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Series Formulas

This document defines formulas and properties for vectors, sequences, series, and the binomial theorem. It provides formulas for the magnitude and addition/subtraction of vectors, as well as properties of dot products. It also defines arithmetic and geometric sequences, giving formulas for the nth term and sum of terms. Finally, it provides the binomial coefficient formula and the full binomial theorem for expanding (a + b)n.

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Frank Williams
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193 views1 page

Series Formulas

This document defines formulas and properties for vectors, sequences, series, and the binomial theorem. It provides formulas for the magnitude and addition/subtraction of vectors, as well as properties of dot products. It also defines arithmetic and geometric sequences, giving formulas for the nth term and sum of terms. Finally, it provides the binomial coefficient formula and the full binomial theorem for expanding (a + b)n.

Uploaded by

Frank Williams
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VECTORS, SEQUENCES, SERIES FORMULAS

VECTORS
For vectors a = a1,a2 , b = b1,b2 , c = c1,c 2 , and scalars m, n
2 2
Magnitude of a: a = a1,a2 = a1 + a2 .
Vector addition and subtraction: a1,a2 + b1,b2 = a1 + b1,a2 + b2 ; a1,a2 − b1,b2 = a1 − b1,a2 − b2
Scalar€multiplication:
€ m a1,a2€ = ma1,ma2
Definition
€ of 0 and –a: 0 = 0,0 and −a = −a1,−a2
Properties of Addition and
€ Scalar Multiples of Vectors €
(1) a + b = b + a (6) (m + n)a = ma + na
€
(2) a + (b + c)= (a + b) + c (7) (mn)a = m(na) = n(ma)
€
(3) a + 0 = a € (8) 1a = a
(4) a + (-a) = 0 (9) 0a = 0 = m0
(5) m(a + b) = ma + mb
Dot Product: a ⋅ b = a1b1 + a2b2 [or a ⋅ b = a b cos θ (for nonzero a and b) ]
a⋅b
Angle θ between nonzero vectors a and b: cosθ =
a b
€ a⋅b
Component of a along b: comp€b a = a cosθ or compb a =
b
€
Properties of the Dot Product
2
(1) a ⋅ a = a € (4) (ma) ⋅ b = m(a ⋅ b) = a ⋅ ( mb)
€
(2) a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a (5) 0 ⋅ a = 0
(3) a ⋅ (b + c) = a ⋅ b + a ⋅ c

SEQUENCES/SERIES
€
€
€
€
Arithmetic
€ Sequence Geometric Sequence
ak +1
Common difference d = ak +1 – ak common ratio r =
ak

nth term: a n = a1 + (n −1)d nth term: an = a1rn–1


relationship between 2 terms of a sequence: relationship between 2 terms of a sequence:
a m = a k + (m − k)d a m€= a k r m−k
Sum of first n terms: Sum of first n terms:
€ n n a1 (1− r n )
Sn = [2a1 + (n −1)d] or Sn = (a1 + an ) Sn = ,r≠1
2 2 € 1− r
€
Infinite sum:
a
S = 1 if |r| < 1
1− r
€ € €

Binomial Theorem
Binomial Coefficient or Coefficient of the (k + 1)st Term€in the Expansion of (a + b)n
For nonnegative integers n and r, with r≤ n,
⎛ n ⎞ n! ⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞
C(n,k) = ⎜ ⎟ = Note: ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ k ⎠ k!( n − k )! ⎝ k ⎠ ⎝ n − k ⎠
Binomial Theorem – For any positive integer n and any complex number a and b,
⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞ 2 n−2 ⎛ n ⎞ n−1 n
(a + b) n = a n + ⎜ ⎟a n−1b + ⎜ ⎟ a n−2b 2 + ⎜ ⎟a n−3b 3 +  + ⎜ ⎟ a b + ⎜ ⎟ab + b
€ € ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ n − 2⎠ € ⎝ n −1⎠

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