INTRODUCTION

Nowadays wireless technologies are very famous and popular among the people and the

modern researchers. It was established and came in the field of computer networking

technologies from the last three years and today they are grown rapidly and become a very

good and useful source of communication among the people and all the technologies of

present era. There are lots of wireless technologies now being into use which helps us to

compete in the race of computer networking and be up to date in this technological World.

Computer networking is a very vast and advanced field which has been implemented on

many aspects of technology. In computer networking, there are so many devices which are

used for networking purposes. Wireless technologies really provide the convenient and easy

approach to communications between different areas that are very behind from the different

types of the modern and the latest technologies. Different types of wireless technologies

were designed by the scientists because the people who are away from their homes, they

can avail such opportunity of using the internet at very high speed and be in touch with

others for the sake of their business enhancement in the best possible ways of

communication between two places.

WHERE IT ALL BEGIN-HISTORY

British telegraph authorities what he had developed in the way of an operational wireless

telegraph apparatus. His first British patent application was filed on June 2 of that year.

Through the cooperation of Mr W.H. Preece, who was at that time the chief electrical

engineer of the British Post-office Telegraphs, signals were sent in July 1896 over a distance

of one-and-three-fourths miles on Salisbury Plain.

In March 1897, a greater distance of four miles on Salisbury Plain was covered with wireless

signals. On May 13 of that same year, communication was established between Lavernock

Point and Brean Down England, at distance of eight miles.

In America, during the period of 1890 to 1896, many students of science were in touch with

the discoveries made in Europe during this period; but it was not until 1897 that the utilitarian

American mind sensed the commercial possibilities of the advances being made abroad.

But, nowadays, no gauge can measure its impact. No compass can chart its course.

Everyday, Chances are, you've interacted with our products without even knowing much

more better even you are playing video games, streaming media over Wi-Fi in your home,

snapping a photo and sharing it instantly on the Web, cordless printing, browsing the web or

checking email on your PC’s either talking hands free in your car.

Analysts predict that by the year 2020, there will be 70 billion connected mobile devices by

using the kind of connected via wireless technology in the world. That's a lot.

Enough to make our head swim while your imagination considers the possibilities. One thing

is certain the next generation of wireless technology will demand performance and

integration that the industry has never seen.

Due to the easy approach to the networks and also in many appliances of the daily life

wireless technologies are of many types and almost all the technologies that are used in the

present era for the sake of better working are designed wirelessly. Some important types of

wireless technologies are as follows:

 Wifi Technology

 Zigbee Technology

 Wimax Technology

 Voice Technology

 Bluetooth Technology

Wifi Technology :

WiFi is commonly called as wireless LAN, it is one of those networks in which high frequency

radio waves are required for transmission of data from one place to another. WiFi operates

on several hundreds feet between two places of data transmission. This technology only

works on high frequency radio signals. Otherwise, it will not work properly. Nowadays this

technology is used as office or home network and in many electronic devices. Wireless LAN

or WiFi is divided into three main parts on which its whole working depends and all of its

applications also depend on these parts i.e. infrastructure mode, ad hoc network and mixed

network.

Zigbee technology :

A type of low cost, low power and wireless technology which is used for the different

purposes at ultra low power is known as Zig bee technology. Low power radios on the basis

of standard personal wireless networking are used by a protocol to enhance the technology.

It offers excellent wireless control path network. It was not proposed or designed for the

excellent or high speed data transfer rate applications. But it was designed for working on
excellent long battery timings at low cost and also at ultra low power consumption. It is an

ideal technology which operates at low power and low cost and used for wireless monitoring

and control.

Wimax technology :

One of the important wireless technologies another technology is present that is called as

Wimax technology. It is defined as a type of the wireless networking technology that is

required to transmit the information in the form of microwaves through different type of

methods of wireless networking from point to point or multi point access top the devices

which are portable in nature. Wimax technology is categorized into two types that are Fixed

Wimax and the mobile Wimax.

Voice communication:

Voice communication is also the types of wireless technologies. In this types all the types of

technologies related to the communication through the voice is included such as

communication through different types of cell phones, through different types wireless

internet technologies etc.

Bluetooth technology :

Other important type of wireless technology is the Bluetooth technology that is used to

transmit the data from one device to another device with the help of mobile phone

technology. Bluetooth is a proprietary open wireless technology standard for exchanging

data over short distances (using short wavelength radio transmissions) from fixed and

mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of security.

HOW IT IS WORKS?
How wireless network works:

Basically, a wireless network is used to connect two or more devices and it provides a

connection called an access point. The main task of access point is to transmit wireless

signals which are found in computers and computers adjust the signals in them. Therefore

wireless networks are normally linked to the wires; same as access point also work to

associates to the accessible resources on the wired network, alike an internet connection.

Computers must be prepared with their wireless network adapters to associate an access

point. These are usually found right into the systems, but if it is not found into them then

notebook can b created wireless- capable which can be used through an add-on adapter

inserted into empty slots or port or any kind of card slots etc.

Wireless Network is defined as a network which connects more computers to a wireless

access point and will be able to send and receive data. We can expect that the proximate to

the access point, becomes stronger the signal and the speed of the connection higher. The

environment in which wireless network is operated is also effects on its range and speed.

And it interferes in its progress.

 
Types of Wireless Network

 LAN - Local Area Network

 WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network

 WAN - Wide Area Network

 MAN - Metropolitan Area Network

 SAN - Storage Area Network, It can also refer with names like System Area Network,

Server Area Network, or sometimes Small Area Network

 CAN - Campus Area Network, Controller Area Network, and often Cluster Area

Network

 PAN - Personal Area Network

 DAN - Desk Area Network

LAN connects networking devices with in short spam of area, such as small offices, home,

internet cafes etc. LAN uses TCP/IP network protocol for communication between

computers. It is often but not always implemented as a single IP subnet. Since LAN is

operated in short area so it can be control and administrate by single person or organization.

WAN - Wide Area Network

As “word” Wide implies, WAN, wide area network cover large distance for communication

between computers. The Internet it self is the biggest example of Wide area network, WAN,

which is covering the entire earth. WAN is distributed collection of geographically LANs. A

network connecting device router connects LANs to WANs. WAN used network protocols

like ATM, X.25, and Frame Relay for long distance connectivity.

Wireless - Local Area Network  

A LAN, local area network based on wireless network technology mostly referred as Wi-Fi.

Unlike LAN, in   WLAN no wires are used, but radio signals are the medium for

communication. Wireless network cards are required to be installed in the systems for

accessing any wireless network around. Mostly wireless cards connect to wireless routers

for communication among computers or accessing WAN, internet.

MAN - Metropolitan Area Network

This kind of network is not mostly used but it has its own importance for some government

bodies and organizations on larger scale. MAN, metropolitan area network falls in middle of

LAN and WAN, It covers large span of physical area than LAN but smaller than WAN, such

as a city.
CAN - Campus Area Network

Networking spanning with multiple LANs but smaller than a Metropolitan area network, MAN.

This kind of network mostly used in relatively large universities or local business offices and

buildings.

SAN - Storage Area Network

SAM technology is used for data storage and it has no use for most of the organization but

data oriented organizations. Storage area network connects servers to data storage devices

by using Fiber channel technology.     

SAN - System Area Network

SAN, system area networks are also known as cluster area network and it connects high

performance computers with high speed connections in cluster configuration.

1) Randomly change or modify your network or administrator passwords

The most frequently used tip for securing the home and commercial wireless networks is the

change of the usernames or administrator’s account through which you access the router

point. One can customize the pages that are provided by the manufacturer of the equipment

or setup of different or assigned web pages. Through these WebPages users/owner can

enter not their account and can change and customize according to their need. Along with

the web pages web tool for the protections also provided to hide the usernames and login

screen form rest of the public and third party users. All the users must change there

passwords and usernames to avoid the hacking threat that can collect information and

private data online.

2) Make use of encryption technology

All the wifi setups support at least one type of encryption techniques. encryption randomly

hides and encrypts all the message that are sent via wireless networks and its quite hard for

the hacker to get the going data the data encrypted can be red by the machine or conversion

softwares only not by the human directly .but because of the advanced technology one

should choose the strongest wifi encryption program to use in order to keep the data at the

safest mode. Identical wireless encryption sharing can be done .in this way only users would

b able to see the shared data.

3) Change all the SSID after some time

All the access point of the network and routers make use of common name which is called

SSID, for every individual equipment SSID is designed by the manufacturer .SSID does not

allow even the neighboring machine to interfere the transmission. All the users having the

configuration rights should change their default SSID to keep the communication safe.
4) Mac address Filtering

In wireless networks there is an option for the filtration of MAC addresses for the security of

network. In this way the safe physical addresses of the access points can participation the

networking and data sharing.

5) SSID broadcast restriction

Blocking the broadcasting by the SSID can also be an effective security technique in

wireless networks.

6) Restrict the auto detection o wifi around

Another useful technique is to restrict the auto connect option for the detection of the

wireless network around. This may expose your computer system to different kind of security

risks.

7) Static IP Addresses.

It’s useful for the home users that they should assign static IP addresses to the wifi

devices .many of them use the DHCP technique to assign the dynamic IP which is easier

technique but it’s quite unsafe.

8) Firewall

Enabling the firewall on each single attached device can also protect the wireless network.

9) Router Access Positioning

To protect the signal leakage in Wifi networks router access points and ranges must be

configured.

10) Network turning off

Turn of the network properly when not in use

Effects of Wireless Technology:

Studying the effects of wireless on the health is not a new phenomenon but it has been

studied in the past as well and developed some serious steps and concepts to describe the

effects of wireless on health. As we all know that electromagnetic field is generated during

the data transmission from the wireless devices. So World Health Organization WHO study

the wireless devices in 1996 by developing an imp0ortant project that deals with the effect of

different wireless devices from 0 to more then 275 hertz. Basically health sometimes

effected with the wireless devices because different types of microwaves are used in the

communication from one place to another. Under these circumstances WHO develop

different agencies that monitors the effect of wireless devices on health.

Effects of Important Wireless Devices on Health:

Basically wireless devices are developed for the sake of convenience and the better or faster

networking as compared to different types of wired devices. They have a very good effect on

the health because wireless devices can save the time and expense required for typical

broadband connection. They have faster speed as compared to wired devices so they can

easily enhance the performance of the network and the system. Where these devices have

good effects they also have some negative effects but only few. Some important wireless

devices and their effects on the health are as follows:

 Mobile Phones:

Mobile phone needs no introduction in this world, with the help of mobile phone we can

communicate with other fellows from, everywhere in the world. As mobile phone is also a

wireless devices and different types of microwaves play an important role. So the radiations

that are used to carry on the communication and the working of the mobiles are sometimes
dangerous for the health. These radiations have a negative effect on our mind when we dial

or receive the calls. So some precautionary measures have been developed by the HPA

(health protection agency) to avoid the radiations.

 WIFI or Wireless LAN: 

As wireless LAN or wifi is also operated with the help of frequently used radio waves, So

HPA describes some serious effect caused by the access points of the wireless technology

that re generally closest to the humans. The radiations come out from the wifi can cause

some internal disorders but they are of minor category.

 Positive Effects of Wireless on Health:

Wireless technologies have many positive effects on the human health because wireless

devices really made the life easier as compared to wired devices. Mobility is the main factor

of convenience in the life. If we see around us, we can find that everything that we use in the

present almost operate wirelessly or with the help of radio or microwaves such as remote

control devices, handsets, laptops, USB devices and many more.

Pros of Wireless Technology

There are many advantages of the wireless technology; some of them are as follows:

1. Wireless technology have faster speed without the involvement of cables.

2. Mobility is the major advantage.

3. Configuration and the installation of the wireless technology is much less as

compared to wired technology.

BROADCASTING

Advantages and Disadvantages of Wireless Broadcasting:-

 Wireless broadcasting is very useful for society. It allows to access facilities of

internet individually when someone is not associated to a system by Ethernet cable.

 It can be broadcasted on devices like handled computers, mobile phones and

laptops. Satellites and towers are used to operate a wireless broadcasting or network.

Security

Security is a major issue of wireless networks. To protect the network password should be

ensured specially when you are browsing the internet and logging in with your secret

information.

Convenience

It helps in faster searching. You can use your internet facility conveniently. You are free from

to use wired or cabled networks so you can log in anywhere in the world through signals and

it is available publicly without any password.

Devices

Wireless broadcasting serves you through various devices. Laptops, Blackberry devices,

handled computers and mobile phones are included in wireless broadcasting.

Basically wireless broadcasting is transmits through signals so it is unreliable due to its

speed which can be low or high anytime because of signals dropping problem. Signals

become weak or missing. Weather is also interrupt in signals and become a reason of weak

connection.

Limitations

While entering in website when you use the wireless connection through cell phones, various

websites allow you their standard version in which low functionality exists.
 Future Broadcast Services in Wireless Networks

 Cost: 

Resources will be larger in a 3G network for broadcasting applications heavily. While low

applications and highly shared applications would be perfect option which can be saved on

resources through multitasking which will be subscribed by users of a group as an

alternative of broadcasting it to each consumer of network. Highly shared applications will be

easily provided on cell terminal offering finest experience.

 Reach:

Due to currently wide range of coverage which is based on 2G or 3G mobile network, these

will be upgraded easily to MBMS/BCMCS efficiency with a relatively larger reach even if

minor footprint of individual.

 Interactivity:

Because of backward areas networks of broadcasting is limited and thus no connection

between them. But the connection within backward areas will be accessed through operators

due to its wide range popularity.

 Mobile Terminal:

In the recent set up, for particular applications as technologies’ broadcasting, Live TV etc

may verify to be extra capable but the breakdown is alike handsets ought to be obtainable to

get specific broadcasts so that is further charge to the MNO’s.

 Business Implications:

The broadcast and multicast technologies are favorable technologies. Broadcasting will be

used for motivating the users to access the services and facilities.
PREVENT WIRELESS NETWORK HACKING

How Hacker hack the Wireless Network?

In the past that hacking technology was used to check the security measure either the

system or the network is secured or not but nowadays people use this technology for unfair

means and for hijacking purposes. There are different techniques or the methods that are

used by the hackers to break the security and hack the network. But some common

techniques are as follows

1. Network Enumeration

2. Wireless Network Spoofing

3. Wireless Network Probing

4. Wireless Network Sniffing

 Network Enumeration:

First of all the hacking process starts with the initial step, in the first step the data and the

information about the wireless network is collected wit the help of any possible way , that

phenomenon is referred to as the network enumeration. Hackers use different types of

applications or the software to collect the important information about the network. Some of

the important applications used by the hackers to hack the wireless networks are WarXing

that operates with the help of computer or the laptops. Some other applications such as

Kismet or network stumbler also used for the same purpose.

 Wireless Network Spoofing:

It is the type of technique that is used by the hackers to crack the security and hack whole

wireless networking system. It is the very strong technique that is used by the attackers to

attack on the both wired and the wireless networks security and hijack them. In this
technique hackers use different types of applications and the software to locate and identify

the different types of addresses pf the network such as IP or MAC by filling the particular

fields with the addresses. There are different types of spoofing in which the hackers deals

with the specific addresses such as MAC spoofing, IP spoofing and frame spoofing.

 Wireless Network Sniffing:

An important technique used by the hackers to hack the wireless networks is the wireless

network sniffing. In this process sniffer is used, sniffer is the program that is used by the

hackers to breaks and decodes the secret information of the wireless network traffic

broadcasting. Through this program hackers are also able to hijack the wired networks also.

But sniffing of the wireless networks is quite easy and convenient for the hackers as

compared to the wired networks.

 Wireless Network Probing:

If some amount of information is missing after spoofing and sniffing of the networks then the

hackers try to use the wireless network probing technique. In this technique hackers

construct the artificial data packets and spread them over the network and attacks on the

specific target. It is called as wireless network probing.

Prevention of Wireless Network Hacking:

Where there are different techniques to hack the wireless networks, some protection

techniques are also used which are as follows:

1. By encryption of the wireless traffic of wireless networks.

2. Password protections.

3. Change the default name and password of SSID.

1. Position of Wireless Access Point:

Wireless access point or the wireless router is the main component of wireless

networking because it is that component that accesses the whole networking of the

wireless system. The location or the position of the access point of the wireless

device should be placed in center because if the wireless router or the access point

is not placed in the center the strength the signal are very weak and show low

performance.

2. Changing the Wireless Antenna:

Wireless antenna is also an important part of the wireless devices because it is the

source of the generation of the signals. Generally the antennas present with wireless

routers can send signals almost in all directions, if the router is placed near to the

wall then the signal of wireless device disturbed. So, use antennas that send signals

in one direction.

3. Replacing the Network Adapter:

Different types of network adapters are used in the system for the sake of wireless

networking. But sometimes some networking adapters are not compatible with the

wireless networking device and show low performance. So by changing the network

adapter with the suitable one we can also increase the working of the wireless

networks.
4. Upgrade Adapter Driver:

Wireless networks can also be enhanced by updating the driver or the software of the

networking adapter of the system. Because sometimes few components of the driver

are not similar to the required driver of wireless devices.

5. Addition of Wireless Repeater:

As different tips are used to improve the performance of the wireless network but

another important tip that is used to improve the networking of the wireless network is

the addition of the wireless repeater. Attach the repeater near to access point without

any kind of wiring.

6. Update the network:

By updating the network we can also improve the performance pf the wireless

network.

7. Same vendor:

There are so many improvement techniques of wireless network, but the common

and the easy tip to improve the wireless network is that the users should buy all the

cards and other wireless devices from the same vendor.

8. Arrangement of Other Wireless Devices: 

The other wireless devices that are present in the home should be arranged properly

according to the computer such as wireless telephone sets because they can

decrease the signaling power of the wireless router.

Wireless access points should be placed away from the floor and the metal devices.

10. Network Cabling:

A user should use the specific and the perfect cable for setting up a wireless network

because it also affects the efficiency of the network.