MySQL for Oracle

DBAs and Developers

 MySQL for Oracle Dudes

How can you tell an

Oracle DBA
has touched your
MySQL Installation?

Ronald Bradford, MySQL Inc

MySQL Conference & Expo 2007 Page: 2
 MySQL for Oracle Dudes

MYSQL_HOME=/home/oracle/products/mysql-version

mysqld_safe –user=oracle &

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Outline

 DBA Tips, Tricks, Gotcha's & Tools

 Key Differences for Developers
 Migrating from Oracle to MySQL
 Questions & Answers

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My Background

 18 years in Database Technologies (1989)

 10 years Oracle Experience (1996)
 8 years MySQL Experience (1999)
 Active in MySQL, Java, XP User Groups
 Joined MySQL Professional Services (2006)

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DBA

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Important DBA Stuff

 Terminology  MySQL Data Dictionary

 Installation  Backup
 Directories  Tools
 Log Files  Inherited LAMP Stack
 Processes
 Ports & Sockets

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Terminology

Database (files) --> Database Server Instance

Database Instance (memory) --> Database Server Instance
Schema User --> Database
User --> User
Table Space --> Table Space
--> Storage Engine

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MySQL Installation

 OS packages place files in many areas and varies

- e.g. /usr/lib, /var/lib, /var/log, /etc Tip
 Recommend installing using .tar.gz
- Centrally Manageable e.g. /opt/mysql-version
- Upgradeable
- Multiple Versions possible
 $MYSQL_HOME

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MySQL Configuration
GOTCHA
 Multiple MySQL Instances
 my.cnf
- Watch out for /etc/my.cnf, /etc/mysql/my.cnf
- Best Practice $MYSQL_HOME/my.cnf
- --defaults-file=<file>

http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/option-files.html

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MySQL Directories
my.cnf options
 basedir ($MYSQL_HOME)
- e.g. /opt/mysql-5.1.16-beta-linux-i686-glib23
 datadir (defaults to $MYSQL_HOME/data)
 tmpdir (important as mysql behaves unpredictability if full)
 innodb_[...]_home_dir

- mysql> SHOW GLOBAL VARIABLES LIKE '%dir'

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MySQL Ports & Sockets

 Configured to listen on TCP/IP Port (default 3306)

 Additional Instances
- Different Ports
- Different IP's using default Port
 Local connection uses Socket
- Even specifying Port, local client may use socket

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MySQL Log Files

my.cnf options
 Error Log mysqld arg
- log-error
 Binary Log
- log-bin (my.cnf or mysqld arg)
 Slow Query Log
- log-slow-queries,slow-query-time,log-queries-not-using-indexes
 General Log
- log
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/log-files.html

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MySQL Meta Data

New Feature
 mysql Database
- general_log, slow_log (5.1)
mysql> SET GLOBAL GENERAL_LOG=1;
mysql> ...
mysql> SELECT * FROM mysql.general_log;

http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/log-tables.html

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MySQL Data Dictionary

[DBA|USER|ALL]_ tables, V$
 INFORMATION_SCHEMA
- TABLES, COLUMNS, VIEWS, USER_PRIVILEGES
- PROCESSLIST (5.1)
- [GLOBAL|SESSION]_[STATUS|VARIABLES] (5.1)

http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/information-schema.html
http://www.xcdsql.org/MySQL/information_schema/5.1/MySQL_5_1_INFORMATION_SCHEMA.html

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MySQL Data Dictionary

 SQL Examples

SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA, SUM((DATA_LENGTH + INDEX_LENGTH) / (1024 * 1024)) AS SIZE_MB

FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES
GROUP BY TABLE_SCHEMA ORDER BY SIZE_MB DESC
SELECT ROUTINE_TYPE, ROUTINE_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.ROUTINES
WHERE ROUTINE_SCHEMA='dbname';
SELECT TRIGGER_NAME,EVENT_MANIPULATION,EVENT_OBJECT_TABLE,
ACTION_STATEMENT
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TRIGGERS WHERE TRIGGER_SCHEMA='dbname';
SELECT CONCAT('DROP TABLE ',table_name,';')
INTO OUTFILE '/sql/drop_tables.sql'
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = 'test';

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MySQL Data Dictionary

 SQL Examples

SELECT s.schema_name, CONCAT(IFNULL(ROUND((SUM(t.data_length)+

SUM(t.index_length))/1024/1024,2),0.00),'Mb') total_size,
CONCAT(IFNULL(ROUND(((SUM(t.data_length)+SUM(t.index_length))-
SUM(t.data_free))/1024/1024,2),0.00),'Mb')
data_used,CONCAT(IFNULL(ROUND(SUM(data_free)/1024/1024,2),0.00),'Mb') data_free,
IFNULL(ROUND((((SUM(t.data_length)+SUM(t.index_length))-
SUM(t.data_free))/((SUM(t.data_length)+SUM(t.index_length)))*100),2),0) pct_used,
COUNT(table_name) total_tables
FROM information_schema.schemata s
LEFT JOIN information_schema.tables t ON s.schema_name = t.table_schema
WHERE s.schema_name != 'information_schema'
GROUP BY s.schema_name ORDER BY pct_used DESC\G

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SHOW Commands
 SHOW TABLES;
 SHOW WARNINGS;
 SHOW STATUS; FLUSH STATUS;
 SHOW VARIABLES;
 SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '%size%';
 SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'sort_buffer_size';
 SHOW GLOBAL VARIABLES LIKE 'sort_buffer_size';

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Backup

 Missing Functionality

Commercial strength – unbreakable (Planned 6.0)
 Storage Engine Driven
 Innodb
Also PBXT, Falcon
- Hot Backup
- mysqldump --single-transaction --master-data
- InnoDB Hot Backup

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Backup

 MyISAM Only
- Cold Backup via File Copy
- LVM Snapshot
 SE Mixture
- Use Replication Slave

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Online Backup/Recovery
MySQL 6.0 Demo

 Cross-engine. All major internal engines supported.

 Online, non-blocking for DML. DDL still blocked.
 SQL-command driven. Run from any mysql client.
 Backup to local disk, tape or remote file system.
 Full Server, database, and point-in-time recovery.

Backup ALL…

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Tools

 Missing Functionality
- Enterprise Level Monitoring
 SHOW PROFILE (5.0.38 - Community)
 Microsecond Patch (5.0.33 - Slow query granularity)
 mytop/innotop/ndbtop
 MySQL Toolkit http://sourceforge.net/projects/mysqltoolkit

 phpMyAdmin
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SHOW PROFILE
mysql> show profile SOURCE,MEMORY for query 4;
+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+---------------+-------------+
| Status | Duration | Source_function | Source_file | Source_line |
+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+---------------+-------------+
| Opening tables | 0.00013200 | open_tables | sql_base.cc | 2106 |
| System lock | 0.00001800 | mysql_lock_tables | lock.cc | 153 |
| Table lock | 0.00000600 | mysql_lock_tables | lock.cc | 162 |
| init | 0.00001300 | mysql_select | sql_select.cc | 2073 |
| optimizing | 0.00004800 | optimize | sql_select.cc | 617 |
| statistics | 0.00002500 | optimize | sql_select.cc | 773 |
| preparing | 0.00005200 | optimize | sql_select.cc | 783 |
| executing | 0.00002200 | exec | sql_select.cc | 1407 |
| Sending data | 0.00000500 | exec | sql_select.cc | 1925 |
| end | 0.00786600 | mysql_select | sql_select.cc | 2118 |
| query end | 0.00001400 | mysql_execute_command | sql_parse.cc | 5085 |
| freeing items | 0.00000700 | mysql_parse | sql_parse.cc | 5973 |
| closing tables | 0.00001900 | dispatch_command | sql_parse.cc | 2120 |
| logging slow query | 0.00001000 | log_slow_statement | sql_parse.cc | 2178 |
| cleaning up | 0.00000500 | dispatch_command | sql_parse.cc | 2143 |
+--------------------+------------+-----------------------+---------------+-------------+
15 rows in set (0.01 sec)

 95% time in one step

 Reference to Source Code
 “poor” Status names (internal code)
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GUI Tools

 MySQL Administrator
 Quest Spotlight
 Toad
MySQL
Enterprise

 MySQL Network Monitoring & Network Services

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Tools
TIP
 mysqladmin -r -i 1 extended-status
- Gives change in status variables per second
- Lacks timestamp
 Monitor specifics
- Com_*
- Innodb_*, Innodb_buffer_pool_*
- Connections
- Created_tmp_*
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Tools
Example
 Idle
- $ mysqladmin -r -i 1 extended-status | grep -v “ | 0 “

+-----------------------------------+------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+-----------------------------------+------------+
| Bytes_received | 35 |
| Bytes_sent | 6155 |
| Com_show_status | 1 |
| Created_tmp_tables | 1 |
| Handler_read_rnd_next | 246 |
| Handler_write | 245 |
| Questions | 1 |
| Select_scan | 1 |
| Uptime | 1 |
+-----------------------------------+------------+

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Tools

 Under load
- $ mysqladmin -r -i 1 extended-status | grep -v “ | 0 “
+-----------------------------------+------------+ Erroneous Commands
| Variable_name | Value | Causing Round Trips
+-----------------------------------+------------+
| Bytes_received | 1020909 |
| Bytes_sent | 195358 | Buried in JDBC Usage
| Com_insert | 274 | PreparedStatement
| Com_select | 132 |
| Com_set_option | 264 | .setMaxRows()
| Handler_read_key | 505 |
| Handler_update | 252 |
| Handler_write | 519 |
| Questions | 1356 |
| Table_locks_immediate | 536 |
| Table_locks_waited | 2 |
+-----------------------------------+------------+
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Inherited LAMP Stack Product

TIP
 Problem: Frozen, some functions work
- Lack of Free Disk Space
 Problem: Running slow
- Increase Buffers
- Change Storage Engine
 Problem: Can't connect
- Connections

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Inherited LAMP Stack Product

 A lot of products are non-transactional

 Not designed for large volume enterprises

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Default Installation

 No 'root' user password GOTCHA

 Anonymous users mess with host based security
 Improve overall security
$ mysql_secure_installation
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/mysql-secure-installation.html

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AUTO COMMIT
GOTCHA
 By Default enabled in MySQL
- Ops I deleted the wrong data, I'll just ROLLBACK
- Non Transactional Storage Engines
- SET AUTOCOMMIT = {0 | 1};

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SQL*Plus Reporting

 No Alternative
 Nice Feature- Vertical Output Display
- SELECT columns FROM table \G

 Write your own in MySQL Source

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Nice MySQL Features

TIP
 SELECT INTO OUTFILE ...
 LOAD DATA FILE ...
 DROP [object] IF EXISTS ...
 ALTER TABLE .. ADD ... AFTER [column]
 Query Cache

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Query Cache

 SELECT Cache (great for high read environments)

- Being Added to Oracle v11
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/query-cache.html

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Contrasting Buffers
Area MySQL Oracle Microsoft SQL Server

Memory Caches • MyISAM key caches • Data cache (variants) • Buffer cache
• InnoDB data cache • Log buffer • SQL cache
• InnoDB log cache • Shared Pool • Misc caches (lock,
• Dictionary cache • Java Pool connection, workspace, etc.)
• Falcon caches • Large Pool
• Query Cache • PGA
• User caches

Redo/Undo Logs • InnoDB Undo Space • Undo Tablespace (9i+) • TempDB (2005+)
• InnoDB Logs • Redo Logs • Transaction Logs
• Falcon Log • Archive Logs
• Binary Log

Data Storage • Tablespaces • Tablespaces • Filegroups

• Table/Index Files • Datafiles • Files
• Format files

Optimizer • Cost-based • Cost-based • Cost-based

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DEVELOPER

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Important Developer Stuff

 Sequence Replacement  SQL_MODE

 No DUAL Necessary  TIMESTAMP Data Type
 Data Comparison  New things
 DDL Syntax
 Stored Procedures
 Locking

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Sequences Replacement

 AUTO_INCREMENT
e.g. id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
- Must be tied to a [table].[column]
- Only one per table
- No system wide capability
- LAST_INSERT_ID()
- No get next capability

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Optional Table Name

 DUAL IS NOT REQUIRED

- e.g. SELECT 1+1
 Provided for Oracle Compatibility
- e.g. SELECT 1+1 FROM DUAL
- e.g. SELECT DUMMY FROM DUAL *** Fails

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Data Comparison

 LIKE compares data case-insensitive

- Character Set/Collation dependent
e.g. SELECT title FROM film WHERE title LIKE 'A%'
Returns rows starting with 'ALIEN' and 'alien'
 BINARY DDL syntax
 e.g. title VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL BINARY

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DDL Syntax
 Escaped Reserved Words are allowed
e.g. CREATE TABLE `group` (...);
e.g. CREATE TABLE “insert” (...); * sql_mode
 Tables/Columns/Triggers/Stored Procedures
 Space and other special characters allowed
Operating System Dependent
e.g. CREATE TABLE `My Table Name` (...);

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Stored Procedures

 Earlier Session
“Using Stored Routines for MySQL Administration”

 Not a PL/SQL Replacement

 Missing Functionality

Types, Overloading, named parameters, pinning, packages

Built-in Packages

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Stored Procedures

 MySQL Stored Routines Library

- Globals
- Arrays
- Named Parameters

http://forge.mysql.com/projects/view.php?id=35

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Locking

 Storage Engine Specific

- MyISAM/Memory – Table
- InnoDB/Falcon/PBXT/Solid – Row
- Nitro – quasi nothing

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SQL_MODE

 SET SQL_MODE=TRADITIONAL,ORACLE
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/server-sql-mode.html

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SQL_MODE

 String Concatenation
- SELECT CONCAT('A','B');
- SELECT CONCAT_WS(',','a','b','c',d');
Emulate Oracle Behaviour

 SET sql_mode='PIPES_AS_CONCAT';
- SELECT 'A'||'B'; May break
other tools

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TIMESTAMP
TIP
 Remove DB level auditing via triggers
- last_modified TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CREATE_TIMESTAMP,

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New things you may see

 Multi-record INSERT
 REPLACE
 LOW_PRORITY | HIGH PRIORITY
 INSERT DELAYED

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MIGRATION

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Migration

MYSQL = (DESCRIPTION=
(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=localhost)(PORT=1521))
(CONNECT_DATA=(SID=MYSQL)) (HS=OK))

CREATE DATABASE LINK mysql

CONNECT TO "my_user" IDENTIFIED BY "my_password"
USING 'mysql';

The Easy Way: Simply read/write

directly to MySQL :)

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Oracle Migration

 Good guide to identifying differences

 Schema
 Data
 Objects
 Application

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Oracle Migration

 MySQL Migration Toolkit

- Does
- Tables/Views
- Data
- Does Not (yet)
- Sequences
- Stored Procedures
- Triggers

http://www.mysql.com/products/tools/migration-toolkit/

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Oracle Migration - Schema

 Case Sensitive Table Names

NUMBER supports
 Data Types * Integer
- INT, FLOAT/DOUBLE, NUMBER * Floating Point
* Fixed Point
- UNSIGNED
- BIT
 Sequences replacement – Auto Increment
 What's Missing

Snapshots, Check Constraints, Flashback queries, synonyms

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Oracle Migration - Data

 Date Format – no NLS_DATE_FORMAT

 Silent conversions
- Less likely due to Oracle as Source
 No Oracle Timestamp (no ms support)

 Data Verification necessary

- COUNT(), SUM(), MD5()

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Oracle Migration – Data Verification

 Numeric Precision/Rounding
 Character Sets (multi-byte data)
 CHAR usage
- CHAR(5)
- Oracle 'abc ' - 5 characters long
- MySQL 'abc' - 3 characters long

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Oracle Migration - Objects

 No Packages
 Restricted Triggers
- Only one trigger per table per DML statement
- Missing
- INSTEAD,
- INSERT OR UPDATE
- OR REPLACE
- Only for DML Statements
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Oracle Migration - Application

 NVL() --> IFNULL()

 ROWNUM --> LIMIT
 SEQ.CURRVAL --> LAST_INSERT_ID()
 SEQ.NEXTVAL --> NULL
 NO DUAL necessary (SELECT NOW())
 NO DECODE() --> IF() CASE()
 JOIN (+) Syntax --> INNER|OUTER LEFT|RIGHT
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Oracle Migration - Application

 Date Functions
- CURDATE(), NOW()
 Data Formats
- Default is YYYY-MM-DD
 Case insensitive searching
- no UPPER(column) = UPPER(value)
- Character Set/Collation specific

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CLOSING

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Pronunciation

"MySQL" is officially pronounced as

"My Ess Queue Ell"

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References

 Developer Zone http://dev.mysql.com

 Blog Aggregator http://planetmysql.org
 Source Forge http://forge.mysql.com
 Forums http://forums.mysql.com
 Lists http://lists.mysql.com
 User Groups http://dev.mysql.com/user-groups
 Training http://www.mysql.com/training
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 MySQL for Oracle Dudes

Recommended Reading

 MySQL by Paul DuBois

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 MySQL for Oracle Dudes

Support Me

Buy a T-shirt !

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 MySQL for Oracle Dudes

Q&A

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MySQL Conference & Expo 2007 Page: 65