \IX

47. Ine : 1) + h :x: I) - In(x2 - 1) 48. log(x2 - 9) - log(x2 + 7x + 12)

1 .
1 1 1
49. 21og2 + 3log. - 2[log(x + 3) + log(x - 2)] SO. 21n(x2 + 1) - 41n - 2[ln(x - 4) + lox]
2

In Problems 51 and: . use the Change-of-Base Formula and a calculator to evaluate each logarithm. Round your answer to three dec-
imal places.
51. IOg419 52. log, 21
 338 CHAPTER 5 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

~11n Problems 53 and 54, graph each function using a graphing utility and the Change-of-Base Formula.
53. y = log, x 54. y = log, x

In Problems 55-62, use the given function f to:

(a) Find the domain of!
(b) Graph!
(c) From the graph, determine the range and any asymptotes of!
(d) Findr\ the inverse of!
(e) Use r I to find the range of!
(f) Graphrl.
I
55. f(x) = 2x-3 56. f(x) = -2x + 3 57. f(x) = -(TX)
2 58. f(x 1 + rx

1
59. f(x) = 1 - e-x 60. f(x) = 3ex-2 61. f(x) = Zln(x + 3) 62. f(x = 3 + In(2x)

In Problems 63-82, solve each equation. Express irrational solutions in exact form and as a decimal rounded to decimal places.
1
63. 41-2x = 2 64. 86+3x = 4 66. 4x-. 1

67. log" 64 = -3 68. logyz x = -6 70. 5x+: " y-2

72. 252x = 5x'-12 73. log, Vx"=2 = 2 74.1'-1 8-x = 4

77. lo&.(x + 3) + gr,(x + 4) = 1

78. log(7x - 12) = 210g x 79. el-x = 5 80. el-2x = 4

81. 9x + 4· 3x - 3 = 0 82. 4x - 14· 4-x = 5

83. Suppose that f(x) = log2(x - 2) + 1. 84. Suppose that f(x) = log3(x + 1) - 4
(a) Graph! (a) Graph [.
(b) What isf(6)? What point is on the graph off? (b) What is f(8)? What point is on th graph of f?
(c) Solve f(x) = 4. What point is on the graph off? (c) Solve f(x) = -3. What point is c the graph of f?
(d) Based on the graph drawn in part (a), solve f(x) > O. (d) Based on the graph drawn in par: a), solve f(x) < O.
(e) Find rl(x). Graph r:
on the same Cartesian plane ss ]. (e) Find rl(x). Graph 1
r
on the sarr Cartesian plane as!

In Problems 85 and 86, use the following result: If x is the atmospheric pressure (measured in millimeters of mere ry}, then the formula
for the altitude h(x) (measured in meters above sea level) is

h(x) = (30T + 8000) 10g( :0)

where T is the temperature (in degrees Celsius) and Po is the atmospheric pressure at sea level, which is approxi ately 760 millimeters
of mercury.
85. Finding the Altitude of an Airplane At what height is a Piper 86. Finding thc Hl'ight of a :\)olllltain H w high is a mountain
Cub whose instruments record an outside temperature ofO°C if instruments placed on its peak recor a temperature of 5°C
and a barometric pressure of 300 millimeters of mercury? and a barometric pressure of 500 milli eters of mercury?

87. Amplifying Sound An amplifier's power output P (in watts) (a) Find the power output for a de ibel voltage gain of
is related to its decibel voltage gain d by the formula 4 decibels.
(b) For a power output of 50 watts. W 11 is the decibel volt-
P = 25eo.ld.
age gain?

88. Limiting M:Jgnitlldc of a Tete-cope P .elescope is limited in

its usefulness by the brightness of the tar that it is aimed at
and by the diameter of its lens. One me sure of a star's bright-
ness is its magnitude; the dimmer the ~ sr, the larger its mag-
nitude. A formula for the limiting magi tude L of a telescope,
 Chapter Review 421

Objectives
Section You hould be able to: Review Exercises

6.1 Con .rt between decimals and degrees, minutes, seconds forms for angles (p. 346) 86
2 Find ile arc length of a circle (p. 347) 87,88
3 Con' -rt from degrees to radians and from radians to degrees (p. 348) 1-8
4 Find he area of a sector of a circle (p. 351) 87
5 Find he linear speed of an object traveling in circular motion (p. 352) 89-92

6.2 Find he exact values of the trigonometric functions using a point on the unit
circl- (p.359) 83,97
2 Find ne exact values of the trigonometric functions of quadrantal angles (p. 361) 10,17,18,20,97

3 Find le exact values of the trigonometric functions of ~ = 45° (p.363) 9,11,13,15,16

4 Find .ie exact values of the trigonometric functions of i= 30° and ~ = 60° (p.364) 9-15

5 Find ie exact values of the trigonometric functions for integer multiples of i= 30°,
tt 7r
SO, and 3= 60° (p. 366) 13-16,19,97
4
6 Use calculator to approximate the value of a trigonometric function (p. 367) 79,80
7 Use rcle of radius r to evaluate the trigonometric functions (p. 368) 84

6.3 Dete nine the domain and the range of the trigonometric functions (p. 373) 85
2 Dete nine the period of the trigonometric functions (p. 375) 85
3 Dete nine the signs of the trigonometric functions in a given quadrant (p. 377) 81,82
4 Find le values of the trigonometric functions using fundamental identities (p. 377) 21-30
5 Find re exact values of the trigonometric functions of an angle given
one, the functions and the quadrant of the angle (p. 380) 31-46
6 Use .en-odd properties to find the exact values of the trigonometric functions (p. 382) 27-30
6.4 Oral functions of the form y = A sin(wx) using transformations (p. 388) 47
2 Graj functions of the form y = A cos(wx) using transformations (p. 389) 48
3 Dete nine the amplitude and period of sinusoidal functions (p. 390) 63-68
4 Graj sinusoidal functions using key points (p. 392) 47,48,67,68,93
5 Find n equation for a sinusoidal graph (p.395) 75-78

6.5 Oral functions of the form y = A tan(wx) + Band y = A cot(wx) + B (p. 403) 53,54,56
2 Graj functions of the form y = A csc(wx) + Band y = A sec(wx) + B (p. 405) 57

6.6 Graj sinusoidal functions of the form y = A sine wx - cP) + B (p. 408) 49,50,59,60,69-74,94
2 Find sinusoidal function from data (p. 412) 95,96

Review Exercise ,
In Problems /-4, COf ert each angle in degrees to radians. Express your answer as a multiple of tr,

1. 135° 4. 15°

In Problems 5-8, COf ert each angle in radians to degrees.

37r 27r 57r 37r
5'4 6'3 7. -2 8. -2

In Problems 9-30, [ir ' the exact value of each expression. Do not use a calculator.

9. tan ~ - sin ~
4 6
10. cos
7r
3+
. 7r
sm"2 11. 3 sin 45° - 4 tan i
. 27r 57r
12. 4 cos 60° + 3 ta -tt 13. 6 cos
37r
4 + 2 tan
(
-
7r)
3 14. 3 sm - - 4 cos -
3 3 2
 422 CHAPTER 6 Trigonometric Functions

16. 4csc 31T

4 - cot -4
(1T) 17. tan 1T + sin 1T

18. cos~ - csc( -~) 19. cos 540° - tan( -405°)

22. 2
1
-
20. sin 270° + cost -181

23. see 50° . cos 50°

cos 40°

24. tan 10°. cot 10° 25. sin 50°· csc 410°

27. sine-40°) . csc 40° 28. tan( -20°) . cot 20 0

29. sin 405 0
• sect -45") 30. cos 250 0
• :c( -70°)

In Problems 31-46, find the exact value of each of the remaining trigonometric functions.
. 4 1T 1 1T 12
J ~.smO=5' 0<0<2 32.tanO=4,0<0<2 33.tanO=5' sinO 0

12 5 5
34. cot 0 = 5' cos 0 < 0 3.l..sec 0 = --
. 4' tan 0 < 0 I 36. csc 0 = - 3' cot 0 : 0

. 12 3 . 5 31T
37. sm 0 = 13' o in quadrant II 38. cos 0 = -- 5' o in quadrant III 39. sin 0 = -13' -
2
0< 21T

12 31T 1 2
40. cos 0 = 13' T < 0 < 21T 41. tan 0 = 3' 180° < 0 < 270° 42. tan 0 = - 3' 90° . o< 180°

31T 31T 1T
43. see 0 = 3, - < 0 < 21T 44. csc 0 = -4, 1T<O<T 45. cot 8 = -2, - <, <1T
2 2
31T
46. tan 0 = -2, T < 0 < 21T

In Problems 47-62, graph each function. Each graph should contain at least two periods.

47. y = 2sin(4x) 48. y = -3cos(2x) 49. y = -2COS(X +~) 50. y = 3 sin : - 1T)

51. Y = tan (x + 1T) 52. Y = -tan(x -~) 53. Y = -2 tan(3x) 54. Y = 4 tan 2x)

55. Y = cot( x + ~) 56. Y = -4 cot(2x) 57. Y = 4 sec(2x) 58. Y = csc( + ~)

59. Y = 4 sin(2x + 4) - 2 60. y = 3 cos(4x + 2) + 1 61. Y = 4tan(1 +~) 62. y = 5 cot ~ - ~ )

In Prohlems 63-66, determine the amplitude and period of each function without graphing.

63. y = 4 cos x 64. y = sin(2x) 65. y = -8 sin( ~ x ) 66. y = -2 C ;(31TX)

In Prohlems 67-74, find the amplitude, period, and phase shift of each function. Graph each function. Show at ( [Sf fWO periods.

67. y = 4 sin(3x) 68. y = 2 cos(~ x ) 69. y = 2 sin(2x - 1T) 70. Y = -CO'~X + ~)

71. Y = 1 . (3
"2 sin "2 x )
- 1T 72. Y =
3
"2 cos(6x + 31T) 73. Y 3
2
= --COS(1TX - 6) 74. Y = -7 s (
~X
3
+~) 3
 Chapter Review 423

In Problems 75-78, 'nd a function whose graph is given.

75. 76. 77. 78.

• • 1T"
79. Use a calculate to approximate SIn 8"' Round the answer to balancer be set to balance the tires at a speed of 90 miles per
two decimal pi .es, hour? Is the setting different for a wheel of radius 14 inches?
If so, what is this setting?
80. Use a calculate to approximate see 10°. Round the answer
to two decimal laces. 93. Alternating Voltagc The electromotive force E, in volts, in
a certain ac (alternating circuit) circuit obeys the function
81. Determine the igns of the six trigonometric functions of an
angle (J whose rminal side is in quadrant III. E(I) = 120 sin(1207Tt). t 2: 0
82. Name the quae ant (J lies in if cas fJ > 0 and tan (J < O. where t is measured in seconds.
(a) What is the maximum value of E?
83. Find the exact rlues of the six trigonometric functions of t
(b) What is the period?
if P = (- ~) :) is the point on the unit circle that (c) Graph this function over two periods.
3 .
corresponds to 94. Alternating Current The current I, in amperes, flowing
84. Find the exact v ue of sin I, cas 1. and tan 1 if P = (-2,5) is the through an ac (alternating current) circuit at time t is

point on the circ : that corresponds to I.

let) = 220 sin(307Tf + i} 12:0
85. What is the do lain and the range of the secant function?
(a) What is the period?
What is the pel xi?
(b) What is the amplitude?
86. (a) Convert th angle 32°20'35" to a decimal in degrees. (c) What is the phase shift?
Round the nswer to two decimal places. (d) Graph this function over two periods.
(b) Convert th angle 63.18° to DOM'S" form. Express the
95. Monthly Temperature The following data represent the av-
answer to t ~ nearest second.
erage monthly temperatures for Phoenix, Arizona.
87. Find the length C the arc subtended by a central angle of 30°
on a circle of ra. us 2 feet. What is the area of the sector?
88. The minute hat I of a clock is 8 inches long. How far does Average Monthly
the tip of the I inute hand move in 30 minutes? How far Month, m Temperature, T
does it move in 0 minutes?
January, 1 51
89. Angular Speer! f a 1~:ll"eCar A race car is driven around February, 2 55
a circular tra " at a constant speed of 180 miles
March,3 63
per hour. If th diameter of the track is ~ mile, what is
April,4 67
the angular spe .I of the car? Express your answer in revo- May, 5 77
lutions per hou: which is equivalent to laps per hour).
June,6 86
90. "Iern-Go-Holl .J.. A neighborhood carnival has a merry-
July, 7 90
go-round whose 'adius is 25 feet. If the time for one revolu-
tion is 30 secom . how fast is the merry-go-round going? August, 8 90

91. Lighthouse He. 'ons The Montauk Point Lighthouse on September, 9 84

Long Island has ual beams (two light sources opposite each October, 10 71
other). Ships at .a observe a blinking light every 5 seconds. November, 11 59
What rotation s zed is required to do this? December, 12 52
92. Spin Halanl"ing irc, The radius of each wheel of a car is SOlJRr.[ U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
16 inches. At ho many revolutions per minute should a spin Administration
424 CHAPTER 6 Trigonometric Functions

(a) Draw a scatter diagram of the data for one period. 97. Unit Circle On the unit circle below. .11in the missing an-
(b) Find a sinusoidal function of the form gles (in radians) and the correspondin: :erminal points P of
y = A sin(wx - ¢) + B that fits the data. each angle.
(c) Draw the sinusoidal function found in part (b) on the
scatter diagram. Y Angle:
Angle: 19le:1-
[-.j i ell Use a graphing utility to find the sinusoidal function of p
...... best fit. Angle: Angle:f
(,,) Graph the sinusoidal function of best fit on the scatter
diagram. Angle: Angle:i

96. Hours of Daylight According to the Old Farmer's Almanac,

in Las Vegas, Nevada, the number of hours of sunlight on the
summer solstice is 14.63 and the number of hours of sunlight
on the winter solstice is 9.72.
(a) Find a sinusoidal function of the form Angle: Angle:
y = A sine wx - ¢) + B that fits the data. x
(b) Use the function found in part (a) to predict the num-
ber of hours of sunlight on April 1, the 91 st day of the
year.
(c) Draw a graph of the function found in part (a).
(d) Look up the number of hours of sunlight for April 1 in Angle: Angle: 1~r.
the Old Farmer's Almanac and compare the actual hours
of daylight to the results found in part (c).
Angle: Angle: 7;
,
Angle:
Angle:
ngle: 5;

In Problems 1-3, convert each angle in degrees to radians. Express

18. lff(x) = sin x andf(a) = ~,findf( a).
your answer as a multiple of 7T.
2. -400° In Problems 19-2] find the value of the ri wining five trigono-
In Problems 4-fJ convert each angle in radians (0 degrees. metric functions of (}.
7T 97T 37T
4. -8 5. 2 6. 4 19. sin () = %, () in quadrant II

In Problems 7-12, find the exact value of each expression. 2 37T

20. COS() = -, - < ()< 27T
. 7T 57T) 37T 3 2
7. SIn 6 8. cos ( -4 - cos4
12 7T
9. cOS(_120D) 10. tan 3300 21. tan () = - - - < ()< 7T
5'2
7T 197T
11 sin - - tan--
• 2 4
12. 2 sin2 60° - 3 cos 45°
In Problems 22-24, the point (x, y) is on t. . terminal side of an-
gle () in standard position. Find the exa value of the given
In Problems 13-16, use a calculator to evaluate each expression. trigonometric function.
Round your answer to three decimal places.
22. (2,7), sin () 23. (-5, ), cos ()
27T 287T
13. sin 17° 14. cos 15. see 229° 16. cot -9-
S 24. (6,-3),tan()

17. Fill in each table entry with the sign of each function. In Problems 25 and 26, graph the function

sin (} cos (} tan o sec (} csc (} cot (} 25. Y = 2 SIn (x

. -;; - -7T)
.> 6
26. Y = (

e in 01
27. Write an equation for a sinusoidal gr ih with the following
e in 011 properties:
e in 011I
. d 27T 7!.4
e in OIV A = -3 peno =:3 pha 'shift
.
= -
 Cumulative Review 425

28. Logan has a g; den in the shape of a sector of a circle; the 16-pound weight attached to a wire 190 centimeters long-in
outer rim of th garden is 25 feet long and the central angle a circle and then releasing it. Assuming his release is at a
of the sector is iO°. She wants to add a 3-foot wide walk to 45° angle to the ground, the hammer will travel a distance of
the outer rim; t w many square feet of paving blocks will she v2
-...!!. meters, where g = 9.8 meters/second/ and Vo is the linear
need to build t : walk? g
29. Hungarian Ad an Annus won the gold medal for the ham- speed of the hammer when released. At what rate (rpm) was
mer throw at t e 2004 Olympics in Athens with a winning he swinging the hammer upon release?
distance of 83. ) meters. * The event consists of swinging a

* Annus was strippec of his medal after refusing to cooperate with

postmedal drug testiru

CUMULATI\ : REVIEW
1. Find the re: solutions, if any, of the equation 13. Find a sinusoidal function for the following graph.
2X2 + x-I = J.
y
2. Find an equati. 1 for the line with slope -3 containing the
point (-2,5).
3. Find an equati 1 for a circle of radius 4 and center at the
point (0, -2).
4. Discuss the eql tion 2x - 3y = 12. Graph it.
x
5. Discuss the equ lion x2 + i -2x + 4y - 4 = O. Graph it.

6. Use transform, ons to graph the function

y = (x - 3)2 - 2.
7. Sketch a graph If each of the following functions. Label at
least three poin ; on each graph. 14. (a) Find a linear function that contains the points (-2,3)
(a) y = X2 (b) Y = x3 (C) Y = eX and (1, -6). What is the slope? What are the intercepts
(d) y = In x (e) y = sin x (f) y = tan x of the function? Graph the function. Be sure to label the
intercepts.
8. Find the inversi function of f(x) = 3x - 2.
(b) Find a quadratic function that contains the point
9. Find the exact, lue of (sin 14°)2 + (cos 14°)2 - 3. (-2,3) with vertex (1, -6). What are the intercepts of
the function? Graph the function.
10. Graph y = 3 si 2x). (c) Show that there is no exponential function of the form
7T 7T 7T f(x) = ae' that contains the points (-2,3) and (1, -6).
11. Find the exact, lue of tan "4 - 3 cos"6 + csc"6'
15. (a) Find a polynomial function of degree 3 whose
y-intercept is 5 and whose x-intercepts are -2, 3, and 5.
12. Find an exponel ial function for the following graph. Express
Graph the function.
your answer in e form y = Ab",
(b) Find a rational function whose y-intercept is 5 and
whose x-intercepts are -2,3, and 5 that has the line
y x = 2 as a vertical asymptote. Graph the function.

(1,6)

____ .lo_
yo- 0 -6 2 4 6 x
426 CHAPTER 6 Trigonometric Functions

CHAPTER PROJECTS

3. On your graphing utility, draw a sc: ter diagram for the

data in the table. Let [ (time) be t ~ independent vari-
able. with [ = 0 being 12:00 AM on overnber 14. [ = 24
being 12:00 AM on November 15. an so on. Let h be the
height in feet. Remember that there .re 60 minutes in an
hour. Also. make sure your graphii utility is in radian
mode.
4. What shape does the data take? Wh is the period of the
data? What is the amplitude? Is the implitude constant?
Explain.
5. Fit a sine curve to the data. Is the a vertical shift? Is
there a phase shift?
6. Using your graphing utility. find tr sinusoidal function
of best fit. How does this functii I compare to your
I. Tides The given table is a partial tide table for November
equation?
2006 for the Sabine Bank Lighthouse, a shoal located off-
shore from Texas where the Sabine River empties into the 7. Using the equation found in part ( ) and the sinusoidal
Gulf of Mexico. equation of best fit found in part (6) iredict the high tides
and the low tides on November 21.
1. On November 15. when was the tide high? This is called
high [ide. On November 19, when was the tide low? This 8. Looking at the times of day that the ow tides occur. what
is called low [ide. Most days will have two high tides and do you think causes the low tides I vary so much each
two low tides. day? Explain. Does this seem to h /e the same type of
effect on the high tides? Explain.
2. Why do you think there is a negative height for the low tide
on November 20? What is the height measured against?

Low Tide Low Tide High Tide High Tide Sun/M an Phase
Noy Time Ht (ft) Time Ht (ft) Time Ht (ft) Time Ht (ft) Sunrise/set Moonrise/set

14 6:26a 2.0 4:38p 1.4 9:29a 2.2 11:14p 2.8 6:40a/S:20p 1:OSa/2:02p

15 6:22a 1.6 S:34p 1.8 11:18a 2.4 11:lSp 2.6 6:41 a/S:20p 1:S8a/2:27p

16 6:28a 1.2 6:2Sp 2.0 12:37p 2.6 11:16p 2.6 6:41 a/S:19p 2:S0a/2:S2p
17 6:40a 0.8 7:12p 2.4 1:38p 2.8 11:16p 2.6 6:42a/S:19p 3:43a/3:19p

18 6:S6a 0.4 7:S7p 2.6 2:27p 3.0 11:14p 2.8 6:43a/S:19p 4:38a/3:47p

19 7:17a 0.0 8:38p 2.6 3:10p 3.2 11:0Sp 2.8 6:44a/S:18p S:3Sa/4:20p

20 7:43a -0.2 3:S2p 3.4 6:4Sa/S:18p 6:34a/4:S7p

[Note: a, AM: p, PM.]

Sources: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (hllp.//tidesandcurrenls.noaa.gov) and u.s. Naval Observa. I'V

(hnpi//aa. usno. navy. m ill

The following projects are available at the Instructor's Resource Center (IRC):

II. Project at Motorola Digital Transmission over the Air Learn how Motorola Corporation transmits digit I sequences by mod-
ulating the phase of the carrier waves.

III. Identifying Mountain Peaks in Hawaii The visibility of a mountain is affected by its altitude. distance fro I the viewer. and the
curvature of the earth's surface. Trigonometry can be used to determine whether a distant object can be sc n.

IV. CBl Experiment Technology is used to model and study the effects of damping on sound waves.