GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

PRESENTED BY:
CG

www.powerpointpresentationon.blogspot.com
Contents
• Introduction
• Basics of GPS
• GPS elements
• GPS error source
• Technological advancement in GPS
• References
 Introduction
GPS is the Global positioning system is to determine your position on
earth :east- west north-south and vertical(longitude,latitude and altitude).

GPS is provided on mid 1990. Today many different standard was used
which are WAAS LAAS DGPS NDGPS.

DGPS is used to correct bias errors at one location with major bias error at
one position.

Local area augmentation system focus its service on the airport area. It work
using very high frequency radio data link.
GPS block satellite
 Basics of GPS
In order to understand how the GPS system works we use for this high school
physics. If we send out a pulse of sound or radio waves then we can determine
resistance of object by dividing the time it took for reply by the speed of sound.

Distance = speed * time

Time = Distance/ Speed

GPS works on much the same principle. GPS satellite only transmit timing data
pulse, GPS receive units, only receive.
 Shouting From the Stars
The GPS works on this principle, although it uses much more precise clocks
and the speed of light.
If each GPS unit had to have an atomic clock, it would be expansive. With
three satellites we can solve three of these four variables.
X, Y = Horizontal Position
Z = Altitude
T = Time
With only three satellites and an imprecise clock, we have to assume
altitude to be a known constant.
Eg: Sea level. Since we can only solve for three variables using three
satellites
X , Y and Time. But if we have four visible satellites we can solve for all
four variables X, Y, Z and T.
 Contd-
GPS signals work in microwaves bands. They can pass through glass, but
are absorbed by water molecules and reflect off concrete, steel and rock.
This means that GPS unit have trouble operating in rain forest, urban
jungle, deep canyons, inside automobiles and roads and in heavy snowfalls-
among other things. These environmental obstacles degrade positional
accuracy or make it impossible to get a fix on your location.
 Signal generation in a GPS Satellite
L1 Q
1575Mhz 90
I
1.023
C/A code SUM
Mbps
C/A + NAV
Navigatio 50 bps Multipliers
n L1+P+C/A
message +NAV
10.23 L1 output
P code Mbps P+NAV
L2 output
L2 I L2+P+NAV
1227 Mhz
 GPS ELEMENTS

GPS elements consist of three basic parts:

• Space segment
• User segment
• Control segment
 Space segment
Space segment of the system consist of the GPS satellites.
These space vehicles (vs.) send radio signal from space. The
nominal GPS operation constellation consist of 24 satellites
that orbit the Earth in 12 hours. There are often more than 24
operational satellites as new ones are launched to repeat older
satellites. The satellites orbit repeats all most the same ground
track once each day the orbit altitude is such that satellite
repeat the same track.
There are six orbital plane equally spaced (60 degree apart)
and inclined at about 55 degree with respect to the equatorial
plane
 User segment
User segment consist of receivers, which you can hold in your hand
or mount in your path. The GPS receiver converts SV signals into
position, velocity and time.

Four satellites are required to compute the 4 dimensions:

X, Y, Z and Time.

GPS receivers are used for navigation, position, time and other
research.
 Control segment
Control segment consist of a system of tracking stations located around the world.
These stations measure signals from the sves which are incorporated into orbital
model for each satellites. The models compute precise orbital data and sv clock
correction for each satellites.

The master clock station uploads ephemeris and clock data to sves.

The master control facility determines the orbit and clock parameters using
measurements from five monitor stations distributed around the world.
 GPS Error sources
There are various types of error in GPS . These are:

• Satellite clock
• Receiver clock
• Satellite orbit error
• Atmospheric error: Ionosphere and troposphere
• Multi-path errors
These errors in the satellites produce error in distance
measurements
• Satellite clock error
 Satellite clock error
One nano second of inaccuracy in a satellite clock results in about
30 cm (1 foot) of error in measuring the distance to that satellite

For this reason satellites are equipped with very accurate cesium
atomic clock.

Even these very accurate clock accumulates an error of one nano

second every 3 hours
 Receiver clock error
Similar to satellite clock error, any error in the receiver clock causes inaccuracy in
distance measurement. However it is not practical to equip receiver with very
accurate atomic clocks. Atomic clocks weigh more than 20 kgs, cost about US$
50,000.

Assume that at a given time our receiver clock has an error of 1 ms causing a
distance error of about 300,000 meters. If the distance to all satellites are measured
exactly at the same time. We can there for include the receiver clock error as one of
the known that we must solve for.
 Multipath Error
In measuring distance to each satellite we assume that the satellite signal travel directly from
the satellite to antenna of the receiver. But in addition to the direct signal there are reflective
signal from the ground and the objects near the antenna, that also reach the antenna
through indirect path and interface with the direct signal.

Following are the sources of multipath error :

• Reflection : It occur when an electromagnetic signal encounters a surface that is large

relative to wavelength of signal
• Refraction : It occurs at the edge of an impenetrable body that is large compare to
wavelength of the radio waves.
• Scattering : If the size of an obstacle is on the order of the wavelength of the signal or
less, scattering occurs.
 Ionospheric Error
The impact of the ionospheric on the electronic signal depend on the frequency of
the signal. The higher the frequency, the less is the impact. So the ionosphere may
delay the code of one frequency.

For e.g. by 5 meter and on the other frequency say by 6 meter. We cannot measure
the magnitude of these delays, but we can measure their difference by observing the
difference on their arrival time, which in this case translate into 1 meter of effective
distance between them.

By measuring this difference and using non formula for frequency dependencies on
the ionospheric delay, ionospheric effects can be removed
 Tropospheric Error
The lower level of the atmosphere which contains water vapors is called the
troposphere. It has the effect of slowing down both code and carrier.

The effect of the troposphere cannot be removed using dual frequency system. The
only way to remove the effect of the troposphere by measuring its water vapor
content, temperature and pressure, and applied mathematical model that can be
compute the delay of troposphere.
 Advanced Technology in GPS

• Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS)

• Local Area augmentation system (LAAS)
• Wide Area augmentation system (WAAS)
• Nation Wide differential GPS (NDGPS)
• High accuracy nation wide differential GPS
(HANDGPS)
 References
• www.navcen.uscg.mil/gps
• www.ngs.noaa.gov/gps/gps.html
• www.gpsy.com/gpsinfo/
• www.navcen.uscg.gov
• www.erols.com/dlwilson
• www.tidbits.com
• www.cnde.iastate
Thanks