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Transfer Functions & Block Diagrams

The document defines transfer functions as the ratio of the Laplace transform of the output variable over the Laplace transform of the input variable with all initial conditions set to zero. It provides an example transfer function of Y(s)/F(s) = 1/(5s^3 + 1) and shows how to derive the corresponding differential equation. Block diagrams can be used to analyze complex dynamical systems by combining transfer functions using summing junctions, branching, and feedback. The document outlines rules for simplifying basic series, parallel, and feedback block diagram configurations by substituting transfer functions.

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Hyunjoo Maeng
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
349 views

Transfer Functions & Block Diagrams

The document defines transfer functions as the ratio of the Laplace transform of the output variable over the Laplace transform of the input variable with all initial conditions set to zero. It provides an example transfer function of Y(s)/F(s) = 1/(5s^3 + 1) and shows how to derive the corresponding differential equation. Block diagrams can be used to analyze complex dynamical systems by combining transfer functions using summing junctions, branching, and feedback. The document outlines rules for simplifying basic series, parallel, and feedback block diagram configurations by substituting transfer functions.

Uploaded by

Hyunjoo Maeng
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transfer Functions

&
Block Diagrams
The TRANSFER FUNCTION
of an input-output differential equation
is the ratio
Definition of the Laplace Transform of the output variable
over
the Laplace Transform of the input variable
with all initial conditions set to zero.
Example: Output Input

5 ⋅ &y&&(t ) + y (t ) = f (t ) Laplace Transf.


5 ⋅ s 3Y (s ) + Y (s ) = F (s )
with zero ICs

Y (s ) 1
Transfer function: =
F (s ) 5 ⋅ s 3 + 1
Example: Given the following transfer function, find the
corresponding input-output differential equation.

X (s ) s +1
=
U (s ) s 2 + s + 4

Solution: Expand the above equation and perform an


inverse Laplace Transform:

s122
⋅3
X + s{
⋅ X + 4⋅{
X = s{
⋅U + U
{

&x& + x& + 4 ⋅ x = u& + u


Complex Dynamical Systems are often analyzed by
combining the Transfer Functions of individual components
by means of
BLOCK DIAGRAMS

input output
U(s) G(s) X(s)

X(s) = G(s) U(s)

X (s )
= G (s )
or Transfer
U (s ) Function
BLOCK DIAGRAM RULES
Summing Junctions

X(s)
-
+ Z(s) = Y(s) - X(s) - Q(s) + R(s)
Y(s) Z(s)
- +
Q(s) R(s)

Branching

X(s)
Y(s) X(s) = Y(s)
V(s) = Y(s)
V(s)
BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM SIMPLIFICATIONS

Basic Series u(s) x(s) v(s)


Connection G(s) F(s)

Downstream Block: v(s) = [F(s)] x(s)


substitute
Upstream Block: x(s) = [G(s)] u(s)

Result: v(s) = [G(s) F(s)] u(s)

Simplified u(s) F(s) G(s) v(s)


Block Diagram
BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM SIMPLIFICATIONS

Basic Parallel r(s) A(s) y(s)


r x +
Connection +

r B(s) z

Start by labeling all the arrows that are not labeled


Define an equation for the output: y = x + z = A r + B r
need “x” and “z”
Fill in for the unknowns: x = A r
z=Br
Substitute backwards starting
from the last equation to obtain: y = (A + B) r

r(s) A(s) + B(s) y(s)


BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM SIMPLIFICATIONS

Basic Feedback r(s) a


G(s) x(s)
Arrangement +
-
b x
H(s)

Start by labeling all the arrows that are not labeled


Define an equation for the output: x = G a = G (r - H x)
need “a”
Fill in for the unknowns: a = r - b = r - H x
need “b”
b=Hx
Substitute backwards starting
from the last equation to obtain: x = G (r - H x)
⎡ G ⎤ G(s)
Solve for x: x=⎢ ⎥ ⋅r r(s) x(s)
⎣1 + H ⋅ G ⎦ 1+ H(s) ⋅ G(s)

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