UNIT 1

Q.No University Questions Marks Year

1. List the features of Traditional Databases. Compare them with the 13 M S-03
corresponding features of Distributed Databases.
2. Describe Database Application & its Different Types. 4M S-03
3. Explain the different types of Communication Networks. 6M S-03

4. What is fragmentation? List the rules which must be followed while refining 6/7 M S-
fragments. Explain using suitable example how these rules are applied to 03,05,07,08
horizontal fragmentation. W-07,08,09
5. What is Transparency? Explain the various levels of Transparency in DDBMS 10 M W-03,10
6. Describe the three Data Fragmentation Stratergies with examples. 6M W-03 S-09
7. Define the term Distributed Data Independence. Specifically what does this 6M W-03 S-05
mean with respect to quering and updating data in the presence of data
fragmentation & Replication.
8. What are the advantages of Distributed DBMS over Centralized DBMS. 4M S-04

9. Explain Distributed Databases along with its Reference Architecture. 9M S-04,07 W-

6,7,8,9,10
10. What is Distributed Databases? Enlist & Discuss in Detail the Components 7M S06,09W-07
of Distributed Database Management Systems.
11. Describe the following terms and also describe their types:- 14 M W-04,08
i)Transparency ii) Database Application iii) Communication N/W iv)
Fragmentation
12. Define Relational Algebra & Operations of Relational Algebra. 7M S-08
13. Write in Detail with schematic about the access to the remote database:- 6M S-06 W-07
Via DBMS Primitives ii) Via An Auxillary Program
14. Discuss the approaches to access a remote database by an application in a 6M S-10
Distributed Database Environment.
15. What is meant by Distributed Databases? Why should one opt for 8M W-06,07
Distributed Database Implementation instead of Centralized approach.
16. What is meant by Distributed Database Access Primitives & Integrity 7M S-07,08 W-
Constraints. 09
17. What is Computer N/w? Give the various Advantages & Limitations of 6M S-07 W-09
Computer Networks.
18. Explain few reasons for the Development of Distributed Databases. 6M S-08
19. Explain Data Replication with its three Strategies. 4M S-4,5,W-08

20. Explain Distribution Transparency for Update Applications. 9M S-09

21. Explain Distributed Database with respect to:- 8M S-09

i)Local N/W ii)Geographically Dispersed N/W
22. Explain the various N/W Topologies with their relative merits & drawbacks. 8M S-10

1
 UNIT 2
Q.No University Questions Marks Year
1. Describe the various types of Horizontal & Vertical Fragmentation with 6M S-03,05 W-10
examples.
2. Discuss the various objectives that must be taken into account during 6M S-03,09 W-
the design of Data Distribution. 06,10
3. Derive the different formulas for measuring costs & Benefits of Fragment 10 M S-03 W-04
Allocation for Horizontal Fragments & Vertical Fragments with an
example.(make suitable assumptions)
4. Explain Vertical Partitioning & Vertical Clustering each with an example. 8M W-03
5. Explain the Framework for Distributed Database Design. 7/ 8 M W-3,8,9 S-5,7
6. What are the various Approches for Designing of Data Distribution. 5M S-04
7. Explain the Various Methods for Allocation of Horizontal Fragments. 8M S-04
8. Explain Qualified Relation. Give an Example for the same. Also State the 2/7 M S-04,06
Various Rules that Define the result of applying the operations of
Relational Algebra to Qualified Relations.
9. List the various rules that must be following while defining Fragments. 3/4 M W-4,7,8 S-6,8
10. Explain how the following Differ:- Fragmenation Transparency, 5M W-04,08,09
Replication Transparency, Location Transparency
11. What do you mean by Equivalence Transformation? Also test the various 6M W-04,09
transformation for Unary & Binary Algebraic Operations Respectively.
12. Discuss the objectives of design of data distribution. Also describe the 9M S-06
approaches to design of data distribution in distributed environment.
13. How is Correctness of Horizontal Fragmentation is ensured in Distributed 5M S-06
Databases.
14. Explain in detail Equivalence Transformation for Relational Algebra also 9M S-06,08,09
give General Criteria for applying Equivalence Transformation.
And also explain:- (i)Associativity of Binary Operators (ii) Commutativity
of Unary Operators (iii) Idempotence of Unary Operators. You are
required to give a tabular representation of these Equivalence
Transformations containing validity indicators & Sufficient & Necessary
Conditions wherever it applies.
15. Explain Site Autonomy & Graceful Degradation. Explain. 4M W-06
16. What is Qualified Relation. Using RA prove the Commutativity of 4M W-06
Intersection operation of Traditional Relational Algebra(RA) & Comment.
17. Describe the general criteria for Fragment Allocation. Apply these 7M W-07
criteria to allocating Horizontal Fragments. Also derive the Benefit
equation for each of them.
18. What is Redundant and Non Redundant Allocation. 3M S-08
19. Write a short note on Canonical Expression of a Fragment Query. 5M S-08
20. Explain with example Transformation of Global Queries into Fragment 7M W-09
Queries.
21. Discuss top-down and Bottom-Up Approaches to the design of Data 6M S-10
Distibution.
22. What are Parametric Queries? What is significance of CUT Operation in 7M S-10
Parametric Queries with Suitable Examples.
23. List all types of failures that can occur in Distributed System. Which 5M W-10
items in your list are also applicable to a Centralized System.
2
 UNIT 1,2,3 NUMERICALS
Q.No University Questions Marks Year
1. Consider the following Global & Conceptual Schema 10 M S-
Global Schema: 03,05
DOCTOR(DNum,Name,Dept)
PATIENT (PNum, Name, Dept, Treat, DNum)
CARE(PNum, Drug, Quan)

Fragmentation Schema:-
DOCTOR1= SL Dept = ‘Surgery’ DOCTOR
DOCTOR2= SL Dept = ‘Peadriatics’ DOCTOR
DOCTOR3= SL Dept != ‘Surgery’ And Dept != ‘Peadriatics’ DOCTOR
PATIENT1= SL Dept = ‘Surgery’ And Treat= ‘Intensive’PATIENT
PATIENT2= SL Dept = ‘Surgery’ And Treat != ‘Intensive’PATIENT
PATIENT3= SL Dept != ‘Surgery’PATIENT
SJ PATIENT 1
CARE1=CARE PNum =PNum
SJ PATIENT 2
CARE2=CARE PNum =PNum
SJ PATIENT 3
CARE3=CARE PNum =PNum

Assume that the Patient is always assigned to the same Department as his or her
doctor. Classify the Join Graphs of the following Joins.
a) DOCTOR JN DNum= DNum PATIENT
b) DOCTOR JN Name= Name PATIENT
c) DOCTOR JN Dept= Dept PATIENT
d) PATIENT NJN CARE
2. Consider the following Relations:- 7M W-03
Books (Book #, primary-author, Topic, Total- Stock, $Price)
Bookstore(store #, city, state, zip, inventory value)
Stock( Book #, Qty)
Total Stock is the total no of books in stock & inventory value is the total inventory
value for the store in dollars.

1)Give an example of two simple predicates that would be meaningful for the
BookStore Relation for Horizontal Partitioning
2)How would a Derived Horizontal Partitioning of Stock Relation be defined based
on Partioning of Bookstore Relation.
3) Show Predicates by which books may be horizontally partitioned by topic.
4)Show how the Stock may be further Partitioned from the Partitions in (ii) by
adding the Predicates in (iii)

3
Q.No University Questions Marks Year
3. Consider the Global Schema:- 6/10/ W-
EMP(EmpNum, Name, Sal, Tax, MgrNum, Dept Num) 14 M 03,06,
DEPT(DeptNum,Name,Area,MgrNum) 07
SUPPLIER(SNum,Name,City)
SUPPLY(SNum, PNum, DeptNum, Quan)
Determine common subexpressions in the following global queries. Do step by
step transformation indicating which rule is applied to which step. Apply criteria 1
& 2 to simplify the global queries.

i) PJ Name, Tax ((EMP JN DeptNum=Dept-Num SL Area=”NORTH” DEPT)

DF(EMP JN DeptNum=Dept-Num SL Dept<10 DEPT)

ii) (SL DeptNum=10 DEPT NJN (SL pNum=”P1” SUPPLY DF SLPNum=”P2” SUPPLY)
(SL DeptNum=10 DEPT NJN (SL pNum=”P2” SUPPLY)
UN(SL DeptNum=10 DEPT NJN SL pNum=”P1” SUPPLY)
4. Consider the following Global & fragmentation & Allocation Schema 10 M S-
Global Schema: STUDENT (NUMBER, NAME, DEPT) 04,10
W-06
Fragmentation Schema:
STUDENT 1= SL Dept=”CT” STUDENT
STUDENT 2= SL Dept=”IT” STUDENT
Allocation Schema: STUDENT 1 at sites 1,2 and STUDENT 2 at sites 3 ,4.
(Assume that CT and IT are the only possible values for DEPT)
Answer the following;-
1. Write an application that needs the student no from the terminal and outputs
the name and dept at levels 1,2,3 of transparency.

2. Write an Application that moves the student having number 10 from dept “CT”
to “IT” at levels 1,2,3 of transparency.

3. Consider the case in which application 1 is repeated for many possible values of
the student no. Write the Application
a) Accessing the database for each student no given at the terminal.
b) Accessing the data after having collected several i/p’s from the terminal.
c) Accessing the data before collecting i/p’s from the terminal.
5. Consider the following two allocation of Fragments: 6M S-04
1: R1 at site 1; R2 at site 2; R3 at site 3;
2: R1 and R2 at site 1; R2 and R3 at site 3;
With the following Applications(all with the same freq of Activation):
A1 issued at site 1 ; reads 5 records of R1 and 5 Records of R2.
R2 issued at site 3 ; reads 5 records of R3 and 5 Records of R2.
A2 issued at site 2 ; reads 10 Records of R2.

a) If we take locality of reference as Objective, which solution is the best.

b) If we take complete locality of applications as Objective, which solution is
the best.
c) Assume now that A2 updates 10 records of R2. If we take locality of
reference as Objective, which solution is the best.

4
Q.No University Questions Marks Year
6. Given the schemas of EXAMPLE-DDB 10 M W-04
Global Schema

Supplier(SNum, Name, City)
Supply(SNum,PNum,DeptNum,Quan)
Fragmentation Schema

Supplier 1=SL City=”SF” Supplier
Supplier 2=SL City=”LA” Supplier
Allocation Schema

Supplier 1: Site 1 Supplier 2: Site2 Supply1:Site3 Supply2:Site4
Write at levels 1,2,3 Respectively of Transparency, an application of SUPOFPAR T
which retrives the name of the Supplier who supplies a given part, the number is
entered by the user who requests the application. Assume that each part is
supplied by only one supplier.
7. Consider the following Database Schema:- 9M S-06
EMP(ENUM, NAME, SAL, TAX, MGRN, DEPTN) DEPT(DEPTN,NAME,AREA,MGRN)
SUPPLIER(SNUM,PNUM,DEPTN,QTY) SUPPLY(SNUM, NAME, CITY)

Consider an application that retrives all parts which are supplied by a set of
suppliers:-
The user specifies the set of suppliers by keying in their no at the terminal.
Write Applications when:-
I) The Database is accessed for each value of the Supplier No
II) The Database is accessed after all the Supplier Nos have been read
III) The Database is accessed before reading the values of the Supplier Nos.
8. Proove the following rule:- 3/6 M S-07
i) [R:qR] SJF [S:qS]
[R: SJF S: qR AND qS AND F] W-07
ii) R IN S 
S IN R given R IN S
R DF (RDFS)
9. Discuss the Various Schemas for Bank Application, accessing a database which is 10 M W-10
distributed over the branches of the bank in which the relevant predicates for data
distribution are not in the text of the application program.
10. Consider the Global Relation:- 8/9 M W-
PATIENT (Number, Name,SSN, Amount-Due, Dept,Doctor,Med-Treatment) 08,10
DEPARTMENT(Dept,Location,Director)
STAFF (Staff Num, Director, Task)

Define their fragments as follows:-

i)DEPARTMENT has a Horizontal fragmentation by Location with two Locations
each Department is Conducted by one Director.
ii)There are several staff members for each department, led by the department’s
director. STAFF has a horizontal fragmentation derived from that of DEPARTMENT
and a semi-join on the Director Attribute. Which Assumption is required in order
to assure Completeness and Disjointness.
iii)PATIENT has a mixed Fragmentation: attribute Number, Name,SSN and Amount
Due constitute a vertical fragment used for accounting purposes. Attributes
Number, Name,Dept,Doctor and Med-Treatment constitute a vertical fragment
used for describing CARES. This last fragment has a horizontal Fragmentation
derived from that of DEPARTMENT and a semi-join on the DEPT attribute. Which
Assumption is required in order to assure Completeness and Disjointness.

5
Q.No University Questions Marks Year
11. • Proove the following Rules clearly Indicating the substitution rules wrt the 5/13 S-
Qualified Relations:- (This 1st Part Asked Twice) M 06,09
1. [R:qR] JNF [S: qS]
[R JNF S: qR AND qS AND F] W-08
2. [R:qR] SNF [S; qS]
[R SJF S: qR AND qS AND F]

• The Intersection in Relational Algebra can be defined as

R IN S= R DF (R DF S)
Can You prove for Qualified Relation [R:qR] and [S:qS] that the intersection
is Commutative i.e.
[R:qR] N [S:qS]
[R IN S :qR AND qS]? If not Explain why.

• Assume that the fragmentation of a global Relation R (A,B,C) is described by

the following Predicates:-
P1: (1<=A<=4)
P2: (5<=A<=7) AND (1<=B<=5)
P3: (5<=A<=7) AND (6<=B<=10)
P4: (8<=A<=10) AND (1<=C<=5)
P5: (8<=A<=10) AND (6<=C<=10)
• Introduce a CUT Operation in the following Parametric Queries:-
R
i)SL A= $X AND B < $Y
R
ii) SL C= $X AND B = $Y

12. Consider an Airline Reservation System Database and the Following information is 10 M S-07
required:-
i)Flight Description including the number of seats reserved. Departure and Arrival
Place, Time, No of Seats Available, No of seats reserved and One side fare.
ii) Passenger description including code, flight no reserved, Name, address and
contact no
iii) Reservation description such as passenger code, flight no & seat reserved.
Consider the following two applications and discard all other applications:-
(a) A request about flight availablilty,at its terminal, all the information about
the flight is known.
(b) A request about reservation that includes:-

i)Checking whether the passenger is already available and if not insert the
passenger details.
ii) Checking whether the seats available (Assume No OverBooking) Inserting the
reservation Description what is required in order for application 2 to be correct?
Distribute the database over 4 sites which are geographically located at Delhi,
Calcutta, Madras and Bombay.
Give the statistics of the application that you consider appropriate for justifying
your design.

6
 UNIT 4
Q.No University Questions Marks Year
1. Explain in detail the similarities & differences between OODM & 6/7/13 S-03,05,06
Previous Models stating their merits & Demerits. M W-07,10

2. Write short notes on:- 13 M S-03 W-10

i) ODL & OQL ii) Semantic Database Approach iii) Types of Object
iv) Class Protocol. v)Inheritance & types vi)Types of Bindings
3. Explain OODBMS along with its various features & advantages & 10 M W-03,08
disadvantages.
4. What is class protocol & how is it related to the concept of Methods & 6M W-03
Classes? Draw a diagram to show the relationship between these OO
Concepts:-
Object, Class, Instance variables, methods, object state, object id,
behaviour, protocol & Messages.
5. What do you understand by OODBMS? Name & Describe the 13 7/8/14 S-04,06,09
Mandatory Features or rules described by Atkinson in Object Oriented M W-08
Database System manifesto.
6. What is an Object? What are the different types of Objects? Explain each 7M S-04,06,09
type with a suitable example. Also explain the characteristics of Object
Oriented Data Model.
7. Describe the Difference between Early & Late Binding & how each affects 4M S-04,05
the Object Oriented Data Model.
8. Define the following Object Oriented Concepts:- 5/6 M W-04,08
Object, Class, Instance variables, methods, object state, object id,
behaviour, protocol & Messages. Also explain how a class protocol is
related to the concepts of methods & classes.
9. Define the following terms:- 6/7 M W-04,08,09
i)Abstract Data Type ii) Nested Collection iii)Late Binding iv)Early
Binding v) OQL vi) Polymorphism vii) Distributed Computing.
10. How OODBMS differ from Conventional RDBMS. 4M W-06
11. Explain the mandatory & Optional Characteristics that an OODBMS 13 M W-06
should possess. Also explain any 6 Mandatory Characteristics.
12. What os Object? What are inter-object schemas & relationships? Explain 7M S-07 W-09
with examples.
13. Differentiate b/w :- i) Centralized V/S Distributed Database ii) RDBMS 14 M S-07
V/S ORDBMS iii) OLD V/S OQL iv) OODM V/S Other Data Model
v)Early Binding V/S Late Binding vi) Reference V/S Non Reference Types.
14. Give few features of Object Oriented DBMS. 7M S-08
15. Explain ODL and its commands. 6M S-08
16. What are Complex Objects? Explain with Examples. 6M S-08
17. Write Short notes on:- i) Class SubClass Relationships ii) InterObject 7M S-08
Relationships iii)Late & Early Binding.
18. Discuss the classification of Objects and their nature in relation to 6M S-10
OODBMS.
19. What are the three levels of Object Orientation of a DBMS w.r.t an 5M S-10
OODBMS? Explain them.

7
 UNIT 5
Q.No University Questions Marks Year
1. Describe the reference architecture of OODBMS with a diagram & Explain 6/7/ S-
the various Architectural Approaches of OODBMS with their pros and cons 12/13 03,05,07,08,09
of each(Merits & Demerits). M W-
03,04,07,08,09
2. Explain in short distributed computing in EJB. 6M S-07
3. Explain with the help of a suitable diagram how CORBA is useful for object 8M S-03,05
interface Processing.
4. Explain the Implementation of Storage and Access Methods and Query 7/8 M S-03,05 W-
Optimization in ORDBMS. 04,09
5. Discuss the various performance issues in the evaluation of OODBMS. 6/7/9 S-06,07,09 W-
/13M 06,09,10
6. Explain the difference between Reference and Non Reference Type. 6M W-03,S-05
7. Explain the term Nested Collections with an example. 2M W-03
8. Explain Distributed Computing in CORBA. 6M W-03
9. Compare RDBMS with ORDBMS. Describe an application Scenario for 8M S-04
which you could choose RDBMS and explain why? Similarly explain an
application for which you would choose ORDBMS and explain why?
10. Discuss & explain in Detail the Architecture of POSTGRES. 5/7 M S-04,07,09 W-
08
11. Explain the challenges in Implementing an ORDBMS in the following areas 9M S-04,05
i)Storage & Access Methods ii) Query Processing iii) Query Optimization.
12. Using Simple Invoicing System explain with a diagrams how its 6M S-04
representation in Entity Relationship Model (ERM) differs from its
Representation in an Object Data Model(ODM).
13. Write short notes on:- 6/9/1 W4,8,9,10 S08
i) CORBA ii) POSTGRES iii)EJB iv)ADT 4M
14. Compare ORDBMS with RDBMS and OODBMS Respectively. 5/6 M W-03,04,08,
09,10 S-08
15. Explain OPEN ODB Client Server System Architecture. 4M S-06
16. What importance does ER Diagram have in OODBMS development? 5M S-06
Explain about different ER Model Constructs in detail.
17. Write notes on:- i)RM/ T Constructs ii) Advantages and Disadvantages of 8M S-06,10
OO Databases. iii) Architecture of POSTGRES. iv) Late & Early Binding(U-4)
18. What is RM/T? Explain various RM/T Constructs. 3/5 M S-07 W-07
19. Differentiate between User Defined Datatypes and ADT’s. 2M W-07
20. Write notes on:- 13 M W-07
i)Application Selection in OODBMS ii) POSTGRES System Architecture iii)
Performance evaluation of OODBMS iv) Object Hierarchies (The
Abstraction Primitives-Unit 4)
21. Explain what are the various Applications of OODBMS. 2M W-08
22. Write notes on:- i)OQL ii)Replication iii) EJB iv)CORBA 13 M S-09
23. Write a short note on Structured Types and ADT’s. 5M W-10
24. What do you understand by CORBA Standard for Distributed Objects? 6/13 W-06,07
Explain the Corba ORB Architecture and CORBA Object Management M
Architecture alongwith Diagrams.
25. Discuss in detail the criterion(s) of the Application Selection in OODBMS 13 M S-10