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Constraints:: SQL UNIQUE Constraint

The document describes different types of constraints in SQL: NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, CHECK, and DEFAULT. It provides examples of how to define each constraint when creating or altering tables using SQL statements like CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE. Constraints are used to enforce data integrity by limiting the type, values and relationships of the data in columns.

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Dinesh Kumar
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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86 views

Constraints:: SQL UNIQUE Constraint

The document describes different types of constraints in SQL: NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, CHECK, and DEFAULT. It provides examples of how to define each constraint when creating or altering tables using SQL statements like CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE. Constraints are used to enforce data integrity by limiting the type, values and relationships of the data in columns.

Uploaded by

Dinesh Kumar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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constraints:

 NOT NULL
 UNIQUE
 PRIMARY KEY
 FOREIGN KEY
 CHECK
 DEFAULT

NOT NULL

CREATE TABLE Persons


(
P_Id int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
)

SQL UNIQUE Constraint


The UNIQUE constraint uniquely identifies each record in a database table.

The UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints both provide a guarantee for uniqueness for a
column or set of columns.

A PRIMARY KEY constraint automatically has a UNIQUE constraint defined on it.

can have many UNIQUE constraints per table, but only one PRIMARY KEY constraint per table.

CREATE TABLE Persons


(
P_Id int NOT NULL UNIQUE,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
)

OR

CREATE TABLE Persons


(
P_Id int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255),
CONSTRAINT uc_PersonID UNIQUE (P_Id,LastName)
)

OR

ALTER TABLE Persons


ADD UNIQUE (P_Id)

OR

ALTER TABLE Persons


ADD CONSTRAINT uc_PersonID UNIQUE (P_Id,LastName)

To DROP a UNIQUE Constraint


ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP CONSTRAINT uc_PersonID

SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint


The PRIMARY KEY constraint uniquely identifies each record in a database table.

Primary keys must contain unique values.

A primary key column cannot contain NULL values.

Each table should have a primary key, and each table can have only ONE primary

CREATE TABLE Persons


(
P_Id int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
)

OR

CREATE TABLE Persons


(
P_Id int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255),
CONSTRAINT pk_PersonID PRIMARY KEY (P_Id,LastName)
)
ALTER TABLE Persons
ADD PRIMARY KEY (P_Id)

ALTER TABLE Persons


ADD CONSTRAINT pk_PersonID PRIMARY KEY (P_Id,LastName)

To DROP a PRIMARY KEY Constraint


ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP PRIMARY KEY

ALTER TABLE Persons


DROP CONSTRAINT pk_PersonID

SQL FOREIGN KEY Constraint


CREATE TABLE Orders
(
O_Id int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
OrderNo int NOT NULL,
P_Id int FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES Persons(P_Id)
)

OR

CREATE TABLE Orders


(
O_Id int NOT NULL,
OrderNo int NOT NULL,
P_Id int,
PRIMARY KEY (O_Id),
CONSTRAINT fk_PerOrders FOREIGN KEY (P_Id)
REFERENCES Persons(P_Id)
)

ALTER TABLE Orders


ADD FOREIGN KEY (P_Id)
REFERENCES Persons(P_Id)

ALTER TABLE Orders


ADD CONSTRAINT fk_PerOrders
FOREIGN KEY (P_Id)
REFERENCES Persons(P_Id)
ALTER TABLE Orders
DROP CONSTRAINT fk_PerOrders

SQL CHECK Constraint


The CHECK constraint is used to limit the value range that can be placed in a column.

If you define a CHECK constraint on a single column it allows only certain values for this
column.

CREATE TABLE Persons


(
P_Id int NOT NULL CHECK (P_Id>0),
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
)

CREATE TABLE Persons


(
P_Id int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255),
CONSTRAINT chk_Person CHECK (P_Id>0 AND City='Sandnes')
)

ALTER TABLE Persons


ADD CHECK (P_Id>0)

ALTER TABLE Persons


ADD CONSTRAINT chk_Person CHECK (P_Id>0 AND City='Sandnes')

To DROP a CHECK Constraint


ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP CONSTRAINT chk_Person

SQL DEFAULT Constraint


The DEFAULT constraint is used to insert a default value into a column.

The default value will be added to all new records, if no other value is specified.

CREATE TABLE Persons


(
P_Id int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255) DEFAULT 'Sandnes'
)

CREATE TABLE Orders


(
O_Id int NOT NULL,
OrderNo int NOT NULL,
P_Id int,
OrderDate date DEFAULT GETDATE()
)

ALTER TABLE Persons


ALTER COLUMN City SET DEFAULT 'SANDNES'

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