Electrical Protection

Electrical Faults
• Phase to phase
• Phase to ground
• Phase to phase to phase
• Phase to phase to phase to ground
 Purpose of Protection System
• Minimize damage
• Leave unaffected equipment in-service
• Maintain equipment operating limits
• Maintain electrical system stability
 Requirements of a Protection
System
• Speed
• Reliability
• Security
• Sensitivity
 Some terms
• Over-current
• Overload
• Inverse time
Protection Zones
Simple Zone
 Double Protection
Circuit Circuit
Breaker Breaker
Bus Zone X Y

CT CT CT CT Bus CT CT CT CT
1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1
"B" Bus Protection

"A" Bus Protection

 Bus Zone H2 Bus Zone H3
Bus Zone H1
Bus x Y Bus
H2 Bus H1 H3

Zone
T1 Transformer
Zone T1
SST1

SST1 Bus L1 Bus Zone L1

Protection
Zones
LV Bus
Transformer
SST1

Zone
G1 G1
 Breaker Failure
• Minimizes the amount of equipment
removed from service in event of a failure
• Failure Determination
– Not started opening in a certain time
– Not open in a certain time
– Current not broken in a certain time
Duplicate Protection Schemes
CT CT
1 2 Electrical
Electrical bus
System
PT
System
Input

A Protection B Protection
Protection
Logic

Initiate Trip Close Initiate Trip Close Protection

Output

Action Q Breaker X Breaker Y Device Z Electrical

Devices
Bus Protection
 Bus Protection
• Over-current
• Differential
• Back-up
• Under voltage
 Over-current Relay

CT 2000/5 A

I 1P

I 1S
 Differential Protection
I = 1P
I = 2P
I

CT1 2000/5 A X Bus Y

CT2 2000/5 A
H1
I 1P I 2P
I = 1S
I = 2S
I
I 1S I 2S

I 1S I 2S

I = 1S
I = 2S
I
 Fault Conditions
Fault

CT1 2000/5 A X Bus Y CT2 2000/5 A

H1
I1P I2P

I1S I2S

I1S I2S
 X Bus Y
CT 2000/5 A CT 2000/5 A
H1
I 1P I 2P
I 3P
I 1S I 2S
I 3S
CT 2000/5 A

T1
I3S

I 1S I 2S
 Bus Protection Scheme
Bus Differential Backup

X Zone L1
T1
Load
Bus L1
S

Y Zone L2
Load
L2
 Back-up relay
Over Current
Backup Relay Differential
Relay

X
T1
Load
Bus L1
S

Y
Load
L2
Bus Under Voltage Protection
Armature shown in the non-energized (trip) position

Normally
Open
Contacts

To Potential
Transformer
 Bus Protection
• Over-current
• Differential
• Back-up
• Under voltage
Transformer Protection
 Transformer Protection
• Instantaneous
• Differential
• Gas
• Thermal Overload
• Ground
 Transformer Characteristics
• High magnetizing inrush currents
• Ratio mismatch with CTs aggravated by
tap-changers
• Phase shifts
• Transformers are affected by over-fluxing
• Affected by over-temperature
 Transformer Zone
T1 Zone

T1

CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT
1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1
"B" Transformer Protection

"A" Transformer Protection

 Differential
T1

CT1 CT2

I 1P I 2P

I 1S Restraint Restraint I 2S
Coil Coil

I 1S Operate
I 2S
Coil

I = 1S
I = 2S
I
Gas Relay
Winding Temperature
Ground Fault Protection
T1
CT2
CT1
IN

IF
CT3 Differential
Relay

Transformer
Star Point

Ground Ground
CT Backup

IN
 Transformer Protection
• Instantaneous
• Differential
• Gas
• Thermal Overload
• Ground
Motor Protection
 Service Factor
• Continuous allowable overload
– Many motors some with a power rating and a
service factor
– A 10 HP motor with a service factor of 1.15
has a maximum continuous output of 11.5 HP
 Motor Protection Summary
• Instantaneous Over-current
• Stall
• Thermal Overload
• Phase Unbalance
• Ground
Inverse
Time
Relay
Overload
Ground Fault Protection
Single Phase to Ground
Protection
Stalls
Thermal Overload & Phase
Unbalance
Diagram of the Unit
Rotation as Elements Heat/Co ol
Load Indicating Po inter
Phase Unbalance Contacts
Heater Adjus table Overload Contact
(electrical
connectio ns no t
s ho wn) Overload
Setting
Po inter

Actuating Bimetal

Ambient Co mpensating Bimetal

Shaft

Heat Shield
 Motor Protection Summary
• Instantaneous Over-current
• Stall
• Thermal Overload
• Phase Unbalance
• Ground
Generator Protection
 Classes of TG trips
• Class A
– Trip generator breaker, field breaker and
turbine
– Electrical trips before the output breakers
• Class B
– Trip generator output but leave it supplying
station service
– Electrical faults in the switchyard
 Classes of TG trips
• Class C
– Over excitation high V/Hz
– Only used when generator is isolated from grid
• Class D
– Trip turbine
– Trip Generator after motoring is detected
– Mechanical type turbine trips high condenser pressure
 Generator Protection
• Over-current
• Overload
• Differential
• Split phase differential
• Ground
• Rotor ground
• Phase Unbalance
• Low field
• Under frequency
• Out of Step
• Reverse power
 Ge ne rator Terminals

R W B

Diffe re ntial
Relay

Prote ction
Zo ne s

Ne utral Co nne c tion

to Gro und

a) He althy Phas e b) Faulted Phas e c ) Ope n Circ uit in

the Phas e
 Differential
Generator
Star Point
IP = I1P = I2P
I 1P
G1 To Main
CT1 CT2 Transformer

I 2P

I 1S Restraint Restraint I 2S
Coil Coil

Operate
I 1S Coil
I 2S

Is = I1S = I2S
Ground Fault Protection
T1

G1

GT1

Stator Ground
Relay
IF
Rotor Ground Fault
 Other Protections
• Phase Unbalance
• Loss of field
• Under frequency
• Out of Step
Reverse Power

V.T.
Re ve rse
Powe r
Re aly
 Generator Protection
• Over-current
• Overload
• Differential
• Split phase differential
• Ground
• Rotor ground
• Phase Unbalance
• Low field
• Under frequency
• Out of Step
• Reverse power
For You To Do