TOPIC: DERIVATION OF RECTILINEAR

MOTION AND ITS APPLICATION

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
MR AMIT KUMAR SIR MD ASFAQUE KHAN
D1801
10802705
RD1801A09
B-TECH(CSE)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

History of all great works into witness that no great work was ever

done without either active or passive support of a person ‘surrounding

and one’s close quarters. thus is it not hard to conclude how active

assistance from senior could positively impact the execution of a

project .I am highly thankful to our learned faculty MR AMIT KUMAR for

his active guidance throughout the completion of project .

Last but not least, I would also want to extend my

appreciation to those who could not be mentioned here but have well

played their role to inspire me behind the certain.

MD ASFAQUE KHAN

Rectilinear motion
Motion is defined as continuous change of position of a body. If the body moves so that every
particle of the body follows a straight-line path, then the motion of the body is said to be
rectilinear.

When a body moves from one position to another, the effect may be described in terms of
motion of the center of mass of the body from a point A to a point B (see illustration). If the
center of mass of the body moves along a straight line connecting the points A and B, then
the motion of the center of mass of the body is rectilinear. If the body as a whole does not
rotate while it is moving, then the path of every particle of which the body is composed is a
straight line parallel to or coinciding with the path of the center of mass, and the body as a
whole executes rectilinear motion. This is shown by the straight line connecting points Pl and
P2 in the illustration.

Rectilinear motion. All points move parallel to the center of mass.

Rectilinear motion is an idealized form of motion which rarely, if ever, occurs in actual
experience, but it is the simplest imaginable type of motion and thus forms the basis for the
analysis of more complicated motions. However, many actual motions are approximately
rectilinear and may be treated as such without appreciable error.

For example,

A ball thrown directly upward may follow, for all practical purposes, a straight-line path.
The motion of a high-speed rifle bullet fired horizontally may be essentially rectilinear for a
short length of path, even though in its larger aspects the ideal path is a parabola.

The motion of an automobile traveling over a straight section of roadway is essentially

rectilinear if minor variations of path are neglected.

The motion of a single wheel of the car is not rectilinear, although the motion of the center of
mass of the wheel may be essentially so.
The variable quantities in a uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion are time, speed, distance
covered and acceleration. Simple relations exist between these quantities. These relations are
expressed in terms of equations called equations of motion

The equations of motion are:

(1) v = u + at

(2) S=ut + at^2

(3) v2 - u2 = 2aS

Derivation of the First Equation of Motion

Consider a particle moving along a straight line with uniform acceleration 'a'. At t = 0, let the
particle be at A and u be its initial velocity and when t = t, v be its final velocity.

v = u + at ( I ) equation of motion

Second Equation of Motion

From equqtion 1 and 2

The first equation of motion is v = u + at.

Substituting the value of v in equation (3), we get

(2) eqution of motion

Third Equation of Motion

The first equation of motion is v = u + at.

v - u = at ... (1)

From equation (2) and equation (3) we get

Multiplying equation (1) and equation (4) we get,

(v-u)(v+u)=2aS
[We make use of the identity a2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b)]

2
= (a + b) (a - b)]

v2 - u2 = 2aS ( 3 ) equation of motion

Derivations of Equations of Motion (Graphically)

First Equation of Motion

Graphical Derivation of First Equation

Consider an object moving with a uniform velocity u in a straight line. Let it be given a
uniform acceleration a at time t = 0 when its initial velocity is u. As a result of the
acceleration, its velocity increases to v (final velocity) in time t and S is the distance covered
by the object in time t.

The figure shows the velocity-time graph of the motion of the object.

Slope of the v - t graph gives the acceleration of the moving object

Thus, acceleration = slope = AB =

v - u = at

v = u + at ( 1 ) equation of motion

Second Equation of Motion

Let u be the initial velocity of an object and 'a' the acceleration produced in the body. The
distance travelled S in time t is given by the area enclosed by the velocity-time graph for the
time interval 0 to t.

Graphical Derivation of Second Equation

Distance travelled S = area of the trapezium ABDO = area of rectangle ACDO + area of
DABC
(v=u+at 1 equation of motion, v-u=at)

( 3equqtion of motion)

Third Equation of Motion

Let 'u' be the initial velocity of an object and a be the acceleration produced in the body. The
distance travelled 'S' in time 't' is given by the area enclosed by the v - t graph.

Graphical Derivation of Third Equation

S = area of the trapezium OABD.

But we know that

Substituting the value of t in equation ( 1) we get

(3 equation of motion)

Application

Representative problems and their solutions

We discuss problems, which highlight certain aspects of rectilinear motion. The questions are
categorized in terms of the characterizing features of the subject matter :

* Interpretation of position - time plot

* Interpretation of displacement - time plot

* Displacement

* Average velocity

1)Position vector

Two boys (P and Q) walk to their respective school from their homes in the morning on a
particular day. Their motions are plotted on a position – time graph for the day as shown. If
all schools and homes are situated by the side of a straight road, then answer the followings :

Motion of two boys

Position – time plot of a rectilinear motion. Motion of two boys

1. Which of the two resides closer to the school?

2. Which of the two starts earlier for the school?

3. Which of the two walks faster?

4. Which of the two reaches the school earlier?

5. Which of the two overtakes other during walk?

Solution:
 1> The total displacements here are OC by P and OD by Q. From figure, OC < OD.
Hence, P resides closer to the school.
2> The start times are point O for P and A for Q on the time axis. Hence, P starts earlier
for school.
3> The speed is given by the slope of the plot. Slope of the motion of P is smaller than
that of Q. Hence, Q walks faster.
4> Both boys reach school at the time given by point B on time axis. Hence, they reach
school at the same time.
5> The plots intersect at a point E. They are at the same location at this time instant.
Since, speed of B is greater, he overtakes A.

2) Interpretation of displacement - time plot

Problem : A displacement – time plot in one dimension is as shown. Find the ratio of
velocities represented by two straight lines.

Displacement of time-plot

Figure 3: There two segments of different velocities.

Solution: The slope of displacement – time plot is equal to velocity. Let v1 and v2 be the
velocities in two segments, then magnitudes of velocities in two segments are :

V1= =

V2= = 1/
We note that velocity in the first segment is positive, whereas velocity in the second segment
is negative. Hence, the required ratio of two velocities is :

= -3

3) Displacement

Problem : The displacement “x” of a particle moving in one dimension is related to time “t”
as :

T= +3

where “t” is in seconds and “x” is in meters. Find the displacement of the particle when its
velocity is zero.

Solution : We need to find “x” when velocity is zero. In order to find this, we require to have
an expression for velocity. This, in turn, requires an expression of displacement in terms of
time. The given expression of time, therefore, is required to be re-arranged :

Squaring on both side

X= t^2-6t+3

Now, we obtain the required expression of velocity in one dimension by differentiating the
above relation with respect to time,

V=

According to question, v=2t-6=0

t=3 s
Putting this value of time in the expression of displacement, we have :

X=0

4)Rectilinear Propagation of Light

Rectilinear Propagation of Light - In a homogenous transparent medium light travels in a

straight line and this is known as rectilinear propagation of light. This can be demonstrated by
the following experiment:
Take three cardboards A, B and C and make a pinhole at their centers. Place a burning candle
on one side of A and arrange the cardboards in such a way that the three pinholes and the
candle flame are in a straight line. The candle flame will be visible through the pinhole of the
cardboard C. Now slightly displace any one of the cardboards and try to see the flame
through the pinhole of the cardboard C. The flame will not be visible. From this it is clear that
light travels in a straight line.

Ground wave propagation Or Surface wave propagation

The AM radio waves which propagate from one point to another following the surface of
Earth are known as ground waves or surface waves. This type of propagation is called ground
wave propagation and surface wave propagation.

Ground wave propagation Or Surface wave propagation

The AM radio waves which propagate from one point to another following the surface of
Earth are known as ground waves or surface waves. This type of propagation is called ground
wave propagation or surface wave propagation.
In ground wave transmission, the intensity of the signal falls with distance due to its
absorption by the ground. So, ground wave propagation cannot take place up to very large
distance. If the energy of the signal is increased by increasing the frequency of the carrier
wave, then there is corresponding increase in absorption of signal by the ground. This sets an
upper limit to the frequency at which ground wave propagation can be done. It has been
practically observed that ground wave propagation is useful up to 1500 kHz (or wavelength
nearly 200 m). This part of AM band is called medium wave band.

Ground waves progress along the surface of the Earth and must be vertically polarized to
prevent short-circuiting the electric component. A wave induces currents in the ground over
which it passes and thus loses some energy by absorption. This is made up by energy
diffracted down- ward from the upper portions of the wavefront.

There is another way in which the surface wave is attenuated. Because of diffraction, the
wavefront gradually tilts over, as shown in the below figure. As the wave propagates over the
Earth, it tilts over more and more. The increasing tilts cause greater short-circuiting of the
electric field components of the wave. Eventually, at some distance (in wavelengths) from the
antenna, as partly determined by the type of surface over which the ground wave propagates,
the wave "lies down and dies". It is important to realise this, since it shows that the maximum
range of such a transmitter depends on its frequency as its power. Thus, in the VLF band,
insufficient range of transmission can be cured by increasing the transmitting power. This
remedy will not work near the top of the MF range. This is because propagation is now
definitely limited by tilt.
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