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CNC Technology

The document provides an overview of CNC (Computer Numerical Control) technology. It discusses the history and evolution from NC to CNC, with CNC machines incorporating a microprocessor control system for improved flexibility and reliability compared to NC machines. It also describes the basic hardware, software, and functioning of a CNC machine. Different classifications of CNC systems and various aspects of CNC machining like tools, tool materials, advantages and applications are summarized as well.

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2K views

CNC Technology

The document provides an overview of CNC (Computer Numerical Control) technology. It discusses the history and evolution from NC to CNC, with CNC machines incorporating a microprocessor control system for improved flexibility and reliability compared to NC machines. It also describes the basic hardware, software, and functioning of a CNC machine. Different classifications of CNC systems and various aspects of CNC machining like tools, tool materials, advantages and applications are summarized as well.

Uploaded by

mknttf
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CNC TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO CNC
History of NC/DNC/CNC:
 First NC milling machine was demonstrated
in 1952 at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, USA. In 1960’s the technology
of Direct Numerical Control (DNC) was
developed.
The major difference between NC
and CNC:
 NC and CNC machine lies in the improved flexibility and
reliability of the CNC systems. In case of NC machine the
entire data input and data handling sequence including
control functions are determined only by the fixed circuit
interconnections of decision elements and storage devices.
Hence it required change in circuitry for any additional
features. Also the machine control data are read in time to
time from tape. Where as CNC machine incorporates a
micro processor based control system that accepts a set of
program instructions and sends out put control information
to the machine tool based on the feed back information
received from machine interface elements.
Functioning of a CNC machine:
 Hardware:
 It includes the microprocessors that effect control system functions
and peripheral devices for data communication, machine tool
interfacing and machine tool status monitoring.
 Software:
 It includes the programs that are executed by the system
microprocessors. These programs process input and output
instructions and control information, make all necessary
computations for machine functions, co-ordinate the functions of the
machines and accessories and provide the necessary
communication links.
 Information:
 CNC operation requires data regarding the geometry of the work
piece and data regarding machining parameters in a specific format,
which is compatible to the CNC control system concerned. The
above data can be either directly input in the control system or feed
through the floppy or transmitted through RS 232-C interface cable
from a PC (CAM programming system)
CNC MACHINE TOOL HARDWARE
The sequence of activities done in
CNC machines is as follows:
Salient features of CNC Machines:
 Machine structure
 Slide ways
 Feed drive
 Spindle drive
 Feed-back system
Classification of NC system:

 Open Loop
 Closed Loop
Open Loop
Closed Loop
Based on control system features,
the NC system is classified as
follows:

 Point to Point system


 Straight cut or straight line system
 Continuous path or contouring system
Point to Point system
Straight cut or straight line
system
Continuous path or contouring
system
Tool and tool materials used in
CNC machine tools
 Cutting tool materials and properties:
 The material must withstand excessive wear even
though the relative hardness of the tool materials
changes.
 Ability to retain hardness under severe working
condition.
 Ability to withstand cutting forces.
 The frictional coefficient must remain low for
minimum wear and good surface finish.
 Cost and easiness of fabrication should have
within reasonable limits.
Type of tool material
 Carbon steels
 High-speed steel
 Stellite
 Carbides
 Coated carbides
 Coated cemented carbides
 Diamond
 Cermets
CNC MILLING CUTTERS &
COLLETS
CNC MILLING CUTTERS
CNC MILLING CUTTERS
CNC TURNING CARBIDE TOOLS
SHAPE AND FORM OF CNC
TURNING TOOLS
AUTOMATIC TOOL CHANGER
USED IN CNC TURNING
Advantages of CNC machines
 Automatic and rapid positioning of the slides.
 Increased material removal rates by employing increased spindle speed
and feed rates.
 Reducing the tool change time by using ATC and reducing job setting time
by using APC.
 Higher positional accuracy and repeatability of the machined parts
because of the machine construction and the closed loop control system
elements.
 Higher flexibility for meeting frequent design changes with lesser cost.
 Reduced inspection requirements and reduced scrap there by reducing
inspection and material cost.
 Reduced labour cost, as CNC machine does not require highly skilled man
power.
 Reduced inventory cost as the usage of CNC machines reduces the lead
time of production.
 Reduced tooling cost, as the CNC machine does not require jigs, fixtures
or templates.
Disadvantages of CNC machines

 Higher investment cost.


 Higher maintenance cost.
 Need of trained personnel
Applications of CNC machines
 Metal Cutting machines: CNC milling, CNC turning, CNC drilling/jig
boring, gear cutting, CNC grinding etc.
 Metal forming machines: Press tools, Injection/Blow
moulding/Diecasting machines, Tube bending, etc
 Non conventional machining processes such as
– EDM die sinking and EDM wire cut machines.
– Plasma arc cutting machines.
– Electron Beam machining.
– Laser Beam machining.
– Ion Beam machining.
– Ultra sonic machining, etc.
 Welding machines: TIG, MIG, submerged arc welding, etc.
 Inspection and quality control systems: CMM, LMM.
 Assembly, testing and dispatch equipments and
 Tool and work handling systems.
INTRODUCTION TO CNC
PROGRAMMING
 NOMENCLATURE OF THE CNC MACHINE
AXIS:
The axis of CNC machine can be identified
using the conventional right hand thumb rule.

 The linear motions

 The rotary motions


DESIGNATING THE LINEAR
MOTIONS
DESIGNATING THE ROTARY
MOTIONS
CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
There are two types of co-ordinate
systems used in CNC Programming.

 Absolute co-ordinate system


 Incremental co-ordinate system
ABSOLUTE CO-ORDINATE
SYSTEM
INCREMENTAL CO-ORDINATE
SYSTEM
PART PROGRAMMING
METHODS OF PROGRAMMING:

 Cad/cam based part programming.


 Computer assisted part programming.
 Manual CNC programming.
ISO G-codes
ISO M-codes
CNC MILLING MACHINE
CNC MILLING MACHINE
TWIN CNC MILLING MACHINE
CNC TURNING MACHINE
CNC TURNING MACHINE
CNC TURNING MACHINE

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