Working Principle of DC Motor

A
Presentation On
Working Principle Of
D.C. Motors
By
VIKAS MITTAL
1
MOTOR
Definition of Motor

Machine that converts other forms of
energy into mechanical energy and so
imparts motion is called a motor.
2
MOTOR
Different types of Motors
Following are some types of motor:
Pneumatic motor :
It converts pneumatic energy into mechanical
energy.
Hydraulic motor :
It converts kinetic energy of fluid into
mechanical energy.
3
MOTOR
Different types of Motors
Engine:
It converts thermal energy into mechanical
energy.
Electric motor:
It converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
Turbine:
It converts kinetic energy of water / Gas /
Steam into mechanical energy. 4
ELECTRIC MOTOR
Machine that converts electrical

energy into mechanical energy is
called an electric motor.
5
ELECTRIC MOTOR
TYPES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS

Depending upon the source of electrical energy,
there are two types of electric motors:
A.C. Motors :
Motor that converts alternating current energy
into mechanical energy is called A.C. motor.
D.C. Motors :
Motor that converts direct current energy into
mechanical energy is called D.C. motor.
6
DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
CONSTRUCTION OF A DC MOTOR
DC Motor Consists of Four Main Parts
1. Field Magnets
2. Armature
3. Commutator
4. Brush and Brush Gears
7
PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW OF A DC MOTOR
8
1. Field system
The function of the field system is to create

a uniform magnetic field within which the
armature rotates. Electro-magnets are
preferred in comparison with permanent
magnets on accounts of its greater
magnetic effect and its field strength
regulation, which can be achieved by
controlling the magnetising current.
9
Field magnet consists of four parts given below :
1. Yoke or Frame
2. Pole cores
3. Pole shoes
4. Magnetising coils.
5. Interpoles
PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW OF
STATOR OF A DC MOTOR10
PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW OF A
FIELD COIL OF DC MOTOR
11
2. ARMATURE
It is a rotating part of a dc machine and is built up in a

cylindrical or drum shape. The purpose of armature is to
rotate the conductors in the uniform magnetic field. It
consists of coils of insulated wires wound around an iron
core. In addition , the most important function of the
armature is to provide a path of very low reluctance to
the magnetic flux. The armature core is made up of high
permeability silicon steel stampings, each stamping,
being separated from its neighbouring one by thin
coating of varnish as insulation.
Armature continues…….
12
Armature continues…….
The use of high grade steel is made (a) to keep

hysteresis loss low, which is due to cyclic change
of magnetisation caused by the rotation of core in
the magnetic field and (b) to reduce eddy current
in the core which are induced by the rotation of the
core in the magnetic field. By using stampings or
laminations, the path of the eddy current is cut into
several units. Each lamination is about 0.3 to 0.6
mm thick.
13
PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW OF AN
ARMATURE OF DC MOTOR
14
3. COMMUTATOR
The commutator is a form of rotating switch
placed between the armature and the external supply
source and so arranged
that it will reverse the
direction of the current
flowing through the
armature conductors
during each rotation
of the armature in
case of motor.
PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW
commutator continues…… OF COMMUTATOR 15
commutator continues……
It is a very important part of a dc machine and serves

the following purpose:
1. It provides the electrical connections between the
rotating armature coils and the stationary external
circuit.
2. As the armature rotates, it performs a switching
action to change the direction of flow of current in
armature conductors so that the armature may be
able to run in the same direction
3. It also keeps the rotor or armature mmf stationary
in space.
16
The commutator is essentially of cylindrical

structure and is built up of wedge shaped
segments of high conductivity hard drawn
copper or drop forged copper .These segments
are insulated from each other by thin layers of
mica ( usually of 0.5 to 1.0mm thickness) or
micanite. The segments are held together by
means of two V-shaped rings that fit into the V-
grooves cut into the segments.
17
The winding ends are soldered with copper lugs

or risers. The risers have air space between them
so that air is drawn across the the commutator
thereby keeping the commutator cool.
18
The commutator is pressed on to the armature

shaft, and the outer periphery is then machined to
provide smooth surface with which a stationary
carbon (or graphite or copper) brush can maintain
continuous contact at the armature and
commutator rotate. Great care is taken in building
the commutator because even slight eccentricity
will cause the brushes to bounce, causing undue
sparking.
19
4. BRUSHES AND BRUSH GEARS

The function of brushes is send current from external
supply source to armature conductor i.e. armature
winding. Brushes are rectangular in shape and rest
on the commutator. Brushes are manufactured in
variety of compositions and degrees of hardness to
suit the commutation requirement. They may be
classified roughly as carbon, carbon graphite,
graphite, metal graphite.
20
PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW OF BRUSH AND

BRUSH GEARS SYSTEM OF DC MOTOR
21
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
The principle upon which a dc motor works is -
If a current carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, mechanical force is experienced on
the conductor, the direction of which is given by
Fleming’s left hand rule (also called motor rule)
and hence the the conductor moves in the direction
of force.
22
The magnitude of the mechanical force experienced on the

conductor is given by
F = B.I.L newtons
Where, B is the flux density in teslas ( Wb/m2 )
I is the current flowing through conductor in amperes
L is the is length of conductor in meters.
In general if the conductor lies at an angle θ with a magnetic field

of flux density B webers/meter2 , the mechanical force experienced
on a conductor is given by
F = B.I.L. sin θ newtons 23

FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE:

This rule states that if the thumb, forefinger and
middle finger of the left hand are stretched in such a
way that they are at right angle to each other mutually
and forefinger points towards the direction of
magnetic field, the middle finger towards the
direction of flow of current then the thumb will point
the direction of force acting on the conductor.
24
MOTION
MAGNETIC
FIELD
DIRECTION
OF CURRENT
25
FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING

CONDUCTOR LYING IN THE MAGNETIC FIELD:
To understand the force on a current carrying conductor
lying in the magnetic field, let us see the following three
figures:
Figure (a) shows the uniform magnetic field between
the two opposite poles
N S
Fig.(a) Main magnetic field 26
In figure (b) the cross section of a conductor carrying

current in inward direction placed between two
magnets, the field being temporarily removed, is
shown. By applying the right hand thumb rule, the
direction of the field around the conductor is found to
be clockwise
Fig (b) N S
Field due to the current in the conductor

27
If the current carrying conductor shown in figure (b) is

placed in the magnetic field shown in figure (a), the
resultant magnetic field would be similar to that shown
in figure (c)
N S
FORCE
FIG. (c)
28
The lines of force above the conductor are

strengthened, since they are in the same direction, but
the lines of force below the conductor are weakened
because the two fields below the conductor are
opposite in directions and hence tends to destroy each
other.
N S
FORCE
FIG. (c)
29
Magnetic lines like rubber bands have a tendency to

strengthen out and, therefore, a force is experienced on
the conductor in the downward direction, as shown in
the fig.( C ).
N S
FORCE
FIG. (c)
30
If the direction of current is reversed in the conductor , as

shown in the Fig. (d), the direction of force experienced is
reversed. In this case the lines of force above the
conductor are weakened while those below the conductor
are strengthened.
FORCE
N S
Fig. (d) 31
Hence it is observed that when a current carrying

conductor is placed at right angle to the direction of
magnetic field, a mechanical force is Experienced on the
conductor in a direction perpendicular to both the direction
of magnetic field and flow of current.
FORCE
N S
Fig. (d) 32
Magnetic Field in DC Motor
33
Current in DC Motor
34
Force in DC Motor
35
Torque in DC Motor
36
DC Motor Operation
37
COMMUTATOR ACTION IN A DC MOTOR
In the case of dc motor, it is necessary that the current
through the coils of armature winding be reversed as
a particular coil leaves one pole (say, north pole),
crosses the neutral line and comes under the influence
next pole which is of opposite polarity (i. e. the south
pole) The operation of commutator, that serves the
above purpose, is given below:
Consider a single turn coil, whose leads are soldered
to cummutator segment (a) and (b), each carrying a
brush as illustrated in fig shown in next slide
Commutator action continues….
38
COMMUTATOR ACTION IN A DC MOTOR
... .. ..
2 a 1
a b _2 b a
_ _
+ 1+ +
1 b
2
.. .. ..
I II III
39
The positive side of the supply line is connected

to left hand brush and negative side to the right
side brush. In position I, the line current arrives at
the commutator segment (a), flows through the
bottom side 1 of the coil away from the reader and
the upper side 2 of the coil towards the reader,
reaches the commutator segment (b) and flows
again into the line through the brush. The coil will
tend to rotate in clock-wise direction, as
determined by Fleming’s left hand rule.

40
In position II, the coil is on the magnetic neutral line;
there is no contact between the commutator segments
and the brushes, there is no flow of current through the
coil. The coil crosses the neutral line by inertia. In
case of multi-turn coil, the remaining turns of the coil
will supply the necessary torque.
In position III, the two sides of the coil, 1 and 2, have
changed poles, and the current flowing them has
reversed. The commutator segments, however, have
also changed contact with the brushes. Thus the coil
will continue to rotate in the same direction as before,
i.e. clock-wise.
41
BACK EMF IN A DC MOTOR AND ITS

IMPORTANCE
When the armature of motor continues to rotate due to

motoring action, the armature conductors cut the
magnetic flux and therefore emfs are induced in them.
The direction of this induced emf, known as back emf,
is such that it opposes the applied voltage.
Back emf continues…..
42
Since the back emf is induced due to the generator

action, the magnitude of it is, therefore, given by the
expression,
Back emf, Eb = ØZNP …..(1.1)
60 x A
Where, Ø is flux per pole in webers, Z is the total
number of armature conductors or coil sides on the
armature, P is the number of poles, A is the number
of parallel paths in the armature, N is the rotational
speed of the armature in rpm

43
The equivalent circuit of a dc motor is shown in fig
below. The armature circuit is equivalent to a source of
emf, Eb in series with a resistance, Ra put across a dc
supply mains of V volts. It is evident from fig that
the applied voltage V must be Ia
large enough to balance both +
the voltage drop in armature + Eb
Ia
resistance and the back emf Ra
V
at all times i.e.
Eb
V = Eb + Ia Ra
or Ia = V-Eb …….(1.2) Ia
_
_ V
Ra
Equivalent circuit of a
Back emf continues….. motor armature 44
V = Eb + Ia Ra
or Ia = V-Eb …….(1.2)
Ra Ia
Where,
+
Ia Eb
V is the applied voltage
across the armature Ra
V +
Eb is the induced voltage _ Eb
in the armature
Ia is the armature current _ Ia V
Ra is the armature resistance Equivalent circuit of a
motor armature
It is obvious from the expressions (1.1)
and (1.2) that the induced emf in the
armature of a motor, Eb 45
Back emf
Depends among other factors upon the armature

speed and the armature current depends upon the
back emf Eb for a constant applied voltage and
armature resistance.
If the armature speed is high, back emf will be
large and therefore, armature current small. If the
speed of the armature is low, then back emf will be
less and armature current Ia will be more resulting
in development of large torque.
46
POWER RELATIONSHIP IN A DC MOTOR
Voltage equation for a motor is:
V = Eb + Ia Ra
Multiplying each term of the voltage equation by Ia we
get
VIa = Eb Ia + Ia2 Ra …….(1.3)
The equation (1.3) is known as power equation of the
dc motor
The term VIa represents the power supplied to the
2
motor armature, Ia Ra represents the power lost in
the armature, Eb Ia represents developed in the
armature causing rotation of the armature.
Power relationship continues……
47
The power developed ‘Eb Ia’ is not all available at

the shaft since some it is used to overcome the
mechanical power losses of the motor
As mentioned above the mechanical power developed
in the motor is given by
P m = Eb Ia watt ……(1.4)
48
TYPES OF DC MOTORS
Different types of dc motors are:
1. Permanent magnet dc motors

2. Separately excited dc motors
3. Series wound dc motors
4. Shunt wound dc motors
5. Compound wound dc motors
49
1. Permanent magnet dc motors:

It consists of an armature and one or several
permanent magnets encircling the armature.
Field coils are not usually required. However, some
of these motors do have coils wound on
the poles. If they exist,
these coils are Intended
+
only for recharging the
magnets in the event N ARMATURE S
that they loose their
strength.
_
Fig. Permanent Magnet Motor
50
2. Separately excited dc motors:
These motors have field coils similar to those of a shunt
wound dc motor, but the field coils and armature are fed
from different supply source.
In a separately excited dc motor,
Armature current, RHEOSTAT
I
Ia = Line current, IL
If
Back emf developed, +
+ +
FIELD
Eb = V – I Ra DC SUPPLY
MAINS ARMATURE DC SUPPLY
- MAINS
-
-
Separately Excited dc Separately excited dc motor
motors continues……. 51
Separately Excited dc
motors continues…….
Power drawn from the mains, P = VI

Mechanical power developed,
Pm = Power input to armature
- power lost in armature
= VI – I2 Ra
= I (V – I Ra )
= Eb I watt
52
3. Series wound dc motors:

As the name implies, the field coils, consisting of a
few turns of thick wires, are connected in series with
the armature as shown in the fig. The cross-sectional
of the wire for the coils has to be
fairly to carry the armature
current, but owing to large Series field +
current, the number of +
turns of wire in them DC SUPPLY
need not be large.

_ MAINS ARMATURE
_
Series wound dc motors
53
DC Series Motors
DC Series Motors continues…….
In a dc series motor,
Armature current, Ia = series field current, Ise
= Line current, IL = I (say)
Armature current, Ia = series field current, Ise = Line
current, IL = I (say)
Back emf developed, Eb = V – I (Ra + Rse )
Power drawn from the mains, P = VI
= VI – I2 (Ra + Rse)
= I [V – I ( Ra + Rse) ]
= Eb I watts 54
4. Shunt wound dc motors:
The word “ shunt ’’ means “ parallel ’’ . In these
motors , the field coils are connected in parallel with
the armature. The field winding consists of a large
number of turns of thin
wire so as to provide
Ish
large resistance. IL
The field current is + Ia Ish
Shunt field
much less than the DC SUPPLY
armature current, _MAINS ARMATURE
sometimes as low as 5%. _
Shunt wound dc motors
DC Shunt Motors continues……. 55
DC Shunt Motors continues…….
The current supplied to the motor is divided into two

paths, one from the field winding and second
through the armature i.e.
Input line current, IL= Ia + Ish
Where Ia is the armature current and Ish is the shunt
field current and is given by where V is the
supply voltage, Rsh is the shunt field
resistance
Ish = V
Rsh
56
Back emf developed, Eb = V – I Ra

Power drawn from the mains, P = VIL
= VIL – V Ish - I2a Ra
= V( IL – Ish ) - I2a Ra
= V Ia- I2a Ra = Ia( V – Ia Ra )
57
= Eb Ia watt
5. Compound wound dc motors:
Compound wound motors are of two

types namely cumulative compound
motor wound and differential
compound wound motor.
58
Cumulative compound wound motor:
in this motor field winding are connected in such a

way that the direction of flow of current is same in
both the field windings as shown in fig. In the motor
of this type the flux due to
the series field winding
strengthens the SERIES FIELD
field due to the IL Ish
shunt field Ish
+ Ia
winding. +
Shunt field
DC SUPPLY ARMATURE
_ MAINS
_
59
Cumulative compound wound motor
Differential compound wound motor:

In this motor field winding are connected in such a way
that the direction of flow of current is opposite to each
other in both the field
windings as shown in
fig. In the motor of SERIES FIELD
this type the flux IL

Ish
due to the series + Ia
field winding DC SUPPLY
IL
+ Ish
Shunt field
MAINS
weakens the field ARMATURE
due to the
shunt field winding. _
60
Differential compound wound motor
SPEED EQUATION OF DC MOTOR
As already in the expression for back emf
developed in the armature of a dc motor is given by
the expressions
Eb = Ø Z N P volts ……(1)
60xA
and Eb = V – Ia Ra volts ……(2)
comparing expressions (1) and (2) , we get
Ø Z N P = V – Ia Ra
60xA
or N = V – Ia Ra x 60A
ØZ P 61
Speed equation of dc motor continues……
Speed equation of dc motor continues……
or N α V – Ia Ra
Ø
Since Z, A and P are constant for a particular

machine.
Now in the above expression for speed, voltage V is
constant and the armature drop Ia Ra is negligible
compared to supply voltage V . Therefore, the speed
of the motor is inversely proportional to the flux per
pole i.e. the speed of the motor increases with the fall
in flux.
62
SPEED REGULATION OF DC MOTOR

The speed regulation of a dc motor is defined as the
change in speed when the load on the motor is reduced
from full load to zero and is expressed in percentage of
rated full load speed.
Therefore percentage speed regulation
= N0 – Nf x 100
Nf
Where N0 and Nf are no-load and full load speeds
respectively. The motor capable of maintaining a nearly
constant speed for varying loads is said to have a good
speed regulation. 63
TORQUE
The measure of causing rotation of the wheel or
the turning or twisting moment of a force about an
axis is called the torque.
Torque is measured by the
product of force and the ROTATION
radius at which this force
acts.
r
Torque continues…..
F64
Torque continues…..
Consider a wheel of radius r meters acted by

circumferential force F newtons, as shown in the
fig. Below. Let this force cause the wheel to rotate
at n rps
Torque, T = F x r newton metres
Work done per revolution

= Force x distance moved
= F x 2 Π r joules
Work done per second
= F x 2Πr x n
= F x rx2Πn
= T x 2 Π n joules 65
ARMATURE TORQUE OF A DC MOTOR
Let Ta be the torque developed in newton metres by
the motor armature running at n rps
Power developed = Work done per second
= Ta x 2 Π n watts …..(1)
Electrical equivalent of mechanical power developed
by the armature also
= Power input to armature
– armature resistance loss
= V Ia- I2a Ra
= Ia( V – Ia Ra )
= Eb .Ia watt ….(2)
Armature torque continues……. 66
Armature torque continues…….
Comparing expressions (1) and (2), we get
Ta x 2 Π n = Eb Ia = Ø Z N P x Ia
60xA
=ØZnx P x Ia
( since ØZN x P =ØZn x P

60 A A
( as n = N
60 67
or Ta = 1 x Ø Z x P x Ia N-m
2Π A
= 0.159 Ø Z P Ia N-m
x
A
since Z, P and A are constant for a particular
machine
therefore Ta α Ø Ia
i.e. torque developed by armature is proportional to
the product of flux per pole and armature current.
68
In case of series wound motor Ø is proportional to

Ia ( before saturation) because current in field
winding and armature winding is same and
therefore Ta α Ia2
In case of shunt wound motor Ø is practically

constant and
therefore Ta α Ia
69
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF DC
MOTORS
The performance and, therefore, suitability of a dc
motor is determined from its characteristics known
as performance characteristics. The important
characteristics of dc motors are:
1. Torque – Armature Current Characteristic. This

characteristic curve gives relation between torque
developed in armature, T and armature current, Ia.
This is also known as electrical characteristic.
70
2. Speed - Armature Current Characteristic. This
characteristic curve gives relation between speed, N
and armature current, Ia. This is also known as speed
characteristic.
3. Speed - Torque Characteristic. This characteristic
curve gives relation between speed, N and torque, T.
This is also known as mechanical characteristic
The important relations to be kept in mind while
discussing motor characteristics are:
(i) Ia = V – Eb (ii) N α Eb
Ra Ø
and (iii) T α Ia
71
CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SREIES
MOTORS
1. Magnetic characteristic.
In case of dc series motors the flux Ø varies with the
variation in armature current
as the field is in series with
armature. The flux first
saturation FLUX
increases following in linear
FLUX IN Wb
point
law with the increase in
load current, becomes
maximum at saturation
point and finally
becomes constant. ARMATURE CURRENT
IN AMPS
72
Magnetic characteristic DC series motor
2. Speed – Current Characteristic of DC Series
Motor.
From the expression for speed, N α V – Ia Ra
Ø
it is obvious that speed is directly proportional to
applied voltage and inversely proportional to flux per
pole. If the applied voltage remains constant, speed is
inversely proportional to flux. So if a curve is drawn
between reciprocal of the flux and current I, the speed
– current characteristic is obtained, which is a
rectangular hyperbola in shape as shown in fig. in
next slide.
73
Speed – Current characteristic DC series motor continues……
Speed – Current characteristic DC series motor continues……
Since on no load the speed is dangerously high,

As obvious from speed current characteristic
curve, which will result in heavy centrifugal
Force which in turn will ]
damage the motor.
That is why, series
SPEED IN RPM
motors are never
started on No-load
ARMATURE CURRENT
IN AMPS
Speed – Current characteristic DC series motor 74

3. Torque – Current Characteristic of dc series
motor:
From the expression of mechanical torque T α Ø Ia , it is
obvious that torque is directly proportional to the product
of flux per pole Ø and armature current Ia. up to
saturation point flux is
proportional to field current
and hence to the armature
TORQUE IN N - m
current, because Ia = If .
Therefore on light load
mechanical torque T is
proportional to the square
of the armature current ARMATURE CURRENT
i.e. Ta α Ia2 and IN AMPS
75
Torque – Current Characteristic of dc series motor continues….
Torque – Current Characteristic of dc series motor continues….
and hence curve drawn between Torque and

armature current is a parabola as shown in the fig.
After saturation point flux is almost independent of
excitation current and so torque is directly
proportional to the armature current
i.e. T α Ia .
Hence the characteristic becomes a straight line.
76
4. Speed – Torque Characteristic of dc series
Motor:
Fig below shows the speed – torque characteristic of a
dc series motor. It is obvious from the fig below that as
the torque increases speed decreases.
Hence series motors are
best suited for the
services where the
SPEED IN RPM
motor is directly
coupled to the load
such as fans whose
speed falls with
increase in torque. TORQUE IN N - m
77
Fig. Speed - torque Characteristic of dc series motor
CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTORS

1. Speed – Current characteristic of dc Shunt motor:
If the voltage V is kept constant the field current will
remain constant hence flux will have maximum value on
no-load but will decrease
slightly due to armature
reaction as the load increases
SPEED IN RPM
but for most purpose the
flux is considered to be
constant, neglecting the
effect of armature reaction.
ARMATURE CURRENT
IN AMPS
Speed – Current characteristic of dc Shunt motor continues…… 78
Speed – Current characteristic of dc Shunt motor continues……
From the expression of speed for a dc motor,

N α V – Ia Ra or Eb
Ø Ø
speed N is directly proportional to back emf, Eb or
( V – Ia Ra ) and inversely proportional. Since flux is
considered to be constant as mentioned above, so with
the increase in load current the speed slightly falls due to
increase in voltage drop in armature. Since voltage drop
in armature at full load is very small as compared to
applied voltage so drop in speed from no-load to full
load is very small and for all practical purposes the shunt
motor is taken as a constant speed motor
79
2. Torque – Current Characteristic of a dc Shunt Motor :
From the expression for the torque of a dc motor,
T α Ø Ia , the torque is directly proportional to the
product of flux per pole and the armature
current. Since in case of
shunt motor the flux is
considered to be constant,
TORQUE IN N- m
therefore, torque increases
with the increase in load
current following linear
law i.e. torque -armature
current characteristic is a ARMATURE CURRENT
IN AMPS
straight line passing
Speed - Current Characteristic of
through origin as shown in fig. dc shunt motor
80
3. Speed - Torque Characteristic of a dc Shunt

Motor:
This characteristic curve can be drawn from the two
other curves i.e. speed – current curve
and torque – current curve
and is shown in the
fig.
SPEED IN RPM
Speed - Current Characteristic of TORQUE IN N - m 81

dc shunt motor
CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND
WOUND MOTORS
Speed Characteristic of a dc Cumulative Compound Wound
Motor:
The characteristics of a the cumulative compound wound
motor are the combination of shunt and series
characteristics. As the load is increased, flux due to series
field winding increases, and cause the torque greater than
it would have with shunt field winding alone for a given
machine and for a given current.
The increase in flux due to series field winding on
account of increase in load causes the speed to fall more
rapidly than it would have done in shunt motor. The
characteristics are shown in the fig given below 82
Characteristic of a dc Cumulative Compound Wound

Motor:
SHUNT
CUMULATIVE
CUMULATIVE
TORQUE IN N - m
SPEED IN RPM
SHUNT
ARMATURE CURRENT ARMATURE CURRENT

IN AMPS IN AMPS
Characteristics of Cumulative Compound Wound Motors 83

Characteristic of a dc Differential
Compound Wound Motor:
In differential compound wound motors, the series
field winding is connected in such away that the
series field opposes the shunt field while in
cumulative compound wound motor series field helps
the shunt field. Since the flux decreases with the
increase in load so the speed remains nearly the
constant as the load is increased and in some cases the
speed will increase even.
Characteristic of a dc Differential Compound Wound Motor

continues……
84
Characteristic of a dc Differential Compound Wound

Motor continues……..
The decrease in flux with the increase in load

causes the torque to be less than that of shunt
motor. The characteristics are similar to those of
a shunt motor. Since the shunt motor develops a
good torque and almost constant speed,
therefore, differential motor is seldom used.
85
Characteristic of a dc Differential Compound

Wound Motor:
DIFFERENRIAL
SHUNT
TORQUE IN N - m
SHUNT
SPEED IN RPM
DIFFERENRIAL
ARMATURE CURRENT ARMATURE CURRENT

IN AMPS IN AMPS
86
Characteristics of Differential Compound Wound Motors
SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOTRS

MEANING OF SPEED CONTROL:
Speed control means intentional change of the drive
speed to a value required for performing the specific
work process. The concept of speed control or
adjustment should not be taken to include the
natural change in speed which occurs due to change
in load on the drive shaft. Speed can be controlled
manually by operator or by some automatic control
device.
87
SPEED CONTROL BY MECHANICALS :
Speed can be adjusted mechanically by means of

stepped pulleys, sets of change gears, variable speed
friction clutch mechanism and other mechanical
devices. But the electrical speed control has many
economical as well as engineering advantages over
mechanical speed control.
88
SPEED CONTROL BY ELECTRICAL
METHOD:
Expression of speed for a dc motor,
N = k V – Ia ( R + Ra )
Ø
The above expression reveals that the speed
can be controlled by adjusting any one of the
three factors appearing on the right hand side
of the expression:
Applied voltage to the armature terminals, V
(ii) External resistance in the armature circuit, R
(iii) Flux per pole, Ø
89
SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTORS
1.Field Control Method For DC Shunt Motor:
In this method speed variation is accomplished by

means of a variable resistance inserted in the series
with the shunt field. The power wasted in the
controlling resistance
FIELD RHEOSTATE
is very small as the
field current I L
Ia + Ish
is very small. +
V _ ARMATURE SHUNT
FIELD
Fig. _
Field Control Method
For DC Shunt Motor 90
Field Control Method For DC Shunt Motor continues………
Since in this method of speed control the flux can

only be reduced (not increased) so the speed only
above the normal one can be obtained. The speed is
minimum at the maximum value of flux
and the speed is maximum
at the minimum value of WEAK FIELD-2
flux. The high speed limit WEAK FIELD-1

is also restricted due to
mechanical consideration SPEED
NORMAL FIELD
as the centrifugal forces

are set up at high speed
TORQUE
91
Fig. Speed – Torque Characteristics of Shunt Motor With Field Control
SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOTRS
2. Armature Control Method For DC Shunt

Motors :
This method consists of a variable resistance
connected in series with the armature as
shown in the fig in next slide. The speed at the
full load may be reduced any desired value
depending on the amount of resistance. With
this method the voltage across the armature is
lower than the line voltage.
Armature Control Method For DC Shunt Motors continues……

92
Armature Control Method For DC Shunt Motors continues……
NO RESISTANCE
Ia
IL Ish
CONTROL
+
RESISTANCE
SPEED
SHUNT WITH RESISTANCE
_V ARMATURE
FIELD
_
TORQUE
Fig. Armature Control Method For DC Shunt Motors

93
SPEED CONTROL OF DC SERIES
MOTORS:
Speed of dc series motor may be obtained
through either armature or field control.
1. ARMATURE CONTROL METHODS FOR DC
SERIES MOTORS: CONTROL
RESISTANCE
SERIES
FIELD
(i) Armature resistance

control For DC +
Series Motors: +
_V ARMATURE
Fig.
Armature Resistance
Control For DC Series Motors _
94
(ii) Shunted Armature Control For DC Series

Motors:
SERIES FIELD
R1
+ +
_V R2 ARMATURE
Fig. Shunted Armature
Control For DC _
Series Motors
95
2. FIELD CONTROL METHOD FOR DC
SERIES MOTORS:
(i) Field diverter method of Speed Control For dc

Series Motors: SERIES
FIELD Ise
I
I div DIVERTOR
+ +
_V
ARMATURE
_
96
Fig. Field diverter method of Speed Control For dc Series Motors
(ii) Tapped Field Control Method For Speed Control of
DC Series Motors:
TAPPED SERIES
FIELD
+
I +
ARMATURE V
_
I _
Fig. Tapped Field Control Method For
Speed Control of DC Series Motors
97
POWER LOSSES IN A DC MOTOR

The basic function of dc motor is to convert
electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Whole of the input energy is not converted into
useful output energy but a part of the input
energy is converted into heat and the same is
lost. The basic power equation for a motor is
P input = P output + P losses
Power losses of dc motor continues……..
98

The power losses in a dc motor consist of

input power that is converted into heat.
These losses are divided into
(i) Copper losses or electrical losses

(ii) Iron or magnetic losses
(iii) Mechanical losses
99

1. Copper or Electrical Losses:

Copper or electrical losses include power wasted
in armature winding, series field,shunt field
interpole field brush contacts
Armature copper losses = I2aRa
Shunt Field Copper losses = I2sh Rsh
Series Field Copper Losses = I2se Rse
100
2. Iron or Magnetic Losses:

These losses are also called core losses and include the
hysterisis and eddy current losses
(a) Hysterisis Losses P h = ŋ ( B max) 1.6
.f .V
watts
(b) Eddy Current losses P e = K e . B max. f 2 V
t2 watts
where ŋ = Steinmetz hysterisis coefficient,
V =Volume of core in cubic meters ,
f = Frequency of the magnetic cycles
per second
t = Thickness of core steel laminations
B max. = Maximum flux density 101
Value of Steinmetz hysterisis coefficient, ŋ for:
Good dynamo sheet steel = 502 J/m3 ,
Silicon steel = 191 J/m3,
Hard cast steel = 7040 J/m3,
Cast steel = 750 – 3000 J/m3,

102

3. Mechanical Losses in a DC Motor:
These losses consist of power loss due to friction

of bearings, air friction or windage and are
caused by the motion of the moving parts.
103
SUMMERY OF POWER LOSSES IN A DC MOTOR
Armature copper loss
Copper losses
Useful Output Field copper losses

Input
Hysterisis loss
Total losses Iron losses
Eddy current loss
Friction loss
Mechanical losses
Windage loss
104
EFFICIENCY OF A DC MOTOR
The ratio of useful output to the total input is called

the efficiency of the machine is expressed as
ŋ = Output = Input - total losses
Input Input
= Output
Output + total losses
105
ARMATURE REACTION
By armature reaction is meant the effect of
magnetic field set up by armature current
on the distribution of flux under main poles.
The armature magnetic field has two effects:
(i) It demagnetises or weakens the main flux and

(ii) It cross-magnetises or distorts it.
106
ARMATURE REACTION
Fig. (a) FLUX DISTRIBUTION IN AIR GAP

DUE TO FIELD CURRENT ONLY
GNA
MNA B
... ...
N S
θ
θ
107
ARMATURE REACTION
Fig. (b) FLUX DISTRIBUTION DUE TO
ARMATURE CURRENT ONLY
..
N . S
. . θ
θ
108
ARMATURE REACTION
Fig (C) FLUX DISTRIBUTION DUE TO THE

COMBINED EFFECT OF FIELD CURRENT
AND ARMATURE CURRENT
GNA
α MNA B
... .. . . .
N . S
. . θ
α α
θ
109
ARMATURE REACTION
Fig. (d) BRUSH AXIS SHIFTED TO NEW MAGNETIC
NEUTRAL AXIS CREATED DUE TO
ARMATURE REACTION
NEW MNA
MNA α
... .. . . . ... ...
.
N . S N Fm
. S
.. .
Fa
. .
α
Fad Fm
Fa Fac 110
ARMATURE REACTION
METHOD OF NEUTRALISING EFFECT OF

ARMATURE REACTION FOR BETTER
COMMUTATION
1. Use of High Brush-Contact Resistance

2. Shifting of Brushes to the New mna
3. Use of Commutating Poles or Interpoles
4. Use of Compensating Winding
111
APPLICATION OF DC MOTORS
1. Application of DC Series Motors:
As observed from the different characteristics for dc

series motor, these motors are suitable where high
starting torque is required such as , electric traction,
Hoists, trolleys, cranes, gears drives.
DC Series motors have dangerously high speed at
no-loads. So these motors are not suitable for the
services where the load may be entirely removed and
also these motors are not suitable for belts drives.
Applications of dc motors continues……..
112
2. Application of DC Shunt Motors:
shunt motors, these motors have almost constant speed
and due to this feature these motors are suitable where
constant speed is required in wide range of load such as,
lathe machines, milling machines, conveyors line shafts
etc. These are also useful where medium starting torque
is required such as boring machines, blowers, fans,
conveyors centrifugal pumps, shapers, spinning and
weaving machines, machine tools, printing presses DC
shunt motors are not suitable for use with flywheel
or with fluctuating loads services.
113
3. Application of DC cumulative Compound
Motors:
cumulative compound motors, these motors are used
in driving machines which are subjected to sudden
applications of heavy loads such as occur in rolling
mills, punching and shearing machines, lifts, mine-
hoist. These motors are also used where high starting
torque is required but series motors cannot be
employed conveniently such as cranes and elevators.
These motors are not suitable for applications
requiring adjustable speed for field control
Applications of dc motors continues…….
114
4. Application of DC differential Compound

Wound Motors:
In differential compound wound motors, since series
field opposes the shunt field, the resultant flux
decreases with the increase in load; thus the machine
runs at a higher speed than it would do as a shunt
motor. The decrease in flux with the increase in load
causes the torque to be less than that of a shunt
motor. So such motors are rarely used in practice as
the differential arrangement causes difficulties
during overloads and starting. 115
SPECIFICATIONS OF DC MOTORS
Specifications of dc motors are shown on the

specification plate of the motors. The meaning
of different specifications of Kirloskar make
dc motor as:
Specification of DC Motors continues….
116
KW / HP - Maximum power output of the

motor
VOLTS – Rated Armature Voltage
AMPS - Rated motor output current
DUTY – S1 for continuous operation
S4 for intermittent operation
RPM - XXX / XXX
Maximum Speed
Base Speed
117
Frame:
K X B DC XXX - X
SX / MX / LX (Core length in mm)
100…250 ( Centre height in mm)
DC Motor
B for flange mounting
None for foot mounting
L for IC 01, 06, 17, 37
S for IC 0041
H for IC 0666
W for IC W37, A86
Make - Kirloskar
118
WDG – Connections Scheme of Winding of motor

EXC. V - Field Excitation Voltage
EXC. A – Field Excitation Current
INS. CL. – Insulation class used in winding
FWR – Field Winding Resistance
AMB – Ambient or room temperature
GD2 - Moment of inertia

119
IP – Type of Enclosure, IP21, IP22, IP23, IP44

(i) IP21: Screen protected
(ii) IP22: Screen protected drip proof
(iii) IP23: Screen protected splash proof
(iv) IP44: Totally enclosed duct ventilated
IC – Type of Cooling , IC06, IC17, IC37

(i) IC06: Motor mounted blower and free
outlet
(ii) IC17: Cooling air inlet via duct, free
outlet
(iii) IC37: Cooling air inlet and outlet via
ducts 120
BRG: CE – Bearing at commutator end

NCE – Bearing at non commutator end
Air Flow – Amount of Air required for the

cooling of Motor
121
THANKS…..
122

Working Principle of DC Motor

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What are the different types of motors discussed?

What are the different types of motors discussed?

What are the main parts of a DC motor?

What are the main parts of a DC motor?

A

Machine that converts electrical

TYPES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS

DC Motor Consists of Four Main Parts

PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW OF A DC MOTOR

The function of the field system is to create

Field magnet consists of four parts given below :

It is a rotating part of a dc machine and is built up in a

The use of high grade steel is made (a) to keep

It is a very important part of a dc machine and serves

The commutator is essentially of cylindrical

The winding ends are soldered with copper lugs

The commutator is pressed on to the armature

4. BRUSHES AND BRUSH GEARS

PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW OF BRUSH AND

The magnitude of the mechanical force experienced on the

In general if the conductor lies at an angle θ with a magnetic field

F = B.I.L. sin θ newtons 23

FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE:

FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING

In figure (b) the cross section of a conductor carrying

Field due to the current in the conductor

If the current carrying conductor shown in figure (b) is

The lines of force above the conductor are

Magnetic lines like rubber bands have a tendency to

If the direction of current is reversed in the conductor , as

Hence it is observed that when a current carrying

Magnetic Field in DC Motor

The positive side of the supply line is connected

Commutator action continues….

BACK EMF IN A DC MOTOR AND ITS

When the armature of motor continues to rotate due to

Back emf continues…..

Since the back emf is induced due to the generator

Back emf continues…..

Back emf continues…..

Depends among other factors upon the armature

Power relationship continues……

The power developed ‘Eb Ia’ is not all available at

Power relationship continues……

Different types of dc motors are:

1. Permanent magnet dc motors

1. Permanent magnet dc motors:

Power drawn from the mains, P = VI

3. Series wound dc motors:

need not be large.

The field current is + Ia Ish

The current supplied to the motor is divided into two

Back emf developed, Eb = V – I Ra

5. Compound wound dc motors:

Compound wound motors are of two

in this motor field winding are connected in such a

Differential compound wound motor:

this type the flux IL

Since Z, A and P are constant for a particular