Introduction to Signal Processing 361-1-3321 Transform tables

Fourier series (FS)

∞
X Z
jkω0 t 1
x(t) = ak e ak = x(t)e−jkω0 t dt
T T
k=−∞

Property/signal Time domain Transform domain

Linearity Ax(t) + By(t) Aak + Bbk
Time shifting x(t − τ ) e−jkω0 τ ak
Time reversal x(−t) a−k
T
Time scaling x(at), a > 0 (periodic a) ak
∗
Conjugation x (t) a∗−k
Symmetry x(t) real ak = a∗−k
d
Differentiation x(t) jkω0 ak
Rdtt ak
Integration −∞
x(t)dt, a0 = 0 jkω0
R
Convolution T
x(τ ) y(t − τ )dτ T ak bk
P∞
Multiplication x(t)y(t) m=−∞ am bk−m
Cosine 2A cos(ω0 t + B) a1 = AejB , a−1 = Ae−jB
1
R 2
P∞ 2
Parseval T T |x(t)| dt = k=−∞ |ak |

Fourier transform (FT)

Z ∞ Z ∞
1 jωt
x(t) = X(jω)e dω X(jω) = x(t)e−jωt dt
2π −∞ −∞

Property/signal Time domain Transform domain

Linearity ax(t) + by(t) aX(jω) + bY (jω)
Time shifting x(t − τ ) e−jωτ X(jω)
1
Time scaling x(at) |a| X(jω/a)
Conjugation x∗ (t) ∗
X (−jω)
Symmetry x(t) real X(jω) = X ∗ (−jω)
d
Differentiation x(t) jωX(jω)
Rdtt 1
Integration x(τ )dτ jω X(jω) + πX(0)δ(ω)
R−∞∞
Convolution −∞
x(τ )y(t − τ )dτ X(jω)Y (jω)
1
R∞
Multiplication x(t)y(t) 2π −∞ X(ju)Y (jω − ju)du
Delta δ(t) 1
One 1 2πδ(ω)
jω0 t
Exponent e 2πδ(ω − ω0 )
Cosine cos(w0 t) π[δ(ω − ω0 ) + δ(ω + ω0 )]
π
Sine sin(w0 t) j [δ(ω − ω0 ) − δ(ω + ω0 )]
1
Unit step u(t) jω + πδ(ω)
1
Decaying step u(t)e−at , a > 0 a+jω
t 2 sin(ωT )
Rectangular pulse Π( 2T ) ω
sin(W t) ω
Sinc (normalized) Π( 2W )
R ∞πt 1
R ∞
Parseval −∞
|x(t)|2 dt = 2π −∞ |X(jω)| dω
2

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Introduction to Signal Processing 361-1-3321 Transform tables

Discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT)

Z ∞
X
1
x[n] = X(ejω )ejωn dω X(ejω ) = x[n]e−jωn
2π 2π n=−∞

Property/signal Time domain Transform domain

Linearity ax[n] + by[n] aX(ejω ) + bY (ejω )
Time shifting x[n − n0 ] e−jωn0 X(ejω )
Time reversal x[−n] X(e−jω )
Conjugation x∗ [n] X ∗ (e−jω )
Symmetry x[n] real X(ejω ) = X ∗ (e−jω )
P∞
Convolution m=−∞ x[m]y[n − m] X(ejω )Y (ejω )
1
R jθ j(ω−θ)
Multiplication x[n]y[n] 2π 2π X(e )Y (e )dθ
Delta δ[n] 1
P∞
One 1 2π m=−∞ δ(ω − 2πm)
jω0 n
P∞
Exponent e 2π m=−∞ δ(ω − ω0 − 2πm)
P∞
Cosine cos[w0 n] π m=−∞ [δ(ω − ω0 − 2πm) + δ(ω + ω0 − 2πm)]
π
P∞
Sine sin[w0 t] j m=−∞ [δ(ω − ω0 − 2πm) − δ(ω + ω0 − 2πm)]
1
Decaying step u[n]an , |a| < 1 1−ae−jω
sin[ω(N + 12 )]
Rectangular pulse ΠN [n] sin(ω/2)
sin[W n] P∞ ω−2πm
Sinc (normalized) m=−∞ Π( 2W )
Pπn∞ 1
R
Parseval n=−∞ |x[n]|2 = 2π 2π |X(e )|
jω 2

Discrete Fourier transform (DFT)

N −1 N −1
1 X 2π
X 2π
x[n] = X(k)ej N nk X(k) = x[n]e−j N nk
N n=0
k=0

Property/signal Time domain Transform domain

Linearity ax[n] + by[n] aX(k) + bY (k)
e−j ( N n0 k) X(k)
2π
Time shifting x[n − n0 ]modN
Time reversal x∗ [−n]modN X ∗ (k)
Conjugation x∗ [n] X ∗ (−k)modN
Symmetry x[n] real X(k) = X ∗ (−k)modN
PN −1
Convolution m=0 x[m]modN y[n − m]modN X(k)Y (k)
1
PN −1
Multiplication x[n]y[n] N l=0 X(l)modN Y (k − l)modN
PN −1 2 1
PN −1 2
Parseval n=0 |x[n]| = N k=0 |X(k)|

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Introduction to Signal Processing 361-1-3321 Transform tables

Laplace transform
Z σ+j∞ Z ∞
1
x(t) = X(s)est ds X(s) = x(t)e−st dt
2πj σ−j∞ −∞

Property/signal Time domain Transform domain

Linearity ax(t) + by(t) aX(s) + bY (s)
Time shifting x(t − τ ) e−sτ X(s)
1
time scaling x(at) |a| X(s/a)
Conjugation x∗ (t) ∗ ∗
X (s )
d
Differentiation x(t) sX(s)
Rdtt 1
Integration x(τ )dτ s X(s)
R−∞∞
Convolution −∞
x(τ )y(t − τ )dτ X(s)Y (s)
Delta δ(t) 1
1
Unit step u(t) s (Re{s} > 0)
−at 1
Decaying step e u(t) s+a (Re{s} > −a)
−at 1
Decaying step −e u(−t) s+a (Re{s} < −a)
s
Causal Cosine cos(w0 t)u(t) s2 +ω02
(Re{s} > 0)
ω0
Causal Sine sin(w0 t)u(t) s2 +ω02
(Re{s} > 0)

Z transform
I ∞
X
1
x[n] = X(z)z n−1 dz X(z) = x[n]z −n
2πj n=−∞

Property/signal Time domain Transform domain

Linearity ax[n] + by[n] aX(z) + bY (z)
Time shifting x[n − n0 ] z −n0 X(z)
time reversal x[−n] X(z −1 )
Conjugation x∗ [n] X ∗ (z ∗ )
P∞
Convolution m=−∞ x[m]y[n − m] X(z)Y (z)
Delta δ[n] 1
1
Unit step u[n] 1−z −1 (|z| > 1)
n 1
Decaying step a u[n] 1−az −1 (|z| > a)
n 1
Decaying step −a u[−n − 1] 1−az −1 (|z| < a)

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Introduction to Signal Processing 361-1-3321 Transform tables

General
Description Equation

 |x| < 12
 1

1
Rectangular pulse in continuous-time Π(x) = |x| = 12


2
 0 elsewhere
(
1 |n| ≤ N
Rectangular pulse in discrete-time ΠN [n] =
 0 elsewhere

 1
 x>0
Unit step in continuous-time u(x) = 1
x=0


2
 0 elsewhere
(
1 n≥0
Unit step in discrete-time u[n] =
0 elsewhere
sin(πx)
Sinc in continuous-time sinc(x) = πx
Sine-sine product sin(a) sin(b) = 12 cos(a − b) − 12 cos(a + b)
Cosine-cosine product cos(a) cos(b) = 12 cos(a − b) + 12 cos(a + b)
Cosine-sine product cos(a) sin(b) = 12 sin(a + b) − 12 sin(a − b)

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