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Circuit Theorems

Thevenin's theorem states that any circuit with sources and resistors can be represented by an equivalent circuit with one voltage source and one resistor. This allows complex circuits to be analyzed more simply. Thevenin's theorem is used to define input and output resistance of amplifiers and to model transducers and speakers as equivalent sources and resistances. A Norton equivalent circuit can also represent a circuit using a current source in parallel with a resistor. Finding either equivalent involves computing the open circuit voltage and short circuit current and replacing the original circuit accordingly.

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Ellen Kay Cacatian
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148 views9 pages

Circuit Theorems

Thevenin's theorem states that any circuit with sources and resistors can be represented by an equivalent circuit with one voltage source and one resistor. This allows complex circuits to be analyzed more simply. Thevenin's theorem is used to define input and output resistance of amplifiers and to model transducers and speakers as equivalent sources and resistances. A Norton equivalent circuit can also represent a circuit using a current source in parallel with a resistor. Finding either equivalent involves computing the open circuit voltage and short circuit current and replacing the original circuit accordingly.

Uploaded by

Ellen Kay Cacatian
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Thevenin’s Theorem

 Any circuit with sources (dependent and/or


independent) and resistors can be replaced
by an equivalent circuit containing a single
voltage source and a single resistor.
 Thevenin’s theorem implies that we can
replace arbitrarily complicated networks with
simple networks for purposes of analysis.
Implications

 We use Thevenin’s theorem to justify the


concept of input and output resistance for
amplifier circuits.
 We model transducers as equivalent sources
and resistances.
 We model stereo speakers as an equivalent
resistance.
Independent Sources (Thevenin)

RTh

Voc +
–

Circuit with Thevenin equivalent


independent sources circuit
No Independent Sources

RTh

Circuit without Thevenin equivalent


independent sources circuit
Introduction

 Any Thevenin equivalent circuit is in turn


equivalent to a current source in parallel with
a resistor [source transformation].
 A current source in parallel with a resistor is
called a Norton equivalent circuit.
 Finding a Norton equivalent circuit requires
essentially the same process as finding a
Thevenin equivalent circuit.
Computing Thevenin Equivalent

 Basic steps to determining Thevenin


equivalent are
– Find voc
– Find RTh
Thevenin/Norton Analysis

1. Pick a good breaking point in the circuit (cannot split a dependent


source and its control variable).

2. Thevenin: Compute the open circuit voltage, VOC.


Norton: Compute the short circuit current, ISC.

For case 3(b) both VOC=0 and ISC=0 [so skip step 2]
Thevenin/Norton Analysis

3. Compute the Thevenin equivalent resistance, RTh


(a) If there are only independent sources, then short circuit
all the voltage sources and open circuit the current sources
(just like superposition).
(b) If there are only dependent sources, then must use a test
voltage or current source in order to calculate
RTh = VTest/Itest
(c) If there are both independent and dependent sources,
then compute RTh from VOC/ISC.
Thevenin/Norton Analysis

4. Thevenin: Replace circuit with VOC in series with RTh


Norton: Replace circuit with ISC in parallel with RTh

Note: for 3(b) the equivalent network is merely RTh , that is, no
voltage (or current) source.

Only steps 2 & 4 differ from Thevenin & Norton!

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